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474*.
r.u
U,
cttona .
jattte ,
n . n -r
( ),
. .
n n
n 2 n . ntt
tt t. nn n
n .
t n
475.
t n
n .
t . n n
n).
q>
no npoott
n.
[
~-
m,q
:1
n n .
n (= 1,8 10-25 kg,
476.
v
475
v;
476
477
q = 1,6 10- 19 )
n n n
n!ln m, n n 0,5.
n . n n
n.
npe n
v.
(), no n 30 n.
n n
.
()

477*.
v0
n ,
n n .
t
- ;
-
n-
n n
) n
.
478*.
.rt n
n
().
t-
d.
n.
llp n n
:li
4 78
81
e.'I<'I'JIOII 11<1 IIO:!TBIIOj II'?

C.'ICiiTJIOIICI(C "t~" llo:JTBIIOj II?
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: IIJIOMCIIY IIO.'I)'IIfH~'IIII<a OfJUTI',
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. 1 11 11 1 1 .
480.
IIO.'IYIIPC'IIIiia
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(cnlia).
t'.'H~IfIIa lt t~~~
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t~
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48
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11
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llapa.'IC.IIII0\1 1 .u. 1
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t: 11:i)
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482*.
..
1<pcl1e !llr r n
v (). R ~t n 1r1
~111 !
483*.
482
ralltcpo ll!l! i< nn1< R 1<
111
:m11
UII\6 ]itJiitTRI\
48 1
BR.
11 n.
.JOI><i:!aT ilpp<!IIIT<ij ~IO\Iei!Ta ~!
!J.L
pCTCIIa 11pt~TXOIIOI'
:I<IJl<iTI<a ~\~ n ~r l< n11:
= iL
27!
(Q
).
82
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I< l< l< .
484*.
(.~).
::::~~ ~=~~;
(i)
q. n
(.
1 n~
i).
m,q
484
n 1 n
485.

55mV.
= IOcm.
= 2cm
= 1mm.
1 11' O,IT. ~
.:
cnett'III
n,
1<
8,5mV IOA.
d:(,./~.(.
;f'

486.
485, 486
111 n.
4 87
r 1 2 (). n n 1,7 10-8 .Qm,
! 1
1,110
23
m .
r.111r n 1 n r. 1
487.
h 1 ().
n .
r1
488.
r..
<
2. n r < .
n1 d l<
:1
1
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11111\
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11
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fiOBpHCI<C
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489.
l1
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r.
l<
f)
4 88
83
u~ 111
llt~IOpa M'IICTIIC II.I
l) I l'l I(I' h :!I
1 :?
m u, >" 20cm
490.*.
)'I'<IOIIOM p:IIIOM
.
!{I
)()()() rad/s.
jt~ )'I XOMOI't~IIO II'
1 .
l)
II( !I( ~
491*.
t- t>
,t.
t(.
492*.
IOmT
ll
t( noptiiHCI(Y .
:tI' I(
" 1- .
Pk
t tt
5cm
t( t ~ tt
45rad/s.
01(0
t 1
493*.
l(
l)
lt.
()
IIOJa.OIIIOM
0110
IIJIO'Ia
~ 110
"
jcllai(M
n.
.
I(
I(,
l)l
u 4 9
rr
494.
, n 11 ,
300g
20cm.
IOOmT. t) ~ 0,2. :
n, :!' t?
495.
50mT. ,
L:J
5g
50cm.
l,r
,/
4 95
496
84
I'D IIJIOUOIIe II
().
I{( HO.IIify Tp<~fia lljJOIIYCTT
r< n ~ !f r"!
llope rr
496.
r<pm r r
nu11 r r(.
/ 1
l{ r ~:<:
r ;r r11rypy Jta G G
/ 2.
. , n:.
497.
nr<
/,
l{
F.
L+l
11
l.
rrr
I<
11
110
u r;
. I r
q>
/ 1"!
CJIKil illli1Ti\K
lII
498.
160g oGet:ll :~

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80cm,
4 97
(). ~:
xo~IOI'ello
!. r:
. . r< n
. r r
n r 2?
O,IT,
!Ocm
499.
(:: 11
11n
().
IOOg
lr
n. n 2,
1era
( ). r
2cm
n n? n
t) n
500.
= 5 .
10-2 2
.
.

,

501.
.
50cm,
nn
50cm.
().
,
. n

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q>.
11
5 1
85
. r ,

r (<).
502.
Jl.,
/{
/.
r '?
'
'
503*.
502
503
'
Jl..
( )
r , , . 1
,
504*.
/?
R,
N.
/{f(
I< R
1 .
505*.
F.

t:
/,
506*.
. 5cm
50.
507*.
L.
(l<).
,]
.

,
u
r
?

.
507
86
I< llnI<
508*.
r n 1
().
I<.
/,
< i< r .
509*.
n I<
(l<)
f.
n11
n l< n
l)
U.
5 8
. l{
l<. n
.
Hg
\
510*.
509
- n n npece1<a
l = 5 mm
h = lOcm
5 1

1 ( ).
1V.
u n
O,lT.
l(paj n . n n?
13600kgtm3 , n n 10--6 Qm.
1.
l-leJ<a
f1 r. <. . N . n
<.
2 - 2Np=-nEk =-Ek
3
3V
:
2.
Nviv
mviv
flVkv
=v=v
k - - -
vkv
=~ 3 :v =2krnls.
( n <)
1<, n 11
( n
n N):
3.
8kT
f.l=-2-.
itV ~r
nv;r
N=-=--.
f.l
8kT
n 273. na :
4.
mN
30%
N = 1,9 10 22 .
No=--.
!1
, na n
n:
5.
= 20,3N 0 +0,7N 0 =1,3N0
11
=
N1
2N 1 +N 2
N
p=-kT=
V
1,3N k
MV
kT
,
1,610
N2 . :
2N 1 +2N 2 k T
2 .
3 =
88
N 2 =2N 1
tt :
t : :
6.
~=
N 1M 1 =?.
mz
NzMz
n n .
n }f{ - n v 1x,
Yzx
l{ n
t <,
LlN 1 <,
1/2
1
=-n 1Sv.xL'I.t
2
n 1,
LlN2
V 2
V 1
t< t n
1
=-n 2 Sv 2xL'I.t
2
N 2 ~kT2
VN 1 ~kT
-;-1 -_ V
--;;-
VJ;
~
I<n :
vx =vy =v,
l{ N=N 1 +N 2 .
v; + v; + v; = viv:
{k ).
=v-;
N1 =
7.
!{
=L'I.N 2
n 1v 1x = n 2 v2x,
,
v .z,. = 3kT
Jl
n2.
1 ).
( ::~:
n <
n llt
V 1
(
N,.: =(N-N 1).ji;;
N.ji;
.J:+Fz
N2
Nji;
=----;:::=-''---':=
J:+Fz.
l< .
i<
n0 ,
n.
11 r :
8.
(*) (**) :
no..{i; =n.fi:
n 0 kT0
nkT
n 0 =n
{I ... (*)
... (**)
r;
= ' .
r\ 1 i
",; yt)y. :
2 0 v0
= n 1v 1x + n 2 v 2 x.
89
n" . n :
(.2+1)= 20 (*)
fii
...
..[;
l{aJ<O r. 1<0,
r <
<,
( n !< 11).
yJ<YJllla < < 1
n <
:
n 1v1x 7.kT1 +n 2 v 2, '2k2T = 2n 0 7.kT0 .
._ t +_.__ (2) t
9.
(*)
= 2 .EQ. . t
(**)
+ n 2 (2) 2
= 2 0 0
0 = .2
n 1T/i
= p(I + .z). 2 -~ .
I< . :
= 1 + pgl
Pz
= + pgl
l{ 11 <, :
p 1Sl 1
= PzSl 2
( 0 -
: n 1 :
pgl)l 1 = ( 0
+ pgl)l 2
+lz)
l -l
.
1
1 :
10.
h .
<:

h.
= pgh.
< :
= - pgh 1
h1
= pg(h- h1) = 20 mmHg ... (*)
< <
(<
h 2).
. 2 - :
tt 1
Pz
= 1 ..::_
(**)
.$
h1 +x=h 2 +y.
y=h 1 +x-h 2 =94mm.
(*) (**) :
80
Pz = 20mmHg-=17 mmHg.
94
:
0 '= 2 + pgh 2 = 751 mmHg = 1,00210 5 .
11.
" m 1 / 1 .
\! :
F = m 1g
( ).
90
.~~:
t, =--.
F = pSl 1g .
pSg
n ( ):
Pt =po-pgl,
=--
!{ n
2F,
t .
11 n.
t 11 / 2 (t<
).
u u :
'=2F-'g.
.
:
_
l 2-
'(a+g)=2F,
pSl 2 (a+g)=2F ... (*)
()
l\
2F
' = ( 0 - 2 )S- ' g
pl 2 (a+g)=po-P2 . (**)
(*) (**) :
( 0 - 2 )S
= 2F.
- t n :
.t:
2F
= - - .
1 (l-1 1 )
2 (l-l 2 ).
(p 0 -~}t-l,)=(p 0 - ;}t-l 2 ):
_!_)=(po- 2FJz_
_
( Po_!_Jz
S
pSg
ZF
n t :
a=g
pS(a+g)
F-
p 0 S- plSg
F- p 0 S + plSg
n ,
12.
t (n n
.,
n n ,
n~ 11 ).
11
pS(a+g)
.l t< :
{)
11 n ,
.,
(). n :
pV
p 0 V0
--=
(p 01 +pg(2l-x))x
(p 01 +pgl)l
= 760 mrn
Pat
Par
= pgl.
= 760 mmHg.
n
l\ .
t<:
pg(l-x)x
2pgl 2
(l- )
2/
12
, , peclbll
91
> :< > 'i. .u :

=
T0 (3lx-x 2 )
2/2
'l' .: n u
= - + 3/
2
3/
x=--=-l
-2 2
31
=~(z.
-~).
2/2
2
4
=-0 =337,5.
ali.'Jt~. J"U<: t~ t~ r1 :1 n
1 :1 .
337,5.
llp <~ l~
!{ .
o;tp<J>aua u ( l' . ct
'J"t~\IJH:paypa 11~11 u i<tt: t:).
13.
llo [.11 :~ n< <~ ( ,u t:.'J:V
t:) i :
pl = [ 0 + pg(h-x)]x.
.' ct~ 11 :
x 2 -(~+h +~=.
pgx 2 -(p 0 +pgh)x+pl=0.
Jc,tJJa'llllla
~ r:a.:JJJI1X aiiO
ri ,tn
()) \;
pg +h}
(-
(-+/1
pg
( :;
+h
pg
-~~ <0. \1 .I)'<
jt in . enpynr.e.
2
\JiOJC
pg
4pl
pg
--
4pl
--->0
pg
1(pg +h
).
; n :
.!.(~+h)2
4 pg
pl
pg
Xz
=21(
pg +h )+
~. n.~ ~. .'>
.. :I' :<> i!.

().
11
t: llmy i
.'
=p 0 +pg(h-x)
JJpeJtan.ello
o.1I'OBapajymJ
llpiIJt.:aJ>
11
npiia:JaJIO O;li'OIpajyJ~t
11<.
~1
2
pl
=-
liJ)BOM (\II)
pt~Ct"JIIC i r. 11 t)
[JPIIII'Ibl! je;tll<l'IIe 1 11 2 .
,
.!
1~
13
92
" % 1< 1 ..\ n n n (.

1 >
> 1 . n
upaf1a 11. 11. n 1
11. 11 1 2 . n
Jurn r 11.
.
1 n 11
11.
lla'l"'
. n
tlet 2
.\ <n n .
< 1 .
11 rmn (r<a n 1 ).
n.
n n 2
n rmn 111
( :1 n). r. 2 n ;t>.
l{aJ<O r n n n , ;ta
11 n , . :
14.
: 11 ( ). n . :
PoS = pS + Fcf
(- p 0 )S = mr 2
(*)
tlo - 1 :
p 0 l = pr.
Pol
r
=--
\~; 11 (*) :
r 2 = p 0 S( 1-~).
Tp~>ello
:
2 r 2 - p 0 Sr p 0 Sl =.
(}
>
(}
14
) .] 11~1 :
p~S -4 2 p 0 Sl <.
2
n .
93
PoS
r=---.
2mm 2
) \ <~ 4mm 2 l = p 0 S ~ :
n :
1- 4mlm2
PoS
z =~[~+
2mm
1_ 4mlm
PoS
. n ~. r.)
r .1r. ~ nr
r :l<. . (**) :
mr 2 m 2
= p 0 Sr- pSr,
r

.
= ( 0 - p)Sr.
mr 2 m 2
f 1 = mr 2 m 2
r. n tt
! 2 = ( 0 - p)Sr
rlt
rrpo:o!l :1l~ rrpi1cr<a - ll r

. ll~ r~ rr n t)
rr
z.
f 1 rr rtrrr r rr .
f 2 n r<n y. reuo. Ar<o r; .. r
r 1 n .
.. ~ n n .
> / 1
.:r
. n r .. .
<~. n .
r1
.r<.
n r<n.
r;
r2
1-
n .. n.
. r< : r = ~r12mm
2
2
mlm
PoS
r< . :
15.
Pr
2V
2 = Pz 3
Pr
2 = 3
V/2
V/2
= 4 Pr
2VI3
Pr
V/2
Pz
Pr
V/3
V/2
'
(}
(}
~
y:r 15
()
= 2 Pr
r1
94
< i< (I< ) :
'l
mg=-p 1S . . . (*)
= PI .
mg=(p 3 -p 2 )S.
IIO'ICTIIO
!!..= .!!.1. . 5 = 1 '
'
n :
(*). (**)
16.
(***)
p5S
= 1 S + mg
... (**)
... (***)
. 'l :
V1 = n V2
n = .
n, :

p 1V1 = p 2 V2
=np 1
n :
Pt
,'
v,
v.
1
v,
V'2
,
mklg=(n-1)p 1S.
!! n n 2
,
(n -1) 1
mk1
= (k -1) 1 '.
17.
Pt
p,V,
,'
kV
k+1
4k
=---=--2
, v
9(k+1)
4
n'l :
n=n+n 8 :
PI
TlVI'
,'
TzVI
-=--
(V n ).
=1,54 .
= nRT0
n-1
,'
li
V =nRT
g=(k-1)p 1 'S.
k-1 k-1
=-=--
--=---
k-1
9k 2 -8k-9=0.
V1 '= kV2 '.
,1'l .
'l. :
'l :
-' 16
- 8 =!:.) :
(
V
n .
-t:,.p}v8
--=--+
0
=n 8 RT.
( -t:.p)V
18.
s
- - ---=1,3810
( -v-0 +v
+V
95
= -~p=l8kPa.
1< ~ . :
-
..!!....=
1
__,,_-___::_ RT
pV=--RT
oai(Jie
1 -
11 11 :
PoV=-RT.
I~ 1 n. :
=-
- 1
0 (- 1 )
-,
-,
-=---
l-lel<a 1 , 2 .
110, n ~:
19.
F01 >( 1 + 2 )g.
rn}:
R
2
3
2 4
1 .nr g>(J147rr +M p
pM 2r
PM 1 r
R > 1 + R
t~11
20.
jt
11l\ 1- ,
3RTJ1
r>
( 1 - 2)
= 15cm.
N n~<
I. :~:r. u :
(+)g +N = ( 0 - p)nr 2 .
1 11 n
(+)g =(- p)nr2,
=. :
Po-
( +)g
nr2
li.1 'l . jt':

g
= nr
( 0 - 1 ).
.
--nr 2
l{al\o ~ noc,1P r. :
- =
,
1 = 0
pRT
To(Po7rr -g)
1 =_.::...:.;;....::..____::...._
Po7rr2 -( +)g
2
}h
=--.
2
21.
22.
~~t> n, 'l 1 1.
pgh.
=--
=-
,2
Rr
r: 11 . n.
96
1 : l1 h
. . . 1
1 " 0 , 1< :
= 0
+ pgH .
) \{
1 ( l< ).
23.
V1 +V2 =2V ... (*)

0 V = 1 V1
v2 =PoV
--
V = 2 V2
!< :
(**
..
1
(....!._+-= 2.
Pt
2
t (*) (**) :
l{
= 1
pgH .
PtPo
Pt=
pgH .
2~- 2( 0 + pgH)p 1 + p 0 pgH =.
1 :
1tt :
1 -
2pl-
+ pgH +~~ +(pgH) 2

2
=lk.
(13,5kPa) . t< h ISOkPa.

) h, n
Pt =
24.
25.
VA
=2V =-l
mk1
PoAVOA =pAVA
_,,:
(" ) :
+ pgH = 180kPa.
V=-l,
. :
V =V.
V =
V
2.
VoA
na
=---=ISOkPa.
VA
. . 1
. t<n :
mk,g +kx
Pt=
:3 n .
x+l.
na
!< 1
!{ l1 .
:
mklg+kx
kl
+-
kl
2 =,+-.
n n , 1
n . :
. 1
97
2
2 =1 -.
,
2 =,
fi Cl':
l{ 1
26.
\1,01.1: lcHIIl
k/MV ) .
1+--SmRT1
II<' 11<\UIIII' : . II Tt:'IIIOI' cyfia .1 C~Jl~ fi11i .
111- 11tra I.!;l) llllt!Jt ~I.' t<.ItIIUUa :
h =( 0 +h0 )-(H
+).
// I( : :!MI'fJ:V I<.II 11011 )' IIO'IPTIIIIM t: <i)' ,:
Pr =
1!
r;oj . l
C.:.llt:
H1:1i<1
2 = +
pgH
:1 j1:11a'lllil
r JJu +pgH)(H 0 +h0 - -).
pgho )
+ pgH
<:11.'1<1 .<<: 111t.
Fz
11r: 11CIIO,t l.t.
!'<:.II!JI!
mog
= F,
-S-.
To.<l1ti jt te'II'TIIOI 11 iipajll.<'l' 11 .t .. ,. , 111'11 .!<llljl<'~llllll' it.<t
llj) \.'tafJC~
V
+pgH 0 )h0
li.lll-11/a <.\:
m.~
28.
( 0
x~(H 0 -H)(i-
poi!IIO'I' 'l'<l
!:.l<'.l:
.,.. pgH
11
p 1h0 = p 7 h .
27.
Vl :taiiOII,I :
11 U<:HIIa .! /,/_1 1.1' CII)'CT li.-11111:
1\.JHII
1
Mr
R(, -,\
_,
11
mR(T1 --1 2 ;
(p 0 S -m 0 g)
= - -~
= 1,63 m .
<' 11: 11'J'II'III :!<! .t. IIJ!11 '11:\11 /11: Cl: j<'.lll<l Ullpyra . '10.1111>0 II.~>I>IIJ'II.
! <:.1 pai!IIO'I<',Iit' li.lltlla vt:
.lp~ 1- <.>11111.
uS = 2kx.
C.i<'.l11:
_mRT = 2kx.
M(l+x)
OJti!Of llt!
mRTS = 2kx.
M.V
RT
-+[--=0.
IIJIIIOCIIO
2k
i'I'IIII:l' '11' lill<l.lj)<l 1'111' jt'./11<1'111111: (liOjt 'III CMC.'t<l) :
2
= !._(~1
+ R?' -IJ= 0,5 m.
2
k/
29.
llca
~taca '-tIIa.
tl! OIIP.I'I'I'.
J!<IBIIOI~ii0\1 IIO.IU>Ii<lj_l I>.IIIa Ollj))'I ;(t'l(JIHLiill<l : Ti:IHO ,r;:

l{<tJ!<I 1<.'11111 11<1 II
. .JIIa l.);ta. y! ..'IOU tbl.:I'OUt' jJ<IUIIUI'I~C :
ms-+-k(h-x!=pS.
OJJIIU11o
kh=pS.
mg = kx.
98
kh= nRTS.
Sh
kh 2 =nRT.
11 . h 1 :
,
kh12 = nR1[.
:
::
. h1 = hVY =hv2 .
TI
h!2
}1 =.
ni,
30.
().
Pu
1mna ( m) :
= 2p 0 S.
p 0 S +mg
mg
= PoS.
2p 0 S+mg=pS.
.

()
3p 0 S=pS.
()
()
=3
n .
n:
p 1S = F + p 0 S +mg.
p 1S=F+2p 0 S.
2p 0 l
F
--=2+-
/-
2p 0 l
PI=2po+-.
= 1 (l-x).
. . . ()
.~ . r n
. :
:1 (*)
(**) :
3p 0 l =
( + 2/-
Pol}.
n :
:
2/
3/=+--.
/-
6/ + 3/ 2 =.
= z{- .)= 5,5 . r (
> l ).
1 . ," n n.
31.
.
:
P!S
:
h1
= PsrS 1
1
lt
PIH =-pgh1
2
n . n n
.
(1). n n
: 2 :
h2
; :. >
(,
99
:
:1 IIOIICIIIJJO<: :
lh 1 = (/ + x)h 2 ,
:!
.!!1_ = [+
(**)
h2
(*} (**) :
111< r 1 r.11 :
1 Sl
p 2 S(l- )
(/- )
- 1= - - -
.. (##)
2 + Slx- 2/ 2 =.
(#) (##) I<u :
= .J33-sl=O,7l.
!' 1 (liojc 11 11i01' ) :
r.
32.
11
upeiiOCT.
'--'
r.
32
-}
:1 :
(**)
.:~:
C.'Iil
s[
h-
mg
i<. u
i<
l<
h/2.
(-%)] =s( ; -}
Poh =
Poh =
h
+pg-
2
( ; -}
..
(*)
(**}
( + p~h ; -}
11 :
33.
1t~
I :
Posh= pse;
l{
n n
.~~- i< :
(*)
i<
t~
- n i<
v=
:1
1. It
( )
)'
ucpT11J(a.<tJJO~I 11 .
.1
ri<. .
h/2
h(2p 0
2(2 0
+pgh)
+ pgh)
IJO'I!~TIJO\t 1 1mII
OIIIJ)Ta 11f' t~~I.
l{aua
. u r ni<
11 :~;t1 l\IOIHJlpa 1 m~
JIO
no
n.
100
-------------------------------------------------
:l . t~.
ll .
llal)o t . t-aca ,
.t h ttt,
t l1.
tt~< t'aca t (t(I h , ct~

t{() ). u h ttaa tt !)
. ' :
F,1 = kl
pS
= p 0 S +kl
(- tt ).
F,
:1 :
.'la
=(-
p 0 )S.
J.lmg > kl . . . (*)
. :
11 l1. , tt
t-aca ( tt ttpajc ) :
p Sl pS2l
-0- = -
.\
()
p 0 Sl
(p 0 S + kl)2l
=20 (1+~)
PoS
n t
kx = J.lmg .
) tt\i :
= +
Skx = + -J.lmg
5
p Sl pS(l +)
-0 - = -'-----'----'-
t :
1 = 0 (1 + J.lmg
rl + J.lmg
)
p S
kl
.\:
, n .
atute. n
liOt:attt . :
S(l+x)
S2l
at;;tc,
J.lmg > kl ,
\tio J.lmg :5: kl.

34.
OIIOCBO
l+x
20
= 21
kl
kl+J.lmg
J.lmg)
= 20 ( 1+ - .
p0 S
=20 (1+~)
PoS
J1mg) .
(1+-PoS
n,
: \I\ . :
.\
l--
<~
= 21
V1
Pt vl = nRT .
t<.~ . u n : .
('
1 +. .
:~tt t) tt
:1 t :
V2
l-lcnocpet\0
:
(Pt
+ )V2
v2 = ____!!!!!___
Pt
= nRT.
-------------------------------------------------
101
t . : (I(
:}. 11 . l1e n 11
11 r. 1 . I 11 lt
2 <~t1 :
2 (VI
t:
+ v2) =2nRT .
=
1
2 nRT(_!_
+ ---- ) = 2nRT .
Pl
Pi +!:.
OIIOCIIO
2pl (pl +)
2pl +!:.
.\ 11 1<pel1e he .
2pi(Pi -t:J.p)
2 =
2pl-t:J.p
!i 11:
I'I<~ )"'I( :
35.
pV=
ml+m2
(
1 2
l{ 11
n I( 1~1
11 \ . l{ t;!~
. ! 11 1 n
.'1~1 . )Jai(.IIC, 1- n <~:
0,9pV =
ml+ m2-
Ml
22
1 11:
ml
~+~
0,9= Ml 22
~+~
10
----''--'-;----'----~
10
1 m2
1+-4 m1
1m
1 + - 22 m1
l'<~n :
36.
li:IIIa). \{
n.
l nr npecc11a
jt; . n:
mg
= pS
pS!!:.=(~+~ \,.,.
2
mg
OIIOCIIO
--(~+~)2RT
h
1
...
(*}
" . nr.11 n n , :
mg =
(*)
(**)
' S
11
, !!:_ __ ~RT.
P5
OIIOCHO
mg __ 3m 1RT
M 1h
.. (**}
102
-------------------------------------------------
:~
~.
m 1 =m 2 .
37.
n !! II (11 ) :
l{
h,I
= p 1S + mg .
(11
n.
,'
11
1.
p 3S=p 1'S+mg
p2S
r~
:
(}
'
mg
S
=-
l{ n . :
37
= 1 '+2',
11
(}
2'
P2Sh =
2 'S(2h-
h,).
p 1Sh+mgh = mg(2h- h1 ).
:
38.
11h
p 1Sh
= h- h 1 =- - =4 cm .
mg
1 n n
u.
he
1 oli
!Ii! n11
l~
(')
~ )).
u
1
nh. . na t'
. l 11 n
(i) h:
( 1 ).
p 1S = F.
i :
1 (l +)=
F(l +)= plS .
al\o
pS > F.
pl .
.
={~-1}
( ). . I!ai!O
{~-l)<l.
pS<2F.
pS > F > pS
2
, :
38
l;
;
l:
. <:II
39.
oor.t 111~ ) tt l'
t.
t~tt
m2
1t:t~<i.
tt
::
rt
t:
t<~~.
().
\ jt m 1
. :
m ~+ )=m -). .
1(
llo
103
2(
1.
1/4
(*)
1/4
('. :~ (>~
39
'l t't :
,
p 1V =-RT
,
,
m2
\ :!IC:t:
. (*)
..
mz
Mz
p 2 V =-RT.
Oai!Jit:
(**)
=-1.
(**) :
44
l{a;Ja :I' t t1po.vc11a. 1 r .>

lt :1 .
{ t :
11~ ~! ~1. t:!lt l: ) 1t _
=-/
44
{ ! 11ii .t 11 u licto" .. a. t ..:

!: c!IOHYIIHt: <'I l1 'ila
40.
..k'l ) :
p0 V
..1:
41.
PoV
pV
=(n 1 +n 2 )RT = R
:
pV
= 2RT.
= 0 .
n :() ) )
'
'lt'u .
lt I<O.'I'IIIa
llpea ,. ~ t> ct>
liO.I'IIH' li.
O!liiO<.IIO IIOUie
l1e 'l uo;tee ~

l<.
l :
p 1v
:
=(_!_+_!_ =_!_R
4
OiiOCIIO
=- 1 = 176,25 kPa .
4
U 1 11 U2 IIOIIOTeJja!IHt'
IICI(C . n 1 n 2 'l 1 Tt' ~1. (.
42.
_ ,- 1
nr rf'):
kT
104
-------------------------------------------------
)taJ{.I(e:
u,-u,
__!_=
n2
-kT
I't n ,
na n n
n 1 n:
2 - 1 =
Fx.
F= kT =4,1410- 21 N.
.1:
1 I(. "
43.
= gh. " ,
_ m1gh1
_ m0 gh1
kT
'=
noe
gh, (m,-m )
gh, ( - )
0
105=ekT
=eRT
'
h1 =
OtiOCHO
.:1 : u" :
44.
kT
SR!n 10 = 111 km.

g(M 1 - 0 )
h2=123km.
l1e 11i1 11 1 1< 1~

_ Mgh
OJIHOCHO
RT V =+ , V .
ln[ 8nt+nD
nD
Mg
3
h __ RT
l-la 1 1
45.
~ :
F = rw
.:1 jf'
r1
r1 w 2 + r2 w 2
= 1 - 2 .
; :
(r2 -r1 ).
=- r W
)'
2w 2
2w 2
2
1
-------r
2
( u ). :
mr2(JJ2
(n 0 - , n r ).
46.
=
r 2 :
A=Fvr(r2 -r1 )=
l{
1<
u. u :
p 1V1
nR(T1 -2 ) =--(
1
~
-2 ):
D.T = 2
-1
= ----1 =-12,6 .
(,fU, pelllt'ff,;,J
47.
II.a
,!p!'liTIIU
1.
cpa.i\H,pll<l
105
I'!'n1
ofiapt:I\1
!IJ>Oil!'! \. IIH 1:
l'a.l .!' il';lltal, OI.!,II!'IIOJ IIOIJI>IIIIIH 11 - V
48.
t1~ (!.):
+---~-----7--~
2V"
v"
.k .1 ~rr
:1
49.
pV=nRT
11t' 11
v
v,
49
t< :1
48
T=aV
11
V2
mRa
p=nRaV=--V.
p-V ~I n.11 (I(),
jellal( OO'IICIIOj ODpUI!-11111:
=-( 1
50.
np011ec
1 mRa
A=---(V1 +V2 )(V2 -V1 );
+ p 2 )(V2 -V1 ):
ll t( t(ao nt(
1-2
pz
Tz
-= t-aca :
:
2 =--.
OIIOCIIO
= 3
najc
nR
51.
2,
Pt
-=-
Tz
(V3 - V2 ) = nR(T- 2 ).
nRT
T-_i_
nR
nRT-A
---
I-ICI(a . n nr , V 1 1 n
2 . , : V =.!!!.... RT1
..,:
f>.U =nCvf>.T =-nR(T2
5
2
pf>. V
-1 )
mRT1
2V1 =.!!!.... RT2 ,
2 = 21 .
5 mRT1
=---=20,2kJ;
2
=- Rf>.T =- - = 8,1 kJ;
Q = f>.U
= 28,3 kJ .
106
-------------------------------------------------
52.
11
: :
mRT1
2
jQ1=A=nRT1 1 2
n-=--ln-.
1
Pt
1[=----
n:
mRfn 2
1
Q = nC =2_ R(T3 -1 ).
n :
- ( -2 - l n2- ) .
2 2 ) =
1+-ln5 1
mR 5
1
1<0
Q =,
53.
n n .
3 =1
I<'I
3-1.
n,
n :
Q = 13 + U 13
n
= 1 (V3 -
3
V1 ) +- nR(T2 2
1 ).
::~
1 ::
2-3 :
:
:
v,
18<
..1:
54.
n n n n:
= 1 V
= Par V(k -1) = nRT(k -1)
(n n n n n
).
n n n:
= ,
55.
+ nRT ln k.
= nRT(k -1)- nRln k = nRT(k -1-ln k).
n n, n n
, . n
( n
n ,
n ):
l{
V1 + V2
=2V0
V1
, + nRT0 !n__.!._= nRT0 !n__!!._ .

Vo
v2
=kV2 ,
2kV
0
V1 = - -
1+k
1+k
2V
0
V2=--2
V0
V1 ) =nRT0 1n( V0- ) =p 0 V0 1n [(k+1)
A=nRT0 ln---ln------.
( ~
~
~~
~
------------------------------------------------l-let Pt V 1 n n ,
. :
56.
1QY
= 21,4,
V2
= log 21,4 = 1,33.
V1 n n . 2 n
57.
107
. :
T1V?
7
r=-.
5
=2 (~~ -l
2 =T 10r-t.
1
2 =1 10 5 =753,6.
jr,
= D.U
=- v (2 - 1 )
mR
M(y-I)
(2 - 1 )
= 672,3 .
58.
n e<t . t n
1. ,
nr
J.l
2f.lvx. u
n n
tJ.t n S t<,
t< :
blV 2J.lVx
SD.t
n .
z =--.
t<:
!:2_=
2f.lvx
Zt
P2Vxt
P1Vx2
=J!.l:.. {1;.
Pl v;
:! jetattta n
V2 = 2V1
~ V r-1 - V r-1
1 1
:
-1
Pz= - -
~=-1-22
r = 1,4,
na
~ = z-
12
=
-1
=2
2r
zl
59.
0,43.
zl
n n n ( n n)
, n t n
n .
t t<n
. 11 :
kx = p 2 S
p 2 Sx = nRT2 .
n , na
:
kx 2
= nRT2 .
108
A=-l!U=-nCv(T2 -T1 )
(*)
n eac.iilt' ( n . :1n
oieTIIX ). na ii 1 :
k.x2
k/2
=---
.
. . . . (**)
(*) (**) <~ :
k.x2 k/2
---=-nCv(T2 -1 ).
..~:
60.
k/ +2nCvT
= -----'---'-1
n(R+2Cv)
pSh = nRT . . . (*)
~ IIO'H~TIIO <~ 1-. 1:
.\ n : n
1 S(h- )=
nRT1
1S
= mg .
h-x
mg(h- )= nRT1
(*)
(**)
, :
mg(h- )
pSh
=!:!_ ...
(**)
(***)
\I n n. na 1 .
~> :
llo
mgx.
n :
=-U.
-mgx=-U.
3 pSh
mgx=---(T1 -).
2
3
mgx =- nR(T1 -).
2
3 i -1}
mgx = p2Sh (
:1 I fi (***) :
3
mgx =- (mgh- mgx- pSh) .
2
61.
OIIOCIIO
3h(mg- pS)
.
5mg
n n ; 1 .. n
liJI . . n l< n. .
cue I< n n . .'I
;n.
~>:I
v 1
1 I{
n ;:
3mv + mv = 2mv 1
v 1 = 2v .
~> ii; :
A=m(v) +mv _ 2 m(2v) =mv2.

2
n :
=-U.
mv 2
=- v (- 0 ) .
mv 2
=0 +--.
nCv
<f ,
------------------------------------------------62.
109
! 11 n
. : r-acy r' rr. na :
2
mv
--- =-nR(T -0 );
mv
+--.
=0
~R
{r 0 V0 =nRT0 : =0 (1 + ~).
V
{ r n:
_ (0 Jr~r _
63.
V- V0
0 V0
V0 ---:3p
,..:...:"--''-----
mv
)%
+3p 0 V0
r 11oellana r-aca.
.r UJI . n cllc n.
c,r) rajy
, n:
Q=nCv(T-T0 ).
T=T0 +_g_.
nCv
r n n r 110 .:
: "-'' l1 :
(-
p 0 )S
F.
~+-:
r;ar r.:, :
cna
-\r
~0 (1+~):
Spo
rr r n :
Q=nCv(T-T0 ),
r1.
=0 -.
Q $ nCvT0 - .
Spo
F
Q > nCvTo ---.
Spo
Q~nCT0 -.
Spo
no :
=0
+--.
nCv
n n
ptjara. .1 n t) n (
Fx 12.
jt l) n). n
r' . r n r
11:
Q+-Fx=nCv(T-T0 )+(p0 S+F)x . .. (*)

2
11 , na n
r. n :
110
------------------------------------------------F
=+-.
pV=nRT.
F nRT0
nRT0 +----+
p 0 Sx+ Fx = nRT;
PoV0 +-V0 + p 0 Sx+ Fx=nRT;
+ ~ }vo +Sx)=nRT;
S
= i--~
PoS+F
\ 11
(*)
, :
Q+nCvT0 +nRT0 (1+--)=T

Cv +R
2p S
F
1+-2pF0 S ]
1+....!._
PoS
11 n n n:
64.
.
Q>nCvT0
---
Spo
n n n,

mg = p 1S.
111 (
mg
1):
,=-.
) :
pSh p 1____
S(h-x)
--=.;:....:.
__
{- n n n).
1:
, = mg(h-x).
1
pSh
. n . :
p(Sh) 1 = p 1(S(h-x)f.
11 :
-\
s
mg
s
ph 3 =-(h-x) 3 .
x={-r~:n
... ))
11 n n n,
lt :
no
1t'f'MO/1HHMI/I01, f>CIJICI
llo jt'.IJ'III<ta ICI!OI'

'IOI .. IP;l/bl! jeii<J'IJia
mv 2 3
mgx=--+-nR(T1 -).
2
2
nRT1 = 1 S(h- r) = mg(h- )
1
")
(**:
ct.
nRT = pSh .
11
11aiiOII t>l). fi:
.. (**)
~ [,_- ( )~
- ~JK"ls-
mpSg
+ 53mpSg] .
fi) J{<t!l<! .111 1 113UTCj1\ICHO\I IIJIII'I .\ lla,c,JI:

ll,liHH.IIO
/1
111.~
= -(/1
,, 111111111
, ..' 11:11111:
J;ai,O jt IIJIOI'< 11 IC>II:j1\IC1i11. 1'0 _:
( :.1::
.<)
2
\111t:.
ct
CIJO)[H 11<!:
mv 2 3
3
mgx=--+-mg(h-x)--pSh
2
2
2
:'
111
h(l-
i_
pS
mg
pS)
m1
mv
(
=----mg.x=---mgh
1-- .
2
2
mg
A=nRTinJ!....=pSI7ln(pS )
,
mg
.-~--------~
n11,2
( pS ) :
- -mgh ( 1 -pS- ) = pShln-
mg
65.
\r,o _jt
mg
"=
2gi ,_ ps + ps
mg mg
l( ps ).
mg
0 ii\10Ctpt:HI1 1111i . IIOI'TIIO CT<II' I !( :
p 0 Sh = R0 . . . (*)
{ II' llj>ll.\1<1 f<)JI.>IOI.\ .... 11111 Cl' I.IIOJ>O IIOJ11il-' (. \10<1>1' 111 )' IJJal{l}\1
TJ>t'II.YTI{~ \
p<!IIIIOICJI{II).
llil 11><!;
I{()JICTaJITall:
mg
=+-.
.1 !'t::~11. 1. IIO'ICTIIO~I pt:ti)ii)' li (r )
mg,
H!JII II.~ li.llllla 'I ' .
.,t:
Q=A+U=(p 0 +~gfh+nCv(T-T0 )
. (**)
:)
= 20 (1 + mg
) ... (***)
Spo
:1
66.
(*). (**) 11 (***) :
2Cv) +T0 (Cv +R).

Q=mgh l+R
(
tr;a 1 2 ("
n . r;m , ~; ct~ " li
112
u. . n n
).
n1< , n
i<
. n n :
nRT
1
p,=St.
ll i n
r u.
llp
n 2 :
n n :
F,r = (2 - 1 )S =
nR(T2
- 1 )
nRC:.T
F,r = - 1
(*)
(! I<n) . 1
II n :
Q 1 =nCPC:.T=znRC:.T.
n, . n 1 n:
Q2 =-nRC:.T.
2
11 :
(*) (**) :
67.
F, =-=125N.
r
4l
n.
Q=Q 1 + =4nRt:.T . .. (**)
f-lea n n noeha
n
2
n 2 n 3 n n
mg + p 0 S < F1rrnax ). n1r .
, , :
1V
= nRT1
2V = nRT2
2
n n:
,=
2V = nRT3
-=-=-2
z,
Q = nCp(T2 -1 ) = znRT1
2Q . . . (*)
5nR
n n:
Q=nCv(T2 -T3 )=-nR(2T1 -T3 )
68.
(*)
(**)
2Q
=--.
15nR
(**)
-=--=PI
z,
l{ n 1 n 1 n
1 :
113
OJIIIOCIIO
= m 1c 1 +m 2 c 2
.11:
m1
=O,Sm
m2
=0,2m .
c=O,Sc 1 +0,2 2
(*)
: It~ TOII.IIt/IJ <mt~ <, , :
1
3R
1 =--=-
5R
2 =--.
2 2
i ( ). It: 1 ~ u :
1 5R
4 3R
=---+---:
5
!\
1=
20 g/mol 11
2 2
= 2,58 k~~
~:
= 2 g/mol .
:1 !!:; r.: ; :
69.
=2!!_ + .!_ .l.!i_ = 3 73 ....!;!_.

5 2 1
5 2
kgK
l{ao 11t~ , ct~:

=
micYI +m2cY2
+m2cp2
= _micpi
___:.___
.:....__
m 1 +m 2
5R
7R
EJIOJOJielJT : I ICOI!a :
70.
'
~=
m~--+m2--
2 1
2 2 = 151 .
5R
m 1 --+m 2 - 2M1
2 2
3R
'
~! ,
< I .
A=nRTin5
(- ).
11
t n II :
Cy+R
=--=---.
oatmeje
=--.
-1
( 0 ).
!:1U =
nR(T -0 )
-1
n 11
tr (V). :
!:1U
= . :. .. : .V_-....:.P....::o_Vo=y-1
V=5V0
llpea :
jetlattte :
r=
!:1U
= 4p0 V0 = 4nRT0
-1
-1
4nRT0
Q=A+t1U =nRT0 ln5+--.
4nRT0
I+
Q-nRT0 ln5
-1
=1.4.
114
k . S nn n11
~1r ( I<IIa). n 110t :
p 0 S = kl
p 0 Sl = nRT0 .
:
kl 2 = nRT0 .
71.
1-! 1- n
n n
n , IUI n .
k(l+/) 2 =nR(T0 +).
n 1
11:
M=k(l+bl)
kl
l 11 1 i< :
= Q
<ii :
= +U =
nRT0
nRT
nRT
3
--+-nRT
=2nR =2 PoVo
2nRT.
11 n r.I
72.
n 1 n:
Q=+U
f::_,Ii
=!!_
V
V +nCvT.
cr n n:
pV=nRT
p=nRT 2
.\l :
V =-- __ !!_=
(+)
.:
73.
(+
= $ );
nRT 2
= V =-----=-nRT.
= -nRT +nCvT = n(Cv- R);
n .
C=--=Cv -R.

.\1
.-1 I n ! V .
1
no :
!{ n
~l) 1110 1.
= V
= ( 0
V, no ii
1n V+V, :
+aV)V.
( 0
+ aV)V = nRT .
[p 0 +a(V+V)lV+V)=nR(T+T).
n n, :
(p 0 +2aV)V +(V) 2
l{
:
=nRT.
(V) 2
nRI1T
11V=--Po +2aV
74.
115
=( 0
nRI1T
+aV)---
Po +2aV
11Q=M+11U= Po+aV nRI1T+nCvi1T=( Po+aV R+Cv}I1T.

0 +2aV
0 +2aV
11Q _ R(p 0 +aV)
-- - - :
+ Cv.
11
0 +2aV
,
111' n n
11U = p 0Sl + ,.
= 11U- p 0Sl .
m 1RT0
Pl = MVo
11 r1:
Pz
111
m 2 RT0
Pz = MVo .
. .
'~ . h n
,~ 1 :

l{; r = :_g_
11
cv
!!...
mz
m1
Jr
-1
/
----
-1
Pz
:
TI
=(::
, =,(:: ';' = ~os ,.
V 1 n 1
. 1' 2 :
m 1cv (2
- 0 )
=m 2 cv (1 -
2 ).
Tz (Vo + v,
)y-l = vor-I.
1 :
:
(m 1 +m 2 )cv
1,4 0
0,40 -
V0
=1,15 0 .
n :
= Tz(l + ~: J-l
p 0 Sl =3,7kJ.
116
75.
11 11 r , 11
r t< 110
.
ller<a
'l
S1
S2
r1110
rrpccea
S1 '
11
'l
t)
CTat\OapiiOM
S/.
n,
t<
S1
S1 '
S2 <:
S1 '
l)
11
(r<).
l)
l1
l)
t)
S2
('. 11
75
Sz'.
<: 11r< 11 'l :
n r 11 r. r
1 r npobe nonper ,
l1 11 r< n
~v~
~v~
M=--+U 2 - - - - U 1
l :
=.
'l i<:
~vf
p,~v, +--+,= Pz~Vz
funv~
+--+Uz.
2
l{. . nonpe11r n () r nonpe'III

. 11 n.
n n nr<
n . (n ) n n
( r 11). nonpe'l n
nonpero n .
:ll 11 .
r
:
76.
:
2
'l n . :
/'/111 ,, pemt:IMI
117
~:
/2 ,
1+---l:! 1 2
v = - - --____,,.:--___::.._
,
2
1+-2
7RT
,,
C.IP.t:
!:!,
v22
N2M2
~:~,
v,,
N 1M 1
--=
v=
7RT
,
1
1+-
7RT(x+1)
1 +
1+-2-
l): 1 ~ : 1.
77.
1-iepit) i~It :
1 v1 + 1
.t:
2V2 +2
m(R+Cv)
--'---'-'-(1 - 2 ).
l:!v2
+--.
v =--(1 -2).
Te\ttlt~paypa 2 ; t t :
r
_2_
-1
v=
.11:
( 2 )r;'
2 =, -;;;
2 1 1-(.!!..1_)r;'] = 2R"{, [ 1-(.!!2)r;'].

[
(-1)
78.
Hct;a 1 2 n nnt n 1 2 (t;).

At;o :1 !!.t < nOII[JC'III n npol)e 1- , 11 l)
1~
nli :
. 111
'I :
= 1 V1 - 2 V2 .
t.
l. li .~
n11 11 1
(
:.
t;
1~
OilpC'IH 11pCCCI( !! IIOHCTaHTaH,
11 li t
). :
t+ 1 V1 - 2V2 =( 2
-U,);
..,; . (l
78
118
&n
&n
&n
P!!.t+-RT1--RT2 =-Cv(T2 -1 );
!!.
&n
P!!.t=M(Cv +R)(T2 -1 )=!!..
.1:
t!.mCPt:;.T
t
qCPt:;.T
=--<=lkW.
!\t .
.......
4;
Itiiyc <~ n p-V
79.
1,[;:]'
{).
p 0 (V2 -V1) =nR(T3 -4 ):

A=nRT0 =3,32kJ.
t <' Q 1 n
80.
v,
79
v,
1-3-2. 1 u11
.. 1: l~ 11
1-4-2
Q2
2.
) l~~ :
!!. 12 = 2 - 1 =Q 1 - 1 =50:
()
lleiia )
1-
2-1
<~
11 u1-:
;3
li'I liOjy
Q=~+(,- 2 )=-70.
: 1- :
Q 2 = 2 +!!. 12 =60.
l{aije
Q<O.
u) lle1<a Q3 I! 1 lt 1-4.
11
4-2.
Q4
= 2 - 4 =( 2 - 1 ) - ( 4 - 1 )
= 1 :
Q3 = Q2 - Q4 = 50 .
11 1 n 1 4, 2 rt 2 3, V1
81.
2, 3
Q4
t< . :
4-2
1 2, V3 n 3 4. 1,
4, . :
p 1V1 =nRT1:
p 2V1 =nRT2 :
p 2V3 =nRT3
p 1V3 =nRT2 .
: !1 ll'!. 'll'. :
1
- 1= -
2
-1= -
2 =4 =~1 3 .
Pa:t 1- im :
= (2
1 )(V
- V,) = 2 V - Pt V - 2 V, + Pt V, :
119
=nR(T3 - 2 - 2 + 1 ) =nR(T1 + - 2~1 3 )
1-2-:
Q = 123 +ilU 13
Q=
= p 2 (V3 -
V1 )+-nR(T3 -1 ) = nR(T3 -2
2
R(~
1 )=..!._nR~T
3 -2 -~
3 -1 -2~1 3 ).
2
2
2
n 1<0r 1 :
82.
+-3 --1 );
2(1 +3 -2~1 3 )
Q
53 - 1 -2~1 ~ .
= - = --'--'----'---'-;:===:'='-
<i I I( n
1-2
-1.
n n n
1
1-2, na jt:,G'I'en "

,:
Q,z -LlU,z -ilt 1- ~'(z -, +,Q,z
"-........_"2_- ,)
A,z +l
Q,z
__:_::___~
83.
1, 2, 4 n nl( , . .
p 1V1 =nRT1

5_=!_ ...
Vz
.!!..!._= ...
Pz
(*)
''
'
''
(**)
Tz
n n
:...:::2: ----- ___________ .. 4
" n. :
!!....= .!!2.
v,
Vz
1 V2
.!!..!._ = 5_ ... (#),

Pz
Vz
= 2 V1 ... (##)
(*), (**) (#) :
4 1 (##) :
=..!._ ( 1 - 2 )(V1 2
= 3 .
V2 ) =..!._ nR(T1 + 2 2
2~1 2 ) .
n n n 2--1:
Ry
-1
-1
Q = nCv(T3 -T2 )+nCP(T1 -3 ) =--(3 -T2 )+n--(T1 -3 ):

Q= nR
-1
{rr, -2 -(y-I)~T1 T2 ).
120
t :
84.
+Q61j = 1 6 +L'1U 15
Qz =1Qs6
n:
Qz
0 V0 +-nR(T5 -1 );
2
51
=V +-(!6poVo- PoVo)=- PoVo.

2
2
t n :
n :
Q,
21
Q1 =Q2
{tt n n :
6p 0 V0 .
6
+=-
p 0 V0 .
1]=-=-.
85.
6.
V2
=xV1
V4
=xV3
na :
V4 = xV3 = x V{ ;:
4
:-!
Tz v
y-l.
;-! .
= 3 v
Vs
2
2 1
v4 ( 3 -1 = v, (3
Jr-I .
1
6 1 :
3 vz-l
:
=
=, V( 1.
= 12
v6
= v, ( ;:
+ 23 + 34 + 45 + 56 + 61
y-l
~
~
~
nR1[ In--nCy(T
2 -1[)+nRT2 In--nCv(T3 -T2 )+nRT3 \n--nCy(1[
~
= nR1j lnx+nRT2 1n x-nRT3 ln 2
=nR(T1 +2 -2T3 )Inx.
n :
Q=
12
+ 34
n :
nRT1 ln x+nRT2 ln = nR(T1 +2 ) ln .

1
1 +2 -23
= - = --'---"----"'-
1 +2
-3 );
121
86.
2,
+ 34 = -f.U 12 -~t.U 34 = nCv (1
- 2 +3 - 4 ).
4 (), :
,vr-' =T2 (10V)r-t
4 vr-l =T3(10V)r-l.
= 12
o!IOCIIO
1 = 2 1 or-t
4 = 3 .r-l .
1:
= nCv (2 - 3 )(r-t
-1).
11
4-1:
Q=f.U 41 =nCv(T1 -T4 ).
Q = nCv (2
4
2
3 )!Oy-l .
n 1 I< :
1
-04
17=-=1---=1-IQ =0,6.
r-1
1\I< n . :
87.
nR(T2
-1
n(R+Cv )(2
v,
v, v2
18<
+ 2 + 4 + 41 :
- 4 ):
t<
(xp)r-1 - pr-1 .
=(3 -4 {;
:
v
=3
-1).
n n
87
86
..... 4 i
-1 -3 +4 ).
....
= 12
)-nCv (3 -T2 )+nR(T4 -T3 )-nCv (1
,,
Q = (Tz - 1 ) = (3
1-2:
- 4 )
n :
88.
_L::.'.
z
/=-=1- =1-- 1
n ,
. .
n ,
:
:
-\
= mk
t,
Pk
, :
pk = mk(T,-Tz) =128kW
,
122
------------------------------------------------ n t
89.
n :

Q1
tt n n ,
Q2
, :
90.
Q,
Q2
= 2:
4, 2 , na :
V r-1
V r-1
1 1
).
91.
1
92.
v2
) .
V3
-1
=-11%.
=2 vr-1
04
'
vr-1
,,
2
2 =(v2Jr-' =(.!.)
1
v2

V3
91
2
11 =1---=1--04
=24,2%.
2.
2
- 1 - - --1 -
-1
11 =1--,
)7 =18%.
2
2
(1
17=1---=1-93.
na
. 2 =(v2 Jr-1
17=1-;-=1- V
V4
- - =--,
V2 V
() :
vr-1
-2 vr-1
1 2
3
v,
vr-1 .
v2v4
V =--=741,2/.
v,
vr-1 -
1 2
2
2 4
l{ :
94.
(n
Q2 =.
2 )
(= , 10 5 J/kg ).
n (n 1 ) :
-------------------------------------------------
123
: = Q1 -Q ={;: -1 = 3,26 .
2
95.
){! I 11 :
Q1 = nRT1
ln( ;:
, :
Pt
'""" =~ ;~ ,', .
OJHIOCIIO
=[
Q,
= rmRT1
(-1)
96.
v.
V2
95
Q,
/=--=
r
){ ~ :
V1
ln(!iJ.
Pkor
rmR,
(-1)
, "'1120kW.
ln( -2
1 1 =/ ( 1- ~~ ) "'633 kW.
(~ r li n I!'I n:
Q2
=qr =(- 2 )-r.
1, 1 :
){
2r.
=~=~(,- ,2 -+2 )=
2r
=~((, +2)- ,2 -).
nt: :
=%[<. +,)-U;, -- -2~,, .

P=%[W. -Af -[#--
m' 1 2 :
124
------------------------------------------------Pmax
=!!_(ji;
-{i;J =lOOkW.
2
<1 ~: 1 :
[~T~z -.=: :

97.
1-2
=~1 2 =400.
n~1 n:
3
3(
Q12 =-nR(T
2 -T1 )=- p 0 V0
2
-PoVo
--)
3 V
=-p
0 0
v
{)
v
{)
97
3-1 I n. n 2-3 <!,

: OTIIYT<I n. () n .
r-aca 4. . r <
rr.'. I'<IC . . n n
r< 1
5 1 <1 t) 4 3. n
V ). n n n 2-5 :
1 5 (
Q=
25 + 25 =~(2 0 +{ V- V; )+%R(5 -2 );
Q = .!_(2
2
p)(v- Vo
2
t) :
11<
p=a-bV.
Vo
2
20 =--
11
5 <1 n
----V ... (#)

Vo
p0 =a-bV0 .
=---.
2
Vo
-\ tt
PoVo).
=3 0
2 . . 1:
(./ u:
'v1 :
)+ ~(pV-
. (#))
Q= Povo
2
lle"aje
( 5 _ 2 ~r~-.!.)+
3povo [ 3 ~_ 2 v: -\.
V
V
2
2
V
v
0
=~. :
PoVo
2
Q=--(-16x
4
30
15
=---=-.
-32 16
.\1(0 :1 , :
Q(x)
3
Q=p 0V0 (5-2x)(x-.!.)+ p 0V0 (3x-2x 2 -1).
2
2
2
V0
iii<
125
~< :
+30-11)
.
15
V5 =-Vo.
\6
<~ 1 ( " ~
t.V
<~
Q >): <~ 11 ( "i! i

I' il V <
Q <). :
= PoVo
4
25
[-IJ~)2
+30~-11]=
49 V.
vl\6
16
64
C<~llCII lt :
PoVo
\6
= ____ = --:---:-:-----'-4-:-::-----::-:- -=16,5%.
Q,2 +Q25
3poVo 49poVo
--+--4
97
64
ii <l 11 :
-min = 4 -,
Tmax
4
=.....:.:::=-------"'~
.
1
3 0 3V0
----=nRT
4
2 4
4
9
5
9
=1-!i.
4
(% V % 0 }
0,
Vo
p 0 -=nRT1
=1--=-=556%.
98.
'
n :
=S 2 -
S 1 = kT In \,0\w- kT In w;
= kT In 1,0\w = kT In 1,01 = 410- 23

w
ii :
99.
/.
Q = S = \,15 10-20 .
) n . n :
S = Q =~:
S = nRin V2 =~Rln5 =835/.
1
) CIITponjc n ;.
126
-------------------------------------------------
, ............
111<
100.
.
"r n. ",
r1 <: "
:i{ n
6S
\ .......
1-:
............ _...
+----~
= Q =nR ln ..!_ ;
6S = nR!n = 18,/.
YllpOI(ecy -1 6S=O. ".
101.
)
1
\
n :
= .
rr r1 -1:
1
-04
Tin =---=0 5 ' =157,6.
sr-1
Tin(SV)r- =T0 vr-;
=nRT0 !n S =4 kJ.
= 12 + 23 + 31 = nRT0 ln S- 6U 31 ;
) l'ac n n n
n) . :
= nRT0 ln S-- nR(T0
- 3 ) ;
) n 1 u. :
1-2:
Q = 12
= nRT0 ln S-- nR(T0
1 = - =
-min )
= 1 kJ .
0,25.
) ll n n :
6S 12 + 6S 23 + 6S 31
102.
=;
Q
6S 23 = -!;;5 12 = --- = -nR !n S = -1 ,4 / .
1 o;r 1~ n~11111
(V}. l:
Q1
(k+I)V
6S 1 =--=n
1Rin---=n 1Rin(k+l).
~ n " :
k+l) .
t;;S = 6S 1 + !;;5 2 = R n 1 ln(k + 1) + 2 ln --k(
r1 :
103.
Hciia 1 2 " 1 , 4
" . :
Q,
S 2 -S 1 =-1
' }
1 2 n ,
. 11\)t "
Q2
S 3 -S 4 = - .
2
Q1
Q2
n :1:
..
.:
S2 -S 1 =S3 -S 4 =C!S.
: :
= Q 1 - Q2 =
(1 - 2 )C!S
i"I I\I! .
104.
s2
=S
Q 1 =T1C!S
naje
<: npOI\er.y
127
sl
=S4.
Q 2 =T2C!S.
= 418 kJ .
1-2:
Q 1 =T1f..S=T1 (S 2 -S 1 ).
I'I
1-2
'I
nII n
11 .
I!O'IIIa
nii n n
3-4.
r1 1.
105.
s2
s,
1t1< :1 1
1 n eciiOIIa'IHO IIO'IIIY n
1 4
L'J.Q
1~ n n I!I. r (i
f..Q
f..S = - .
!~t'l ) :
f..Q = C!S.
:t It it t n
I T-S
(n)
n n<:
(11
n n ;
f..s = v f..t
F f..s
n n).
)
1-2
n n, 'l
Q1 =- (1 + 2 )(S 2 - S 3 ) .
<: n n:

2-3
n n.r:
2
Q 2 =2 (S 2 - S 3 ).
1
A=Q 1 -Q 2 =-(S 2 -S)(T1 -Tz).
n t :
1 -2
17 = - = - - - .
QI Tt +Tz
) n n n
Q1 =T1(S 2 -S 3 );
106.
1-2, n n 2-3:
1
Q 2 =z(T1 +T2 )(S 2 -S 3 ):
n (). n
n 1 2.
n n n ()
1-3
3-2.
3-2
n . :
128
=St
dS12
=-=-.
S = nR ln ...1..
. (*)
pV=p 3 V3
pV
=v;
; =( 2; )y-l
l
2r )r-t 2nR (,
( = -r-1- \ln 2r -ln
(*) :
dS = nR ln -
2
dS = nR
-1
(r In 2-ln )= nR(5ln 2-ln )= 2,8 /.
........... !~
.......... .!. ............... 3
:
'
/3 ............ f.............. )
....... 2
:
v
v
107.
2V
()
.1 .
()
106
n 1 n n :
dS
dS vodonika
dS okoline
..\ 1 n n . :
AS
Ll
. _
d ka
vo onr
Qdi.,
>
-
Qdis
dS vodonika
4200
n.
108.
: n n
n.
OCCIIOIIaIIO III n.
n n n n
n:
, ,
129
t.Ql
i 1 1- :
t.S 1 = - - = d1 . .
Tl
! r< n
t.Q2 =(1 +) 2
+ 2
.r~ n
1 +. :
t.S 2 =(1 +t.T)!':..T.

:
t.S 3 =
(1
+ 2t.T) . .
n 1- n 1 2 :
t.S
=t.S 1 + t.S 2 + t.S 3 + ... +t.Sn
(t-
n -t );
t.S =d1 !':..+(1 +t.T)f.T+a(T1+2t.T)f.T+ ... +a[T1+(n-1)t.T].t.T;

2
t.S = nd1 t.T +a(t.T) (1 + 2+ 3+ ... +(n -1)):
t.S
l<at
n -t
t.S
(n-l)n
=d1 nt.T + a(t.T) 2 -,
n -l"' n .
t)
2
nt.T = 2 - 1 .
2
2
=d1 (2 -1 )+-(
2 -1 ) =-(2 -1 )
'lt<:
t 1
f>.Q
(lt ) :
t.S

t.Q =Ct.T .
= t.Q'
.1 :
1 8
t.S=-f.T=fC.T.
!='
n n
l< .
t
f=-=d.
n:
t.S=
d1 +d2
(T2-Tt)=-(T2 -Tl ).
109.
1tr
. n
u
-r 1 =86 395 s .
t1
=15
=24 h =86 400s
{l;"
-r,
, ==2nv8
n t 2
't'
= 30
... ()*
n N -r 2
=86410s.
n :
't'z
Tz = li =
-r1 ]
(*) (**) : -:;-
110.
( 2
11, 12
{1; ... (**

2nV-g
l+at
1
1
=1=-12 l+at 2
/3,
AD
n 0. r HAD :
DH = AD
DH
= AD .
.
1t. n ]. n t :
1213 .
11
DH =
DH __ l 2 (l+a 2 t)l 3 (l+a 2 t) .
l 1 (l+a 1t)
: 1< :
1r nr
10-5 '). a~t 2 . na :
111.
= 2 2 .
1 r n r
:d,
112.
=71d2(1+at),
t=
dr-dz =-420 .
adz
r . .'I r1 () ().
: ,
------------------------------------------------) u )"t
t1
= 50
t 2 = 450
131
= 108 (1 +a 8 t 1 )-/ 0(1 +t 1 )
= 108 (1 + 8 t 2 )-10 (1 +t 2 )
lu,
t.,
450
()
()
c.~tytajy
'i)
2
t1
.1
= 50
112
u: t, <.t
= 450 .
L!.l=l 08 (1+a t 1 )-l 0 (l+at 1 )
2+(1 1 +tz)
t : 108 =
113.
(a-a )(t 2 -t 1 )
bl=l 0 (l+at 2 )-l 08 (1+a 8 t 2 )
11
= 20,085
1 0 =
2+ag (t 1 +t 2 )
2+(t 1
+t 2 )
log = 20,065 .
/{ "; 0. i
~ ;
! 0 = 1mm.
11
<.:t<
t = 18 <.: "" 760 ct<a.te. . ;t :

h = 760! = 760! 0 (1 +at). .
n
:
:kt
p 0 gl0
pgh=
=__f!!L.
1+ ft
p 0 gl 0 760(1+at)
1+ ft
n nt<
=
114.
Q _
L!.V- fV
760(1+at)
1+ /t
mm g.
Q=mct!.t
-/3.
1mmHg. na :
.
L!.V=/VL!.t
p=757,8mmHg.
:
L!.V=Qf=Qa=l,510- 5 m 3 .
132
115.
l' 1 l< 11.
!< 11 1
h 1,
h2
< U-!( :
OHOCIIO
116.
>11 11 n .
t 0 =0 :
, . . 0).
\1
( , Vo 1111
m0 = p0 V0
f3
1 caima.
.<~
. n t = 20 :
1+3at
=~V0 (1+3at).
+ /t
=(l+3t)-
.r~:
117.
---.
1+ /t
9,81-6 '.
3 0 t
n r
n 1< .
\I('CII
1, 2
3,
1 ,
. :
V1 =V2 + V :
V3
=V1 - -
-3,5910- 5 -'.
n n n n 1
n l) 0 4.
118.
1< 1 n . ~liO
~1. S0 n n 0. :
0 n :
=-:
So
0
t ( ) n :
g
=-=
S0 (1+2at)
133
( :.'!I:
119.
=--.
1+2at
:~ ( jt tt< :. t t<tt
: :
mg.
tu r
t1
. 1 : t<t t
V1
=mg-p 1V1g .
.\1m jt t t 0, V0 :tt t 0. {31 t<t:tt

1'011.\0TIIOI' IIIIIJ!Ca t"IIIOCT\1, / It:II :lalljH:MIICI{Q 111t: ClI<Jia, 011)1<1 :
1
1+/t,
1+/rti
. . t~
1+/t,
=p0 V0 g - - - .
1+/rtl
I+f3t 2
- 2 = PoVog - - - .
1+ /rt2
t2
-1
(1 + {t, )(\ + /rt2)
C.te.t:
(l+/rtl)(l+/t2).
(- ,)(\+ /t 2 )-(- 2 )(1 + f3t 1 )
fr =
O;ta:tt~ ;tofija:
120.
=P-p0 V0 g - - - .
- 2 )(1
+ {t 1 )-1 1 (- 1 )(! + {t 2 )
JJt:lia jt IIDO Tt''IIIOCT ) .'lt~IIOM )') 11
h + /',.h,
j(t~t:HI 11<1 BCI1HII
k.ll11ia). ) t: tt< ll) :

I
p 1 gx=p 2 g(h+/',.h).
,
p 1 x=--(h+h).
1+ /t
.::
= h+h . . . (*)
1+ /t
.\\ TC'IIIOCT )' !.\' jt: IIIC<iiHa:
,,
p 1 (2Sh+Sh) =
(:.1h. ~'1
(*)
.t:
120
121.
1klia
t1
t2
1+ /t
h =+ h+h
1+ /t
h(2+3/t)
h = h{t
(**) :
p 1 Sx+-p-1 -(2Sh+Sh).
2(1 + /t)
. . . (**)
.t n.

V1
:1t t 1. V2 r t'
:t'.\I!I t:t.t .:111'11111 :11
liO.I'IIIIIt' t:'IIIOCTII <:1t:
t"IIIOt. 0:
t2
) fJ;tODapajye anpeMIIC I!I
134
-------------------------------------------------
,=
PoV,
PoVo, = - - -
1+ /t,
!{ n , n 111<
11
t.
III n n n n
I'III n :
2 c(t 2 -t)= 1 c(l-1 1 ),

(*) :
--
t= 111 + 212
1 + 2
V111 (1+ /t 2 )+V2 1 2 (1 + /t 1 )

(1 + /t 2 )+ V2 (1 + /31,)
. . (**)
v,
V= 1 +m 2
;~n n 1 :
( 1 + 2 )(1+/t)
n t 1
(**). l) :
2 (*)
V =V1 +V2 =410cm 3 .

!-l. yi<YIIa n 1 .
122.
d 1 r1 ;n ""
:r l<.
. d 2 n
l{; .'! (_) :
= Mg
s,
= 4 Mg
. . . (*)
d?tr
n .
= M(g +)
S2
(*) (**) :
123.
6Mg
(=-- . . .
2S 2
d2
(**)
ditr
=d 1 =llmm.
() n :
u .
mg
()
()
w~
12
135
~, . <!it:<' :t: :
mg =R.
mg = 2Fsina.
lj.
m=
ES l .
2 -
Stna.
1
IJa < 11:11011~ 11p11fi.II1II \ ;l<ITI1X ~aiO\iiY U<IH:
sin == tga = _::

l
(;I 11
fi)
=~/2 2 -/ =lJJ+( -/ ={1+ ~22 )-/.
11
2ES
mg=----.
(:::;t:
J:l:. IIOI ..'It'.lI'
'
=~.
lj.
2/
2/ 1
tip\11 .: t.l' .tofi~lj<l:
<1) lla <.. 1111111 () IIJ>ita~all ~ IIO.tt;ajlf ;f!ita 11: : (ciipc'HI.tai!~t

:. t.:. (llyll~t :III). ::: ~>pajtl\ ;t;l <:) 110 1
124.
lltiij<l\1<11 11
::t<' ..t .tiil<' 2
l(; <:<' t.:t .t<:;~<I. jt:

1
cosa.
Jlpt'\1<1 \) t. :caliOII) I!IOII:

1
11
/ 2 = 11 cosa.
lialio jt
11
12
c.l<'.t:
t!
jt:
at
1/2
x2l1
~=cos 2 .
2
mg
()
(i)
lla <.. lllllll (fil
,filt.
F2
:< ()
llfJiia:t<lllt' .. 1 I(Ojt' (~ 11 t>:
t:.tact'lll<l c.I 1
( );tlloc .1 <::
124
F2
-
F1
()
F1
eactltla :1 r:
( 1t: ct~ t :ta<ITiiy :
F 1 F 2 11 ~ ).
1
= - = - -2- .
1
cos
F1 = F 2 cos
136
t :
F2 =
mg
l+cos
mg
= F2 +2F1 cosa = F2 (1 +cos 3 ).

F _ mgcos
1
- l+cos 3 a
2
u n opyrc
t
1
2
(t<).
u
125.
l
Fl=F1 -+F2l.
1
F=-F1 +F2 .
1
F=-k 1x 1 +k 2x2.
2
: rn
12 5
2 1 n :
~t .11 n t<paj n :
.rt n n :
Het<a
126.
1,
k1, k2 k3 . u .111
11 ;
1, 2
(.~).
(~ 11 u;:
1 +
3
=--... (*)
2
n :
mg=k 1x 1 +k 2x 2 +k 3 x 3 (**)

:
l
l
31
ktxt-=kzxz -+k-.
4
4
4
mg
....
k1x1 = k 2 x 2 + k 3 3
x 1 (2k 1 -k 2 )
k 2 +6k 3
f{a;ta ) (**), :
mg =
2 1 (k 1k 2 +k 2k 3 +4k 3 k1 )
k 2 +6k 3
..
(***)
(*) (***) :
12
!{
x 1(k 1 +3k 3 )
k 2 +6k 3
. .,
-------------------------------------------------
137
x 1(2k 1 -k 2 )
k 2 + 6k 3
,~ :~<<~: :
= kzXz =
Fz
F 1 = k 1x 1 =
'l~ . <. .t 11
2 >
.
2k 1 -k 2 >0.
F = k =
kmg(2kt- kz)
F __ mg
S 3 (2S 1 -S 2 )
2 (S 1S 2 +S 2 S 3 +4S 3 S 1 )
> .
n 3 >
2ES 1 ES 2
-->---. .
1 >
= /(1./j,t.
X~liOBt :1; :
l{
<< l .
F
ES
1 F
l+bl
.. ~,111
l + = l .
fa./j,t
ES
--- =-
O;tliOCIIO
= ES(X./j,t = kN.
l{,ta THiton .:t. li
:Jai'IH~<l) 11.10 :
/ 1 +/ 2 =a 1 l 1 t+a 2 l 2 t.
\{al;o :n IH' ::.t.n) !l)

) I>YIIIII' ;t~I' n. \)(;
o,t ! : 11 1
/ 1 '. 2 /2 '. 1-
. t<~lll1 ;t.u :~n
,ti'<.:II .10~1 F 1 ;
IIITatl u
2(k 1k 2 +k 2 k 3 +4k 3 k 1 )
l{ :101111 !l. . l~ .n
<UIIjc :
128.
):
S 1 (S 2 +65 3 )
;
2 (S 1S 2 +S 2 S 3 +4S 3 S 1 )
\ .\ ~r!' :
llo
+k)
mg
F1 = -
mg
S 2 (S 1 +35 3 )
Fz- 2 (S 1S 2 +S 2 S3 +4S 3 S 1 ):
127.
k 1mg(kz
2 k 1k 2 +k 2 k 3 +4k 3 k 1
kzmg(k! +k)
:
2(k 1k 2 +k 2 k 3 +4k 3 k 1 )
ES
k =- .
l
l{ <'
mg(2k 1 -kJ
= 2(k 1k2 +k 2 k 3 + 4k 3 k 1 )
F2
( ).
r.on
1<~ :1 :
.
128
138
-------------------------------------------------
"n 11 :
129.
i' yc"or 110 1 n
jr
f:J.a
( ). () nI< I(Oje :
"
" l1;
p!!.S
:1 . : r l jt~:
p!!.S
-~
= 2F" ,
pi!.S = 2F sin l!.a .
~.!:.
..
'' '
''
F' \\
'
'
1
'
R',~,'
'
\./
''1'
.'
'W
'--
()
jr !1S
=hbl =hRI!.a
. l!.a
l!.a
s- = - . :
n n
()
12 9
S =hd.
phRI!.a = Fl!.a.

= phR.
. ,
n :
pR
=-=-.
da
dak
=-=:;---,
130.
1
1
f:J.a
kl<).
11.
iI!
Fcf
1 n n
t~ .
:
:
:
:
=:;;2.
'
'
R\~,'
\!!:../
'.'
\~/
13
t ,
------------------------------------------------<~."!it jt~:
p<IIIIIOTCH;c
.!l'
Fcf = 2F'.
illnRm 2 = 2F sin
11.
S u 11011<~11 IIOJC
= S = pSRa. 11 :
pSR 2 m 2 a = F.
(-- Fs -- pR2m2.
ll:111 1111011 11~11) :
. l11t;
:< \ 11< :
\!
!:1m
(c.II<a).
i -
.!l'.'l)j) 11 .1111~
F,1.
jl'
= pSR 2m 2 .
ll('.. ()-- ~R(j2p ::; Rl VP

ra;pk .
r ..
,,
'
(l)
<.II<.T<'~I) :~1 11
n 1111.
v = Rm::;fi .
131.
ll1 j<';!ll) llo.>IOIJIIY .
.<.I . I\10 < ~.'I (n~ ) ~
F,+i
\ <~
.l<'.i!IJa
139
F;
111~11 \1
. m<~<' <':t! :
F,J = F; - Fi+l .
\t;() <'
OJIIIOCIIO
.1
+xi+l 2
2
m = F; - F;+l .
I')'CI!IIa l!I<\IIa,
IIOU(>UIII<I OII)JI~'II!O 11pi~CI~Ha. Olla
illn = pS(xi+l
:~
n-
n -1
-;)
h :
-n <'.'I :
n-2-
1 :
i-
! :
-\ ; =
pSm2 X;+l -;
2
r;t:
= F; -
Fi+l .
- pSm (/ -Xn)= Fn;

2
2
21 pSm 2 (X n2 - Xn-l)
= Fn-l - Fn;
2
21 pSm 2 (xn-!
-
- pSm
2
ll\ 11111 ;( :
I't'
1 1
F; =F,
F =.!..psm 2 (l 2 - 2 ).
2
.\taca n (= 2pSl ).
2
Xn-2)
2
2
(;+! -; ) =
- pSm (l
2
= Fn-2 - Fn-l
F; - F;+!.
2
-; )
= F;.
F=m ~2-2).
4/
140
-------------------------------------------------
u, = . . .
. ;l) n. 011 . t~r
11 r l~ l) :
Fax=Sak.
2p 2 f 2 l 2 =ak.
2 2
}_pSm l =Sak.
2
.I:
ller
132.
r:
11 I<J>aj .
((
(n~ )
n -
(( l !:1 (r.r<
!< l
2.
F
/fi'11;:t$$i~'f4llit\jitlif+--+
k=
~~} 1<
()
G1 l
rt
=!1: : : !: 1=":1=='=1='1'===~
). ~r< F 1
.-~1 t<pajy 1.
l 2: F2 r
"t~ n u
F.
132
n . :
<it 1 <it2 litn
:sa r;t~ 1 :
r;1!' l
r<

n -
n -1
() :
(n- 2)D.m
= F 2 =k& 2 :
2D.m = F-2 = k&-2:

D.m. = F-r
;th :
=k&-1 .
11 :
[(n-l)+(n-2)+ .... +2+1~a=k(<it 1 +<it 2 + ... +&n_ 1 ).
f
F
ES
()
132
r rr n
n:
& 1 + & 2 + ... +&n-! = <it.
..t:
= k& = ES &
(n -l)n D.m
dl
tt
(n-I)D.mnbl = ES&.
2
.\-/.i": tjJJJ.1JJKii, pt.:JJJeiJ .... I
l{al
<'
jt
n-1 "'n .
(n-I)L'..m =
141
11<1 11oc.~,lll<'
nt..l = L .
jt',tllii'IHa ,<~ :
mLa =ES!:..x.
2
.!:_ F = ES!:..x.
lj.
(:m;t::
f:..x
2ES
<::t 111"1"<11111 \<' <:<' ;~;ti" 1patl'lli.
1k
F,
111 .: 1ta llpt~c")
IIIT<III<I !(<II~IIOM :1<1 ! 11/)I~;II~I' 1(11. IIIT<IIIl'l" iipajn
IIITall<!. :
F,
f:..x
=-=F,-.
k
ES
\iio jt
IIIOCIIO
= FL-xma.
f ( )
ESL
f:..x ( F- x).
bl.=
'
ES
oll;t<t :
= FL-xma f:..x.
'
ESL-
= j(x)f:..x.
Jlot..I!~.IH H:lp<i:! 1101(11. .1<1 jt )"H)'IIHO 11<:I~:I<IIbl' III<ill<l jCJtllatiO IIUIIJ!IJIII I">)
:Jalll1t:HOC1 III';I'IHC pacTOj<III (H<IO :! opM)".IlC
dS
= V d/
C.-IC;I -1<1 (
Yli) 1111 11!)11 jellali I 11<1 t !ll p~IIt' II.
~1.-
F t..s
11.11-1
yliyna <! <! IIO!IJ>IIIII 11 11.\
.1<. t:ll.lt' II)<t <tl .:1.). <! ;!<!
f(x)
I"<!r; <' III>I(a:l
1 .II (). <! <iHCO.'IYIIO IICI':J<II' III11.HHIH:
=._
F2L = F2L
2 maES 2FES
FL.
2ES
133.
, la IIOj<I.IIIH 11<111011 ll). 1111.
) l~1 l(p<!j<l. ct < r.t 1t
\1111111<' :tt~yjc .tt<t
Fx.
F
2ES
o;t
(). lla
; :~ . ) :
nl
n-2
(nl)L'..mg
L-x
{)
{)
.1 .1
{)
142
-----------------------------------------
OIIOCIIO
GxS =-(L-x)g.
L
SLp
ax=-(L-x)g=-(L-x)g,
SL
SL
ax=P(L-x)g.
l{ rrarrr rr n. (I'I1
: :r, rr .
:lr
c.,racrrra
F0
().
n (n
--7 )
"~
Her<a r<pajy n
r r
F2
t:
2). n :
F0 = F 2 +(n- J)blg. oarme
kt:./ 2 = F0 - (n- J)mg . . . (1)
C.>I'IIIO . r
kt:./ 3 = Fo -(n- 2)mg . . . (2)

h ,
t l1
n -1 n (r) :
l1 n :
= F0 - 2mg . . . ("' 2)
= F0 - mg . . . ("- 1)
Mln-l
kt:.ln
1 ('), )
.... , ("- 1) :
k(t:./ 2 +t:./3 + ... +~=(n-l)F0 -~g[(n-l)+(n-2)+ ... +2+1].

1;r1
t:.l =t:./ 2 +t:./3 + ... +t:.ln ( ,r 1
11u
r<pajy
" .
jl' :!.1
blrl,
. r ). :
kt:.l =(n-1)F0
F0 jcrrar1a
ES
(n- J)n
- - t:.l =(n -1)g - - - - mg :
&
2
t:.l
(n -1)n
-mg--.
(.1r< ), :
t:.l
=_L[(n- )&- nm. (n-1)&]
=_L(L-]_L)= gL
2
ES
ES
2ES
t:.l= pgL
2
YliYIIIIO 11:r
('I
l1
( & --7 )
r.
1 " n (.l< ).
"1
ili:.'JIJ u:
11
--=--
&
t:.l = pg(L- ) &
.
()
()
13 3
/()= gp (L- ),
143
111 r n rr<
lll
=/() llx. t!,
f(x) (r< ):
lll = pgL
2
l{ar n n , r.
134.
roper l!paja . at(Jie, l! .1 r

llaiiOtt r t<pajy n (
):
mg = F .
pLg < ak,
!{
pSLg = aS ,
= pLg .
(jk
L<-=180,4m.
gp
300 > \80,4 .
li
: .
llo
135.
< :
r .,r nr r n. n
n. r<ao
\33
rr1 :
lll
= mg sin < .
2ES
1 r
mg sin <
lll '= lll 1
=mg
= mgL (2 -sin <).

2ES
l1e
l! I.! :
=
F-mgsin<p
~~~<
g(l-sin<p).
135
r n (n~ ) <.; ().
1 2 (.
F 2 r 11 r n 2 (.
.~ 2) r .
F1
r n )
.1r
\),
111~ 11
:h \
n -I
n
() :
(n -I)n = F1 -(n -1)/lmg sin <;

(n-2)/lma=F2 -(n-2)/lmgsin<p:
2/lm = Fn_ 2

2/lmg sin <;
= Fn-l -llmg sin <
144
111. l1
=kl;.
F;
l(a+gsinq>)[(n-l)+(n-2)+ .... +2+1]= ES ( 1 +6l 2 + ... + - 1 ):

6
. ) (n-I)lnAr
( + g s q>
2
= ESAf"
mL(a + g sin q>) = ES!!.l".
(bl " n);
mL
2ES
l"=--(+
.
mLg
g s q>) = - - .
2ES
1;. l) :
= l '- "= mgL (1-sitt q>).

2ES
136.
137.
IES(/':,.[ )2
=--
2 l
/':,.[
-=-
138.
ESl
=01%.
'
=(}
2
'
n.
nnu
l{! .
na. . :
2[
() 2 .
1t~ t:e :
<< l
= 6l =~ 2Emg
1 110 :
l<a
bl=l~2mg.
ES
(1)
(2)
llt . l' n1
(> l< (n .
n
n1
. n
r- 1
.1
lla
t:y
mzg.
~: r ( F)
;; 1t~ n1
I;t~.
w=~= 2 2510-7 J/m 3 .
mg(l+bl)= ES
).
!I'I .
139.
1 ES ( )2
w=W =1-z-bl
V
Sl
~3 :
l<aiio
=~2
.'l
n-
139
1 u . I
1 g
+ F = kx 1
m2 g
= kx 2
.11\liOII:'< >II! ( r. F ,
Jt<' t~li ()U t n.r1c :) :
kx
1'.
kx~
2
1
-=
- + m 1g(x 1 + 2 ).
ttae:lCIIII\ :
F=(m 1 +m 2 )g.
ttano
( :
140.
1<11
lt .
11
IIOI!t~le
<.:.
!II'
o.'l)'llpi''IIII< ~1.
Ct'
1'11.
lleiia
n Bl'i >alll1 j<'Jlllat
( 2 -?4)
1,610-4
nI{ .
.\ ptII'.\
mgH = 4J'7r(nr - R ) + Q.
Q =mgH -4prR (if;; -l)=mgH -4J'7r(if;;

1ur
142.
N
:..1:
N = 6Sh3
7Cd
l<an
N-7Cd 3
6
-1)( 47rp

S n :1111:
:1 je,tallle :
:JaliOJiy :
( :.IC.111:
11
2prc
141.
\iiU jt R IIO!IYIIPC'IHH u I,
pt~no;tiiOI' :1 : R = if;;.
llpe~ta
tt1.
iioje r.11ajajy. .
4
3
4 3
-lrR = 2-lrr ,
dT =
1" n.
:v.~t 111t~ "
.~.t
l\1 . llpo~>~ea t'llcpje f,,,
N1
V=N7rr3 =J...N7Cd 3 .
.
t<an n
d/k:
1 (dk )
=N 1 --
OIIOCHO
,l) :
d
Q=J'7r N 1 --Nd
2
(
2) =-(k-1).
6'}Sh
d
V = Sh.
146
------~----~-----------------------------------
143.
n
!. n,
r 1
n nn n.
11 1 n n.
n
kx
:rr(dl +dz)
0,032 N/m .
144.
1 n1 n n
11. t r< 11 ( ). 1 ,
(< ). :1 . n n n<. na
<:
F,.,
mg +
F,.
()
144
: nn <:
. nn > 1<0 n n :
x-y=~=5,7mm.
pag
145.
= rD.a
k )
P.iJaCT'IHe I 11r
(). :
Fp = 2 F,
. D.a
--.
2
2ybl = F,D.a.
2yr = F,.
llp n r1
n :
2:rrr -[ .
<:
F,
''
'''
'''
'''
'''
F,
' ~'
\/}.,/
\..,/
145
--------~---------------------------------------
146.
r= k(27rr2 -/) .
!<
2}1" = k(21Cr -/),
147
11 , 1< , 2 n (< ).
nn
: :
= ( 1
11 u1
2 )S = ( 1
( 1 - Pz )4- =~7r(+) -4- .
!..
2 )4- 2 .
na :
. ( 1 - 2 ) 2 =rk+r) 2 - 2 .
l{ << (+) 2 - 2 ",2. :

( 1
2 ) 2 = 2}1" .
p,-pz =--.
----------------
{)
~.: .1
{)
op\ly.la ~ , 1 n .
f~
nn1<
)!i
( ).
TP'IHOCT
Cei<Y
---
146
IIOUpHY
u \t!)
TC'IIIOCT
110
l< .
l<p)'IIl!a~Ja
na
-:
1-
Pz =--
147.
1 n . 11 n ( ),
2 .li n . !{ :
,-=-;
p-pz
= +d
(d n).
<l~ t +d =. :
4
p,-pz = - .
:1. 1<0 )
n npe
. 2 ' uh 11 . :
1 -
Pz
'
=-
148
-------------------------------------------------4
1 =+--
' 8
=+--.
Pz
llpoec r,
na :
4
, -
4 ()
= Pz 31r
2
1 ( +-' 8) .
+--=-
OIIOCIIO
24
p'=Sp+--.
148.
llp.I1111IOM 11 i.
1 !~. !~ <: n .
. 11 1 11 ~1 :
A=Spz:r +nnrRTin-,
.1: = 8pz:r 2 +pim3

149.
11
ln(l
4
= 0 +--.
3
+~)= 8pz:r 2 +( + )imln(l +~)
3
m 1 n11.
)4
4 -- 3 --_ RT
( +-
3
\1m
jclla'IHa (*), (**)
OIIO<:IIO
=~
4 2d
+p7rr
150.
4 3
=p 1 -7rr
3
. . (**)
= _...::.__('-'=-"--+_4.:..'-')
Mp 0 -3pdRT0
Helia ) 1 , 2 . ) . ~ICX)
. :
.. (*)
3RT
1 .
4 3
(+ 1 ) g=p 1 -7rrg,
= 4- ( + 4 )
4
1 - =-
1
;r~1 II n

. :
4
2 - =-- .
, - Pz -- 4- 4 ... (*)
1
1; 11 11 n 1 : ~1exyplle :
1 - 2
:i
(*) (**) I:
- -4- . . .
-
(**)
(
.
noynpeJBI< n .
1 2
=---.
1 +2
lla 1 l1 11 nopiiCIIOI' n
( 2'}Z'1.l );
n
o,toapajylly 11. ; BPJcropCIHI r
: ~l) 1~ ( ) 120.
(<~> ll)
------------------------------------------------llc1<a
151.
CIIOi!III 11
149
(i<).
r :ll!. 11 . :
2
+R.
h
11 11 111 TI''IIIOCII lljJTIICaH :

1 =+
pgh = +--+ pgh

R
111 III 11 IIOHOI'Y :
F = p,m-2 = m-2(
.111~' .r\1 11
C.rt\It .\''1 IJ~IIIe-~
+ ~ + pgh}
IIOJl.IOI ,t<: . ,yje 11 111
eplfa.riiiO llaIIIH'.
15 1
11<1 ) , .'IOB
paBIIOTet' I\I:
--'( Po+R+pgh ) =mg+Fo.
F0
F0
1 11 11 lii!ll.
je,lalia lfOjo :lf lia!I. 1:
Cf' : npiIICI "ojt' .'l)' 11 1 ~:l>
1). 1r:
m- 2(p 0 +
+pgh)=mg+p 0 m-
l~:; m=m- 2 (~: +ph}
152.
\ !' 1111 1:li) G:clfO!I(!'IIIO \) liO.:I'II111) t.Q . l1 l1e ,\0

11 11 :~i'!' 1 ) ~ICX) .
llp TO\IC r 1.
1 1'1:111
11 11111 lljiOu 11 lfr 11lf:
t1Q = 2yt1S +nmCvt1T + p 0 !1V ... ( 1 )

\]\: ) lljH:'IIIii<l \:\)
:Jallpi'\IIH: !'
jt' \IHOI'O \li!a 0.:1 IIUYIIPC'IIIiia , )' llpO~H:IIC
t.r
11 IIOBj)IIJIIHe \ICXypa:
t1V =
11
.~r[(r+t1r )3 3
]= 4m-
bl=4.~rkr+M) 2 -r 2 J=sm-.
./t'1111r: :
(Po+ :)~7rr 3 =nmRT

4
11
:1~1,f'.\1 ll\ je;tlla'!IIa ( !!lt. .l :

4 0 r
:
32
t1r << r) .: :
t1r + -.7r'fl1r = Rt1T.
3n 111 Rt1T
t1r=--.:.::_
_ __
47rr(3p 0r+8y)
1111 ( 1) ( 4 ) :
150
------------------------------------------------=~= R(12y+3p 0 r).

nmt:.T
8y+3p 0 r
r1 n :
r; () n ( 0 ),
153.
1 n n;ry .
H.IJO'Ie r :
F = ( 0 - p)S
(< ).
r; n rh .
paoatr n n k
): 110 < r ,
r1 = R.
rynpetrr; n
n nn< n;
1~-----------------------,1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
'
2r 2
:
1
~-- ------ ____________ _5_~

()
()
.1
1111 11 n;
()
15
cere n
ryt<pylloj 1
!IO.IJYJJPC'JIIJ< r;
d ( ): t 1.
d
.
r 2 = --. . n 1 :
2
-={:1 + :J=r(~-~}
: -={~-~=~.
<, :
: = p7rR
154.
d.
R=
~ ": . :
= 2t2
pd
) ) .
11 11 > - .

(
).
l'. <
r l1 n :

(r ):
r n
p-p 0
=-d.
Po-p=d.
d/2.
.-t.1 .1.1, !
l<

n n
n. 11r.11
noocl1aua.
151
t~r:
+ pgh .
--+ pgh
d
h= 2 .
()
pgd
()
y:t ~~
n. ri.!IO'I) :
/) = P.rs = ~ ah = ( -~ )~;
154
( 11111j)tla II.'IO'IC).
IIO'IY npao1~y :
2 2
F=p 0 ah-F1 =--=12N.
pgd2
11t liBac n.r. n ) ; r~ fir
( ). C.'I'IHO l<ao n<~ 1 <~:
h=
~. ll :!\iel)y
pgd
n1 ~t~1. 1 llOIe t~.Jyjr n1; 1
jf'
ll
l. nli ;t 1~ <.\I<'P 1< .tpyroj

. t't' :
= ( .. _ )S =( + + pgh
2
155.
2
}
h = pgah
2
r ~
= 12 N .
pgd"
lla I l!~.; ) tt .. 1 IIOBJ!IIIIIt.loOJ n

t.ll.l!' t.) t~t'
JIOJHIJ>IIt' .1 n l' <' .

; 11 tt.
110
.\
11 .
t: n ur n
3\t :
.. i\:
156.
h=
p(d2 -d, )g
=5,7cm.
1 < rac ll. .. ~) raca IIJJO!I<I :
) 11 .1 . llo.t~ llt~ \texypa jt~

I i:IIIO 11 raca .\1t~xypy
(<~11~
t~ ).
r. II'II; r~ fipoj 110.1 <i)
n 1 \t.< 1 pniJP
\1m
v2.,
~ }
.\
t.
~~~~'~~ ' ) Jl.l.

HOIIIlt~pajt 11 , iit' <.<' :
v 1.,
n1
n2
152
-------------------------------------------------
:: =Jft.
2 =; n1r :
=--+ pgh.
r
2:!._=(2y+pghr) =1,07.
2
pr
n n ,
157.
h0
2
=-=5,7 cm.
pgr
h = 2cm
n n (r ).
n n :
2ycos8
,.-
4ycos8
p=po----r-=po----d-
n:
= +
=
pgh '
4ycose
h
d
+ pg
R
cose = pghd.
t"
~ n
():
r
cose
()
R=--=-=0,1mm.
158.
()
pgh
15 7
!{ n n
na n n
n,
n .
nn n
npe :
h= 2 .
prg
r=--.
pgh
na
n n. n
. " 180. n :
pn
8ny2
= 2/?fd =4prr = - - .
pgh
3,
h+l > 2h.
!{
> Fpn,
153
1 1 n n .
He1ra 1 1 . :
4m-r =, g
159.
.
)
'l
'
),
!<
h : = - pgh.
n n.
.
'l :
g+F;
= Fpn,
(g +)=
Fpn,
p 0 m- h(a + g) =2-s6;
2
()
h = 2ycos6 .
Por(g+a)
)
()
18<
159
( ) , n
2ycos6
+ Pogl = + pgl ;
n nn
160.
2r
h =-- = 2,9 cm.

prg
1= 2ycos6
rg(Po- )
n ,
0,5mm
'l
n n n .
, n (
nn)
h 1 2,9cm.
1
n
n,
n
).
g + 2m-r cos
()
()
16
= 2m-r
- h, g = 2-(1- cos 6) .
2
154
cos8 = 2- prhtg .
n!r t) 157:
R=-'-=
cos8
2
2-
1"
prh1g
=l,67mm.

2,9cm,

n n n n ( ).

:
R=
161.
21"
prh 2 g-2y
=1,25mm.
'
He1ra t "n ( ). "
n " n :
2r
--+ pgx = + pgvt;
2r
x=vt+--.
pgr
2r
n :
ilh=x-vt=--.
prg
t1
2r
h-vt 1 =--;
prg
()
h
v
<
2r
r, =----.
< ro2
16 1
prgv
7tl2 << 7t
6=1t
tl
()
t 1 n n ,
n (). n
ilh = h- vt .
t 0 =0
ilh =
r ;
prg
2r
prgv
t1 =----
:l ,
h
2
t1 =----
prgv
<
<
t2
155
h (
.
t 2 =-
u11
= h- vt ;
vt- h.
n1 n 10 n 180.
l-lea < t3 n l<n
, :
t
h 2
=-+-v
pgrv
1<r1 n
162.
i<I' I, 1 ,

h:
> prgh = 0,069 N/m .

2
.< 1 11 l<arlape, n n 1 ( ~
) !< 1. n r
+ --.
r
l1e :
+ pgH > +-.
. 1'1 11 1<r1 :
< pgHr
= 0,074 N/m.
2
0,069 N/m
<<
0,074 N/m.
I< ~ i:
15 < < 45 .
163.
n n
n 1111. 100 = 100 .

1<n. n h. :
-
=-h-.
=0 .
-.
.h .
1
=1250 C/m h ... (*)
IOO
\1<0 h 11n. ~ :
2:nry = p:nr 2 hg.
(*)
(**)
h=
prg
... (**)
lt n n
n:
r= prg.
=0,785-7 [mN!m].
2 1250 C/m
156
------------------------------------------------y(mN/m)
60
20
20
40
80
60
(')
163
: n n ( r<
(20, lmN/m)
(60, 47mN/m)). npecer<y n n
arr<a t) n
n n n u .
79, na r (*) t) :
164.
h=
79
h =--= 6,3 cm.

1250
n n.
prg
n anorra .
n. n
n, n n
; n n . n
nr n, n r n
. . . .
n n
.
, n (),
. l1 n n n.
n n n n
2
A=F
prg
pg
nr n n
; pot = mg
r n :
165.
2r 4nr
h=2m-y-=--.
h
pm-2h2g
2
Q=A-:pot
2JrY2
---pg
2JrY2
=-pg
( ) r< :
2
Pat
---+ pgh = Pat

r
pgh =-- .
r
-----------------------------------------2
pgh=-----=--(
h4
()
pg - ( -h)
157
-h)-
2
:
2
pgah - pgaR h+4y =.
h=!!....[l~ll
2
pgaR2
()
>
1 5
()
1 . 110 .
..'llll' u;. 1 t) (*). n

t~ 1 1
2:
( )
i< n 1 . n 2 (n n) .
() n~> 1 n 1 2 .
1 u l< l) n ,
t~ h 1 h2.
t>:1
h 1.
n 'I'C'IIIOCT 110~1
(. nh..
h).
. n 2: :1.
n. n.
n 2 ,.
na 11 . . h 1
1.
h2
11 l) .
.\ n,
n 2 1 .
<:<' ! n n . n
l111 2 !! l<a
h2
11 . :1 :
=!!....(1- ~12
pgaR2
h 1.
158
-----------------------------------------
166.
n .
n , :
p
,
167.
MpV
1 =MRT,
!=-
napa :
,= ZRT .
MpV
RT =0,64g.
2
n n, nt<
n n , n
t.
n
n nape t
:
=n 2
p,V
-
=--=5,510 mol.
RT
=2,3 kPa ,
napa 20 n
Pp2V
np'=~=9,410
,
168.
n -n '
mol.
, na :
(n -n ' )
= 82 mg.
1 2 nape n , :
pV1
=:
RT
pV2 =:: RT.

=R,
169.
-4
=--.
RT
napa, n,
n n n 100 n 0 .
n, 1 n n n (n n ).
n :
p 0 S+g=p 0 S+p 1 S.
g=p 1 S.
n n, n n
n. , n r, na
, , n
, , n n .
2 n :
:
p 1h
= h+blz.
gh
= S(h+h).
, 1
159
n n :
p 0 Sh =!!!_ RT
( 0 - 2 )S(h + bl!) =!!!1._ RT.
n n :
p 0 Sbl!- P2S(h+6.h) =
m 2 -m 1
MRT
m -m
1
2
p 0 Sbl!-mgh =--"---'MRT
m 2 -m 1 =-(p0 Sbl!-mgh)=0,58g.
RT
n n, 1rn 11t1
170.
. n n 2 n
. n n n
.
n1r
n n .
n
2V
n n 1
7
pV= p 1 -v.
4
n n :
:
napy :
!OpS
1g
4
7
p 1S+mg=2pS.
! =-.
m=-(2p-p 1) = - - .
171.
. n n .
n (n n ).
n 0 = 0 = 100
n ().
Poh
p(h+x)
- - = - - - ...

(*)
= + pgx.
(**)
172.
na :
h[
=-
100
17 1
pgx . . . (**)
11---..---1 .... ,.. ...
(*)
2 + hx- PohT =.
pgTo
0
1+---1
=37crn.
pghT0
n n napa n,
n n, .
160
--------------------------------------------------
n IIOja n n, , na
n n. n , na
n .
n"
nape, na
11 , n n n /, n 2,
. n n 1 n ( )
2,
napa
Iii.
..L
..._L...
~
2
1==
i.-;-..
1,
172
{)
) n n n n .
n ( n, n
). ( ):
2L=2L1 +l
1 ~ 2.
l) nape :
pL=
,
) .-\
{ L-}
l~L
l>L
pL~2p( L-}
=-.
2
pSL = p 1SL 1
:
~
L.
=-.
nape.
na n 2
( ). :

pL= 2pl 1 ,
() :
L+x=l 1 +l.
3
L <l <- L
2
L:
x=!::.+l-L=l-!::..
L
l - - < L,
2
L
z, =-
l--.
3
l<-L.
2
3,
161
) r l ~ ~ L n I!JIII l r r !! , n l
2
npcl n.
l ~L
, r< :
[--
L<l<-L
2.
L,
173.
n jerrar<a !' r
11
npol)!'
ru ::
(t:.m/SL:.t).
!{
rr1 rr . r
rrr r! r ru .
.'
rra S rrr narre N . rrpel
N 1
= kN
(rr!~n r)
ru.
N 2
\r
=(1- k)tlN
"" ~t:
~ r 11
!!. 2
rr !~r!.
rr r r~r n r.
of't!)'.la
1111
vx
jt~ npocrra rrny;rca
= -pv :
n .r
= -2pvx.
,'..1. r :rr!. rnr
rr npe~rc
IIt :
= tlN 1 JiV + W
2 2J.Lv
L:.t
l{
kWj.Lv + 2(1- k)NJ.Lv

L:.t
(2- k)NJ.Lv
L:.t
r .
npe:trc - . t! :
F
p=s=
(2-k)NJ.LVx
SL:.t
r rr r
:
SL:.t
(2-k)J.Lvx
k-
r ):
rr. r
t:.m
kp
- - = k - - Jl =---'--SL:.t
SL:.t
(2-k)vx
-r rr v =~ (r r~
.
r
vkv = - - :
vkv = v + v + v z .
r n l! .
v).
162
1 t( 11
174.
) .-\ n, n
. nII n
nape
=0,3p=1,26kPa.
nape n :
nape :
l{< n 11
An
~1
=--=14kPa.
MV
'
2 = 1 += 2,66 kPa.
nape (). 1
, :
~
2
=-=63,3%.
10
nape . n11 nape

nape. ,
. r. . n nape
= 4,2 kPa 1 n n nape .
10 1
175.
I n
n .
110 n n
= 12,6 kPa.
napa.
n.
= F1 +
F1
F2
100 %.
npe
r .
1 Vg
= F 2 + 2 Vg .
F 1 - F2 = (2 - 1 )Vg .
n r nape (r
r :: 1 n). n
nape
'- (2 - )RT
'
MVg
176.
t 1 =-3C.
'= FRT.
t 2 =-1C.
= ' = FRT = 32% .
MVgp
t 0 =0C. t 3 =+1C, . 1
2 , . n n n , r1 n
1<. III n :
Q 1 = 1 (t 2 -t 1)+C(t 2 -1 1)
1 :
Q 2 = 1 (t 0 -t 2 )++ 2 (t 3 -t 0 )+C(t 3
1
Ql - + - - + - -Q2
2 1
1 t:.
2
= -'---.:.........__;_-----:' - - - = 434 J/kg .
1

-2 - - - + -
2cl
177.
-1 2 ).
=2)
t) n
n IIOI1e:
163
178.
1
li<~I<a . 1 2 1 .
2
. nIII 1<n .
t2
n .
t n .
1 0 I'I :
Q1 = 1 c 2 (t 1 -t 0 )+ 2 c 2 (t 2 -t0 )=16,8kJ.
Q2 = 1 (t 0 -t) = 50,4 kJ.
:1 0 n :
1
Q1 < Q 2
l1e 1 t~
n 0. 1 :
= ~Q,
=lOlg.
. 1 n
501g
499g
0.
179.
n. 1 1 .
1 = !. = 0,38g.
h i< 1.
180.
l)
p(V1 - V2 ) =
( 1 - 2 )R
1 - 2
In.
I t) 1 :
= QRT.
181.
.
n 1 n n .
nn. n :
Q=!.+;.:
.
11
n,
;=
Q-!.
5,1g.
1 100 n.
n . n:
p 0 Sh
n:
=-'
RT .
h =-'-- = 21,4 cm .
p 0 SM
n ) n n
11 ) l<:
. , n n
:
(.
l<n.
n< ).
164
182.
1mn 11 :
g
= Pat +-=198\.
({! n
200 n
l,. n 11n
h . 1. n n
n n f~ :
PSh=-RT.
183.
h=--=198m.
pSM
'
t) n 100 1 n:
Q1 = 8 8 (t -t)=500kJ.
100 n 1 n:
Q2 =vcv(t -tv) =420 kJ.
:
Q1 > Q2
n. :
QI-Q2
=---=35,4g.
:
184.
p 0 Sh=-RT.
h=--=61cm.
PoSM
!<n n n n
n 1mna n.
. n 100. : . (
) 1. 100.
t 1 = 22 t 2 = 100 n n:
Q1 = (t 2
-t 1) = 327,6.
({ , n:
Q 2 ==2260.
:
Q2 > Q1
!II :
n :
~V= "R

n n n n :
185.
: n . .
n.
n :
1 1 = 2 ;.
:
"R
= p 0 ~V =--=25.
,+;
-=---=87%.
1 1 =(- 1 );.
165
186.
~11 TOIIJIOTC . 1 n nlt.

oiii\CII:!yje . l) :r 1101\
1~:
1
m 1A+m 1c(t 1 -t)=m 2 c(t-t 2 ).
q1
llfiOTOit II>t: 1t~
q2
l<po:l
. : 111:
c<t
r: :
q 1A+q 1c(t 1 -t)=q 2 c(t-t 2 ).
110
=tc(q 1 +q 2 ).
q 1(A+ct 1)+q 2 ct 2
t=ql(A+ctl)+qzclz =76.
c(ql +qz)
187.
:taTI!a IIO'IIIa TOII.IIOTC IIOjy II <l 11 jt:JtIII\11
t:t: :
Llm 1c(T1 -0 )
Llm 2 c(T2
-0 )
OJtiiOCIIO
.'::
188.
llp 11 cyiiC'IIjl: u1 )' 1 1:l 11

CIIOIITaii0\1 1101\ TOII.'I.Ca CIITpOIIHja "- OHO.IIHa"
) IICTaiii\je.
111:
LlS + LlSokol ;;::
\!<I)':
O:t 11' .lejt :11 :l)t: liO.'I'IIIY TOIIJIOI'. : n1: I< llfHI
1,,: .<' :lalll'~lafJ.a. :
LlS okol ---.

O.I!IIOCIIO
~>.: . .':;t 11<' n ll 0.
189.
1{.1.) : ii TC\IIH:pa) f111. llfiO\Iea PllponjP
:t:
LlS =
-=--=
kJ/K .
l{ .t: 1 11 ~1 i.: ~I'II
1 111 ( r ) liype ). .~l

r . ( ) 1):
LlU =Q- pllV
190.
=-:
RT
=( -~ )=2.
11 u 1 50 11 n ( t = 0 ).
1Omin TC:\IIH::ra) nouca.1a ;10 2,
:11 r.
1: .III) :
Q = mcllT = 84 kJ.
1 : OIIO.'II1HI~ .\13 l< IIO.:I'IIIY :.

5Q = m 1A:
50
11 .~1 n(:
cf: ,\tar:a .. :;:
5Q
5Q.
11
m1 == 1,26 kg.
jt::
166
191.
r pCIIYTI<a
11
=10 min
=20 min
12
11 = 10 min .
.
1 eIIIOCT.
r 11
, r I r11 (r /,
IIO'IIIa n 1 ). t),
. na
II.
(~ 1 r (. 11
11 ru):
0
( t:.) =.!.(328-318 + 337-328 )[ ~ = 1.9 [ ~ .

d 't' _,,
dQ)
( d't' sr
(dT)
=-
d't' "

1 :
I'I
11
=10 min
12
=20 min
Q=(dQ) (12-tl).
d't' "
= ( dT )
d't'
(1 2 - 11 ) ,
sr
.=(d)
d't' .\'
(1 2 -1 1)=2470J/kg.
192.
r2
=8 cm ,
r =lOcm, r1 =6cm
n n
().
193.
192
():

11
F1
11
q.
6q
6q
~
=vr1
+l'z =
2q
3F :
.;~'/
.-5~-.
: 6F 1
5q
5q
4q
4q
11
3q
.1
:v.
()
19 3
li - 3F 1 t<ao ().
:
kq2
F = 6F1 = 6 -2- = 54 mN.
194.

11 n n :
2
= -ke2- .
r
195.
mr(J)
2
= -ke2- ;
2
fge
r = 3 -2
m(J)
=1,4 10 -10 m.
: ~~11
( t ).
11 :
168
-------------------------------------------------
af ro' =,'[[i' -~,12}' --',/2]

a.fi
--w
F,
ke 2 3- 2.2
=-----.
2
w=
19 5
1< t"
+Q
1
196.
1
(~ir
+q
F1
Q
Q:
q. F2 r.
(~ q q. F3
u 1 Q Q. 1
,
.1
196
=2F1 cos 30 + F2
-:3 = kqQ -:3 + kq2
'"
{2 -.
3{2
.l~:
Q.
(~
l(()
2 + 21 cos 60
= kQ2
z2
2
1
21 cos 30
,,
Q.
:
= F3 + 2F1 cos 60.
+ kqQ
{2
jella'IIIa : 2 = {~ ( Q 3~}
2
197.
.11
.1 q Q.
: _. .
. u; ll('.~
q.
F,
~:
2Tcosa=2F1 cosa+F2
2 sin = 2F1 sin + F3 .
I< >
:
F2 =
2(-
F1 )cosa
19 7
t,
169
F2
213
tga= (
~)
2/3
2 =2arctg( ~ )
<tl\.111~ I'U r.y:
198.
213
2/3 = 1t"- 2arctg
~)
) l{ l1 r. n- u. \1 1~
I.r . :
kq 1q
kq 2 q
(l-x) 2
1 1 :
= -l
=4
l-x )
= 6,67 cm: (
21
rl;).
1 11r u 1 . noell1c
IH>j0\1 1 q 1, r. q 2 !i. .l l ! 11 l<a u n.

l!' ~ 1 ).I ur .
n u .
)
!{ 1~ lt. li . 1r
1r . n
IBIIOTCi!or .:
1 11<1
t;,!
11
)
.tl1'11
q1
q2
~1 .
~
F ..
'
.
F,
+q
,1 11 .
(ii).
l\. n 11 .
pellleli.e
198
) 1 11 111, n n
, . ll. n 111 .'1 1
11r.r " . l<rl n n.
11< r 11 .
199.
nI<
60'
li ( 1 ).
II~I n I! !
'lli .
11 . 1 ~
Fe
mg
. :
tg30 = ~,
mg
l< ~!l) 60. t)

, 11. :
1
1
: 130
'1
~....
mg
fl
199
170
-------------------------------------------------~ =sonc.
q =tvkJ
11 t :
200.
Fe
mg = 2h
<<
mga 2 = 2h
~/
h =l , na
l,
!5:L =!!._
... (*)
2l
mg
F,
kq 2
11r
.
t . . ~
tt ti, n t l1e
11 i .
mg
11.
1.
(*) :
2
k(q)
mg 2
=af
.!:!!__ =:!..!... ... (**)
2/
2l
4mg
, t (**) (*) : - = _L.
F,
1 =,;
v4 =3,15cm.
201.
N-
r.
()
kq2
= 1 -
-.
2
N.
mg
, :
F
Ctkq
tga=-=----.
mg mga 2
4
.
20 1
oroyaotttla
r = l sin , l .
r:
= c 2 r
:
tga
( 2 N).
ckq 2
mgl 2 sin 2
( N);
tgasin 2 a= ckq
mgl 2
AI<O I<YI'Jie 1, IIOilCTate
171
r
kiE"
l1 !<<! 1l. 1m:
mg
ckqz
. 2
f3 = -,2::----~-
tg/3 SI
[ E,(mg-p 0 Vg)
tgasin
ptgasin 2
tg/3 sin
202.
f3
=-~~----~-
(- )tg/3 sin 2
;\.
.r11 .~ ,,ojt JlP.'Iyjy
lla
I)'.
liY!III4'
: \,
~: :
. =Tsina-F,cos(90-a).
f3
'
',,{,
'
--:-----------~,
kq2 .
.
mr(J) + -,- s = s .
2
. *--
"~--
(*1
-~,==~=:::~
["
\ I'PTH<i'IIIOM n )'!I\l <' llf' HpPhf'. IIH :
mg
F,. sin(90 -) + cosa.
kq2
mg--2-cosa=Tcosa.
mg
(**)
t Yl pt-ll'r,ll.t" 202
()_l.l'
(**) :
11i11111
ml 2 (gtga- rw 2 )
q=
.too.<:t:
, ~
203.
(*)
2ksina
2ksin
fi11 li) I'.'IIa cafi~1.1110j pauTt>ili '

l'. jt' Jl<l
1 1 .11
\la.'I0\1 :1
_,
;H~.'I) 'III4'11llja.ra
11.1<1 1; l
.i
l . lla ) 11:~
t:. 1<'
;l4~.11)',j)
liUj4'
paBIIOt'<liiiOI'
,,,,_;a.t.
mr (gtga;rJ ) =O.l3,uC
lla
nu:.t
<'fi
I!)I)
11
4~
IIJ)
Oii.IOII)
HYI'.'I!la
rl.I
O.l
4'1
"'l><~i<' l1 OJL 4~11\lll .. t4'

l;oIIOIICHTI' ~Jt'M!If' :
Fe sin > mg sin 2 .

~~.r1
kqQa
- -->
2
cosa""I
mg2a.
kqQsina
--':.=..---=--
(2rcosa) 2
sina=a.
OJliiUCHO
.
> mg st n 2 .
llat:.t<~lt:
2mgd
Q > ---
kq
r:_ -1
:.,/
.'
Q ,,
(:;kft Vl Jlt"lllt"JI,f" 20)

1 .II'tt<
tt ~:1l n 1~t ,\lf'IJ.vcofillo JaiiP~IaJ!. <t ) .t~ tta 11.1~ 1. .ll~.t IJt'
204.
Halio
q<<Q.
172
n
!).[ = R!).a
Q.
!).
:'
:
F'
'
kQq!).a
21CR. 2
\/
'.'
8'Q
/).q =...!L.
21rR
'~
' '
205.
q,
!).q = qbl
21CR.
= q!).a.
2;rr
=2F sin !). = F!).a ,

2
F= kqQ .
21CR.2
204
R2
--t ). F
F, (). :
F,
F, 2F'. .
kQq 2F sin !). .
n n nn n :
2
FrruJX =ukS=O'k1!r ,
O'k
n ,
nn1 .

n.
1 n
n,
nn n
(qbl)/(21CR.):
2R sin
(); , n n
><
2 5
!).q
R2).
, :
O'kr
q2,
;rr =const.
2
R
nn n , :
Q2
' k:rr9r 2 = const - 9R 2
Q=9q.
. n n nn n
n .
206.
n . :
F =qE =q2k ~ =910-
207.
12
n :
q2
14
N.
-------------------------------------------------
f{
208.
12 << r.
F = 6k Pt ~ 2
173
= 1,35 JLN .
nt<
n n
(F2'
F 2).
2 8
/212
3(1+-r2
2 .
F2 '= kq,q2 1+.!.__ -3/2 = kq,q2 1-~.!_
2
,2 ( ,2
,2
2 ,2
n n :
F = 2Fj - 2F2 '= 2kq,q2
209.
2kq,qz (1-
~~) = k q1q2/
2?
n n n
I.II4
k ! 2 = 675 J1N
~
'
t1S l<
D.q .
.
1
q + D.q )
l<
-D.q .
.1 ii 1 (
)
. 1. n n
1
tJ.q
no n S.
1 . ,
l'IIi.
na
~t 1< 4:

2 9
174
------------------------------------------------ = k q
= k S
R2
=1& 2
q+q
q
=--= ---
47rR2
= kqr4
47rR2
= 3,5 10- 4 N/C.
4R
) (F1 =q 1 E
210.
na
( n ).
R2
=F
).
F2 =q2 E ),
n noaalfa n
( ).
(}
(}
21
u n ( Ptp) n ( Ptk ) 60
Ptp
n t
Ptp
Ptk na
30. n
11
(). :
P2k = 2 tg30,
m 2 v 2 = m 2 v0
1
3
) :
--=q 1E
'-'f'l
--=q 2 E,
= Ptp
Ptpfj
22
23
q,
-----=- :
211.
q2
4 q,
-=---
2 3
, na :
,v
!!...
11 11 n .
n..v n. - (). n
n - :
=--
175
- 1 1:
,
!-----....:::.
=v0 Y =v0 sin .
ll ! n,
n n
v0 cosa+ v--t =,
Vx
cosa+v)
(v 0
t=
II n - :
=(v0 cosa+v)t--t 2
2
(v 0 cosa+v) 2
=--'~---2
n n n
211
~=
10,4cm.
Helia v 1 1 , v2
212.
.r1
r.
1n
n r n
n :
. f3 =v sa--t
.
qE
v 2 s
v2 cos [3
t = - - - , :
v1cosa
qEl
f3 =vt sin ---'--

v1
... (*)
(t) liOje 1 n
v 2 sin
=v1cosa
... (**)
cosa
qEl
:!
(*) (**) :
sina---:=--mv? cosa
cosa
tg/3
l'l :
wk =
m
qEl
tga--~---
2Wkin
cos 2
qEl
2cos 2 a(tga- tg{)
a'lliY () n n :
213.
=
vcosat
.
2
.
=vsat--t
2v 2 sinacosa
=-------
. 1
r
---
4W.
--sacosa.
n n
213
176
------------------------------------------------1
. ( - ) cos( - ) ;
= 4W
s
4W [(sacos--s-cosa
.
.
=-
2
2
cosqJ == 1
sin
qJ == qJ.
4W [( sa-2cosa
.
, =--;:
n n
4W [( sa+
.
2 =--;:
cosa
r
r
cosacos-+s-sa
}~ .
na :
cosa+2sa
+-
}~u
sa
.
}~U.
cosa-
, n n :
4W f
2
. 2
d=x 2 -x 1 =---\cos
-s
4W
d=--cos2a.
:
COS
214.
2 =0 ,
2 =!!_
=!!_
.
4
. r
n (). n n
n n ().
S .
S 81
S 82
-- -- -- =
n :
S + S 81 + S 82
2ES 8 .
l)
= !L, q
(.
n ):

214
=S.
aS
215.
8
2ES 8 =---;
=....!!..__.
2 0
n r n
n (), na 11 n:
(
=+ +_=
1 n n . na,
. n n 11 .
+<
177
tcr,
215
t(J2
,
.._
216
" ,
216.
1 1 "
.
(). :
= 2 -~= q 2 -q, =377kN/C.

2 0
_]
217.
.1cn<>
2 0
2 0
,\n !'r n :
= q2 + q, = 753 kN/C .
20
n 110 ay<:ol!f~ .
: f'
r (r<R) n n .
:r
S1
t1)
(").
l{! r nr 1. " n
S, jeJLHali
.l. : . no :
-2
= S 1 =E4:n:r _
\.:
0=4:n:r"E.
t"
=.
k '
~-
R'
R
()
.1
2 17
()
a.tiiOiiee - r (r>R) ,
l'
S2.
n ":
__ .!L __ 4;rrR a
2
.ti " n
S2:
q.
178
n . . ,
nS2 :
--
4- 2 = .!L,
S 2 =E4m-.
= __q_,
.
2
4m;0 r
aR
e 0r
, t n .
n r t<
. t< n .
218.
1 n,
n :
, n
q = -l<R
1 ,
S ( ). n t<-
: q = trr 3
3
()
n n
218
=__p___R
=!9..__
,
R'
()
n ,
S:
=S =E4trr
l<
E=Lr.
3 0
, ,
n n ( 1< n
).
n n .
219.
11u11
:1
179
(l)
11 n 111<
r
1:
1 n:
=-01 +-02 ,
30
30
=L(o;A+AOJ
=_!!_-;;
3 0
,
. . 1
n 1.
:. l"' 2 19
220.
IIC.'II~Ipca
" . 11
!lr
( /!"r ~). liao jt~ 11 I\ (). 11 11 nn

t.
jt> .'I. l":
r < R1
(}
()
. 2 2
r > R2
I! t jt~
= __Q__ . ct~ .. 11 .1 cou<'

4 0 r 2
t~ (~ ptxolltHI :1).
:ta opt'Mt.lla 11 .
lt ( R 1
IJOt~ ~ltt 1' ~1 n nt
llat'.'lelipu!<' .-t' nn
( ) jt~:
!!"q = -
r2
JLI' <: r;..
4-
!lr = 4Jra-1r .
YliylltiO t <~r
S jt>:
< r < R2 )
( ).
180
q=4mx(6r+r+ ... ).
q=41(r-R 1 ) ...
r n t< n
-- 4na(r-R 1 ).
(*)
n . :
:
4111'
4na(r-R 1 )
=~('~:~}
Q =4na(R 2 - R 1 )
r n
(*)
: =
Q
_ ____:::::..___
4n(R 2 -R 1)
r = R2
.r-R1
4nEo(R2 -Rt)
r2
E(r)=
. r-R 1
4nEo (R2 - Rt)
r2
Q
4nEo
,'f,; - s - ------ ---.'
'?
221.
. ..
..
..' ..
1
1
.
''
rr
'
'
.
n
n :v r
n
n
S,

().
r
n ,
n ,
=E211rl
:
21!1'/
=- .
=_=.3!.._.
=--.
2nE0 r
222.
, :
221
!<
1-! F 1
q.
tr
q.
F2
222
no
-t,
181
2
?
F =_!_ + - 2 -2 = 289 JLN .
2 0
n r
l{ n1 1, .
223.
n n 1. 1 11 1111 .
u. l) ~
r ( r < d /2)
n1 ~1 1 n
(.~ ). 11 S n
. r
n11
S1
E2S = .!L.
! r:::::.: :g,
2
2ES = pS r .
-, -- -r----
:'
' ---
''
--~
. ----- _...
E=..E_r.
'
s1
'
-..
...
:'
r ( r > d 12 )
fiO'Je.
''
:'
: w
S2
(I!):
11
E2S
-'-'
_-....
S1
=.!L. .
2ES
= pSd
22
E=...P__d.
2 0
d
2
r-5,". n1 :
d
1'?.-
224.
n 11 nn n r
-.
11
n n 11110 . n n
l) 1 :
.n: :
= pd
2 0
pd
=-r =--.
0
3:: 0
_.!!_=.!!:!.._.
0
3 0
11> 11 n n1 jellaiiO . na n n : = Lr.

0
225.
n n 1,
. 1 11.
. n . . n

).
.l n
n 1 n
S:
182
-------------------------------------------------2
2-l = - l
E=_E_r,
2 0
oatmc
D(
=--r
2 0
.r< " n '( t
(\
{)
{)
lloc n
tnt
225
t<ao cynepnottja rt t<
t< r 1
t<
llt< nl< {- - (< ). ()

nl<
n 11
n
rfl
-.
n { :
{n)
.
226.
2 25
t 11 t n
t~t n . {. n n
11 \t t) :
0 =
Alio
4m: 0 R 2
Q =4m: 0 R 2 0
" {'I t
ryrtpett<a
R+h.
n :
Q+q
4ne 0 (R+h/
il,
!{1
h << R ,
Q +q
47reoRz
1
Q+q=2Q.
=- 0
=4n:R 2 h ,
na <:
-
=-=---=-4410
2h
'
227.
183
11 n n ,
n , n . :
E=-..:...q~
47reoR2
n !J.S (
).
n
1

n n .
1 .
n n
227
(}, :

,=--
20
1 n n ,
n,
!J.q
n 1 n
a/G~. " . .
"
1 . .
"
n , "
= --.
2 0
!J.q
n n
f:.F
=f:.qE 2 =a!J.S-.
2 0
1 n :
228.
=-.
!J.S
n S 1 n S2
n :
184
= k1122
t:;.F = k/::;.ql/::;.q2
1
2
r12
r12
, r
= 1 2 ,
/{
r ,

F0
/{ -
=-- ,
2 0
C..ll8<a
22 8
=--nR
2 0
7rR2
229.
02
F=--l2-
/{ , :
( Pat +
( at
4r
R2
2 0
4r
=Pat+-.
Rl
= Pat +----.
~~ )~trRt =( Pat + ::- ~: )~l&R~;
}4-l&R = (
R
4r
+-
4r- -- }4
+
-n(2R) 3 ;
2
01
2R
12r 4 2
1pat+--=--.
q
4n(2R) 2
q=87rR~e 0 R(1Pa1 R+l2r).
7 p 01 R >> 12r,
. R >> L.
Pat
R << l
Pat
: q = 167rR~e 0 }R
l:~:,
!I0\10l1~
Gpoj\111\
185
1 , . ct~ _r_= 410- 7
jt Ml\01'0
Put
\\<L\1.1~ IIO.I\IIJ"IIII11i11\II~X)pa (J0- 2 cm)

230.
q=87rR 2 ~7p 01 t: 0 =6,25f.lC.
llt~a - <! 1<0 11 t< < .. t.
- 1 jt IIOJHia.'ll\a t , 11 II (t< ). lluyct~pa

\H><It'
IOJIP.IIIT 11<1 t~CI!OIIa'IIIO IIOHIJIIa
6S
MUI'Y \1<1
a'!lia<:II~1 ll<.t:. 11; t q 11

je.tiiI T<lliiiiOI ;H~.'IIH~M 1\! IIJJalla IIOpMa.IC lla IIOBJ!IIIII} I III:
F = _1_ qa6.S .
47rt:o R2
.... 45' 45' ...

.
.
{)
{n)
!'''
ll)jyl liOj<m 1 11t
tu :1 u .11
Tlt~ .'I
!:J.F
t:.F
:!.'I ll<l HOMIIOIICIITe
.1 IIOIJOIIel
,~;1l1 lioj
!:>Fx
t:.Fx
11
t n .
- .
!:J.Fx
!:J.FY"
~ l\t'
11 ( ~111
n -
c.1ilY
).
1. 1.
l 11 n - t\\:
F = '\"' 6.FY
1...
qa
4nt:oR2
(6.5 1 cosa 1 +6.S 2 cosa 2 + ... }
Cpta 11 11 n n_<''
lta - . :
F=~.
4t:o
.~~. . I{Oja 11f. rtpa11a
t< - atutaa 45 (" ). jf. t<Oja J\C!Iyje

nO.'i:VC<py:
F = 2F1 cos45.
)
t>
:311~~111111 t1 ltoto
.:t,yc:t< 11110 .1t 11 ( ). ~t n
186
-------------------------------------------------q
, 1
1 1
qa
'=-

:
n
t:.q = pSI::.r ,
()
n no n
>
230
t:.q
S; =-= pt:.r.
, ~> 1
n
n :
, . n, 1
F= qp (t:.r+l::.r+ ... ),
4 0
n n :
=-.
E=LR.
F = qp R.
4 0
4 0
. r
231.
Ze2
man=k--2- .
r
v2
Ze2
m--=k-2- ,
2ze2
*
mv - k - - ... ()
n
n (
):
mv 2
Ze 2
W=--- k - 2
r
2
(*) :
232.
W=-k Ze .
2r
n .
r.
2r,
nn1 n
= k - -2
(2r)
n :
2
w =-k--.
2r
2
mv
2
wk =2---=mv
=k-2
4r
, t
187
f.r jortartje r r
233.
<~JH~IjiOII .
({ <~.rrerpo . rrr r r t
(W2 =0).
l{ar .
231,
11r 11:1 :
yr<yna r :
= W2
W1 = k ~r = 2,17 10- .
18
l{ <~ r11 . ct~ r 011
234.
JIIIja r r.
r< n
11 1111 rr~r< 11:
( v)
(< 1 -< 2 )=-----
235.
2 2
< 2
v
=<p 1 ---=2322V.
8
,;!{ - IIOeTIIe II f:f~I[IOBa, - r11 11
(c .. rr<a).
t - :rr
<' iipe(H~ CTa.'IIIOM :II
v0
11 - <' :1
eU
=-=-.
.~
HOIIJ!CIIaopy 11 Vy- HOMIIOIH~IITa II

:J.racr;y ;tll :
t =-
l'o
tgO
eUI
dv 0
v,.
=-'--
OIIOCIIO
vo
236.
1'-
<~<~ii
dv 2
~ =,V.
elv
r . .:l)'<li - ( )
i
11
11
11
IIi:
v,
+ + + + + + +
v0 t ~ 1.
~ '
)'"t 11,..
236
rr
11l)11 - :
.
C.lttk
2 5
1 .1
v ,. = at = - - .
eU
d =-t.
d
188
-------------------------------------------------
t=~md2.
v0
eU
~l.
, ,
. 1<
. .
237.
, . .
. :
kq2
-=J.lmg ... (*)

2
~W= ,,, k~
(*)
(**)
-[
k~
+mv
)= J.lmg(x-l) ...
(**)
v=
v=
g ~ Jiiii. .
:::-;
gl -vJ.l.gl.
kq2
- - ~ J.lmg .
z2
.
,
.
238.
~w
=,, .
J1171gl 0 l -(kq 1q 2 + J1171gl~ + kq 1q 2 l0 =.

2
l = kq 1q2
J.lmglo
l = l0
, n,
r .
239.
n . n
.
, .
.
:
-------------------------------------------------
240.
189
t < t<
tt
(l{).
tt .
tttt ttt
tt
u
t<
tt
>t
tt
tt
t<
tta
t<
F,
nt tttt, t
tt tt jetta ).
240
v0 tt tt ( <~ tt
t<r). n u tt:
t<,
Mv 0 =2mv
!:i__= kq + 2 mv +~.
2R
tt :
vo
2mkq (2R -l)
MRl(2m+M)
l{t< tt t< t<

ttt tttt. l{ noeatte tt
tt< ~t f) (tt tt).
f) t< n .
mt t .
t . .
< tta n.
241.
v, ( n ). n
tt:
m=2mv
3 kq
l
k2 k2
2
2
= 2 ...!!.__+...!!.__+ 2 mv + .
l
21
2
2
=~2kq2
3ml
242.
jq 1 j > jq 2 j
q 1 n
( t
jq 1j<jq 2 j
n
q1

q 1
q 2).
q2
tt
ntt tt
tt .
t
q 1,
q2
q 1 n
t - ,
190
--------------------------------------------------
i'
q 1. 11 r "q 1
1 n 11 11 .
:
(*)
243.
(**)
v0 =
z..j;
mvo =- kqq, + kqq 2

2
r
l+r
(**)
(..[ri; -..;'ry--;;;t
{2kq.
l1 .
11 v 1
v2. ,
1 11 .
n n jeiia'Iite:
m 2 v0 =m 1v1 +m 2 v 2
I:

1
1
2
1 2
----=----+----+--2
2
2
r
m v~
m v~
m v~
kq q
m 1(m 1 +m 2 )v 1 -2m 1m 2 v0 v 1 +
2kq 1q 2 m 2
r
v 1, , n, Vz:
v,-_ vo
m2
m 1 +mz
v2=vo[l-
[l
1 2
1
2)
1- 2kq q (m +m
2
rm 1m 2 v0
[1- 1
m 1 +m 2
2kq,qz(m,:mz)J~
rm 1m 2 v0
i! n, na .
n n
=0.
2r
v =v 2
v 1 na :
l< n1 i< n
n . 1r. 11
i . n
244.
n 1111; .
na .
t) . :
2
kq
= : :
= q fi.
V
1, <::I
:to
191
< ~ l1 n <. UJIJJocJ:
ll1 ; ~l1 l<peiJC <.

i!)'){)' li .
2r.
(k
. qV ~
lle1<a <~ : Ji)T.'II~
2r.
){)'.II IIOCJIC lt\ aCIYTIIO IH~C!I<t<:T'IHO
. llo :){ : 1 i':
:i jella'II11Ja 11:
kq
kq 2
mu 2
2
---=---+--
mu=2mv
lOr
11=
) \1 q < 2r. IIT <~ Hl'i IIIH~IiII)'T,

) Ji)'.IH' l~ 1~ ~ 1.
llca
.101111
\ cy;tapa ) 1'.'111. IIOC.I!'
fip:!lla r.
11
II<'IIOCpt'.!IIO II!J<'
) I. :iaHOJIY ;l;; <~III'IH'jP BIOJ>Jt:
kq
kq
mu 2
---=---+--
\Or
2r
C.I!~;I:
ll=
\):m H)'I'I IIOC.'I!~ Cy.lapa aJiUIIa O,lpiliaa 11\III).IC<I:
mu=2mv:
245.
v-..!..u- 2
(k;2
vs,;;;
llpo\H'II<IIII).IIC<IIi).BI' ~ .. II ).l) <
li)' .'ll11l1' II<'IIO<:pCiiO llpl' ) ,. 1\< jl'

~ 110.1) lll''IIIJia
R.
<1
t:JV
JiIICJ'IIia 1~111 li) 1'.11111<'.
1'.11' 1111' 11\111).1<.
2mv.
) 1'. II liOje : !:!.t .\ .I<IIH' )
pitiiOil
l) 1'.1111!<1 11
<\~) jl':
.blV 2mv
.blV ..{2;;;W
4nR 6.1
4nR 6.1
=-=
-\1; )
liIICT'IIH~ I~IICpi'je li) I'.II , ) 11) Tp<III,,\
W'
11 11<1
CIIO.'haiii)' 11011p1111-lll)'. 011.1 jl' OJIIIOC llpTCalia Tl' iI' IIOIIpiiiHI':
:= ~: ~
(
!III
1~:
H'\ICII<I
11!'
li)'.IIa t:)' jeii0\1
~;
JIIIlCIpaja r n ~tl)) ).
W'
nuuela.1a
J(J)'I'O\t <.<'pii0\1
11.111 C\Jaita.la
.1:
"~ tu1111 l1) :JaiiOII<I <'IH'PI'Itjc:
al(.lr
kqlq2 +W= kqlq2 +W'.

r
R
'= ~2
R
1+ kqlq2
W
(_!_ _ _!_)
r
W'= kqlq2 +W- kqlq2 .

r
R
192
------------------------------------------------ 11 11 1 1
246.
.'I .
1!1 11 . 11
lle
:111 l: 11 li n.
IIJIOaCI!Y 1; . n ( l! )
;)'. 110 n :
2 k'
k2
k
...._+_![_=
2...._+ mv +2~
1
21
1,51
2
2
v=~2kq2
:1 11 '1 11<1 :
mv=2mu.
9ml
!{
247.
11.
n-1
.<1
'
''
.,
1=
11 1
_ =
~-1
''
',
=al
''
'\
-,,,.._
--------
. ,/
=kq2(_!_+_!_+ ...
dWP,
1 ,
an-2
-1
... , . 1 .
I<
().
n n11:
!!<!
l1e
I!YI'I1l\a 1 :
24 7
wk, =kq2(_!_+_I_+_ .. +-~-+--~-),
:I .
+-~-+--1-)
-2
an-1
1!) 1'!1. . .
11l1 1!1 1 1 :
wk2 = kq2(_!_+J...+ ... +--~-}1
..:
2
W= Wkl- Wk 2 = kq
= kq
an-i
248.
~2
q=
~aW .
k
t>.1 11 1 11! 1 1
v. no
..\ n n
:
keq
.~:
v=
keq
mv 2
~er~ ~R 2 +h 2
::1 !' 11l " n

t> .
]) .'. . . .
~~
---+---.
R
2
1
1
:.
248
-------------------------------------------------
193
n . ,.\( (. ir 1 . ( I<
n. 1- l!e ~I ( l!e ra l1 l1e
n .
249.
!{ (oyiii)(~'JHI<a
R) n ~II. l~
( (( r). ! I<yra (:
Q=Ne=
V.ifere
3
q= R q
r3
vkapi
llei<a h (~t ).
I<aii (
1 ( (
((
. 11
1 :11 ).
i< "
I<an
nI<~ i< I< ; I<. :
mg(h-R)+ kqQ = kqQ.

h
R
2
mgh -( mgR+
1 :
'1!1 :
m=~-3
l<a!t
250.
Ialia
_ kqQ _ i 2 R 2
-- --- Rmg- mgr 3
h =R
).
h=3kq2R2
47Cpgr 6
IiOIICHaopy XOMOJ'CIIO C.'ICJ(Tp'IHO JIO.. J,(~. llOTeiija:!a
q> 1 - q> 2 =
2:
q(q>, -q>2) = qEI.

=
n :
O..li!OCIIO
q-1 = 13,6 j.LJ.
251.
(()
iII n. ii :
= q(q> 1 -
q> 2 )
-- ~ -~-~~~~I~-2
252.
k~Q }h+kqQ =0.
----------
= qEbll = q _.!!._/ sin = 196 j.LJ.
-11
----1
----------------------+
2 0
.1 ~<'~
i< ii 'l:
q> = r
25 1
i< n1 l) i< Iii i<
li.
R pR
i<
Ii
pR
n:
U =-RE0 =--=---=3,14 V.
2
2 3 0
6 0
253.
. >t"~
252
. n t~ :
( u 1 ;tc.'Il)
194
n t) n11- ).

n11
11
n n ()
n). r r n
!!..F =!!..qE
-!!..q
rr
r< 11F (r< ).

n rr () () r n
n n:
= wk2- wkl.
q!!..l ER= Mv
2nR
2
/(f)2
!!..q(rp2 -rp,)
=-2-.
!!..qER
OiiOCIIO
= MR
--~q:.~l.
IWYl
11q
{)
{)
254.
253
n:
255.
pEsina:
= pEsina = 287 . 10 -7
n n n
. n
/(f)2
=- +--
256.
Nm.
rad
-. :
f2PE
m = V/ = 60 rad/s .
n:
= -pEcos(a+!:.)=
pEsin = p_g_sina.
2
c S
0
257.
n n .
r< n rr 11 n.
r :
kq2
kq2
mvJ ----pEcos180 =mv 2 ----pEcos90;
mv 2 =mvJ + ... (*)
195
------------------------------------------
t< t< t.r n ttt~

:
(*)
(**)
2v 2
kq
z2
--=+--
O)IIIOCIIO
2mv6
kq 2
z2
... (**)
T=--+2qE--.
258.
) .
t t . t <'
tu (. tu).
t~
no . 11q.
ct~ t t< n
. . t).
f1q
t l1r
11q
n . nt
l1e
n. l1e ceeller 11q 2

. 11
11t
r:
ac.rtetcrpcaa
11q.
(/
u.~
11q
qJI1q.
rtp t
nt
t.
110 t11:
k
qJ='Rq.
.
n ().
n < t n:
t :
kq
=-qqJ.
2
2
W=-qqJ=-.
2
2R
258
) r. n n n 11
r. : = W1 259.
tet
(....!_ __!_}
W2 = kq
R1
R2
t .
n.
nn1<
<'tl<
n"
R.
nnti (M--tO) :
q.
M=p41rR 2 M.
n11 r.:
196
------------------------------------------------2
M=<iW=kq kq
2R 2(R+M)
:
2(R+M)
lia1 ~
R + =R
p41CR2M= kq2
2R 2
l{ai
260.
k=-47reo
kq2
=--.
8:>rR
n.
mv > kne
_ R
2
() he 11<1 t) :
I<I
n
n
. ,
2
n -- mv 2R
r :
(**)
2ke
Q2
l{) "
WP
=k --.
2R
:1 otcaii n :
nmv
2
= k(ne
2
)2
+ C<iT ... (**)
2R
4R
<iT=~.
2
(*) (**) :
8ke C
261.
) n n. nn n
11 , . n
. n . n n
1 . !{ n1 cnoje. n (
i< n ).
n . na n
n n n
2- ,
2. . n n n .
) . n
k
k
+2+3+
(1+2+3+
n :
... +(n-l)A.
... +(n-1))=
(n-l)n
---.
197
262.
l l1e
- ~ n .
q 1', 1
).
1< n
( lta
q2'
/\l!o q 1 q2 1
, :
( i< l) l< n
n 1)
q1 =
R,(q, -q2)
R 1 +R 2
1 :
f{ :
263.
q2
= R2(q, -q2) .
R 1 +R 2
q 1 '= 20nC
q 2 '= 40nC.
tlq = q 1 -q 1'= q 2 '-q 2 = 60 nC.
o.'IYHI)(~'IIIiia
1< .
(/) =k!L
R
( n ltl< <~ .
).
ceptte 110n :
qJ

=k i
(r-
).
r~1 n.
1~ n.
n.
r1 :
t
1< n111
2R
q
=k-.
R
n. n, na
n:
({) 2
=k_.!!__+kl:J....-k~.
2R
llltn:
264.
2R
3R
2 =k_.!!__.
2R
q
2q
3q
=k-+k--k-.
3R
3R
3R
li
-Q
=0.
n ( ):
k~+k*-k~=O.
Q=q(~+~}
11 1111 1 :
198
-------------------------------------------------
~ F12+F22=kqQw~
--+--=krq 2(1
-+-~~~
-+--.
F=
265.
l{ t< , l. llc pactpci)CIIO
11011.
11 :
0"2
q2
32Jr 2 E 0 R 4
=-- =
ttru
lla r11 :
266.
~1r
500N.
I[II l1
II<.
-q',
+q' he
1~ (111< ). l{ 1 q'
h 1: 1 , r.
n
l) 1 :
1 IIOBJIHC
1
q 1 -q',
110 11 ;t jt>
l<aJIO 1111111 S
q 1 -q'=O.
q'=q 1
-q,
()
()
()
VIJ<a .1
1. l< i{ . . r.
n:
o.JynpeJHii
q 1 -q 2
R2 '
nnr.
( ).
;111 :
I.'Il(
R2
R1
-q 1 pella r.:lyJC'IIII<
l{
R 2 '= R 2 "= R 2
-q2
R1
( ).
1 1.1111 1 . :
1< .;
+q 1.
1,
n liao
oynpe'IIIH
R 2"
11 r. :
q 1
/m.
199
2
=k q 1 -q
=-1675kV/m
'I 1 1 ~:
rc
267.
.:1 n . !i. 1~ llfI <~t~
l) 1 11 1~.
Cf'
ll.11 i< 'I'II\f' 1 1
( liYI'.IIC) <~:
(('=-! ({.
II
Rz
268.
!{ <:<~ !i . 11 .-1. l <
<~.'l<~!i -q, +q 1~ l~ ~ IIU ( l~

III 11 ). 1< I:
IIO!I)'IIp<~'IHii
IIaCJiepcaii<~
-q.
R 1 11
q.
1-
IIO.:IynpeIHii
R2
1 :
({ =k!f_-k_!L=((J(I-~)
RI
Rz
Rz
269.
<~ .rl ~1 t
llf~II1111IO :'Iif'
~ je;<lli .-1.
-q 1
n1t.1 I<.:~
.t n II<~I
-q 1 ~ ) :
.ycii<' Cf' 1t>
+q 1 .
llaC.'If~liTpI.ai:
IIOBPIIIHY
(i<).
jf' lt.l 1; :
I\.
qRI
ql=-.
Rz
.1 yciiC :
R1)
q-qi kq( 1 - - =225V.

({J=k--=Rz
270.
Rz
26 9
Rz
l<' u .i< 1
q 1,
q2
te~1y :
11
l{aJLa ot<o . l1e nn Itt:

.I 611l1f' <'<~I q 1'. q 2 ' . n
.y<:Iie -q 1' (c.'II<a). !{ 1.) I< . }!( :
200
-------------------------------------------------
>
270
r2
,_
ql -
271.
qr1R
R + r2 R- r 1r2
nn
n (). r n
q;l
=k!JJ...-k.!JJ....+k ql +q 2 =3,1510 6
Rl
R2
v.
<(! o'v)
20
()
271
30
n :
qJ=k!Jj_-k.!JJ....+k ql +q2 =k!Jj_-k qi(R -R2)-R2q2 .

r
R2
1 n :
R3
r(cm)
()
R 2 R3
R 1 :;; r:;; R 2 ,
lla
r > R3
201
<p=kq,+q2.
ul <>t< l< ().
n <:<~ l~
272.
.I
-q.
+q.
flp
11 l<!~
1~
( < h
<r ).
n.
IIO!IpII
~.:11
Ilm
.r~1 1<
).
1~
( 1< yl<yna 11
1~1<
I!I
1' pacnopeiJCIIO. cnai< . ll
+
1 1 >
111 ~1 t .
272
<= k __k _!L+k..!L =994,5 v.

1
R2
R1
u11 .1 ! 11 t~
273.
!l
-q'.
)CIIta . t - jt'
lt< 111~.. ~.
t). l !'!'
) ~t
-q'
:~. .l Lt .. l) .1~t:
<p=ki-k!L.
l{ li 11. n .'l.
'
na :
qR
1
q=-.
l) 1 ~t ii n.
274.
IIOf' :~1 tI .
!'
) IIO!IH'a
otU!'IIJaopaje:
U 1 = Ed =l,SV.
!{
n1,
11ano11
~ti)
+q
-q
+q
h +q, -q (
) n1 1 n ).
l1f' 1 n t) r
11 n fiJIO'Ie (). n

11 .
< 1
<~ n1.
.\
<
Il
(/)2 n r 1.
1 :
< 1 -<=
Ed 1
< 1 - < 2
<-< 2
= E(d- )= 1,2 V .
= E(d -d 1 -).
dl .:... ...:
~d~
~
274
202
-------------------------------------------
275.
l{
l)
n .
<~. r nu IIJIO'Ia
.
q
+q',
nJIO'Ie 1
q'+q"= q ). n1 2
+q 1 (<n 1 ouc n
( 1 <).
nrea n
+q"
(n
r -q 1,
). n n
cuaJ<e 11 . l{
+q-
q.
ql-
ql
n l<
. :
1 + - 1 _ -'+"=
'+"- 1 +- 1 _ =,
2t: 0 S
2E 0 S
_1_ + L
2E 0 S
:
l{
276.
'
_!]_ _ _!!!__ _ _1_ +L =

2E 0 S
q'+q" =q .
"
__!]_ _ _!]_= .
2E0 S
q'=q"
2E 0 S
2t:0 S
2t: 0 S
q'+q"= 2q,.
275
q'=q"=i
2
(.
" 1 +q. "" -q).

, 1 ( ).
1 1 n .
n 1 . <,
11 n t) n1 .
rq
-q
q>
q>,
'
1
Eq
"
1
'
2
"
2
+ q,'
q>,
+q,"
+q,
lE,
q,'
q,
q>
q,''
+q
+q
()
() 11ii 11 n:
n
1.
n1
()
276
n f))' 1 n. . :
n1.
203
::,
q> 1 -<= Ed
q>l -q>z =
f{
= Ed.
q>-q> 2
=-
=2Ed.
. (**)
2d
l) . 11 n
= ( 1 -
q> 1 -q> 2
1 -
E)d . . . (***)
(**) (***) :
, :~ (*). n1:
q1 = 0 1 S
0
=- 3 S
2d
s
q = e0 ES =-0 - .
2d
=!!_ .
. n n, , :
2d
'= 1 -=!!_.
n :
n 1 110 110 n nI( ().

n n
nu 11
q 2 '+qz''=
q 1 = 3q ).
Eq
11
()
+q 1 '
-q2 ' -q2 "
yi(yno n .IIi
+q1 ',
1 "
+q 1";
(n
q 1'+q 1"= q 1 = 3q
+q
1 '
-q:
2 '
+q 1",
-qz''.
-q 2 ', 2 " n i(
n n 2 :
_.!l_+~=_!!.l_+ qz'+qz"
e0 S 2e0 S 2e0 S
2e0 S
(#) (##) :
q 1'= q
q"=2q.
n n
2 ,
2q+q 2 '=q.+qz"
,;c============::J.q
=====================::~
+ 2q
.-----------_,2q
().
L---------------------~~
q 2 '+q 2 "=
q 2 '=2q
q 1 = 3q.
q 2 "=q.
n n n
n n

n,
no
n 4 (
()
276
n ).
n 11 n
-q 1, +q 1 (
277.
204
palllltl\lt'i>IIO
pa<:IIOJli~I~IIa).
lljJIIHa:!<IIH~ ja'IIII'
I!
lla
c.-tit
llat~JII~IiTpC<IX
~'' <':','""f~,"'t<'~b<:
patlllll.
ilp 'lt'\IY <:
.~ :,"}.
+q 1
d-x
+q
~!:
IH~I <~ III
q>1
t .> ~~
(/).
277
q>-q>t =(E-E 1 )(d-x)

E(d -2)
(:.;ttt:
q>-q> 1
=(+ 1 ).
q(d- 2)
OJliiUCIIO
2cl
\1,0 <.<' t tto~pll u<: : !, <t.< t: tt <~:
. q[d -2(x+l)]
ql =
2d
.
'
ql
tiq=ql-ql = - .
d
.laii.. t< t pol)t: tt.:~;t:<::
278.
of):HIIJOM )
II.IIO'IC ~II:, ll<l CIJ<lliOj
ll<!l'.'l<'ipe<lll,l: (iiU:JTBII<l IIC.IIC!pcaa "!l!:"
O.l
)'
IIIIJL)'IiOBaJ: . IH~lBIIO
:!1'"1.'!.)'). t IIOI!j)IIIIICIH~
,- :t>I1 t. pt:;to.
:l) t.r:
a+at -az
2 0
( :1 1 t>a ).
. J"tciJY n.101e :
+a-at
2 0
(n r.r o;t t~ lia tt).
l tl.rtoe 11. : . :tt>'IY :
1 + 2 =
: ;tr~ <J>my.'Ia :
l<t u 11.: ; .
... (*)
paotta t. :l)
r n <.; t :! :t111: ~ 11. :

1 = 2 .
(")
(**) :
. n :
279.
110t
OIIOCIIO
al
_
1-
1 = 2
11
11
fo(a+b)
... (**)
=--.
_
2-
0 (+)
t n n .r :1 " . Kat>o
'
t<,
llOBIHIIct{C
q. . :
(h+)
,=
11
0'2
2h
205
(h-)
2h
tr. noty tt t~tr :
t< ( =
)
mg
jt'
Fmax
0'2
=--
h ):
. t< t :!
. t
\'.
l~
ct'
t . :
mv 2
mv 02
F,.rh =- - + mgh- - -.
2
2
l{ n . t~
.
:
2
c Sh
__ mv +mgh- mv~.
4 0
2
2
2
OllHOCIIO
, !ali.tf'. alio
mg
2 S
--.
2 0
n~ .t. t ~
,1 t .
) \t
0'2
mg < - - .
2 0
Yomax
t, otetta . tipl~al' t
.10 tt.<) t .~ ;1;1~. u..

; t .. 11~ . n l~ ~t
>111 uel
mg
tlota
he
ho
t .
1 liOM
.1 t< :111. u:
2 Sh
mg=--o-
2e0h
zsh'
2
:!.._____= mgho- mvo .
4e 0 h
2
2e 0 mg 2 h
t :
280.
2 S
Het<a 1 li ,t
fl~
l1
t nt< t
I<ao
).
rtu.
i
II 1
tt" nu nt<.
110 n . n
!(mt
206
-------------------------------------------------
( 1), n t n
-
n 11
).
1, 11 l1 111 11
(
1 l1e 1 ).
1 , n l(aiiO
1n 1 ( 1
. 1
1 .
!1
!1
~-
.........
.. +q
>
~_
()
()
()
1 nn
280
( ) n . 1
1 1 n
(_)
11 n
(+) n 1111. n . .
n
n 11 11 1 n
1 11 n11 .
. 1 n 11
n1 n 1
-q
11
n 1 '. 1
" ' 11 11 ( ).
. 1" +q 1 n11
(. nn ... ) lill 1 :
111
+q
( ) n
-q (1 ).
li. 11 :
=!::L_
4d 2 .
n 11 "
".
jt
11 n.
+q
-q
" . n.
n n n n
1 n
n
1:
(.
11
n
r.
t, ( "; n) ).
tmt,
~11 ~
OfiP paiiii IIOT<~IIUja j<~llaH
281.
.IIOI!a:
) :1
1r
110t:
i'.~!i liao 11 II!.

11 lla<'m~lpcat
(2)2
F= kq:
4d
282.
II)'
'i'. ,_ _ _ _
-q ---------
'I'IItaca
.. ~. JtaT
F = F1 ..fi- F2 = .!5!!_ ..fi-
.!5!!_:
(2d)2
(2..fi-1).
<~IIt 1 11
'ICTII)O~I
TCMt~ll)'
ll<tJia 1 1<t<
:):
207
-''""'' ~
28
It
-q.
)t. <~
F= k< (2..fi -1)= 4N.

2
111t t~t 11 l(u
283.
I<~1 1r
11 1
(. 11 111110. .
I'<:I~ <'.l1'1 allt:OJI)'THI~ Uj)CJLIIO\.I).
:1. j<';tHt~ 2r : = __._.

4nt: 0 r
.-l .Jt'.'l) ,t 11
2z
F = qE = A.IE = - - .
4m:: 0 r
.1 no LIIII .t :
llp<~a 1t~. ~1;t .1. u:
284.
k 2
0 =2mv 2 _ _.!!._.,
2
2d
\]
285.
CJICKT]>'IIIOM
:~.-1<~1t~.
:)
\)
\1i(<:
llpoojy
ct'
.
:
'
:
IIYJITOM fip:IIIOM:
!5:!.!_<
R 2 - -
; l t I( I'.Ii
II I' i'
v = ~ kq2 .
2md
IIOCTaj<' IIJ>OBOiiI(,
II .'I
1mje t' n ) 1t
t~ .. 1 11
ll HYI't~
mv6
kq 2 e
MOI')' Jta ) i'<' \1 11
--;?; - - .
\{~'1'.1111!<~ ) CIIOjCHe HpOBOJliiOM I. llI'IIIe <~- ~:
)'I'.I<'
208
ql =q2
t
v0 = 3000 km/s
q~2R2Eo
q
2
kqe
2R
=0,6710-ttc
q~mRv
=5,71o-t2c.
ke
ttt , na :
..\t
mvJ
2
-~-.
=-;
v0 =10000km/s.
qmax = 5,7 10- 12 .
q~ 2 R E0 =0,6710- 11 q~mRv =6,310- 11 . .

2
286.

qmax
=0,6710- 11 .
l-la t1 tr t
t1 t . n
n n n
11 ().
v0
.- --. - - - - --. --. - - - - --. --. -- --.-.-. - ---
v.
q>.
mv 2
eq>=W--2
q>=
tta ). n 1
tt :
286
../2mW d =mvR.
w (1-~.
R2
(t n n
11 n n ,
na
).
287.
tt
t: 1
u t:
1 :
q 1, 2 q2 ,
t, /
209
!{ <: uc:Ja IIJ!I~ati. ;I! l11' t11: 11" o:ntIIIIt' 11.<10'11' j<'JtiiOI
tll: 11 ru11 t:< pytot 11 opttyu. t !11:. 11t u
II>I . 11t l!ae.tclipcae oi!Jteii:J<topa :
q =qt -q2 =
(,
-C 2 )c,u
1 + 2
l{ IIOIIJ~11:1aop u11 IIJat'.'IIIO. calimt o;t ll\ 11011 l: fi~:
U'=--q-= (CI-Cz)CIU.
CI+C2
(CI+C2)2
t~
288.
II<OII
:<1
liOIICit:Janp
,~
t .. t-
T+q,
t!.
~~~~:I~Ia<I) IIO.!IO IIOIIJII'H:JaTUjJ ) fi.I IH'It'.I<'Ij)I1Cati.

Yli) 11 .~t . .
,.
<!
IJ.IIO'I
IIIf~II:JaTopa
3 jcllai ymt
1 rtJI' tipo u
(:
liOit;tPII:Topa
I'OIJOj
.'I
yyiiiiO .''tit~
jeJlllat 11)'.'111 -
l{u !:
qJ+q-qz=O.
\t;n ) 1 , CfJ1 (/> IIOt~llllj<t.ll1 It
lljH'T\O;tiiC jC;lH<I'III(~ :II~:
1, 2
C.tI<8 (!~lll~ll.t'
Ct (cpz -)+ (cpz -)- 2 ( -2) = 0

( )JtaTJ!t~ \IO;J;t' IJOTt~j<t!t
(/)1
(ut'I1
1 =
3 =
).
!I~,111 ll<ll:m~IiTp<:aa HOIIJICIIaTopa:
2 1 + 3 3
1 + 2 + 3
q 2 = 2 (, -
289.
2 )
C1C2 U
C 2U
____::.;_;___...::....;_.=..,
1 + 2 + 3
( 1 +C 3 )C 2 U
___;__---=:....--=-
, + 2 + 3
qt = 1 (2 -)=----'---"--
1 + 2 +,
q, = ,(,
-<,)=
CCU
3 2 __
_ _:;___"_
J{a,ta jt llj)CIHI;taJ ~ HO.'Iiiiij)
.I'I <'.:~IiI:
q = C 1U 1 .
1"'
1
()
~,
i. ,
.r t t~t
289
-q
()
28 8
210
-------------------------------------------------
tt r n
(r) n r 1 l 11 n r 2
r ! r . :
-q=q,-q2
q, .
2 -- !!.1...+ __
1- r
.-\
2 2
> , 1
. .
, 2 2 -, ,
q, =
:1 rrr :
1 + 2
,=-q, =___.
2 2 -,,
: .___::.__....:.._~
1
1 + 2
1
n r
2 2
< , 1
n .
:r
,
! 1 .
r . .
290.
+q
h 1 (
-q).
pacnopel)ea 11 .
n
(1 !{ n). :
, +.!L-2 +_=:
~
,2(2 -,)
:1
~+~
11 : 1
.-\r
q=
r()1,
~~
q
2 ( 2 -,)
=-- = ---"'---=---'~
~+~
290
q __ 1 ( 2 - 1 )
1 ___
~
~+~
2 > 1 r ;
2 < 1
n nora r n nn.
291.
ErmaeiiTII t 1 2, 3, 4, 5 2. J-le1ra
q 1 1 1.
n .
q,
2 =.
q =2q 1
)"l ni( y1(yn11o 1 I . na <~:
c=q+q 1 =3q 1 :
q 1 =
1r
!(. r:
1. na
II
1:
q4
1. na,
=-
-.
3
11
292.
lic"a
rrorc
r<ao
"
1 ,
2 . .
u2
U3
q. OIIOCIIO ,,
q,, q2
211
~r.. 11 r
pemeiI
l{u u
abma
abna
q 1 -q 2 +q 3 =0.
'.t
1 1 - 2 2 + 3
U + U 1 - U Cl
=0 ... (**)
n r
nn
293.
=0 ... (*)
11
U 2 + U 2
(*). (**) (***) :
cnaor
=0 ... (***)
C U -C U
2 2
1 1
= ____::..._::...__,__,_
1 + 2 + 3
nr. r.
I nn n r n:
C1Uc 1 +C 2 Uc 2 + 3 =0 ... (*)
, na n 1, 2
-q 1 -q 2 -q 3 =0.
r<
r;
1 .
rr
Ue2
U1
n r
U2
cr - cz +Uz -,
:3r;r
U1,
. , :
l{u 11 : n
1 2 n:
=0.
1 - 3 +U 3 - 1 =0.
n :
U Cl
= U 1(C 2 +C3 )-C 2 U 2 -
U 2
,+z+
U 2 (C 1 +C 3 )-C1U 1- 3
= --"'---'--=-----'----'----'--"-
'
1
U 3 (C 2 +C 1)-C 2 U 2 -C1U 1
=~~~~~~~~~-'1 +Cz +
+ 2 + 3
n 11 n t.r
294.
rr \ :
q = 2U =
ll.lore
2C 1CU
, +Cz
144 JlC.
~r
n.
l{<tJta
11r;~r . n<t n
r.a n.
~" r :
q 1 =C 1U=I20JLC
r~ t~ r nn. rn.
llpt~ f( n n111 r
rcm~
+q 1
r;po:1 npecer< 1
+q.
r.ery :
!!.q 1 = q 1 - q = -24 JlC .
212
r nr
n rr
2 npe npel!ara . n n n
I<!
q 2 -q 1 . ,
r :
6.q 2 = q 2 - q 1 = 60 J.l.C.
n III
295.
q =,U
Cz
CrCzU
=- - - .
n r
Cr +2
n , r
11 :
q2
=C2U.
Cz
n . na
n r n
l{
( n r
1 i< ).
.
npe r< n11
r n n r.
+q.
r n n n
-q:
+q.
2
C C2 U
L!:.q2 = - q = -1- - - .
Cr +2
nr r 2
nr n
n. .
6.q=-q-(-q 2 )=q 2 -q.
(.1.q2) .
I<
-q.
-q 2
2.
npecei< 1. . n 1 t n :
Llq1 =L!:.q-L!:.q2 =q2 =C2U.
296.
n n:
r 1 , n 2 n 3
n ; n r 1 n r 2
n rr
n . ,
n nr
r:r
na
I! :
, = 1 + 2 + 3 .
_~
n,
~~
~~ ~----1---~~~
{)
{)
296
r n
r<
_rl
()
. n.
h n . .
mn
n.
213
1<1 . n
( n n ). !{ .
. n (}:
l
l
l
l
-=-+-=-;
297.
=.
I< . t (}.
,
1--tTTI. . ---3
...
c,I
1--1 I~i
1---1l
z...__c_,I_.___c_,I........__T.... z12=c,
I2c,=c,
z.., ____
_._____
..._____
.._____..., 4
(}
(fi}

l) 1
: 64 = 63 + 34
297
= 2 34
34 =- 64
1
= -
62 .
. nl1 . . (} (} :
=2 62
52
.
!{ 12
34 =- 52
34 =
=2 52
1--11 i
52
1--1~
z..._c_._I.___ __,Tc,n=c,
34 =12 =2V.
2---_. ,
(}
297
Helia
pacnopel)ea liao (}. I n n
298.

n 1 1 :
~_!f..i.._!li..=o.
+q +~,
q5
~s
(}
+q,
q,
.1
298
214
--------------------------------------------------
:1 1 1 :
, I!I 3 Y"I"'IC n
. r :1 ! :
r n tt (} u ,
:1 <~<:,
(.

d . r1 u !)
r
r ru : = 2 =
+
"
299.
(.11
2 .
<~r1~r
(} f~ 1~
~rt; , ~
:l) 1 . 1 r :
+ + = 2 .
2
'"1
'F~
CI
_L
--~
,.
(}
(}
299
/{ ; . . n
300.
r1.:r. 1 r r.r .
11 11 ;t
.1.
tt
: t)
11 .
= +
ql
ql
= ad +U db

2
=
q2
d =--:
12
ad =
:< n r<
3U .
300
:.
------------------------------------------------2
215
<f>c-<f>d =(< -< )+ (<f>a -<pd) =- + = 0

. 'I'II<e
Ii.
IICIIO IIJJOMCIII CHIIOaCIITII
:\1 ct~ f) ;!' IIOIIJtcll:!aop
I<allai~TCT .
).[,
II CHUIIaCIITII
<ll :
= + 6CI2C =.
3+6 6C+I2C
301.
2
llca
n= 4 r t1111 n1~ ~1l) 'l 1

3 4 I~ 1 11 IIOCTI.'I.I~III' IIOTI~IIIljII~ Cl~
(<: ). Tall({~
III;leii:TOp 1\:I~H~I)y )){{' :.
CI(Ba)II'I\TIJa IIICI IOH<l lljJHa:!I
C.'III ().
;t .1 prrr
C.iii'IIIO \11'.) )
3 1
\'Jalia IIOI,:Jalll1\ IIOII;tCIOaTOp11Ma. 1:111' alli<' 0(.1-1\1
11
( '11,\1) ~ I~ ,\ <l'llil~) IICI1\I IIOTCIIIll1j<t.II. ( :11 11

l'lilllla:II~B IiallalliI~T 'l IiOII;tt'llaop !' j1:t11a :1 m:11
. l'll<)
[ali.IP:
302.
11.111
2. Etmoa:ICIICIHI
(. n_-_2....:.)_C_(:__n_-_2:__)C_
c.=C+(n-
''" jt
2) +(- 2)
IIIC\Ia <IIIOI' llfJaalla
. eouaCIITII I<ll ;t 1 11.
mn
()
:v t
flt"JIItt
3 2
() jt li(!II<I1Tt''l
(t:.-II<a) ;;it' ,.
()
1.. 1111111 ln1.
!!.. .
2
liO.IO \ CCI{()IIa'IIIO \11101'0 C.'IC!'IIaTa liOj Cl' IIOII<IHaj,l.

l<'CIIO I'JJ<IIII'
jt 11
Kat.n
lt' 1<1 .
216
-------------------------------------------------
. 1 1 () ,:
= (+,).
++,
;+ ,- 2 =.
1
Ce=CJS- .
2
1 :
< .
303.
{ R
. 1 nt\ 1
(< )
mn
2.
a-JI
11
-f 72
()
()
!t. .' n () :
1
1 1
-=-+-+
1
+2
u 1 :

304.
~
<
-I+.Ji7
11.r
11
1+2
4 2 + -1 =.
, = .JI7 -l.
8
276
.1
<~
1
1
-=2+---.
OIIOCIIO
;~r:
liII.
= 0
s
-.
()
()
. 04
1 11 1 r. t 111
.II (). III n:
3e 0 S
2d
=-+=-=--=2910
'
-IO
F.
) n II n" ():
, .
305.
217
) !{ 1
l<atte:t
11
~ 1
. n
r.
atme,
() 11 pt~xoltol' . 11
ct l< Ih 1,5 .
) .'u 1 I!OII!leaopa n ( ) h

).
1m. n hc
2,
nonehae n .
306.
he n
(l<). n 1 2 :
IIOTCIIItja n 1 .
na
11tt1 n :
Sl
Sz
d-h
= 0 --+ 0 -;
s!_
s L-l
q,_,- - - L - - - - ;
= _L_+eo __L_:
d-h
= e0 S
L
307.
(-/-+
d-h
d
L-l )
d
: n11 cnoje nr
It~ r .
1 n l;
i< t111 . . n
.10 l1 n n n
1~. :
308.
Eind
q=e 0 SE=8,8510- 11 .
otiOCIIO
,'
+q. n -q.
n , :
<pl=kq_kq=kq(.!. _
_!_)
R
(/)z=kq_kq=O.
n t; r- : = < 1 - < 2 = k{ ~- ~) ... (*)

t~ t (): r
.'I' n n .

) :
218
-----------------------------------------------------------
= kq.
2
r
:
UR
(*) (**) :
k; ... (**)
r
6
Epr =---=210 V/m.

r(R-r)
11 1. \1
309.
pr =
'
ja!IIa
11
III~. :
= cu2- cu2 =[.d2KE+E')2-<E-E'>2]=2Cd2EE':

2
I""""'Le 308
= 2 t:oS d 2 __= 2qdE.

t: 0 S
310.
II 11. nu
( cnopo ). 11 111~11
n 'I .
(11n
< n).
!{ l)
u1. m~1 . .n
IIO'ICTIIO
1: ~1 i:
q2 =
2 =:.2. = 2 :
2:
W2
=--=2
1 1
2 i
=-----+
----2
311.
HOCTIIOM )'I< yK)'IIIIa III :
ll n :
2
.:
(11 +CzU2)
Wz
2( 1 + 2 )
-2)2
w2 -w~= -CIC2(I
2( + )
1
Wl
2( 1 + 2 )
< .
1 l! 1 1 1 n
1 t) . .
312.
) l{ . 1
n IIOJICTaJIIIO. :
Pa;t
q = CU .
i 'I< .1 r1 n <
I! ::
q2
q2
=-----.
2 2
2 1

2 =- 1 .
<.:,
------------------------------------------------)
219
-\1<0 cue u : n. HaJIOJI l) r
1. t .r lt 1. 1
' ~,~r~. I r r1.
1 (':
1 :
q
q2
F =qE1 = q - - =- - .
2c 0 S
JI ..JO'Ja
2c 0 S
;. ) 1~ t~.r~~.
t~.'~ i 11ut> JIOIIJll'll:!aopcJIC
JJJJO'Ie. 1- u )''
IIJ))-1 . pal! ) Cl' '
!' . 111!:, lt:<!n.
313.
lleJ<a 1 '~ JiOHeiianpa pacnnpel)ea lt.

llpe~1a n u 11 ;:
q3+q5-q1=0
llo
q4-q5-q2=0.
+q
uu 11;1 :
:!1_ -~-!!..!_=
'I>
qz=4q1:
(u
q 2 = q 3 11 q 4 = q 1
\' <'I i';I JJa'lflll-
1~ :r
,~).
</
.1 -' priiiPe
313
l{ 11pnt1f' J;po.l r u1 :
n !):. n
;,; . . u .. 11 n
jt>:
=-=-.
r ~ :
314.
l{ r1. u n 1 :
2
q
a Sd
w.=--=----.
l{ 1<0 ! ~. 1 n
~~~~l) ) 11 n< eJJeprjt :
(1
w1
1
2
=- 0 1
(12
=-2 0
2
220
------------------------------------------
IIO'Ie :
2
20'
=-
w 2 =- 0 2
2 2
=--.
0
30' Sd
W2 = 2w1V + w 2V =----.
. :
315.
\{
= W2 -
W1 =- 20
q2
q2d
21
2E 0S
1
W1 =-- =- -
l1 1 :
a 2 Sd
11
; .

11 ).
( jaII!a
11 n
n :
1
= -0 d1
-ql
d,
0
=--.
d2
+ql
q>2
n 1 :
+q2
-q2
d,
q>l

q 1+ q2 =
315
(n 1 n }.
n :
t)i :
316.
1 11 n
+q,
n n1
-q
( }:
q=CU = EoSU .
d 1 -d 2
:! 1 n, 11 n.
. \{
(}. :
he
pacnopel)el!a t<ao
221
. :.q.:. .('i --d-'-1_-_d..::.2_-_-'-) + _q_2_ =U .
e0 S
e0 S
:1 :
+q
q
1
()
d1-d 2-x
q,
+q,
q,
-=-
UIM 1>
.l<l'IHa n 1 1 :
.r .1 :
+q,
()
16
E=q,+q2 =-q-+
qx
2e 0S
2e 0S e 0S(d 1 -d 2 )
q2x
q2
F = qE = --+---'--2e0S e 0S(d 1 -d 2 )
\{ .!l . n n1 ;
I'U/)IC O!IUI'e IIOHJ\CHaTupa:
.
[ q2
q2
A=F"(d,-d2)= - - +
d,--d2
- - (d,-d2):
.
2e 0S E0S(d 1 -d 2 )
2
q2
EoSU2
A=-(d 1 - d 2 ) = - - .
e0 S
d 1 -d 2
:k~t <'<" . n1 n ,
<' .1<~ :~ u HIIt~T'IHe .r:
mv 2
=-2-.
OIIOCIIO
{2
2e0 S
v=v-;;;=V m(d,-d2).
317.
.i r
~t n n :
\{ n< 1<
n :
207
= 2k ..!!_3 = _I_..f!_.
3
1
2ne 0 1
1 = 0 = _!!!!__.
27r/3
r n 1
222
-------------------------------------------------F =6k
4
318.
OIIOCIIO
tI 1 :
fltt :
nq2
P=np=---E.
k
= 0 (, -1)
nq2
=1+--kEo
) .
II!IO'Ja . .
319.
:
= 0 (, -1)= 0 (, -1) U
d
=4,410-5 C/m 2 .
) 1.
SU
0
q = = - -.
= 0 (, -1)= 0 (,
-1)-=
E0 S
e0 (e,-1)U
E,d
=7,4J1C/m 2
) q' (
-q', +q'). ( 1
320.
) 11'1 n
=-1_.!1._ _ _
1_.1__
47rEo r2 47rEo r2
q'
, -1
q
=---=---47rR,2
, 41CRl2
q'
, -1
q
a2=--=---41CRJ
, 41CR1
) . :
, =-~q___
4:0 ,R 12
223
, ............ ,~li
q>,l--"""'\
~"<_
.....
<,
R,
rt
321.
lla
1t~1t~
............ .
-q',
y.r 320
1
( ) . .1 I\I l'II<
+q'
1 1 :
q
q'
=------4- 0 r 2 47z:E 0 r 2
q
4- 0 ,r 2
----~
: O[>M).'Ia
'
q=
q(E,-1)
lllt <~ 11 ):
'l 4~0 ( : 1- ~: + :~- : 2}= 47r:oE,( ~~- ~2}

=
<f>2 =.
32
ll l; 1 :
U=
1-! :
322.
-q',
q>l -q>2 = 4-q ( ~~ - ;2 )
+q'
k11).
)!t~l<)' 110 ~
) :
2E0S
E=-q-.
E0S
323.
"
q'
E=----
2E 0E,S
-1
q'=q-'-.
2,
32 2
1- l< 11011 noctl
t:llce : 111
1111:
224
------------------------------------------------~
AI<O
q2
1 1 : :
q2
q-q 2 =--,
i<
Er
1lu11
a'=P=E (Er
0
324.
-1)~= 2q(Er EoErS
1
)
(Er +1)S
n l<:
1
nu
-q 1 n
+q 1;
l< n 1
n ( 1)
-q2 ,
+q2
11
<, 1 q 1:
q
ql
-------=
4 0 r
4 0 r
q
4 0 rl
Erl-1
q 1 =q---.
rl
( n ) :
ql
------4JrE 0 r 4.7rEo r
4 0 r2
<
Er2 -1
q2 = q - - - .
r2
(n)
l< :
= ql
-;2
= q(Erl -Er2;.
4.7rE rl r2 R
41/:R
325.
() l<:
UIJII(a
325
C=EoErd
2S
1 =Eo-;z
l{n :
,1<, n n
1,5
t) n . n
11 ( 1 n
11 1 2). n 1
326.
1n11-, n
-----------------------------------------------(
).
_ <'
l<ao
225
() 1 :
2
, =EoErl-;
{}
326
2
=r - .
r :
23
,= 1 + 3 + 2 +3
(
=-d-
r<
Er2Er
Er!Er2
Erl +Er2
Er2
+r
r<
. rt 11 1.
1m <:t ():
'=2 ~0
327.
,
rJ
'= '(, +2)
d '
1 +2 +,'
22 (l +z)
l +2
+2Er3
IH!If'III'Opa 11:
:
1 + 4
e 0 (S 1 -S 2 )
:
d,
,
r
327
328.
) \rm n1 .
~t \110 1 k):
= e0S
Cz =
=~=~= 0
e0 S
d-d 1 -x
1 + 2
(1~ 0
d-d 1
0,4
= 2 nF ).
2 5C0 U
W1 =- - = - 2
jt':
!{ . . II! .
:
d,
t< 1 pr11wr
328
226
--------------------------------------------------
A=W2 -w,=
15C0 U
1,5mJ.
t n.rta ,
t,
l)
_!_=__+ _d_
1 _ + _d_-_d__!_
1 -__
E0 S
E0 E,S
E0 S
e0 e,S
E,(d-d 1 )+dt
: :
l{a~ r.e t<'l i t-t
329.
'l ttt. t ,
l1. . r11 'l he . ~t
lt.'tt, r. tt t.
t<}
n.11 n .
:\1
ttpet<a'l
. n n t' , n
l) 'l t.
q>,
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;!1 ::
Ll
q>,-
:!=1;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:1 ::
:.1___;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;jl ::.
q,
q>, -
()
q,
q>, -
()
()
jJelire~ 29
<:
()
n ,tt n.
1 )q ,_
-q(l - -
0 (, -l)SU
d
Er
() n n 11 t
t<t. :
'"'
'" '-Ed-(
-rt --rz - Eq,S- Eq'S } .
0
q,
=E~S
~ + (Er -l)U }= : (,
!!_=
3 Eq,dS -(""'r -l)U .
0
-i) ...
(*)
t t n nt 11 .
-----------------------------------------
()
nt
227
n . :
fP1
.,
-q>2
(*)
330.
.,
2U
(**) :
= 2U
EoErS 2U
=-d-
ql
3 ...
(**)
Er =2.
nr n n - .
.

:
n
+,
).
t)
n t
(. n). :
= nq
(- ;
q- n).
{)
219
n :
n n :

ql
= __!!_[
0
pl
= 0 - = 0 - - - = 0
3 0
n ,
nql
_ nql
3 0
n ,
na
= _ _!_=- Eo(Er-l)E,
3 0
=--.
2+Er
n r n n n
.

n
n
, n n
n n n ( ). n
:
Q=nVq=-trR nq.
n , ,
D :
l.
228
= =
Ql
+2k-=E
0
R3
2nql
2
2
+--= 0 +-=0 +-(
0
3
3
0
Ql
8 = 0 =E0 - k - =0 --=--.
R3
3 0
2+Er
-l)E=--;
2+Er
u rr " {":
331.
n
rrrerraopa.
r< < n11 r
F.
!<: r
WJ
= 2d[l+(Er
2 =
Sx
-.
dl
-l)f.
u n

r :
&
w,~ u[l+(::s~:].
!{
iU . F n n
FIU.
= !:1 W .
E0 (er
-l)SU 2 &
2d(l+(Er -l)x) 2
332.
r n
n .
r r

2
W1 =-.
2
F.
11
r :
d-x
EoS
-=--+---;
EoErS
Wr
= q 2 [Erd-(er -l)x].
2EoErS
n11 r
/U, na
(,
-------------------------------------------------
229
q 2 [e,d -(, -l)(x+ )]

2e 0 e,S
:
OIIOCHO
i. 1 i<'II n 11<:
. n 'I , na
Opet)eJIO jella'IIIOM:
F =mg,
q (,-1) ::: Sh g ,
..:..___:__:._..;...
2e 0 e,S

){ 11'l l1e 1 11
< IJaiiOH l) n .
llo'lco <
333.
11
l!i~! :

q 1 =
=.
q2
CJIY'Iaja r 'l 11 11 111. 1
l<po:J 11. "<::

n
<; .. )) liOIOI'IHY
q = q2
q 1 = ( -).
11
TOIJ.IIOTe:
2
qE=-----+Q.
2
=W + Q ,
( -
2
2
. :
334.
Q=
(-)
) =82.
1 11
: n i! .
al 11 n 11 r'l .
npo~e I<:
11 :
n 111r :
=q2E=4CE
_!_ (2) 2
2. 11
'= q' = 2 .
!{ nl< n n
q = 2.
2
11 ' = =-=-4---::2-
ll< n
2
n .
1111
11 n11 2. n 11:
q"=C2E-CE=CE.
"= 2q" = 2 2 ,
W
2 2
2
1/z = - - = - - =
-.
2
'+"
/i ,
-----------------------------------------335.
) 11 1<1 n
1.r
1. 11
2.
231
<uil
!<allaltTeT u:~ IIOIICII:Jaopa , 111 CJICIP'IIIOI' .

l). !<'l <~ I; . 11
t~1 11 1111:. 'ICI i 11 1111

11111 .
Ocoot)ella
1<
(I<)
I r11
r 11 11r !t . :
=.!_.
qi ,=_!_C
2
lloce
nI<.
11<1
q 1"=C,E=3_CE.
3 5
!II IIOCTI!O I' !!! 11 ( OIIOCY ll<l

111
l< 111 11
1).
. .
q =q 1"-q 1' = .
) 1:
1
2
Q=A, =Eq=-CE
!{ <' 111 .r
11n 11 11
HOHCIIaTOp<t <~ llaCCHTpCalla IICITBIIO, .

1<1. 11 II! n
11u.
n. :
336.
q = 2
(,
n nu11.
Q = qE = 2
2
11

= nev ).
11.
11
<t 11 11
r.11
1\,
11 n11 11 :.
"\li"
n'ill
; IIOI!Cai!TIIa 1 . :I~IOI)y [) :
:) t'
<t )
11011
11 HOIIIlCIpajll . .
337.
. 11 t) 1\ l)!
l{
<~:!
11
()
=!!..2.___.
.11~ .
R-r
Cl-
lia
! .'~. n AgCI t)
11r .
!
:) r \IO.'Ia
AgCI
llr ~u) ,- .~
: l) <',! e.Jt:liTJIOH.
i<' <t<'."H~Iipcall.!' N
}~:
AgCI
Q2 -Q 1 =!08,58 kJ.
<~-'I! 11 .
j<~II<I
AgCI
~ .1
(N- \BOI;!JIOII ). .'I. .< .1
=-=--= V.
q N
2
232
-------------------------------------------------
338.
:
t,
0S (,
l
I11
0 S ((, -1) +1 ) .
l-x)
l
q 1 ==---- -+--- =----
<:
t :
WI
1
2
=-
0 S (,
l-x) =----0 S ((, -1) +1 ) .
2=------+--2
2d
!{
l
2d
( ~)
, I< :
!{ t , t< ,
,
t<t< :
Aq=Fx+W2 -W 1 ,
2
0 (, -1)S
- (, -1)S
=Fti.<+
.
dl
2dl
339.
t< :
(, -1)S
2dl
const .
.
t
(),
mg
11
,
.
: n ,
t< n
,
(
t ):
FH
= mg-
(- );
2
0 (, -1)S 2
2dl
pSHdg
=-2-l-;
h,
hSd
[ g=
0 (,-1)S 2
2dl
233
n n 1
n n n.
11 h .
340.
1 . n,
:
EoErS
q1 =
Erd-(Er -l)x
EoErSU
W1 =
Erd-(Er -l)x
( .ix--+ ),
EoErSU
2[Erd-(Er -l)x].
n n
Aq = q 2 -q 1 ,
:
2
EoErS(Er -l)U .ix

[erd -(Er -l)x]
: 11 n n ,
2
d,
F = --.:::_:__.......:...~__;__
EoErS(Er -l)U
2d2
p=f_=EoEr(Er-l)U
n:
341.
=7kPa.
2d 2
,
=
nev.
, :
:
342.
=-pevN
-
( r, - ; N- ).
"
v =- 1- - =0,8 mrnls.
peNA

n n ,
nonpeor n, :
l , S n
R =- = - = 57 Q.
2
aS
apS
234
-------------------------------------------------
343.
344.
R= EoErP.
R = pd
(),
III :
q,
== S (1-~+Er ~)= S (I+(Er -1)~).

d
!{ "
+~. " :
t: S ( I+(Er -1)--/+~) .
q2 =-d-
l{ r. 11 n

.:ix
Eo(Er -I)S~
Aq=q2-q,=~~-d-l--.l 11 :
Aq
=- =
E0 (Er
-I)S ~
dl
11t
11t
345.
2N
Eo(Er -l)lUv
d
= 3,3 1 .
.:ix ().
344
n n .
n . .1 l1
:
1.
12 = 2/ 1
(; ,
-:
Jk=kJ 1
N-
:
N = N/ 1

.
n n
:
45
1
N/ 1 =-/,
r n
R/2N,
k
= 1 + 2
= __!!!__(! + 2 + ... + N) =
4N 2
~ _!_ "' .
N
2N
k-
R
k/R
=Zk-=--.
2N 4N 2
n t) n :
,=-.
OIIOCIIO
+ ...
+ N ;
/R N(N + 1) = JR (l + _!_)
4N 2
2
8
N
= /R.
8
------------------------------------------------346.
n t) r :
tta
(<
r < )
235
=_= __q __ (.!__.!_).
47r
E=---q~-
4KEoEr2
ntt<
n I!Q.II'IIIa
l=!!..q =-q-.
!!..t
, n r :
R=~ = ;(~-i}
n r :
n r n tlpot)y t< nn
npecet< S (), na t t r:
347.
!l_ = jJrR2.
t
:
348.
!J.pv = mvv
. ...
~.
... r..............
1
jR
:::
,i::::::::::::::.
.... !....................
<p=---=---t.
47CE 0 R 4 0
4EofP
t = }R"' 8 JlS .
n:
. ..:::. .
"'~"""''"'"''Q"' ...
... ',................
...
.............
1<r n no
t< t
=mv0 tga
...
. ..... .
347
( ).
, 1 ():
----2
v.
!J.pv
mv tga
0
F, =---=----.
!!..t
At
t n .
1< n
n
I!.N
348
. n :
(*) (**) :
F = I!.Nmv 0 tga ... (*)

!!..t
1 = LlN
... (**)
!!..t
mv 0 /tga
F=--..:....._:::.._
l!.t
na
236
F
k
Fl!..l
Mg
mv0 ltga
bl.
Mge
=-=-=
n :
n n

0 ().

349.
eU t 2
md 2
l=v 0 t=-t
ne
1 :......'"'"''''',_._.__._. .-.-:.: : ::::-.......
Ul 2 n 2 e 3
2m/d
, n n
npot)y nn
n
f> 49
=--.
!:JV
S = 0 .
Ul n 2 e 2 xt!..t
= nSv0 6t =- y 0 xl!..t =
.
2m]d
n n
n,
Ul 2 n 2 e 2 x
n=-=---1
t!..t
2mjd
/!;N
n .
350.
n,
n n n I< :
nexl U
=---.
2mdv 0
ne 2 xl 2U
= n 1 e =
2mdv 0
(*)
U = -IR . . . (**)
n n :
(*)
351.

(**)
l=----
2mdvo
R+-ne2 xl 2
n ,
.
n
278
l!..t
q,
qb
= +
q2
, q(b+vt!..t)
q,
, q(a-vbl)
q2
qa
= +
, n 1 n :
____________________________I_____-__~'__
_U
___
_____________________
237
qvt
uq=q,-q, =q2 -q2 = - - .

+
m_ :
qv
qv
d
/ =--- = ---- = - .
% n .
352.
>< 1 , 1<0.
11
f.
n.
OTIIOpHJ<a
n<
'
(..)
.. 52
R=-=-r.
(}
~ n t)
d. n
() . n n r
t)
z. ){:
r=
(). :
353.
().
110
d,
1<0
R(2R + r)
''
''
R+r
<
'
'
''
11 :
.=( -1).
--..---;~=:::r-~-c~:::r~---
1r
'-, __ !-__ _
'
'
/
,'
354.
~t: g ( ), , n.
11<
ci
h,
R
R/2
d {::::}
R/2
R/2
R/2
R/2
7
5
7
R=---=-r.
7
12
r+-r
5
r-r
1~:
54
(}
238
------------------------------------------------ g ( ) n. n
355.
: r
. r u (). r< r
r<r
r 11 ,
rr:
l) n
n 12.
u l)
d,
t)
/2: rl) t)
. ar{.l(e,
n n :
rr
R=----=-r.
r+4r 4
d
r/2
d r/2
r/2
{:::::>
()
()
356.
r/2
355
() r; nr.
() r< r.
u r t) arar<a :
r r 5
R=2-+-=-r.
6 6
()
()
56
t)
r~ :
357.
()
=6i.
i.
n t) :
=IR =5ir.
(( n.
" . n :
2r
-+-+R=!....+ 2 4
2
r 2r
4r
r I
2 2 +-=-r.
r 4r
2 7
-+-+-+2
. ,
----------------------------------------------------------1
4r
2r
'-
('. :1
l-la ,
239
()
(}
357
11 1n~ (
IIJI0110III1 ~ TaIaJ<a
1,
UHOCIIO
all{{~ 11~1
III).
2r
:f!E'. :@: ~ '~

3
2r
linu u u l)
357
()
R=
bls
2r+!:..+r
2
358.
=-r.
7
..\1 jr 1 . 11 fiJI<aaiiM
.I ().
r/2r/2
~
(}
(}
58
R = r(r+2r13)
r+r+ 2r/3
n :
.-\" Jt~ .
5
-r.
8
n.
ct
~t IIJIOUOIOII< . :
(). F:.11 :
R=!:...
2
240
359.
r1 =r 2
) n '! 1 2 :
(+)
~
S
'
'
___!_.
4
<=>
4~
'
1<
'
359
ni< 'l l< n n .
11 =14
n 1
'l
11 +1 3 =1 2
l 1 ra+l 3 r4 -l 2 r=O
/2
=! 5 .
=+~.
lz =1, rd +ra
rd +r
+~2 +2
_
++2~ +
/ -/
- 1 + 12 - 11 ------::====--
+~2 + 2
t) 4 :
2+(+)~
= l 1ra + I 2 r = 11 -:;--::,
< n
360.
b+vaz +bz
___
u __
2+(+)~ 2 + 2
S ++2~ 2 + 2
n n .
n t) '!
U 20 =10U 30 .
360
?,/
2 :
l 3R 1 +1 3r=IOU 30 ,
l 3R 1 +1 3r=10! 3r.
R 1 =9r.
''
r'
1
1
,'/
_.......
3'-,\,,
R,
n n '!
10
---
n r
n, :
R 1 =9r' ,
r.
----------------------------------------R 10r
2
-=----=r
R 2 +10r
naje
n n n .
361.
amna
15 =1 2 +1 3 ,
/ 1 =/ 3 +/ 4 ,
:
2r
R+r
mbnm :
I 1r+l 3 r-I 2 R=O
....!...
!..
361
, n 11 ;
n11, n
nn
n n n).

( 12 =1 4
15 =1 1 -

1,!
14 R-/ 3 r-J 5 r=O.
R-r
R+r
l=/1---,
/2=/1---
....!...
10
R2 =-r,
9
241
R+3r
l=/1+1 2 =/1---.
R+r
r(r+3R)
:
U=/ 1r+l 4 R=l 1
.
R+r
-
r(r+3R)
R 14 .Q.
R+3r
:
n
1 n :
362.
3R
, na n
():
....!...
R = 3R6R + 4R4R = 4 R.
9R
8R
4R
....!...
..
4R
1 :
62
= =m.
Re
\{ n .
/ 4 / 3 :
n.1.
/ 3 = 4 =-.
n 11 n
/ 13R = 12 6R
.1:
/1
=2(/-/1 ) ,
n :
d:
/ 1 = 2/ 2 .
=-1.
10 =1 1-1 3 =-1=1mA.
na
242
------------------------------------------------1
363.
2,
n t) 4, !< n 1<
4 (< )
).
21
/,!
__!__
1,
--+
21
1/
/1
1
'
1,!
121
/~
2/
{)
, n
4-5;
{)
1
_.
1,
2-5
{)
363
/,
n 5-
2/.
2 n t) 2 ( n
1 2 2 5,
n 1 5 ;
n -1 21 ( 5 ).
); n n
1-4
2/.
/,
/.
lx 1 . n1 , 4.
4 lx: 1 5 4 /,
1 4 6 lx
/-l1 :
:
U=2lr+lr+lr+2lr=6lr
U=lx4r.
lx =-/.
2
l) 1 :
n
( ) ( ):
R, = r4r =~r.
r+4r
364.
) n r<ao ().
/ 1 = / 11 +/ 12
n
R1
/ 12 (R 2 +R 3 ) = / 11 R1
(R 2 +R 3 )/ 1
/ 11 =-'--"---"-'--'-
R1 +Rz
+R
1 , tl
------------------------------------------------
R2
243
R3
()
()
f>elttee 64
fi) ~3 () / 2 = / 21 + / 23
R,
R2
R3
21
23
/ 21 (R 1 + R 2 ) = J 23 R 3 . -:
R3J2
=--..::.__.=..__
R 1 +R 2 +R 3
(R, +R2)J2
_;_..:..____=-:..._...::_
R1 +R 2 +R3
u) 1 (u) :
,=31+32
VI:J
2=33+32
J3,R,+J33R3=/32R2.
\ i'I :
3
J,(R2 +R3)-/2R3
= ---'--'----''------=-.:.._----=._..:::...
R 1 +R 2 +R3
O!IOCIIO
OJIOCIIO
1t r n
~ 1 n .
;t> : t :
1<0 1
,', 2 ',
...
/',
1 t)

/'.
...
( n )
/" 1
", 2 ",
ln ", ...
I< ( 1
n)
1 '+/ 1".
2 '+ 2 " .... n '+ n" ...
l)l~ 1~ 1 : npuuu.noAt cynepnou.uje.
244
-------------------------------------------------
365.
< n
< <
1 1
(1<
).
lo
011
lo
jellal<e :
/ 1 =--
\
~~ r~l.J...
l1
/ 0
12!
12
1/1
{)
l)1,
r/2 /2
()
()
y:s 365
n n
< ( ).
n : <
/ 0.
lo
l<a
/ 2 =--.
< . 1 n;:
(u): 1 < ,
R0
n n
/0
/0
1 =--+-- =
n :
11n
1
-1 0 .
( u) / 0 :
nli :1~1
< .

< ; n n / 0.
. , <
<
n n rr,
. , n n t) :
-- =
R
366.
-+-.
r
=-.
) < n n / 0 .
).
n 1
Ir/3.
{)
()
366
, ,
245
~ <~1- u . u11 t~t:I<OIIa1o
l.IICI<Y I)'. I! 11p0BOIII! l<a Te'le

:.
nr 1

2/of3.
/ 0,
__
Rab
;\ I'
/of3.
/0
/of3,
l<
11
/0
r2r __ 2r.
r+2r
3

l< 11
llfJOBOiiI<
jt
11 . r l<
11'1110 l<.
1
mopa
. <
li. 11 :
r11 :
/of3.
/f.
11r r 1 . :11 : ecolla'IIIO
1< i<, l<a 11<

1
/of3,
Jta OJL
/f ( ). , / 0 ,
/ 0 l< n 11 1 :
, II
1
~~I 1 :
367.
lo lo
lo
/=-+-=-.
3
2
2r. 1 )': .\ .
lI<OI)c 2r. llpea . ~;.:llt !
2r
Rac
=2=r.
~>) .. r.
() 11 (.~ ) 1111 .~n :
!{ k ) n :
2 = -1 2 r.
{~]
1 - 2 = 0,15 Q
r=
/1
+/2
1,
E= 1 -1 1 r=l2V.
!< :
/ 0 =-=80.
()
368.
l{pm .~ 1 .
11
11
!{
1 =+ 11r.
1t r
367
(G}
<~ 1 t t~'lt' r
1 - 2
R+r1 +r2
1111: ~1l) -t" .-~t ,:
369.
=1
- / 1
E 1 (R+r2 )+E 2 r1
=--'---=----.::.....:...
R+ r 1 +r2
l{ . 1'0 :t Hl' . .lt> .l
1111<
R1 11 R 2
R3 11 R4
246
l 2-
t) . 1
UoRI
<f>a -q>c = /1R1 = - - -
~+~
n1 :
370.
!{
. .
l:
+R4
d :
<f>a -q>d = /2R =
=q>d -q>c =U 0 (--R_,_

R1 +R 2
R
--=-----"-
~+~
R3 +R4
I.r , 11
I-- 2 -,.
R1 +R 2
11 :
= 1
371.
+IR1 =
E 1R2 +E2R,
R1 +R 2
3,5V.
11 1 , I! li
R2 R3
=R
2 :
E 2 =1 2(R 2 +R3 )=
(R2 +R)
=20V.
n R 1 li
11
372.
R 1 :
/1
- 2
= -1 - - =
lA.
R,
n ,
1 \ .
U ; n
.
l =r
(I!). 1 . n
U',
1 n
R 1,
-=r
R
R1
'=
nU. na
-=-
R 1 =(n -!) . . . (*)
72
t ,
247
, n u noehao n.
:
R2 = (m- l)r ... (**)
nI< n. n l<
R1R2
---
R 1 +R 2
(*), (**)
373.
= (k- l)r
(***)
... (***)
mn-1
m+n-2
k=---
noehao n
n. n
. 1<
n.
R1
l) <
()
f 1 2, R 2
, <
n n.
n1 1
2 (I<) 1< 1 1
( 2). :
Ja(r+R 2 )=(1 1 -Ja)R 1 ,
2
.t
37
. 1 n n1<
. 2
1 1 2 (. ), :
Ja(r+R 2 +R 1 )=J 2 R 2
(*)
(**)
(**)
llpe~
/ 1
\ / 2 n . :

R1
=IOOO,OIA=IA.
= 2R 2
l< 1 MiiC n ; 1
n;
. :
l 0 (r+R 1 +R 2 )=/(R 1 +R 2 ).
1 = 1
.'~:
374.
n .
1 ; n r.
R1
R1
---=- 1
R 1 +R 2
=0,67 .
/ 0
!{ n n
I< ( ). :
R2
..
~
.
.
.t---=
.~
.1
374
()
248
/=/ 0 (1+ ;
}
1
1<
l = 10/ 0
= 9R 1
11 1t~ ,
= 4,5 Q.
1<0 1 , n 1 ;!
U 0 = l 0 r = 9 V.
1 onor
n:
),
"
U-U 0
R 2 =--=105,5Q.
375.
R2 (
U = U 0 + l 0 R2.
lo
1<
r 1 r2 n n. 1
n .
!{ n 11
/ 1r 1 =/ 2 r 2 ,
u:
/1
!{ , :
/1
/2
2
-=-=r1
/2
r2
/1 +/2 = - - - - r + R + __!lli_
r1 +r2
l=----
r+R+r1 +r2
E=l(r+R+%r1 ) ...
(*) (**) :
(**)
r + R = r1
25/ -6/1-6/2
\1; 1 n, :
376.
Hei<a
11 .
" V :
V2
/=-.
noi<ayje n:
-- 19/r1(/1 +/2).
15(11 + /2 -/)
15(11 + /2 -/)
l = -- =
r+R
R
19/(/1 +/2)
25/
-6/ 1 -6/ 2
R
= 5,4 .
~
~)
76
1 ,
249
lR+ =( 7+1) ...
U2 =
(*)
_Vz_U+Uz
12 -1
+
- ----"--=r
r
JaI!Ia l! OTOpiiI! :
llar u :
:1 jt'I\IIallla
(*) (**), Rlr, 11 111:
~ +z -U(UI +)=.
2
377.
- +~} +4( 1 +)
8,65V.
2
l
t :
=_4__-_2__-__
--=0,2.
6R+7r
6R+7r
li n1 ~> () :
fPa
fPa
-<
-<
=(fPa
-<<.)+(<<.
-<pd)+(<pd
-<);
= -4 + 14r+2E +12r+ IR = -2 +/(2r+ R).
. 11:
fPa
=-2E+/(2r+R)=-7V.
~
4El4r
-l
cLui
78
77
378.
11, r i{ ,
t:.
q = (<
/ 2
=__=
379.
____
5R
+R2R
--
-<)
1
=-/
=C(/ 2 R + IR).
4
q=-CRI.
4
q=-CU =48,uC.
1 n :
f=<pa-fPd =..!L
3R
250
-------------------------------------------------
~" 1 1 .rtt~ (l<) U 1.
llatiOII t II!.
n l{<~
u2
n u :
110
q 1 =q 2 +q 3
OiiOCIIO
1 = 2 + 3
Ul =2 + (*)
:: IIOitypy :
1 + 3 -/2R =
1
f{J
+U 3 ---2R=O.
R
1 + 3 - 2qJ
= ... (**)
37 9
Cm1'11IO . 1 bcdb :
U 3 +lR-U 2 =0.
:
(*). {**) (***) :
U 3 +q- 2
=0 ... (***)
4
u2 =-fP.
9
1 1
4
q=-CU, =--Ctn.
"
9 .,-
l-la11011 1
;
:; 11
2 jCJtHal< <' n) OTIIOpHI;Y R 1 ; <I I)
3 t<ao 11 ollOJHII<y R2. t<, IIOHJt<~t1:1aopa :
380.
IIOIIJtCH<ITOp)
381.
npci<Jta'l
I11
q 3 =C 3 !R, = - - -2 .
. Rl +R2
C 2 UR 1
q 2 =C 2 /R 1 =-----.
Rl +R2
q 1 =C 1U.
yl<yno
.'
2 . .
n1
!{ t~li
: n.101e hr. .li; 1 I 1
q1
1101' ;1;. iipo

i<, 1 1. .1.
11
q2 (i<).
111 ,
n 1
r.1 I
, :
=!!_.
U 1 =l-5R=-U
6
6R
5
6
q 1 =-.
n r. 2 2 :
U 2 =l
,R=-
2R
3R
q2 =2CU 2 =.
l{
r<
<

l 11 n1
II 2
11
t=q 1 +q 2 =-.
6
---+
.1 8 1
) q0 n ,
382.
n
251
<
= !:!..2_ = ...
R0
CR0
1 1 n 11011 :
q -Jt
U =0- -
q=q 0 -Jt
=!!._= q 0 -Jt.
n, :
..=~(l--t-J
CR
RC
R C '
R=R0
q0 1 I!, :
=...!f.Q_
= qo -Jt .
RC0
!I! :
11
383.
t
--
RC
RC
C=C0
--
R4 n. na 1 . 11 :1
R,
t :
. 1.
bcdb
adba
--='---------,
1 + 3 = 2
1
= J3 R 3 -J 1R 1 .
1 :
1
= -0,4 .
= 0,7
= 1,1 mA .
l :).r / 1 )
C)'IIIJOTHOM otepy .
d
.... :.
38 3
/ 1 1 1 , / 2 r
, / 3 2 . !{ n :
384.
/ 1 +/ 3 = 2
=1 2 R 2 +l 3 R 3
=l 2 R 2 +1 1R 1 .
:
/2
== 8 mA
385.
(! ).
:~ t<ao
UIit.
f 4 R4 - / 5 R5 =0.
R4
cdefc
I 5 =1 4 -=1A.
Rs
1,
JL----L_J---=~
R,
CJtl8<a :. 3 8 5
252
r
adba
/2
=14 + 15 =1,5 .
/ 1 =/ 2 +/=3,5.
= / 1R 1 + /R
r :
386.
R3
= 18 V.
/{ r n .
/ 1 r n R,
R 1 R 2
( ). / 2
ru . n
/ 1 Rx
= / 2R1
/ 1 R
d,
= / 2R 2 .
OIIOCIIO
()
()
()
86
() () r. {
Rx
R1
R2
11 () r. r n nol\ajye ).
387.
/{ n
r n .
n
.
11
1=1,+12
1
=-1
f =/4
r
f=l+l 4
/ 1 2R=I 2R
/2=-/.
IR=1 4 R
1
=-:/
adbefa :
= / 1 2R + / R .
__
~=---lt-::E:------'

387
7
6
E=-IR,
253
/ = 6.
.'
7R
10 =1 2 -1 4 =-1=-.
6
7R
t lipo rt :
tiOJIO n .
388.
rv
n , t:
1=1 1 +1 2
cna
2E=21r+l 2 rv.
E=lr-1 2 (r+rv);
2/r-2/ 2 (r+ rv) = 2/r+ 1 2'v.

12 (2r + rv) = .
1{
t :
l'~lllee 388
E=/ 1r-1 2 rv
n n tt
1 2 =,
(= 12'v =).
11 t :
= = !i_.
r
) :~ <. ~; () ~; :
389.
e 1 =1R+I 1r1
<:.;t.
-/R
e 2 =1R+1 2 r2
/=/ 1 +/ 2
-/R
1
2
=--+--
'2
:..+~
,.,
<>.liiOCIIO
'2
,,
'2
1+-+ll<t:l <:IIO.'\llllt.c t
jl':
:..+~
= IR = R ' 1 ' 2
1+-+r,
R
()t 1
3 89
()
(*)
'2
)'
~<O.'Iy :tt () rta;t llata lla n
:~(*)
(**)
ER ... (**)
r+R
.I(~: (:..+~ II<'+(.:J..+~}=E(J...+_!_ I~<'+E ...

r, '2 ' r, '2
r, '2 '
k.tllauc (***) ~ ; 11 n
=(::+::}.
R.
(***)
= :
254
(***)
: (~+~)=(_!_+~)
'
'
'2
'2
~+~
=~
1 1
-+-
:! III' u !'! :
'
) n,
-=-+-.
'
'1
'2
'2
n t
tt:
..
-+-+ . . +-
~+~+ +~
= t
'
'1
'2
'
-=-+-+ . . +-.
't
'2
'
l) tt n .
390.
11 t< \
11
<.
tn
t n :
=--'=
re =-.
t :
ne
'
= nr .
( t) nt nu t

n n
n n).
t<
1 = ____
R+n!...
=_!!!!!!..._
R+nr
.t ;
R+nr
=--
' n
=-+-.
=:+~ ~2~= ~. -ffJ ~0.

(
nr
400
-+--= IQ.
255
40000+n 2 =400n.-
= 2.
n= 200.
, 1,
391.
(.~ ), n ().
(1)
-~;-
(2)
--1k:?-
()
Cz
...
I
()
91
()
( <pci =+ ({
).
1,
.,
. . .
n ()
i< .
1 n ():
R, = R + r :;, :
R; - RR, - Rr
=:
R, =
~ ( 1+ ~! + 4 ~ }
~---- ~~\
Ef-i---i
. L J ( ... __f:.)
--
()
()
91
I! n ()
i n n :
1=: {~RJ
=
()
9 1
392.
1< R 1 n , R2 n .
n 1 nt n :
256
l{ 1 11, :
393.
394.
Heiia
Q=-t
3R '
1 .
1.
Q = 7JPt
tr
=9t =6 min .
1,
1 : . :
Q = mc!!..T = 670400 .
OJtale
mci!..T
mc!!..T
t =--.
1
250 W ,
t 1 =--=56m.
1
) !{ _ . :
=-=--=-
'
2
2-
2R
2mc!!..T
=---=112m.
'
) l{ 1 , :
2 2
!!_
=-=--=2
395.
Hel\a
mc!!..T
21
n n .
-tl
..1:
k =
=--=28m.
;r 2 - 1\
=Q+ktl
-t2
=Q+kt2.
. . . (*)
R(t 2 -t 1 )
f'
(*) (**) :
100 V
t.
.~1 n.
-----------------------------------------396.
E 2 R1
E 2 R2
:
397.
(r+Rt)2- (r+R2)2
r=~R 1 R 2
257
E=~PR 1 +~PR 2 .
1 = =
{+ {=
, vR;
v~
1,63
n 1 :
1
2
E2R
=1 R=----
(2R+r)2
n< t) :
1'\ 1
(2) R=4(R
2
2 =
E R
) 2 R= (R+2r) 2 .
-+r
2
=2
r = R = 1 .Q.
398.
E=/(2R+r)=300V.
n 11 :
399.
R2
Rt
---=2--R 2 +r
R 1 +r
n n
R+r
E2 R
P=-----
1 !)
2
/ R
R
/=---=--
(R+r)2
2
=----2-.
R+2r+!:._
R
,2
.'l:
xmin
=4r,
R + 2r +--
n = , .
R =r.
1~. n n
1 .
258
Pmax =-=25W
4r
400.
R
1]=--=0,5.
R+r
n n n
n n .
tt:
=/
~ ~
~~
(Re +r)=-=32W.
400
2r
401.
, t
lfi.
R 1 .
- ( (n-l)r+R
nE
)
+R
, n :
_(
(n -l)E
) R
(n-l)r+R
:
402.
R
- 1
r
= l +--r(n-1)
, . :
P=UI

403.
=O.OlP
404.
l
=12 2-.
2jpl = O,OIU
O,Ol/U=2p.!.../ 2
P=0,99/U
2plP
U = 200jpl = 4,25 kW.
8,6mm2.
O,Ol0,9U 2
d n, na n
. ,
/0 ,
l =lcd =-:zlo.
:
:
l, =-lo
n, .t n
tt :
Q : Q : Qcd : Q : Q,
= Ild
: Ilc : 1;d : 1~ : Il, :
t ,
------------------------------------------------Qd
-\t jt~
Rd =
1 1
: Q : Qcd : Qah : Qhe
111t:1~
4 4 36 9
l'll({'
Rcd = 2R .
=:-:-:-:-= :
9 : 9 : 1: 4
n.' <.t' \Iiit'
llj>CJtCTaiiT IIH~MOM 113 C'IIIH. : 1IIIOJI ,. 1
cbdc jf':
1 = 1(' + cd ~~
259
fl
IIOIITYPY
1cfo R:::: 1cd 2R
IIH
?(1,,
-----~--
'
I'i
.. 1111;
jt
P'llll-..teJtiiO
:ta t'
!,=}~=~Io
)
~<1 1':
, 111
1 ,.
.lj'\ ;~
4 :.kn
i~.
v 1 JaiJJrr
404
1,".:
11
_,,.
1,.
- 2/ ".
11 <..IP.lll
1
1,", =-1 1
:-/ 0
!11:
~(}5.
\litj:,
!!><' l< Tilll!lll! 1/1<'11011 1111 ' IIII lai
III.HI IIUTeiija.'l, 11<1
1(0!10 \IOit'
cr
1.1<1111<1. tllll 11 :1':1~ :
=]_R+3_R=~R
4
Ocoul)ella
12
c11ata
1~:
'"
P=I 2 R

n 1(
2
=~1
R.
12
IIOM{)y
t~
I\ ().
()
.1.1
I ...IUfthe
( :, )!' / 1 / 2
405
= -/
1 = 1 + 1
()
."
l0 R=lc3R
. ~ :" < 1
ottpa ~I:V I'I!.!' 11 1 1~l)) 11 :
1
/ 1 =/ 2 =-/.
2
260
l
4
/= l -1, =-!
n nl! t< tta

tI n . 11 11 (
406.
n )
U1
n . U 2 n
n. t . 1
tJ.t (1 ) n :
:
. n
n.
11
na n
n :
& =.!!.!_ ...

Q2
(*)
R2
. 11 1111
:
q'=!f...
2
'= .
OHOCIIO
'
=-.
11 :
2
cu'
--=2--+Q, +Q2.
--=Q, +Q2 ... (**)

4
(*) (**) :
407.
) 11 n :
= / 2R =kRt .
11 . n11
. n 't :
2
kR-r
kR-r
Q =P -r=--r=--=2501.
2
2
) n :
408.
C'f2
Q=-=101.
2R
n n
( ). n n 11.
Rl
{5;1. ~
()
R2 ()
()
408
!f ,
------------------------------------------------)
(),
261
(/> q n
R.=~=20.Q.
Rz
2R 1 + 2
!{ qJ.<qJ i. na 1 l{ 1<0 nI{
(u):
R.
= R2 +
RI(RI+Rz)
2R 1 +R 2
82,5 .Q.
-n
409.
1 !{ t) 1'I
n n .
(i,)
l{,
< 0
0 ,
l{ 1 n
u n( l1 l n.
"
> 0 ,
" n{
1{0:
ha n
fPa -q = 0
f~
. :
q
.1
= ((/ -q,) = (- ).
r(
" n~
n . llo :. u;:
1 = 2
' : 1
= qE-
409
+W+Q.
= q 0 -
1 u n
.'r f) : W=!!__- ~t .
2
l) .
qz (-)2
Q = q(E - 0 ) - - = ___;________:___;_
2
2
410.
-n ! "'
~~.-~ n er<t n
0 : 1 <
i<OIICTaHTaH ) ) (R0).
, 1; . (
"I>OIII n"
;:
- 0
11 i R0
=l(R+R0 +r).
R
.
( :
- 0
=l 1(R 1 +R0 +r)
:
..\1 n
. 1 :
4 1
262
-------------------------------------------------
1 .
411.
:
= U
+ IR .
t) n :
= _ _!_U ...
R R
(*)
/()
/()
()
/{
10 U(V)
()
R = 1,5 k.Q
4 11
n n
() n:
=
2
4--U.
n,
I~1.
n :
= 2 mA
V.
, n
. ~ n1 r n:
=2,2V;
=1,2mA.
=4,8V;
=4mA.
(*) r n
R 1 = ----- = 2 k.Q
l
,
R2
=--=O,k.Q.
, n
,
k.Q < R < ,2 k.Q .

412.
U n n. l
E-U
R1
=----= / 2 +/;
R1
R 2
E-U
R1
R2
npauc:
----=-+!;
n 1
n. / 1
E=15V, R 1 =.Q
R 2 =20.Q.
!f ,
------------------------------------------------l
12
=---
(/ n, ).
1-
()
=1,25V
, 8
=0,4.
P=IU =0,5W.
n;
_/
, 4 .......... .....
t)
, 6
413.
11, n :
1,2
263
-...
2/
U( V)
r--..... 1'--.
6
412
na
n n,
11 n
R.
, n1 n n 1 n
1 n. n
11n
"n"
cue n,
n.
( n) n n
n n.
1, , n .
). n n
0 =r+,
R,
l :
=-
... (*)
=l R + =!!.._ + D.q
R
( n
-.
(**)
(*) (**) n n n:
D.q=-.( 0 : -~}
n n ,
R.
--.,
D.q =/'(--.) =!!_(--.).
414.
-.
0 - ) =R(T--.);
( --r--R
0 R-.
=--.
rT +R-.
n n
n.
no
264
mv
n--=1 2 R+Q,.
2
Q,
rr r u .
415.
rr r 11pOI)y r< r
= ne
={:2 -IR}
Q,
(r<). ~ n
2
D.N
rr:
= n7ra vtlt.
r eercrporra :
=-=nJra 2 ve .
tlt
!{ n r<,
................. ..... ..
;~,
::::: :~ :;::
vr
r<
r< n
R.
rr
r ,
na
rr :
,~,-
4 15
n : r r
jartta l1e
IIOT!'IIja:
neJra v = .
2
f~.,tr :
~ teq>;
2
416.
:
mv
-->eiR
2
.
Hetia : .
mv
n--=P+J 2 R.
2
= ne .
mv2
2
.
t - - > ne R. n
).
-------------------------------------------------
265
417.
. 01~ ll(
11pel1y 11 .

l) 1;11 n 11 . . t~
11r 111r 110 t) t) :
F;n = Fel.
, = .
110
.--= .
!J.t
ll :l) 11 t jatita :
.vl
=/=--
e!J.t
l =- .
R
eR!J.t
vl
!J.q = -'-= 1,14,uC.
eR
t1 ltt:
418.
u 11 tlar> ti\t
. :
IR = Fil .
(t}
Fin = ,r--.
!J.t
.t~.:
= ,rSm = 1 7 mA
419.
.vl
!J.q
!J.t
ep!J.t
'
~ tt ;t t:.H'tiTJIOHt' .Jt~.~~ jt
t~pttja:llla
t.:tiT(10\IOT0(111C , ! .lI'I n
li(:
tttt.t) ttt
ltpauy Hj)CT<tlbl! II:IO'IitC.
11
TOI' IIO.a optl)t:a t:
Fin
= .
m,a =
= .
l{ n \t. n t't'\1:
r:-v n nt. : =!!___.
= = , .
t r .t t- .:t.
t ti. t) tt
420.
;tt; .tt; n..
l(.
~ :
rm 2 = :
t n:
m2
E=---r.
l{ n t
t:t< :
r.
l) ttt~pa
2
= 1 = m 12
"
266
--------------------------------------------------
;t r
ct~ 1 n:
u t) 11Ciia. l)
R.
=!(:_= m2ro4z4
4e 2 R
421.
l u1 111 rn ~ u !l(~ 1r .
1~

liiiI1 . :
q>
422.
q> 8
= EI cos .
lllylipya ~11 . 1 ~ . ~
ct~ 1 1 ;t!
! t~ u.\1.
11111
t:J.!.
1:1
ct> r r ). 1
(rt
:l1r:
E(bl + + ... ) = Enl.
= jJd'
('
423.
:> upc\le
pouoiiI<Y 11 :
= fQS ' OIIOCIIO -Ne = ~s

- .
t
plt
VPh'
N = _!_ ~ QSt
424.
pl
Q = 2 Rt
l
p-t.
= 1,3 1019
l{ollla 1 1111 11 ,tl! n
nponoHI<a :
2s
Q
Vt
425.
--t
1 2
pt
=----sh = pf.

OIIOCIIO
Vt
= ~ pQ
= 0,125 V/m .
Vt
.1:
KOIII\CI!Tpaja 11 , (, upt:e
t) n 1 I(1 , n n
l) :
2m,
=-2-.
ne t_,
l{ n1 r11 (G) ():
mNv
MV
GN
n=----=----;
426.
2m,M
2
t.GN
n n :
~
....
= ne\,
2m,
=4910-14
t, = 2m,M
2
'
s.
. pGNA
=---.
2m,v.,
-------------------------------------------------
267
n :
427.
424 n t n l)
t! n n :
_[= 2
Vt
:
428.
it,E
2me
= 2.
= -----
R =
R = 10Ro
R = Ro(l +)
Ro =-=14,4Q
IOP
R0 n 0, R
429.
R=
n t1 = 20 :
(* (** :
Ro
R=Ro(l+ca)
n n
R1 = Ro(l + 1 )
R1/ (1 +)= (1 + 1 )
/(1 +)
..
t.
... (*
(**
t=_t_[( 1 +cat) 1]=1916.

R/
430.
R0 R n n n 0
n n t, n Tf' .
:
R = Rt + Rz.
:
Ro(l +)= Rot (1 + att) + Roz (1 + azt).
Ro +aRot = <Rot +Roz)+(<XtRot +azRoz)t
n n
R 0=Rot + Ro2 ,
= (a1Ro 1 +a2 Ro2 )t.
aRot
t.
t =0
atRot +azRoz
=-'--"-'----'~=-
Rot +Roz
431.
Pog Ptg /)zg. , n n 0.
t 1 = 20
n n t,
()
Pou Ptu
Pzu.
n n
t :
lg
l
R = R8 + Ru = Pz 8 -+ z ...!L = 8 (1 +a8 t)-+ Pou(l +aJ)...!L:
lg
268
R=~(l+agt)!I_+......&_(I+at)~;
1+ g
Ptglg
(1 +agt 1)S
Ptulu
(1 +aut 1)S
1+ autl
+t[ Ptgaglg
(1 +agt 1)S
Ptuaulu ] .
(1 +aut 1)S
n n :
Ptgaglg
(l+agt 1 )S
432.
=.
Ptuaulu
(!+aut 1 )S
!!_ =
Ptuau(l + agt,)
p 18 ag(1+aut1)
n n
n t n.
,
=62.
n, n ,
tok
7fd
d , /
t,
n , :
2 4pl
l -= k7fdl(t- tok) ,
2
k .
I n. :
4pl
/2-
7fd2
433.
= k7fd2l(t- t k).
~ n t. .
~ n n .~ . :
( n ) :
2
-d~
=mcdt,
mcRo(l +at)
----d~
Ro(l +at)
= mcdt.
!,
:
'-'~-
t.
!,,
f(t) = mcRo(I/at).
ttop
433
d~
= f(t) & .
r n , n :
1
mcRo ( 1+-ttop
~=-<fo+ft)t,op=--22
) ttop;
t.
-------------------------------------------------
434.
n :
=
435.
kq,
pSd
=kJt:
= !_ =
pd = 122 A/m 2 .
kt
1 n :
= kJt = k - 0 t .
n: :
!!.. = - 0
=-=4,97V.
kt
=0,03 V .
l{al 1 ,
11 1 t I :
436.
437.
269
11
kJ,.,t = k'2t =6,6 mg.
W , n ~ 1, 11
t n1 . n :
/Ut
77=-:
438.
/W
=-;
k77W
kJt=--=445,5g.
n, na
. r r/2. :
J=-------ri2+R+R,
0,2;
t=~=IOmin.
kJ
n ~
n, h n.
n. :
439.
= s
pl
440.
= ES,
e0 e,S
=---;
n :
q = 0 , = 0,18 nC.
pV
n=-.
RT
, t . ,
:
2 pV
= -- ,
RT
270
------------------------------------------------1
n 011 :
=---q.
F z
,
.
2pVMm
R
( z
=1),
F = N
Maq
=-F
= 2pFVMm = 4pVF =SiOC.
441.
( 1 - . 2 ).
(=
100 kPa,
= 273 ) :
pMz
Pz = - - .
RT
:
PRT
V=-------pg(M1 - 2 )
2
= Pz V = ------=--g(M1 -Mz)
l< . :
(*)
442.
(**)
t=
(*)
1
= - - -2 l t ' ' ' (**)
F 2
ZPF
=4000h.
l(M 1 -M 2 )g
n .
III 1
q,
= q
t) :
1
1
=kq=--q=---Mq
F z
=lg/mol ).
Mq?..
W=?..=--.
eNA
,
Mq?..
q?.--,
eNA
in
= ---
eNA
=1,24 V ,
443.
271
n nn ,
jeltat<a .
nl) no n.
IM
=--lt.
1<
.
444.
=_
F 2
4n:R 2 jt = 1,88g.
F 2
110 . n
R=---ane(+ +-)
l{
O,lN
NaCl :
O,lN
n=---.
n=---..:.:..
VM
11.
n . :
S/M
n :
445.
a=------O,lN R(+ +-)
0,44.
N03 .
an.
446.
v =.
, n n , l)
11 n,
n n
.'l:
447.
=6:rrr71v = 37rd/V,
=--,
37rd/
n1 .
d =--= 2,810-10 .
v =
317
n n n
~t) t:
d
- = vt = t =
t-;
d2
t =--=0,8ms.
2
272
1 1 t>1 11
448.
E=d
Wki
= 1 =.:
.-\
N YI!YHall
wkin = - - '
. ~ dW.
t I! :
449.
jOHCiiX t) n
t,
l= Ne.
t
11 :
lipoj l< 11 :
11 / 1 !i n
450.
R 1,
2 R2. / 3 I!II:!.
Ta,tajt:
/3
= neV .
n= 10 9 cm - s- 1
!' . l!,
llo l{<~ :
V = 250cm 3 .
451.
l! r.e n n
1- .

/1
= 5 f.lA
n 11.
11
/2
= 10 f.1A
n ,
R0
n n. :
E=/ 1 (R 1 +R+r)
~:
R2 -R 1 =E(_!__J_J=-200M.Q.
/2
:taiUIC,
452.
llc11a
/1
200 M.Q.
n IIOI!Ilelpaja . +
n nn
na
. r. r..
\ 1 n :
=R
=ld.
I'<~ <(>'III ;r. = n(+ +-).
aS
:
= sn(+ +-).
OHOCIIO
n=
ld
S(+ +-)
= 2,3 0 14 m -
n~
453.
1<
. n . na :
= 1 - 2 =.
) !1 1 n npoooiilfa
, :
Jl.ol
= 1 + 2 =2-=l.
r7!
I<:! ai'HCTIIC
(!i<
1<0
lf
lfpoa
lf
11
. 11
/ 2
IIOJmaoj .
C.1111<1t )':1
pPIIIPIL~
'' IIJt)
453
IIOj)\laII. (~ 1111TCIITI'T
454.
~ 2
1
)'!()'ni!C
lf
11 1
t)
MaHCTIIe llll;lyljt':
Jl.ol ~
=-v2=113pT.
2
+ 2
r7!
nl\ ) lf
11):
cat<Or
lf
t~11 ~ 1< :
Jl.ol
2nr,
,=--:
Jl.ol
=-2-2
\"' ......
'' ..
'\,
'!\
=? +Bi +2 1 2 cosa
r/+ri-d 2
21 r2
1
1 2 cos _
= Jl.o- -z+-z+---300 Jl. '

r
rr
2,. r
2
..........
........
1 2
--
\G---- ---------~:~
d
18<
=0,575:
................ 'z
'
d 2 =r12 +ri-2r1r2 cosa.
cosa=
.................. ..
\,
4 54
274
------------------------------------------
455.
:
2
3
IR 2
J1. 0 IR
Jl.ol sin
=----'-~--=.:..___::_
=
3
2R
1.
2~(R 2
l=
456.
__q>.;_
2(R 2 +~J2"
tg q>
2RB
3
Jl.o sin q>
30,4.
1 rr kr<
) opet)erra :

Jl.ol
= --.
2-
( r ) .:r<
t). r. . :
(r ).
t)
!!rr
r<
---+
()
()
456
r< r (r r). r r
r- ): = Jl.olbl
( r1
4m-2
Yr<yna n :r
r :
~~
= - - - ( 1
4-
+ 2
+ ... ).
=--.
4m-
r. n: n n.
r .
1 r n
(" "). :
Jl.ol
4
z'
Jl.ol nR
4
= 1 + 2 + 3 =2 1CR + 1CR 2
Jl.ol (
2
1r
= nR l+4 =35,7 Jl.T.
275
r r ,
) t t n
457.
11; n n :
= J.Lol 7CR =Jl.ol =157 ..

47CR 2
t-t
4R
11 nn n
uut ()
n11.
t atetli'
ttt t n11 (" "). :
Jl.ol- +Jl.ol
J.Lol (2+1r ) =257 ..
8=8 1 +82 +83 = 2
- - R=47CR 4R 2
4R
u)
t t n
l! . :
. /
. 0 / R
Jl.ol (
)
8=8 1 +82 =0- + -2- - = - 2+37r =285,5..
4R 4R
2
81rR
1\11 1 i!
458.
1 n nl! t. n
I\ () , n ,
.1 ( 1 n . :
) = Jl.ol2 27CR-J1.ol = Jl.ol (-1)=214..

2R
47CR
21rR
() n n (,
459.
CD
DA)
n n. n .
n n
t n n n
......... 9............
'
''
'
---
CD
2R.
... D
L--~-~-
~
()
1~:
=Bcv = 1 Jl.olcos({',
2
v
459
()
=-Jl._o_I cos45o =-Jl._o_z..fi_2;
27CR
Jl.ol
J.Lol..fi
=--cos45 = - - - ;
27CR
47CR
4R
87CR
Jl.ol
Jl.ol
4R
=--R=--.
4R 2
276
= +Bcv +BvA + =f.lol

--
2R
(..fi
--+-1)
2
=298.
1r
rrur r1
()
n 11
n n 11 r <.;
1~r
rr rrr<
r " .
rr u " :
r-. r1 n r n:
J.lol 47rR
47rR2
f.lol
B=----=--
n r :
2-.)
f.lol(I- - - - =180.
=- 1 + 2 + 3 =R
27r
!{ r r
( ). r
460.
r :
kl .
r n
46
FADCHGF n
r r: FAGF, ADCBA BCHGB, l

~r (). " ) n
. 1 u l) . .
:
461.
0 = ~3 2 = ..
n r n no ,
n.
n
r r~
" r r.
.-'
------------------------------------------------.
1l1
2-r
21r
n n1
!'!r
277
(,).
(- IIOBpIICI r l).
=-- = - - - - = ra(J)!'!r
()
Mal'ller 1 n11 n1 :
/tJJ
= Jl.obl = Jl.oa(J) r .
2
2r
n 1
l.() (
)
B=ftJJ 1 + 2 + 3 + ... =---r+r+r+ ... ;
= Jl.oC1(J) R = Jl.o(J)R _!!.__ = Jl.oOXJ .

2
7R 2
27R
!
462.
" [( :
46 1
= IS = l~rR .
:
463.
0IR 2
3
2 (R 2 +d 2 )2
I= 2d ~
0 R
R<<d
IR 2
=--0--2d3
Pm= d Bir=0,05Am 2
Jl.o
"1 1.
Pm =lS=!l_7R 2 =qf7R 2 =3,1410-9 Am 2 .
L=mR 2(J)=mR 2271j.
n n:
:
~=_!L=SI0- 7 C/kg.
L
2m
~rr
464.
" " n :
man =FL,
li :
2
v
RqB
m--=qvB, .
v=---.
R
mv2 R2q2B2
Wki =--2-=
=2,710-12 .
2m
278
-------------------------------------------------
465.
1 1 r n
110 11 n n ,
l::
qE=qvB;
466.
f{
n11
v=-=10 rnls.
11
n1. ( n I() : v=-.
11 n , . n r n n :
=v=-.
1~. n11 :
Fj = - = - - .
t!.t
Bt!.t
( n )
n .
!:J.t
n N n, 11 :
F=NFj
= N
.l n :
467.
t!.t
(- 1 ).
t!.t
=--.
Bt!.t
= / = 2 10-5 N .
npet)ee
---
=qU
n :
468.
~2qU
=qB.
v=~2~U.
mv 2
--=evB.
R
n.
) n n n
1 (1' ):
v /
1
,"''
....
----
....
''
0'
\
\
2R
()
2R 0
w 468
()
------------------------------------------------v 2
d =2R =2v,
--- =qvB;
R
d
d ;
=28,8cm;
qB
= 40,6cm;
= l:_J2mq
qB
d+
=~~W
279
=49,9cm.
G) )( ((~ (l< :. u :1l1 11

IIilY IIYHOTHC n I' pC'IIIKa II
.1~ :~ u 11tt ( ). :
do
469.
-:.dN +;
-:.d 0 -dN =~~ 2,

(.Ji6-.Ji4)=7,5cm.
q
" h t :
=i2~in =i2:
)la 110 11 n. 1 .t11 11

"11 11 11
11.
1111t 111 >1 Ol!la. 1t .

11 11 ai(O ) .!
n t[n . :
2 = -i2
v2
m-=eE-evB.
R
{t
OHOCIIO
=~.
h << R
i2
11 111 >
; .t .I))
F,
. 1 l11 .'t :1 11 t>ao 11

C:IIL. llo 11 noo;t;aj :
mv 2
---=mg+T-qvB ...
l
/,"--
(*)
,,
:1
'
''
''
'
''
'
mv0
v
---=---+2mgl
...
2
mg+T
'
llpea t t :
(**)
(**) u 11 v0 ~t.1 011

v; <~tII (*) U.lll .ta
:II v t< .1.
Vo
1111<
282/2[ l-
v0 = 5gl+-q--2m 2
,
', ______ ).~
<i't (*) (**) :
\,
'
~;; MIIMa.IIIa U>:!

=
, =W_!!_+hBi2eU.
liOII;Leaopa. :---= ___- --- t;,~ <~
470.
47
'
'
:'
''
280
,

().

471.
...
!\
cpi \._
4 2
2 = qvB + Fz sin q>.
r-
r = lsinq>
......
...... .......
21r
v= l sq>-.
-. ::_
n :
l-2
21r
= qBl+ Fz,
mg
w
(~ -qB}
2
Fz = :
. na :
g
g
= - = ----'='----
= Fz cosq>.
472.
COS(/)
mgT 2
r = lsin!p = l
21d(2:m- qBT)
Fz
471
n: (vp) n
(v.) .
no n
.
vp,
v.;
n,
. , n n
().
n :
= FL.
vz
. .
_.!!_=
ev.B.
R = mvsinq> =0,19mm.
n n
11n
n:
=
..... .
27rR
vcosq>---;
vsinq>
= 2mnvcosq> = 2,07 mm.
472
473.
, n
n . 1 h
. n, nn :
= J.loNI
l
R = vsinq>
= 2:mvcosq>.
)
:
vP, na
, ,
------------------------------------------------1
=;;= vcosq> =
z/m
)2eU '
cosq> ---
281
t = cosq>
vz;u.
()) E.r~KTIIOII l11~ 11 l

2:
4mnvcosq> .
f.JQNI > 4mnvcosq>
1 . = 4ncosq> )2mU
m
JioN
1:
474.
;:
l) 1 11 :
= 2mnvcosq> .
qB
!( n11 lll' l1e l 11 11 :
1- < 110 ).) jt~ . .:~:

1
it'CTI IIIH'CI~ii
= 2mnv.
cosq> = 1.
qB
) CO.:te110)t3 IIOC.I: 3 .
OJliiOCIIO fJOI..Ie
111'IJPIIOI' lt<:JIOI' : IIJ1aBita . :
1 =kH
=k Zmnv
q81
:1 ,t 11 .;t:
1 =(k + 1) Zmnv .
q82
1(1-~ \= Zmn
82
q82
pqu =
:; .:1 u r. t;tt:
l n~~1 rtr11
IITUIIOM \\
.'\<1. ~
CMt:p)
F"'
ru.
MaIICTIIa ..'t:
= evBcosq>.
lt>r. ct Jipt>l paBIIO\tepo 101 1 :
F, =
F," .
OIIO.IIO
f{; Cl' 11Cii.IY'I e.'ICI'IJ'IIIO n

.!t
v = --- .
Bcosq>
II[JOTOII IJr r.e 1
110
1>npa1>a:
2mn
= VSin. qJ = VSin. <---.
= 2mnEtgq>
476.
lloma 11u
\l:ti'IH'TiiOI' IIO.a. lla f: Cl: 011 liiH~TaT H()JICTaiiTIIOM II
JltJ ~ ,\t .lyliy oynpt''llla
( ):
8n 2 U
= 12 (82 - 1 f
-<' llil 'I)' ...t .'I
III'aTBIIOM
F,
xOz
llpe~ta , . .- .,
475.
Zn
82
282
-------------------------------------------------
R = ABtg/3
v2
-=
477.
qvB
= rtg (-)
- - .
v = qBrtg15
R = rtg75.
= 10s mls.
~!
v..,
- 1111 , na
=v0 .
tta
111 C,Ita, na . 11 :
z-occ
. /
Fz
=qv..,B = qv0 B.
,.
qE
=-.
1 no n
v0
__ 2.
n:
qB
n n. -
t n
n (. -). - :
) Yr-ao
q>
= ayt = qE ( 2 )
2
2
2
qB
2tr 2 E
Yn=n ~
-.
< 11 t
n-
n -, ~ 1:
v..,
v0
tgq>=-=-.
vy
ayt
tgmvo
"'- qE 2
---
478.
v0 B
tgq>=--.
n 27rE
qB
npaatr tl no
=2.
n n:
11 n
na
eU
=-- = - .
md
n n n :
v-;; v;u
t= {2d=d{2r;.
1 n n n t
n ( ):
t =nT ,
ed 8
=-2- 2
2
.1:
2tr
d {2r; =n 2 .
v;u
n= 1, 2,
...
283
r ,
) (fi r~ u 11 n 11r111: IIJIO'It'

r 11 ( 11 )- < 11 . .\1 1
n fi:! 11 , 011 u
eU
d = vt+--t 2 .
2md
OIIOCIIO IIOI' II 111'11)' IIOTBIIC 'I Ut: II V, .
COfl 1r n 11 1 11n .
11el11' 11 l'II<Y 11 .
. 11 ~t1 1
:t' 111 :11 1t1 IICITIIHI' 11.10'11\
!{
479.
1:l) l{ :
mr(J)
11
:1
1':111
1 2
=---.
4:7rEo
r2
.\1 11 . r1< .ll .
erro1B
4m::0 2r
mr(J)1- = - -
(~; art:TIIot' ).
t~ 1 . :
ro1 -()<< (1)1 +().
l{at
;1:
mrjro1 - roj(ro1 +())= erro1B.

ro1 +()= 2ro1
6ro = .
2m
1. 11 . r.c
480.
~;
.'111.
<I
11)"1
/"1------~
\iiO II~'I )!I
I :
1 I l: :. .

1:1'111 ).
.11:. r 1
jaIHH) )l' .''I 1 :

lj.
2r ~ R.
!)
"
2 v ~ R
111
~< . t~,.,.. 480
. lt~ 01.1<1
111' \tt:a II1'1111~ -
~t:
v=PW
(:.lt:JI:
2 .2W
~ R.
5.2.2W
eR
\ 1' )t:. n:v1~. I<U.IO 11: t t tt- .

~~.'lt'HTJIOIIIt liOjl' r~\I C!Jii) t ylrcuyjy ) i)!'~ ).
1'\ITOI!<illll\
l':leHTj)OH<l )' IIl! Bf1t'~tella ., 111~~1<1 )'t:OUY :ta;Tiia. liOIIC'I<IIatl.
, (~;:. 1
5, 2 .2W
eR
~1 <:)
. .
Jt'
,\ Jl~:
10 =ne .
284
-----------------------------------------> 2 .2W.
\1
(~'I
eR
11t11. .

1ii11:!yje
. t u.
11I~
II)'I
llpI!<I11H
.11)
u11! :!11!
11 I.
11 I11 1111 11y.ry ::
=2.2W.
eR
481.
11:. t t 11
:)
: :1 11 (q)
rp.t.IIII \ t.
(.
(~ l(~
>.~t~ .<~ (
1'111:
qvB = qE = q-;
d
r l) 11:
r~R )
P=l2R= (
Bvd.
222
R=(Bdv d R)2.
-+R
aS
482.
lla fi '>1 n )'

FL = qvBR = MlvBR .
~)
(~.l)jt'
.'lu :1:
.<. ~ n11 .'I.

1 1~
~ 11 11 .
1111
") 1111 \!(~ :1
11 r1~~; ~
Cllt'
~:
483.
l
nRFL
= nRM/vBR = nblRvBR
~t
~)
n (n
= 27CR RvBR = 27CR. 2vBR.
\I
vt. 'ICM) :
= t.
l() , :
= 2JCR 2vBRt.
f{111i0
= _g__. :
27CR
11
= 2JCR 2R.
= QRBRbl.
t1 .t
R.
1 lt.IIIpa :
= BRS = BR2JCRbl.
t< t< . 11 11
n. l<:
RBRl
484.
/.
=--,
27!
=Q.
27!
JtIIOY :
r , r ,
------------------------------------------------
q 2
= IS =T7rr
n ,
285
nn n.
(: n).
n 1
=/()=
mr
()
cuojc :
n : ).
(L
r 110 r1 :
1
Pm ,
1 npaua
ariiCTIIe lll{ n. 11 u1 :
11
n:
= t
( I{ ).
Sin (]
11 n
()
()
()
484
.1
Bl'liTOp
. 11 11 n11
11 ~1r 11.
l{ai{O u,
.Iii III;
HIITCIITCT I . ii,
<< L, na MOHie I113
\IU~Ie1-a n n11 11 . l), 11 11

\ICIt 11 u1
.r
OliO
().
L :
Bei<TOp
, 1
L .
n 11 n 1
r - li n n.
286
1- MOil{e h
().
llt~o ~ii
ii
~:
L ;
- l(. 11 1- q>. 11 fi 11 :
=-1-- =-1-
= Lsin8 =--.
Lsin8 !J.t
!J.t
()
L sin 8
L sin 8
"'
Bsin8.
qB
=2m
atute. YIOII 11 :1 1- t
( l()
r ".
485.
i r r11 .1. .r~t
l t 1< tt.
llo
11 1<n n
" t< t<a nJ\O'IftC. 'Iit l<.\'
HOI!peIIO ( )' !< !I n) C.IIC!iTpHO ('.
!) :
FL
= F,[
evB=eE.
vB .
U = El = vBl.
n i rt :
l:i ~ t<l. .1t 1<0 :
oatme
= neSv = neldv .
v = -- .
neld
1/
. !) :
U = - - .
ne d
tlt 1:
n=_!!!._= 1023 m 3 .
eUd
n n n :
R=-.
486.
-=ld
n n :
"nonpeor" 1r :
.'I:
487.
._ =
2
Uld
=-=1,710
JL
_8
.O.m.
E.=-=L ld
neld
=--=--.
=15. 10-4.
'
fi t t t
11 11
n r n
. t) :
qE = qvB;
vB.
287
r / r ,
1 2 :
Ed
= Bvd
... (*)
():! I<PCily <:
.1t~r;
11.:
(*)
(**)
nqSv.
r ,
IIC'IIIC
nR
1t~~1.
= pSv = phdv . . . (**)
= / .
ph
lla cJfioiiC e.'H'IJIOIH~ \l .:r Jlopeuoua \ 11 11
488.
fi0 1111! IIOIIpUJII) II.IIO'IitC. ~!(' (~ ll)l)'Hyje IIOilJH~'IIIO e.IICIp'IIIO IIOC 'I ja'IIIa
I) \!:
11.'10'1111\t~ ;
llot:
= 1 1 .
, larc.rc:
vB.
i 1101111
= Ed = vBd .
II.IO'III I
110t(~ .\pyre ,\~II~II:Jjc).
\OMOI't~ll
(:r 11 11t~ )
IIOHJIJHCK) r:11 ryli) jt 1':r11 11 l)t:\ rr:
=evBsina:
.~:
vBsina.
\1r~ r.r l) 1111\ r,

l!) r; ) u rt ~:r
;(OpPIOUC .I:
mv.
490.
= E2r = 2vBrsina.
fi t:t:ll \! r<.
t r-a .. ra . ~r. !{ ~: r:1

pt'lllt') ,1i ~~20. aliu ,tcli l1 rur . i t'
2
2
\ii )t~ t:e :
E"R =
.\r;o ~t . . e:rcrJ>OIIf~
r )' 11 .luptoua . el1t>
ar;o u r :r :
mr 2 = r .
mr 2 = evB.
=-= 5,7 I0-9 T.
491.
u~r t~t uaar<
u .rr<
Jloptroa .
: 11.:r u rr r . .'l11t~
ycep!~IIC r . r opt~IJella rr:
= !evB Fcf!,
= levB mr 2 1
() .r1 r rt . r : u
.111 ~1 c~repy).
288
------------------------------------------
. 11
mm2
- - << Bm.
t(r~
eetpttiOI' 1..
. tta
r t
u t :
=
t noa:tat
Bm r . . . . (*)
225 n t
< tr , 11
=...!!_ r
20
. . . (**)
(*) (**) n !ii, 1 t r,
(~.ltt l) no n 11111< .
tt:
= 2e0 Bm =8 1 0- 12 C/m 3
\iio R < t<, t n n :

=>R . . . (#)
,\
nouplt rtt<. m
tnptty :
=~ . . .
(##)
:t (#) (##) 111I< :

=e 0 BRm= 210- 13 C/m 2
l{ nt< )'
492.
130 t<it :
v=fi.
011 ( ) n
.. t li t .
ltrt n t t<
li
( Al --7 ),
(t<).
-\
1 = !!.q = 2- =uvbl.
2-
v
-\t
lll
t :
__ }.JQNI
l
493.
.
__ }.JQuvNbl .
= J,lQUV.
.....
492
11 n lt
l .
r,
------------------------------------------------
erwB > mrw 2 .
289
( < 1
w<-
<' !f 111). t 1 n
k1<
.ll .11 11 1\I~IIpy,
II.IIO'I . 1 n <. lt
i. l1c, n IIOI!eyje n. l
n1~ i : l~ i: r:.
i~CIIa rn. ull 1 1
1 1. 1. 11 1
IIJIO'I i 1110 110 .
-(()
(}
()
.1
493
i~1 ~1 I' ;tPCHI~ {1:"11111 ). lk1 1
i:
I~PIP'IIIOI' 1 ~ 'I'IIOt.
1'. ~!i :
man = - F1
;n~;
11t
ct' '
ltt~ra
: lip~ 1 I!~"
2
paJtltja:tol
m.xw = - exwB .
''-'ll'tJHt'IIIOI
:tai!<:IIoct
o;t
11.'10'11':
2
Ed(x)=( WB+
::t'IJIO ct .. :.- 11.~ .!:
m~ }.
1 ()= ( wB- m~
} .
! .t 1l .ll'.tIJa 11011 calioj 11.10'111 ~> I .. III (). IIP!ia ) 1 .!t'.lllll 11

u)
11.10'1<1.
111'
jl' r.l
IIOTI~tja , 1 :1l 1 1 1 (/)2. "'~ \~

.llllll'<ipl I' l~ 1'. \101'~ l1 .r IJOTf'IIja .. la:
- , = " = +( wB + m~
( :,.11',111:
<2 - <1
=wr
}"
2 - = +( wB- m~
2
}
, [ }111<1 ,(l'.'i\11Ja IIJH~JICT<IIIil>aj~

liOIIJli'I\:!<ITOpH jf':
S
!:. = 0 - -
!1'0 p<!IIIIOI
HOII,(I'II:In'ltlpa:
liHII<II(IHf''l TOI' ,(I'.'IiJa
(S IIOI!j)IIIIIH ji'JIIIOI' ,11'.'11111<1).
290
-------------------------------------------------
lla lt :
!J.q
= !. ( qJ2 -
OIIOCIIO
qJ1).
l'1t t
/J.S
2
= -(J)[Jr
!J.q
a = - = 0- - r2.
1 :
/J.q
/J.S
111 n 1~ jata
III.
1 1 ;~
n l1c ( 1< n). lla 1 1 1

e!ICIpOHe 11 n 1 n 0 1 1. 110 fiJIO'Ie CllOjCHC
11n1. " " ; 1
\II. l1e 11 n . na l~
110:18, !fi IIJIO'Ia I!~. _k1111 "!'
~~ li n :
2 = +
2 = - .
11 O;t 1. 11 at~.'lt'liTpcaa
; 11 11 n .
1\tr
494.
lle
~1 ( rpatHO\t ) )
1: :
llB
495.
= j.lmg.
= j.lmg
OIIOCIIO
=30 .
lB
:1 1 n
n 1
~~ ~~"' \ ,, <~
. 1 :
F
llB = mg .
=mg.
= mg =1,96 .
lB
l:!e"opr.li 1~ l) 1 n~ r
liOIIType " . Tatf)e 11 li .: 1 Jt)'I'II<
496.
" ~. nn . n
jt u. na. IIOiypa )l;, .~

I!11:1 pa:mliY lli n
t :
497.
F --
l2(.!_ __1_)
27r
f1ofrl2ba .
2(+)
n!i
n~~ n.
l .
497
.r ,
291
n IIOCIIyce :
Fj
= = F _!_;
1
L2
L
R = F...l.. 1+--2-cos<p.
2
498.
().
n n n .
. :
2Tcos<p = mg
'
~ /<
llB
mg
.'
:/
tg<p=-= 1.
'l....... .
.t
499.
2Tsin <= llB.
498
h 11 n n. h 1 . n
! n n.
l< n. .
( ),
n n n n .
= Ft'u
n n, n n n ;
na
1.
t'J.s 1
n I<
n 1<
( ). .
= Fd.
n :
mgh Fd
:
500.
~ = h llBd
mg
2,lcm
h1 =
=mgh1
h1 =
1,9cm.
.
n n :
_
8 1-
_ J.LoJr 2
J.LoJr 2
2~2 +d2
3 -
2d3 .
1 n :
= 21 = JJrr
= Jrr2
J.LoJr2
--3-
2d
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
500
2
292
-----------------------------------------
.!:
501.
= Jl<JP~ =1,6 1 - Nm .
27L1
HIOJI.ajy !Iii .~ u11
t>.JI)j)' :3 li . :
.
= mg-sqJ,
p111 BcosqJ
..~:
502.
0)1110\.110
28
mga .
COSqJ=--Sin(/J
2
= mgtgqJ.
qJ l) R!i.! u . h :1.
.~ liOjo \~ 1 :
1 =mg
(/,
h sin
1 = 2J1.aghsin (/.
~~11 n :
= PmBcosqJ.
2
; 1
503.
= 2 . . 2aghsqJ
IahB
= --COS(/J.
2
lahB
= --cosqJ;
2
tgqJ=-.
4J1g
lla :1 () 111i\~ . n ) :! u IIIYP\~. lle1 r
III) II\~'I li.
\~
li. , ;~;:
7d
/ 1=-n+2
2/
/2 = - - .
n+2
;! . t>.. .
~:;;;::::::::::;=::: N ~1r 11 ,\(~.'IY

.
~(~
/2--=-"'
()
()
. y.t J"IIIee
1 1r
503
nl<
( ):
1
1 ) COS(/J:
-+--
\<1: ;(~ :
MN 1-1 1 ). n
, =(, + Pm2)Bsin(90- (/)=(!+ /2) ~2
TC'IC 'I /, ~; )'

1
/ 2 (
.t)' (~ t:r :
, =7rr 2 [ (
n+2
BcosqJ:
_ n(n + 4)r !BcosqJ

1
2(n + 2)
2
/,
293
-------------------------------------------------
= mgrsin q> = 1(2- + 2r)grsin q>:
= 2
, na n fi:
---n~(n__+_4:..._)/_B_
tgq> =
4(n + l)(n + 2)J1g
11 n
504.
~ t~ t~l 0110
( ). ,-( .
C.III' BCfi :! <! :{I' }

1
0:
1 > ..!!!L._
7!NBR
> mgR:
f,
~
. .
\
@- \
~.rrr .-1
l1 :
t:..F = 2Tsin t:..q>
/
1
'
r ar.o
tk :~ ~
5 4
()
(7) u .. r.
505.
\~
'
''
...
1< .1 ...
0,1\IOCHO
2
IRB.
jt>
F.
/Rt:..q>B =
t:..q>
=-.
lR
5 5
: ~ ~111oro ;
(,t
). t : .: u cr. i- .)'I'\1 aiii>M
506.
r-ara r< r .111
llfiOIJOHKOM IipO . jaIII':
bl=l~.
2nR
ll
O.JIIae\1)'
\l
;
t:..F
().
r1a
I~)' ) IIYII0\1 :
2
J1Q(bl) / r
21 cos q>
2 -'--"-'--'-2R
2-
AF
= J.iQ(bl)
l .
2nR
, l;. ) 1
q>.
.1
liOj0\1
1; "t)' )
It.rir>a . .\
/:,/
\.I-'I
N (N
111~ i!) :
1t)
---t )
()
()
liF
.....
506
\l n r
n 1 <,
:- i
294
= N Jlo(bl)
l .
2JrR.
1111
rra :
2N + 1"' 2N.
2N =.!._
11 11
507.
lbl.
n11:
l) n .
rrr1.
n . t~
t n yr-ao OJt (r ).
rrrr: 1 =mg~sin(OJt).
2
/LB
()
()
.!l
5 7
rr n rr:
~),
tJ.l
n :
=!1F l = / l .
= f !11 . ~
=//.
jcrrali
rr r r
r;
[;
n (). rt n: 2 = }_IL2 B.
2
508.
1 = 2 :
1 = mg sin(OJt).
LB
t r. . t!, n tt C.ityje
.-\n r.t!.
t!, r . :
2
2
la=}_IR B.
2
mR a=}_!R 2 B.
2
2
=-.
r!/1.1, ,.?
295
------------------------------------------------(: <
T<~'IIIOC .-\ n 11 11 11 11
509.
. l{ 11. \11
.11 IIJJI1Ciia ll(~jy 11 I<UCTC
Jia Te'IJIOCT:
~----:-:-- = pghr bh1 - pg~ ~.
OIIOCIIO
(h 1 +~)
(h1 +~)= pgb(h12 -hi,)
<: . :
}{u 11u, < l) u<~ .:.tet:e u JIOII(~t: 11,
510.
I<[ nu u<~ l
<IUa ~ II !I.
llea
FA
OiiOCIIO
u11
IJC
. t~ 11 !I ..\u
u 1<11 (< h). 11 11 :
__ IlB __ _ lB __
pl
( <'
.
11 11.
. }iiII('.
11 i .:.tC.'I)'je 11 ;r;:
mg
=Gxlag
(G jt~ t~).
11t~1 Jiouel1auajy .
i , \,\JIIepoa t:.'Ia
JIO'ICIII pe!IYTI<Y u11 u. cue u liaa.ly l~
FA > mg
;1; l: u.
,.la1<.1e.
>
:.[>) .
gGlp
;iiua ~ )' 1 1 t: t
111 .
11 ,-\n :1 ~l11..
;" )' JI)'II l1t~ u u l~ t:t' :u )'
IIO:iliajy.
gGlp
= 0,0067 VT ,
I<
)'CJIO!I
0,1 VT
> gGlp .
l1e l111 1<

(<).
11 r n
.\,Jne[JOIIO''
. 11 :
FA
la
pla
pl
=--=--=-.
.'t ....
5 1
n1<
.-\ 0 1~1 nl(, l<
+Ggx----.
pl
1~:
2
296
-----------------------------------------------------------
<i'I
jt~ . .11, :
i'l,
UBh
+ Ggx- - - = 0
<
pl
gGlp ,
1 n.
UBh
x=--=l,5m.
p/Gg
n 11 .\ 11 11
(1) .. Aut'leo. . . u: .1agfL'tU . uh. l

1974.
(2)
. l1 : .h agatnaha u . 1978.
(3) . : Copnuh agat u:mhe. u 1983.

(4)
. : Copnuh g outtej h, 1978.
(5)
: .Jagau ALOchochux r ouAtnuag. t 1988.
()
. u : Copnuh :~g e.:JeAtenmmoj h. 1974.
(7)
. . 'l : .Jagau u.mhe. 1988.
(8)
. 11l1 : :L u uh. 1991.
(9)
. . : Copllllh agat .ll
hypcy uuhu.. u<1 1977.
(10) . : nh :gt 11 uuhe. r 1982.

(11) . : lochue u.t< o.uJ.Jlllll!JII. 1982.
(12) . : 1001 gf u:mhe. 1997.
(13) ..". ~tI 11 : llpupy'ln/lh u~ tmlh.ILII'te/L rpeiJI!lllhi!.I(!l,
t>. 1967.
(14) . . . . . : .1aglL't/l .. u 1985.
(15) F:. : .1agau h. t 1988.
(16) . {. . : Megynapoynue uutechue o.:~u.tuu;u . .\loct><! 1985.
(17) . . . . : Copnuh gf u, Moct>IJa 1987.
(18) . . : Hcepoccujche o.m.ttniiJII iuuhe. 'vlr, 1997.
(19) . : u.:mha 11 :J)a<ta.r. 1985.
(20) . . : tHe.ranuha {/{aanm). u 1994.
(21) .. llr:tj: 3agatu h. t 2000.
(22) <1u: nh :gat
11 u.u. 1982.
(23) : 3tlfJh'IL :atnah'll 11.1 //h', 1976.

(24) . u. . : 3aga<lll .h. u 1980.
(25) .. t : Copnuh t oue ..tty hypcy uuhu (.J'tllhll}.
1 1977.
(26) "". \1

Физикa 2М

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