Psych

Exam 2 Chapters 6, 7, 11 & 13

Monday, November 11
Chapter 6 Learning

Classical Conditioning Pavlov

Unconditioned Stimulus Natural stimuli that produces reaction
o Stimulus that evokes unconditioned response without
previous conditioning
o Food Dog sees meat powder
Unconditioned Response Unlearned reaction to an
unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
o Salivate
o Involved w/ anxiety disorders
Fears/phobias
Thought of food makes someone nauseus
Involved with fetishes
Conditioned Stimulus previously neutral stimulus that has,
through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a
conditioned response
Conditioned Response dog learns to start salivating
o Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs
because of previous condition

Extinction weakening of conditioned experience

o Not giving food to dog
Spontaneous Recovery after extinction, experience comes back
Stimulus Generation panic disorder
o Afraid of white rabbits, might be afraid of small white cats
Evaluative

o Car advertised with sexy women, we associate cars with

sex
Stimulus Discrimination 2 stimuli are separate but produce the
same response
Higher-order conditioning a conditioned stimulus functions as if
it were an unconditioned stimulus
o Getting nervous when you see cop car even if your not
doing anything wrong
Thorn-Dike puzzlebox
Skinner Operant conditioning
o Positive reinforcement giving something to increase bx
o Negative reinforcement taking something away to
increase bx
o Positive punishment giving something to decrease bx
o Negative punishment taking something away to decrease
bx
Ratio Schedules
o Continuous after every bx something will be given
o Intermittent not every time
o Fixed Ratio reinforcer is given after a fixed number of
nonreinforced responses
Every four games
o Variable Ratio - reinforcer is given after a variable
number of nonreinforced responses
Random gambling
o Fixed Interval given after a fixed amount of time has
passed
Every 2 minutes
o Variable interval varied/random amount of time
2 min, 3 min, 5, 4
Shaping positive reinforcement to increase a bx
Observational Learning learning from observing others
Primary Reinforcer things that we need (food, shelter, sex)
Secondary Reinforcer money
Spanking helps short-term not long-term
Escape Learning ending an aversus stimulus
o Shocked before and youre somewhere you might get
shocked again ou leave
Avoidance you dont even go
Latent Learning cognitive maps we create in our head after
learning something so much
o Knowing how to get to work not going through each
individual step

Vicarious Learning Bandura watching/learning through

someone else
o Attention attend to model
o Retention store in brain
o Reproduction act out
o Motivation - motivation to do it

Chapter 7: Memory
Encoding getting info in
Storage maintaining it (sensory, short/long term)
Retrieval getting it out
We need attention to remember things
Levels of Processing
o 1. Structual see a pic of a stop sign, take in details
o 2. Phonemic how a word sounds
o 3. Semantic what it means
Sensory memory
o Stored in thalamus
o Goes in as original source
o Instantaneous
o Short-term 10 20 seconds
Have to rehearse it to retain it
o 7 +/- 2
o Chunking categorizing
o Visual imagery increases short term memory
o Self-referent incorporate yourself to give something more
meaning
Long term - +20 seconds
Interference learning new info or previously learning info that
confuses new info
Procedural things you remember how to do
o Riding a bike, driving to work
Flash-Bulb important memories b/c of significant events
Declarative information weve been taught
o Semantic specific words (encyclopedia)
o Episodic events within our life
Prospective remember actions to do in the future
Retrospective things from the past
Encoding
o Automatic
o Rehearsal
o Elaborative/Deep-Processing ability to encode things
through various techniques

Confabulation remembering things wrong

Eye-Witness Testimony
o Misinformation
o Retelling a story is dangerous
o Embellish facts
o Hypnosis cannot be used in court
Tip of the Tongue
Context of the Event
Ineffective Coding
Retention how much of whats encoded gets stored
Recall spontaneously being able to come up with answer
Recognition recognizing something (mult choice)
Decay & Interference
o Retroactive recent info interferes w old info
o Proactive past info interferes with new
What might help to recall info spontaneously?
o Pneumonics, rhymes, acrostics, acronyms

Ch. 11: Human Development

Prenatal
o Germinal first two weeks (most vulnerable)
Implantation bury zygote in wall
Placenta is formed-things are passed through
bloodstream to placenta
o Embryonic 2 wk 2 month
organs are developed (heart, brain, spine)
embryo is one inch long
this is when most miscarriages occur (something
wrong w/ chromosomes)
o Fetal
muscles & bones develop
hearing
layer of fat forms towards end
respiratory/digestive functions
at 26 weeks the survival rate of a baby out of the
womb is 75%
Premies
26/27
o Teratogens ext. factors that harm babies
Coke cognitive deficit
FAS worst

Things you take in that cause harm (drugs/viruses)

Drugs pass through placenta
Babies are born with heroin withdrawl
Premature/still-born/birth defects
Coke birth complications (best drug if any to take
while pregnant)
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Smoking
Miscarriage/stillbirth/premature/SIDS
Sickness & depression can cause miscarriage
HIV can be transmitted to babies
Air Pollutants cause problems with cognitive
development
Folic Acid prevents spinabifida
Malnutrition vulnerability for schizophrenia
o Motor Development reflexes/coordination

o Easy Temperament/Difficult
You can tell at 3 mnths
Easy
Slow to warm up
Difficult
Attachment Styles Ainsworth
Personality 8 stages of Development
Erikson student of Anna Freud (daughter)
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
a. Optimistic/pessimistic worldview can occur during first
stage
2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
a. Age 1-3
b. Child has to develop responsibility
3. Initiative vs. guilt
a. Balance between taking initiative and following parents
rules
4. Industry vs. inferiority
a. 6-puberty
5. Identity vs Confusion - Adolescence
6. Intimacy vs Isolation - Early adulthood
7. Generativity vs Self-Absorption Middle adulthood
8. Integrity vs Despair - Late adulthood
based on case studies & his own kids not that dependable

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

o Sensory motor- sensory input goes into our brains and we

make connections
o Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
Object Permeancy they know an object exists even
if its not seen (8 months)
o Preoperational (2-7)
Development of symbolic thought
o Conservation physical amount seems different even if
more
o Centration think of most obvious things
o Irreversibility once something goes wrong, cant fix it
o Rigid thinking
o Egocentrism
o Animism belief that all things are living
o Concrete Operational (7-11)
Mental operations applied to concrete events
o Formal Operations (11+)
Abstract ideas, thoughts, logic
Vagotsky we go through various stages and learn through social
interactions with others
o Go through an apprenticeship that we learn from masters
o Age 2 kids can understand emotions
o Age 3 start talking about others
o Age 4 connections between mental states and behaviors
Moral Reasoning
o Kohlbergs 3 stages
Heinz dilemma
1. Preconventional right and wrong is determined
by whats punished or rewarded
2. Conventional determnd by others
approval/disapproval & by society
3. Postconventional society (which may be wrong)
and abstract ethics
Adolescents what changes? Emotional
Girls that mature earlier and boys that mature later are more
prone to stress
o Earlier sex, risky decisions
Marcias Stages of Identity formation
o Identity diffusion
No commitment to who u are
o Identity foreclosure
Playing sports cause your parents want you to

o Identity moratorium
Trying different identities
o Identity achievement
Decide who u are
Agreeableness
Adulthood marriage occurs laters
Cohabitation increases divorce
Eldery alzheimers
o Processing speed goes 1st in aging adults
Fluid intelligence crystallized

Ch. 13: Social Psych

Social Behavior 1st couple of slides

Ingroup vs outgroup
Attributions - Inferences people draw about causes of events,
others behavior, or their own behavior
Within: based on personal factors
o Didnt do well on a test because your sick
Outside: attributing it to environmental factors
o Didnt do well because you made the test too hard
Fundamental Attribution: observer bias in favor of internal
attributions that explain others behavior
o Internal: positive
o External: negative
Just world (defensive) blame victim
Attachments of Dating
o Secure attachments are best
Interdependent, comfortable of sexuality, less
comfortable with casual sex
o Anxious-ambivalent more towards passionate
Anxious even when mother is around, protest when
she leaves, not reassured when she returns
Look for reassurance from partners
o Anxious-avoidant
Dont attach to mother
Manipulative
Casual sex
o Disorganized-disoriented
Not sure how to approach mother
Attitudes
o Strong
o Source person who sends a communication

o Message - information being transmitted by source

o Receiver person receiving
Dissonance inconsistency among attitudes that propels people
in the direction of attitude change
Conformity - when people yield to real or imagined social
pressure
Social rules stereotypes
o Obedience
Milgrim shock experiment
Zombardo prison (obedience study)
Diffusion of Responsibility
o Bi-stander
o Social loafing
What increases productivity in a group?