Cu 1: Trnh by v phn tch cc

khi trong m hnh truyn s liu

hin i?

Hnh 1: M hnh mng truyn s liu

hin i
Cc khi chnh trong m hnh truyn
s liu hin i bao gm:
+Thit b u cui d liu. DTE
(Data Terminal Equipment ) l tb lu
tr v x l thng tin. Trong ht
truyn s liu hin i th DTE
thng l my tnh hoc my Fax
hoc l trm cui (Terminal). Nh
vy tt c cc ng dng ca ngi
s dng (c/trnh, d/liu) u nm
trong DTE. Chc nng ca DTE
thng lu tr cc phn mm ng
dng, ng gi d liu ri gi ra
DCE hoc nhn gi d liu t DCE
theo mt giao thc (protocol) xc
nh DTE trao i vi DCE thng qua
mt chun giao tip no . Nh vy
mng truyn s liu chnh l ni
cc DTE li cho php chng ta phn
chia ti nguyn, trao i d liu v
lu tr thng tin dng chung.
Thit b cui knh d/liu. DCE
(Data Circuit terminal equipment) l
thut ng dng ch cc thit b
dng ni cc DTE vi cc ng
(mng) truyn thng n c th l mt
modem, multiplexer, card mng...
hoc mt thit b s no nh mt
my tnh no trong trng hp
my tnh l mt nt mng v c
DTE ni vi mng qua nt mng .
DCE c th c ci t bn trong
DTE hoc ng ring nh mt thit
b c lp. Trong thit b DCE
hng c c phn mm c nghi
vo b nh ROM phn mm v phn
cng kt hp vi nhau thc hin
nhim v ca n vn l chuyn i
tn hiu biu din d liu ca ngi
dng thnh dng chp nhn c
tun th theo chun d liu phi gi
theo mt format xc nh. VD: chun
trao i d liu tng 2 ca m hnh 7
lp l HDLC (High Level Datalink
Control) trong my fax th giao tip
gia DTE v DCE thit k v
c tch hp vo trong 1 thit b,
phn mm iu khin t trong
ROM.
Knh truyn tin: knh truyn tin l
mi trng m trn 2 thit b DTE

v trao i d liu vi nhau trong

phin lm vic:

Hnh 2: Knh thng tin

Trong mi trng thc ny 2 h
thng c ni vi nhau bng mt
on cp ng trc v mt on si
cp quang, modem C chuyn i
tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t
truyn trong cp ng trc modem D
li chuyn tn hiu thnh tn hiu
s v qua transducer E chuyn i
t tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang
truyn trn cp si quang cui
cng Tranducer F li chuyn tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu in ti
DTE.
Cu 2: nh ngha mng truyn s
liu hin i. Cc thnh phn khng
th thiu c trong mt mng
truyn s liu?

nh ngha mng truyn s

liu hin i:

Mng s liu bao gm 2 hay nhiu

h thng truyn (nhn) tin c
ghp ni vi nhau theo nhiu hnh
thc nh phn cp hoc phn chia
thnh cc trung tm x l trao i tin
vi cc chc nng ring...
Mng truyn s liu l mt h thng
nhm ni cc my tnh li vi nhau,
s thng tin gia chng c thc
hin bi cc giao thc c
chun ha, c ngha l cc phn mm
trong cc my tnh khc nhau c th
cng nhau gii quyt mt cng vic
hoc trao i thng tin vi nhau.
Cc ng dng tin hc ngy nay cng
rng ri do y cc hng ng
dng mng x l s liu, mng u
ni c th c cu trc tuyn tnh, cu
trc vng, cu trc hnh sao... Cu
trc mng phi c kh nng tip
nhn cc c th khc nhau ca cc
n v tc l mng phi c tnh a
nng, tnh tng thch.
Mng s liu c thit k nhm
mc ch c th ni nhiu thit b
u cui vi nhau. truyn s liu
ta c th dng mng in thoi hoc
dng ng truyn ring c tc
cao. Dch v truyn s liu knh
thoi l 1 trong cc dch v u tin
ca vic truyn s liu. Trn mng
ny c th c nhiu my tnh cng

chng loi hoc khc loi c ghp

ni li vi nhau, khi cn gii
quyt nhng vn phan chia ti
nguyn. cc my tnh cc u
cui c th lm vic c vi nhau
cn phi c cng mt protocol nht
nh.
Dng thc ca phng tin truyn
s liu c quy nh bi bn cht
t nhin ca ng dng, bi s lng
my tnh lin quan v khong cch
vt l gia chng.
Cc thnh phn ko th thiu c
trong mt mng truyn s liu:
Cu 3: Phn loi mng TSL c
xem xt trn nhng tiu ch no? Em
hy trnh by v phn tch 1 s cch
phn loi mng m em bit.
Cc tiu ch phn loi mng:
+> Phn loi theo a l
+> Theo tnh cht s dng
mng
+> Theo Topo mng
+> Theo k thut

Phn tch:
Cu 4: Khi thit k mng TSL,
gim phc tp cn thit k theo
quan im no?
Thit k theo quan im kin trc 7
tng.
Nguyn tc l: mi h thng trong
mt mng u c s lng tng l 7,
chc nng ca mi tng l nh nhau,
xc nh giao din gia 2 tng k
nhau v giao thc gia 2 tng ng
mc ca 2 HT kt ni vi nhau. Nh
vy, 2 HT kt ni vi nhau ch c
tng v.l mi c k.ni v.l, cn cc
tng khc ch c kt ni Logic.
Cu 5: Khi nim v h thng u
ni m c hiu nh th no?
- Ngay sau khi m hnh OSI ra i, n
c dng lm c s kt ni cc
h thng m phc v cho cc h
thng m phc v cho cc ng dng
phn tn. T "m" y ni ln kh
nng hai h thng c th kt ni
trao i thng tin vi nhau, nu
chng tun th theo m hnh tham
chiu v cc chun lin quan. M
hnh h thng m a ra gii php
cho vn truyn thng gia cc
trm khng ging nhau. Hai h thng
d khc nhau nh th no u c th
truyn thng vi nhau nu chng bo
m nhng iu kin sau:
+ Cng ci dt mt tp cc
chc nng truyn thng.
+ Cc chc nng c
t chc thnh mt tp hp cc tng,
cc tng ng mc phi cung cp
cc chc nng nh nhau.

+ Cc tng ng mc phi
s dng mt giao thc chung
- m bo cc iu kin trn cn
phi c cc chun. Cc chun phi
xc nh cc chc nng v dch v
ca tng tng, cc chun cng phi
xc nh cc giao thc gia cc tng
ng mc.
Cu 6: Trong m hnh OSI cc thc
th ng mc h.ng ntn? Cc hm
nguyn thy c n~ ntn v dng n
lm g?
Trc ht cn phi hiu m hnh 7
lp OSI l m hnh tham chiu ch
khng phi mt mng c th no.
Cc nh thit k s nhn vo
bit cng vic ca mnh ang nm
u, m hnh OSI chia chng trnh
truyn thng ra thnh 7 tng vi
nhng chc nng phn bit cho tng
tng. Hai tng ng mc khi lin kt
nhau phi s dng mt giao thc
chung. Giao thc y c hiu
mt cch n gin l phng tin
cc tng giao tip vi nhau, ging
nh hai ngi ni chuyn cn phi
c mt ngn ng chung vy.
Cu 7: Trong mi tng ca m hnh
OSI h. theo phng thc no?
nh ngha v mi trng truyn
dn trong HT TSL?
mi tng trong m hnh OSI c hai
phng thc hot ng l : phng
thc c lin kt (connection oriented) v phng thc khng lin
kt (connectionless).
Phng thc c lin kt: trc khi
truyn dl cn thit lp mt lin kt
logic gia cc thc th ng mc.
Nh vy qu trnh truyn thng gm
3 bc:
+ Thit lp LK Logic: 2 thc th
ng mc 2 HT s thng lng
vi nhau v cc thng s s s dng
trong giai on sau.
+ Truyn DL: DL s c truyn
vi c ch kim sot v qun l km
theo(vd: KS li, ks lung, ct/hp
DL).
+ Hy b LK: gii phng cc ti
nguyn HT c cp pht cho LK
dng cho cc LK khc.
Phng thc ny cho php truyn dl
tin cy nhng ci t kh khn.
Phng thc khng lin kt: trc
khi truyn, d liu khng thit lp
lin kt logic v mi gi tin c
truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc
hoc sau n. Phng thc ny c duy
nht mt giai on truyn d liu.
phng thc ny cho php cc PDU
c th c truyn i theo nhiu ng
khc nhau ti ch, thch nghi c
vi s thay i trng thi ca mng,
nhng li gp kh khn khi tng hp

cc PDU li chuyn ti ngi

dng.
Mi trng truyn dn:
Cu 8: trnh by n~ hiu bit ca
mnh v ng truyn dn c dy?
ng truyn dn 2 dy ko xon:
L mi trng truyn n gin nht.
mi dy cch ly vi dy kia v c 2
xuyn t do( ko xon nhau qua mi
trng khng kh). Thch hp cho kt
ni 2 thit b cch xa nhau n 50m
dng tc bit nh hn 1.2kbps. Tn
hiu thng l mc in th hay
cng dng in vo tham chiu
in th t(ground, ko cn bng)
t ln 1 ko dy trong khi in th
t t vo dy kia.
Vi loi dy ny cn phi cn thn
trnh can nhiu gia cc tn hiu
in trong cc dy dn k nhau trong
cng mt cp. Hin tng ny gi l
nhiu xuyn m.Ngoi ra cu trc
khng xon khin chng rt d b
xm nhp bi cc tn hiu nhiu bt
ngun t cc ngun tn hiu khc do
bc x in t, tr ngi chnh i
vi cc tn hiu truyn trn loi dy
ny l ch mt dy c th b can
nhiu, v d nh dy tn hiu to
thm mc sai lch tn hiu gia 2
dy. V my thu hot ng trn c s
phn bit mc chnh lch in th
gia hai dy, nn iu ny dn n
c sai tn hiu gc. Cc yu t nh
hng ny ng thi to ra gii hn
v c ly cng nh v tc truyn.
Cc ng dy xon i:
Chng ta c th loi b cc tn hiu
nhiu bng cch dng cp xon i,
trong 1 cp dy xon li vi nhau.
S xp x cc ng dy tham chiu
t v dy tn hiu c ngha khi bt
k tn hiu no thm nhp th s vo
c 2 dy, nh hng ca chng s
gim bt i bi s trit tiu nhau.
Hn na nu c nhiu cp dy xon
trong cng mt cp th s xon ca
mi cp trong cp cng lm gim
nhiu xuyn m.
Cc ng xon i cng vi mch
pht v thu thch hp li dng cc u
th c c t cc phng php hnh
hc s l ng truyn tc xp
x 1 Mbps qua c ly ngn (ngn hn
100m) v tc thp qua c ly di
hn. Cc ng y ny gi l cp
xon i khng bo v UTP
(Unshielded Twisted Pair), c dng
rng ri trong mng in thoi v
trong nhiu ng dng truyn s liu.
i vi cc cp xon bo v STP
(Shielded Twisted Pair) c dng thm
mt li bo v gim hn na
nh hng ca tn hiu xuyn nhiu

Cp ng trc:
Cc yu t gii hn chnh i vi
cp xon l kh nng v hin tng
dc gi l " hiu ng ngoi da ".
Khi tc bit truyn gia tng dng
in chy trn ng dy c khuynh
hng ch chy trn b mt ca dy
dn, do dng rt t phn dy c
sn iu ny lm tng tr khng ca
ng dy i vi c tn hiu c tn
s cao, dn n suy hao ln i vi
tn hiu. Ngoi ra vi tn s cao th
nng lng tn hiu b tiu hao nhiu
do nh hng bc x. Chnh v vy
trong cc ng dng yu cu tc
bit cao hn 1Mbps, chng ta dng cc
mch thu pht phc tp hn
Dy tn hiu trung tm c bo v
hiu qu i vi cc tn hiu xuyn
nhiu t ngoi nh li dy bao
quanh bn ngoi, ch suy hao lng
ti thiu do bc x in t v hiu
ng ngoi da do c lp dy dn bao
quanh. Cp ng trc c th dng
vi mt s loi tn hiu khc nhau
nhng thng dng nht l dng cho
tc 10 Mbps trn c ly vi trm
mt, nu dng iu ch tt th c th
t c thng s cao hn
Cp quang:
Mc d c nhiu ci tin nhng cc
loi dy cp kim loi vn b gii hn
v tc truyn dn. Cp quang
khc xa vi cc loi cp trc y ,
cp quang mang thng tin di dng
cc chm dao ng ca nh trong si
thu tinh. Sng nh sng c bng
thng rng hn sng in t , iu
ny cho php cp quang t c tc
truyn kh cao ln n hng trm
Mbps. Sng nh sng cng min dch
i vi cc nhiu in t v nhiu
xuyn m. Cp quang cng cc k
hu dng trong vic cc tn hiu tc
thp trong mi trng xuyn
nhiu nng v d nh in cao th,
chuyn mch. Ngoi ra cn dng cc
ni c nhu cu bo mt, v rt kh
mc xen r (cu trm v mt vt l).
Mt cp quang bao gm mt si thu
tinh cho mi tn hiu c truyn
c bc bi mt lp ph bo v
ngn nga bt k mt ngun sng
no t bn ngoi tn hiu nh sng
pht ra bi mt b pht quang thit
b ny thc hin chuyn i cc tn
hiu in thng thng t mt u
cui d liu thnh tn hiu quang.
Mt b thu quang c dng
chuyn ngc li (t quang sang
in)ti my thu , thng thng b
pht l diode pht quang hay laser
thc hin chuyn i tn hiu in
thnh tn hiu quang. Cc b thu
dng photodiode cm quang hay
photo transistor.

Cu 9: trnh by nhng hiu bit ca

mnh v ng truyn dn ko dy?
ng truyn v tinh:
Tt c cc mi trng
truyn c tho lun
trn u dng mt ng
dy vt l mang thng
tin truyn. S liu cng c
th truyn bng cch dng
sng in t qua khng
gian t do nh cc h
thng thng tin v tinh.
Mt chm sng vi ba trc
x trn mang s liu
c iu ch, c
truyn n v tinh t trm
mt t. Trm sng ny
c thu v c truyn
li n cc ch xc nh
trc nh mt mch tch
hp thng c gi l
transponder. Mt v tinh c
nhiu transponder, mi
transponder m trch mt
bng tn c bit. Mi
knh v tinh thng thng
u c mt bng thng cc
cao (500MHz) v c th
cung cp cho hng trm lin
kt tc cao thng qua k
thut ghp knh. Cc v
tinh dng cho mc ch lin
lc thng thuc dng a
tnh, c ngha l v tinh bay
ht qu o quanh tri t
mi 24 gi nhm ng b
vi s quay quanh mnh
ca tri t v do v tr
ca v tinh l ng yn so
vi mt t, qu o ca
v tinh c chn sao cho
ng truyn thng ti
trm thu pht mt t, mc
chun trc ca chm
sng truyn li t v tinh
c th khng cao tn
hiu c th c tip nhn
trn mt vng rng ln,
hoc c th hi t tt
ch thu c trn mt vng
gii hn. Trong trng hp
th hai tn hiu c nng
lng ln cho php dng
cc b thu c ng knh
nh hn thng c gi
l cho parabol, l cc u
cui c m rt nh hay
VSAT (Very Small
Aperture Terminal). Cc v
tinh c dng rng ri
trong cc ng dng truyn
s liu t lin kt cc
mng my tnh ca quc
gia khc nhau cho n cung
cp cc ng truyn tc
cao cho cc lin kt

truyn tin gia cc mng

trong cng mt quc gia.
ng truyn v tuyn tn s
thp:
Sng v tuyn tn s thp cng
c dng thay th cc lin kt
hu tuyn c c ly va phi thng
qua cc b thu pht khu vc. V d
kt ni mt s ln cc my tnh thu
nhp s liu b tr trong mt vng
n mt tnh gim st s liu t xa,
hay kt ni cc my tnh trong mt
thnh ph n mt my cc b hay
xa. Mt trm pht v tuyn c gi
l trm c bn (base station) c
t ti im kt cui hu tuyn nh
trn hnh 2.2 cung cp mt lin kt
khng dy gia my tnh v trung
tm. Cn nhiu trm c bn cho cc
ng dng trn yu cu phm vi rng
v mt phn b user cao Phm vi
bao ph ca mi trm c bn l gii
hn, do s gii hn ngun pht ca
n, n ch knh h tr cho ton
b ti trong phm vi . Phm vi
rng hn c th c thc hin
bng cch t chc a trm theo cu
trc t bo (cell), xem hnh 2.3. Trong
thc t kch thc ca mi t bo
thay i v c xc nh bi cc
yu t nh mt ca v a hnh
cc b.
Mi trm c bn dng mt di tn
s khc vi trm k. Tuy nhin, v
vng ph ca mi trm c gii hn
nn c th dng li bng tn ca n
cho cc phn khc ca mng. Cc
trm c bn c kt ni thnh
mng hu tuyn. Thng thng tc
s liu ca mi my tnh trong
mt t bo (cell) t c vi chc
kbps.
ng truyn vi ba:
Cc lin kt vi ba mt t
c dng rng ri thc
hin cc lin kt thng tin
khi khng th hay qu t
tin thc hin mt mi
trng truyn vt l, v d
khi vt sng, sa mc, i
ni him tr.v.v. Khi chm
sng vi ba trc x i xuyn
ngang mi trng kh
quyn n c th b nhiu
bi nhiu yu t nh a
hnh v cc iu kin thi
tit bt li. Trong khi i
vi mt lin kt v tinh th
chm sng i qua khong
khng gian t do hn nn
nh hng ca cc yu t
ny t hn.Tuy nhin ,lin
lc vi ba trc x xuyn mi
trng kh quyn c th

dng mt cch tin cy cho

c ly truyn di hn 50 km.
Cu 10: Phn loi ngun d liu:
- C 3 loi tn hiu chnh l ting
ni, hnh nh v d liu. Dng d
liu c thc hin nh my tnh.
Mc d tn hiu thoi v hnh nh
mt cc t nhin l tn hiu tng t.
Cng ngh hin i thc hin
bin i tt c cc loi tn hiu
ngun thnh tn hiu s. Ngun d
liu c chia thnh: Audio, visual ,
data. Cc dch v hot ng di
2MBPS c gi l bng hp, tc
d cao hn gi l bng rng (Broad
band)
- Tin tc khi mun truyn i phi
c chuyn thnh tn hiu in v
phi gn vi mt qu trnh vt l c
th qu trnh vt l ny c gi l
ti tin. Qu trnh ny c gi l
iu ch. Tn hiu iu ch phn t
phi tin c gi l tn hiu iu
ch, qu trnh iu ch s lm thay
i mt s thng s ca ti tin theo
quy lut ca tin tc. Ty theo cch
thay i thng s ny m ta c cc
iu ch.
Cu 12: Mi tng quan gia tc
bit v rng bng?
- rng baund (gii bng tn) l
kh nng cho qua ca knh i vi
tn hiu trn knh truyn. i vi
knh thoi tiu chun gii thng l
0,3 n 3,4 KHZ. Khi s knh tng
ln (s dng ghp knh) th gii
thng ca knh truyn phi nhn ln
s nguyn ln s knh. Trong h
thng TDM, tc bit 1 knh l
64Kbit/s do rng baund phi l
64KHZ. Trong truyn dn rng
baund c nh hng trc tip n
tc truyn dn v mun truyn
nhiu bit trong mt giy th rng
xung phi rt hp tc l tn s xung
cao. Nh vy yu cu bng truyn
ngy cng phi rng hn.
- rng baund ngy nay c
thit k theo cc khuyn ngh, i
vi knh thoi tiu chun rng
baund l 300 dn 3400KH, knh s l
64 Kbit/s. Khi ghp knh rng
baund tn tng ln s nguyn ln.
Cu 13: Nhng nguyn nhn sai trong
Truyn s liu:
Khi d liu c truyn
gia 2 DTE, cc tn hiu in i
din lung bit truyn rt d b thay
i sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn:
ng dy truyn, lu lng truyn,
loi m ng, loi iu ch, loi
thit b pht, thit b thu, c bit l
do s thm nhp in t cm ng

ln cc ng dy t cc thit b
in gn ,Nu cc ng dy tn
ti trong mt mi trng xuyn
nhiu th d nh mng in thoi
cng cng. iu ny c ngha l cc
tn hiu i din cho bit 1 b u thu
dch ra nh bit nh phn 0 v ngc
li

Trong b m ASCII mi k t c 7
bit v mt bit kim tra

Cu 14: Hy trnh by 1 s pp pht

hin sai v sa sai trong TSL?
xc sut thng tin thu c bi
DTE ch ging thng tin truyn
t c gi tr cao, cn phi c mt
vi bin php ni thu c kh nng
nhn bit thng tin thu c c cha
li hay khng, nu c li s c mt
c cu thch hp thu v bn copy
chnh xc ca thng tin.
chng sai khi truyn s liu
thng c 2 cch:
* Dng b gii m c kh nng t
sa sai
* Truyn li mt b phn ca d
liu thc hin vic sa sai, cch
ny gi l ARQ - Automatic Repeat
Request .
M hnh minh ho vic bo v v
sa sai nh sau:

Vi kim tra l th ngc li. Thng

thng ngi ta s dng kim tra
chn v bit kim tra gi l P. Gi tr
kim tra cho php u thu pht
hin nhng sai st n gin

Phng php kim tra chn l

theo k t (parity bit):
Phng php thng dng
nht c dng pht hin
li ca bit trong truyn khng
ng b v truyn ng b
hng k t l phng php
parity bit. Vi cch ny my
pht s thm vo mi k t
truyn mt bit kim tra
parity c tnh ton trc
khi truyn. Khi nhn c
thng tin truyn, my thu s
thc hin cc thao tc tnh
ton trn cc k t thu c ,
v so snh vi bit parity thu
c. Nu chng bng nhau,
c gi s l khng c li,
y ta dng t gi s, bi
v cch ny c th khng pht
hin c li trong khi li
vn tn ti trong d liu.
Nhng nu chng khc nhau
th chc chn mt li xy ra .
tnh ton parity bit cho mt k t,
s cc bit trong m k t c cng
module 2 vi nhau v parity bit c
chn sao cho tng s cc bit 1 bao
gm c parity bit l chn (even
parity) hoc l l (odd parity)

n: s lng bit
trong mt k t

Vi kim tra chn gi tr ca bit

kim tra l 0 nu s lng cc bit c
gi tr 1 trong 7 bit l chn v c gi
tr 1 trong trng hp ngc li.

Th d

Phng php parity bit ch pht hin

cc li n bit (s lng bit li l s
l)v khng th pht hin cc li 2
bit (hay s bit li l mt s chn)
Phng php kim tra theo ma
trn
Khi truyn i mt khi thng tin, mi
k t c truyn i s c kim
tra tnh chn l theo chiu ngang,
ng thi c khi thng tin ny cng
c kim tra tnh chn l theo
chiu dc. Nh vy c sau mt s
byte nht nh th mt byte kim tra
chn l cng c gi i. byte chn
l ny c to ra bng cch kim ta
tnh chn l ca khi k t theo ct.
Da vo cc bit kim tra ngang v
dc ta xc nh c to ca bit
sai v sa c bit sai ny. Mt
Frame coi nh mt khi k t sp
xp c 2 chiu. mi k t c bit
kim tra chn l P. Nu ta sp xp
cc bit ca k t ng v tr tng
ng t trn xung th ta c mt khi
cc k t
Tnh theo chiu ngang, gi tr bit
chn l P ca dng th i s l:
Rj = b1j + b2j + ......+bnj y l php
cng modun 2
Vi

Nu tnh theo chiu dc

ta c:
Ci = bi 1 + bi 2 + bi 3 ...... + bi m
Vi

Ci:: bit kim tra

ct th i

m: s lng k t
trong mt Frame.
Chng ta c th thy rng mc d
cc li 2 bit trong mt k t s thot
khi kim tra parity theo hng, nhng
chng s b pht hin bi kim tra
parity theo ct tng ng. D nhin
iu ny l ng ch khi khng c li
2 bit xy ra trong cng mt ct ti
cng thi im. R rng xc sut xy
ra trng hp ny nh hn nhiu so
vi xc sut xy ra li 2 bit trong
mt k t. Vic dng kim tra theo
ma trn ci thin ng k cc c
trng pht hin li ca kim tra
chn l
Tuy nhin phng php ny cng
khng hon ton hiu qu. Gi s bit
th nht v bit th 3 ca k t th
nht b sai kim tra hng s khng b
sai, nhng kim tra chn l ca ct
s pht hin bit th nht v th 3 b
sai, ta bit s truyn b sai nhng
khng bit sai v tr no. By gi ta
lai gi thit rng bit th nht v bit
th 3 ca k t th 5 cng b sai
ng thi v bit th nht v bit th
3 ca k t th nht, lc ta khng
pht hin c ct b sai, kt qu
thu c b sai nhng ta khng pht
hin c
Phng php m d tha CRC:
Mt t m c vit di dng mt
a thc
C(x) = (Cn-1 Xn-1 + Cn-2 Xn-2+ ......+ C1
X + C0)
Phng php kim tra tn hiu bng
m vng c thc hin nh sau:

Rj: bit kim tra

th t th j

bi j: bit th i ca
k t th j

Tn hiu cn pht i trong khung

gm k bit s c bn pht thm vo
n bit na kim tra dc gi l
Frame Check Sequence (FCS). Nh
vy tn hiu pht i bao gm k+n bit.
Bn thu khi nhn c tn hiu nay

s em chia cho mt a thc c

gi l a thc sinh bit trc (bn
pht v bn thu u cng chn a
thc ny). Nu kt qu chia khng
d coi nh tn hiu nhn c l
ng.
Vn c t ra l n bit thm vo
s c xc nh nh th no khi
bit khung tin cn truyn i, bit a
thc sinh c chn ?.
N bit thm vo c gi l CRC
(Cyclic Redundancy Check). Phng
php to ra CRC bao gm vic dch
thng bo sang tri c bit (c chnh l
bc ca a thc chn trc) sau
thc hin php chia cho da thc
c chn ny . Kt qu d li ca
php chia chnh l CRC. Bn thu sau
khi nhn c thng bo cng em
chia cho hm bit trc nh bn
pht. Nu kt qu bng 0. php
truyn khng sai s.
Tnh FCS gm 4 bc:
- Bc 1 chuyn thng bo nh phn
thnh a thc M(x).Chn hm cho
trc G(x) c bc c,
G(x)= xc+1 (c chnh l di ca
CRC)
-Bc 2: Nhn M(x) vi Xc
- Bc 3 Thc hin php tnh
M(x).Xc/G(x) ta c phn nguyn
v s d:
Q(x)+ R(x)/G(x)
R(x) chnh l CRC
- Bc 4: Thnh lp FCS chnh l
thng bo cn truyn i
FCS = Xc.M(x) +R(x)
Cu 15: Cc phng php kim
sot lung d liu
- Vic truyn d liu ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t nh ng truyn, b
nh m... Nu kh nng ti nguyn
c hn, vic cp pht ti nguyn li
qu tnh khng thch nghi vi vic
thay i ca mng s dn n trng
thi xu nh sau:
+Cc PDU s dn v mt trm
no v gy nn n tc do ti
nguyn ca mng khng p ng
ni.

+ Ti nguyn ca mt s trm no
c hiu sut s dng qu thp do
rt t d liu c truyn qua n.
trnh tnh trng xu trn cn phi
c c ch kim sot lung d liu
cho ton mng.
Cc phng thc ng dng:
kim sot lung d liu, ngi ta
dng phng php gii hn ti
chung ca mng hoc phn tn chc
nng kim sot hoc kt hp c 2
phng php sau:
+ Gii hn ti chung ca mng:
Ti y c hiu l s lng
PDU c lu chuyn trong mng
ti mt thi im phng php ny
tm cch duy tr tng s PDU c
lu chuyn trong mng lun lun
nh hn 1 gi tr gii hn N no .
lm c nh vy cn to ra N
giy php, mi PDU mun vo mng
cn phi cso giy php, khi ti
ch phi tr li giy php. Giy
php c th l mt vng thng tin c
bit c gn vo PDU, khi khi to
mng Network manager s cn c
vo kh nng thc t ca trm
phn chia giy php, cc trm sau
ch c dng s giy php c
cp. Tuy nhin thch nghi vi s
thay i ca mng cn ci t kh
nng cho php trm tha giy php
c th chi vin cho trm thiu. iu
ny cn c giao thc trao i thng
tin iu khin gia cc trm.
qun l cht ch s giy php c
giao, mi trm c th ci t mt
c ch ca s giy php c giao,
cho php ti mi thi im, ch c
mt s gii hn cc PDU c
truyn i.
+ Phn tn chc nng kim sot
cho cc trm: Phng php ny
khng duy tr mt gii hn cho ti
nguyn chung ca mng m giao cho
cc trm t kim sot lng d liu
i qua da trn kh nng ca chng.
Ti nguyn dng chuyn 1 PDU
c cp pht trc trnh n tc
ti cc trm. Vic cp pht trc
nay thng c thc hin theo cc
lin kt logic gia cc thc th theo
m hnh OSI. VD khi thit lp 1 lin
kt logic gia 2 thc th mng, hm
NCONNECT Request m nhn
cng vic ny, s ng k cc gi tin
theo lin kt . 2 u ca mi
lin kt nh vy cgn c th ci t
c ch ca s iu ho lng gi
tin i qua. i vi 2 trm truyn d
liu vi nhau, vic kim tra lung
thng tin nhm m bo cho 1 trm
truyn d liu cho mt trm thu
khng b trn, bo m trm thu
thm gi d liu vi di cc i.
Trc khi xo b m ghi d liu
tip theo, b thu phi xc nhn gi tr

ca qu trnh trc nhn c

tt. Khi khng c kim tra lung th
b nh m ca b thu c th b trn
v cn d liu c. Dng kim tra n
gin l: dng v ch, ngun truyn 1
frame, sau khi nhn b phn nhn s
gi mt tn hiu chp nhn frame
tip theo vi tnh hiu ACK cho
frame trc. Ngun phi ch cho
n khi nhn c ACK mi truyn
frame mi. B phn nhn phi dng
nhn d liu pht ACK. Vi
thng bo di, ngun pht phi ngt
nhng thng bo di thnh cc khi
nh v truyn d liu thnh nhiu
frame v:
Vi di cng ln, khi
truyn cng d sai, khi sai cn truyn
li nguyn c khi, vi c khi nh
t sai, nu c sai cng ch cn truyn
li 1 khi nh, t tn thi gian hn.
B nh m ca b thu c
hn.
Trn ng ni nhiu
im ngi ta khng cho php 1 trm
chim nhiu thi gian qu gy chm
tr cho trm khc.