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ΡΙΖΕΣ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ
, :
= 2 = , , 0
:
0
0 ( = = 0 ).
2 =
2 =
= , , 0
= , 0
( )
=
, 0 > 0
2 =
( )
, 0
, 0
:
< < , , 0
:
-
, :
= = , , 0
= 1 1 = .
= 2 2 = .
:
0
0 ( = = 0 ).
www.samaras.info
:
,
( )
= , 0
= , 0
= , , 0
= , 0 > 0
( )
, 0
= , , 0
= , 0
= , 0
:
< < , , 0
:
> 0 , ,
, , , 0 = 0
x =
>0
<0
xv = x = v x = v
xv = x = v
x v = ,
xv = x = v
=0
xv = x = 0
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1. x :
3x + 2
i.
x 3
ii. 3 6 + 3x
iii.
2
4
iv.
( x + 2)
vii.
x 2 + 3 x
v.
4 x2
vi.
x 2 3
viii.
x+2
1 x
ix.
x 2x
:
H a ( ) a 0
x 3 x 3 0 x 3
3
6 + 3x 6 + 3x 0 3x 6 x 2
ii.
i.
3x + 2
2
4
3x + 2
3x + 2
20
2 3x + 2 8 3x 6 x 2
4
4
iii.
iv.
( x + 2 )
2
( x + 2 )2 0
( x + 2 ) 0 ( x + 2 ) 0 x + 2 = 0 x = 2
2
v.
4 x 2 4 x 2 0 4 x 2 4 x 2 x 2 x 2
vi.
x 2 3
x 2 3 0 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 1 x 5
vii. x 2 + 3 x
x 2 0 3 x 0 x 2 3 x 2 x 3
x+2
1 x
x + 2 0 1 x > 0 x 2 1 > x 2 x < 1
viii.
ix.
x 2 x
x 2 x , x 0
x 0 , x 0
x = 0
x 2x 0 x 2x
x0
x 2 x , x < 0
3 x 0 , x < 0
x < 0
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2. :
200 2 18 3 32 + 4 50
:
,
200 2 18 3 32 + 4 50 = 100 2 2 9 2 3 16 2 + 4 25 2 =
= 10 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 + 4 5 2 = 10 2 6 2 12 2 + 20 2 = 12 2
3. :
2
( x 3) , x < 3
x 2 2 x + 1 , x 1
iii.
x2 6x + 9
x2 + 6x + 9
, x < 2
+
x3
x+3
ii.
i.
:
,
a2 = a
i.
ii.
2
( x 3) = x 3 = x + 3 , x < 3
x2 2 x + 1 =
2
( x 1) = x 1 = x 1 , x 1
( x 3)
( x + 3)
x2 6 x + 9
x2 + 6 x + 9
=
+
=
+
iii.
x3
x+3
x 3
x+3
x 3 x + 3 ( x 3) x + 3
=
+
=
+
= 1 + 1 = 0 ,
x3 x+3
x3
x+3
x < 2 2 < x < 2 , x 3 < 0 x + 3 > 0 .
x 3 = ( x 3) x + 3 = x + 3
2
4. :
i.
:
3 3 3 3+ 3
ii.
4 3 5 2 3 5+ 2
3 3 3 3+ 3 = 3
i.
(3 3 )(3 + 3 ) =
3 32
( 3)
= 3 9 3 = 3 6 = 18 = 9 2 = 3 2
ii.
)(
4 3 5 2 3 5+ 2 = 3 4 3 5 2 5+ 2 =
= 3 4 3 52
( 2)
= 3 4 3 25 2 = 3 4 3 23 = 3 92
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5. :
i.
:
3 5 3
ii. 4 2 3 2 2
3 5 3 =
i.
4
ii.
353 =
iv. 3 32 4 33 3
iii. 3 2 3
5
v.
5:3 3
36 = 10 36 = 52 332 = 5 33 = 5 27
2 3 2 2 = 2 3 22 2 = 2 3 23 = 4 2 6 23 =
4 6
2 6 23 =
4 6
29 = 24 29 = 83 233 = 8 23 = 8 8
,
( .. )
3
2 3 = 32 22 23 33 = 6 22 6 33 = 6 22 33
iv.
iii.
32 4 33 3 = 34 324 43 333 26 36 = 12 38 12 39 12 36 =
v.
5 : 3 3 = 43 53 : 34 34 = 12 53 : 12 34 = 12
53
34
6. :
2
4
10
i.
ii.
iii.
7 4
3
2 1
5
:
, > ,
,
i.
2
2 3
2 3
2 3
=
=
=
2
3
3
3 3
3
( )
10 7 53
= 2 7 53
7 4
7 4 7 3
7 4 3
7 7
5
5
5 5
55
5
,
,
ii.
10
10 7 53
10 7 53
( + )( ) = 2 2
iii.
4
=
2 1
)(
2 +1
2 1
10 7 53
) ( 2)
2 +1
) = 4(
2 +1
2
12
)=4
2 +1
2 1
2 +1
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7. :
12
1
3
4
iv. 3
i.
ii.
iii. 3
3
5 2
3 +1
7+ 5
11 + 6 + 5
:
i.
7 5
12
7 5
( 6 + 5)
=
( 6 + 5 ) 11 ( 6 + 5 )
11 ( 6 + 5 )
11 ( 6 + 5 )
11 ( 6 + 5 )
=
=
=
=
2
30
11
6
+
2
30
+
5
(
)
( 11) ( 6 + 5 )
6 + 5 11 ( 6 + 5 11 ) 30
180 + 150 330
=
=
=
=
11
1
=
11 + 6 + 5 11 +
ii.
)
( 7 + 5 )( 7 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 5 )
12 ( 7 5 ) 12 ( 7 5 )
=
=
= 6( 7 5)
75
2
12
12
=
7+ 5
2 30
6 5 + 5 6 330
=
60
2 30 30
2 30
( ) ( 2 + + 2 ) = 3 3
( + ) ( 2 + 2 ) = 3 + 3
2 )
(
)
(
3
=
=
5 2
( 5 2 ) ( 5 ) + 5 2 + ( 2 )
3 ( 25 + 10 + 4 ) 3 ( 25 + 10 + 4 )
=
=
=
5
2
( 5) ( 2)
3 3 5 + 3 5 3 2 +
2
iii.
= 3 25 + 3 10 + 3 4
( )
4
=
=
3 +1
( 3 + 1) ( 3 ) 3 1 + 1
4 ( 9 3 + 1) 4 ( 9 3 + 1)
=
=
= 9
3
+
1
( 3 ) +1
4 3 3 3 3 1 + 12
2
iv.
3 +1
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8. :
i. 16 x 2 25 = 0
ii. 4 x 3 32 = 0
iii. 3 x 4 + 1 = 0
iv. 7 x 5 + 3 = 0
10
v. ( x 6 ) = 0
:
i. :
16 x 2 25 = 0 16 x 2 = 25 x 2 =
25
25
25
5
5
x=
x=
x= x=
16
16
16
4
4
4 x3 32 = 0 4 x 3 = 32 x 3 = 8 x = 3 8 x = 2
iii.
1
3 x 4 + 1 = 0 3 x 4 = 1 x 4 = ,
4
ii.
7 x5 + 3 = 0 7 x5 = 3 x5 =
iv.
( x 6)
10
v.
3
3
x = 5
7
7
= 0 x6 = 0 x = 6
9. :
2008
i. ( 3 x 2 )
= x 2008
ii.
iii.
( x 4)
+ 243 = 0
( x 5)
:
i. :
( 3x 2 )
2008
(2 x)
= 2, 2 x 5
= x 2008 3 x 2 = x 3 x 2 = x 2 x = 2 4 x = 2 x = 1 x =
1
2
ii. :
5
5
5
( x 4 ) + 243 = 0 ( x 4 ) = 243 ( x 4 ) = 35
x 4 = 5 35 x 4 = 3 x = 1
iii. :
( x 5)
(2 x)
2 x 5
= 2 x 5 2 x = 2 (5 x ) ( x 2) = 2
5 x x + 2 = 2 2 x = 5 x =
5
,
2
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10. :
i.
3+ 2 > 5
ii. 3 + 5 < 8 + 6
iii. 1 + 5 < 7 + 2 5
iv. 3 11 < 7
:
,
,
3+ 2 > 5
i.
3+ 2
) > ( 5)
2
3 + 2 6 + 2 > 5 2 6 > 0 ,
) <(
2
8+ 6
3+ 5 < 8 + 6 3+ 5
ii.
3 5<4 3 3 5
iii.
) < (4 3)
2
1+ 5 < 7 + 2 5 1+ 5
<
9 5 < 16 3 45 < 48 ,
7+2 5
)
2
1 + 2 5 + 5 < 7 + 2 5 6 < 7 ,
iv.
11.
( ) ( )
( )
3
11 < 7 11 < 7 3 11 <
112 < 73 121 < 343 ,
3
2 3
( 7 )
:
i. 1 3 5 2
7 + 3 21 + 1
ii.
:
i.
1 3 < 0 5 2 > 0 , 1 3 < 5 2
,
ii. :
(
(
7+ 3
= 7 + 2 21 + 3 = 10 + 2 21
21 + 1 = 21 + 2 21 + 1 = 22 + 2 21
10 + 2 21 < 22 + 2 21 ,
7 + 3 < 21 + 1
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12. i. :
(1 + 2 3 )
1 2 3
ii. :
A = 13 + 4 3 13 4 3
:
i. :
(1 + 2 3 )
(1 2 3 )
= 1 + 4 3 + 12 = 13 + 4 3
= 1 4 3 + 12 = 13 4 3
ii. :
(i )
= 13 + 4 3 13 4 3 =
= 1+ 2 3 1 2 3 = 1+ 2
13.
(1 + 2 3 ) (1 2 3 ) =
3 ) ( 2 3 1) = 1 + 2 3 2 3 + 1 = 2
:
14 + 6 5
i.
ii.
52 6
:
,
i.
ii.
14.
= + 2 +
14 + 6 5 = 9 + 2 3 5 + 5 =
(3 + 5 )
5 2 6 = 3 2 3 2 + 2 =
i. 4 5
3 2
= 2 +
= 3+ 5 = 3+ 5
3 2 = 3 2
= 21 8 5
ii. x 2 21 8 5
:
i.
(4 5 )
= 16 8 5 + 5 = 21 8 5
ii. :
(i )
x 2 21 8 5 x 2 4 5
x 4 5 x 4 5
4 5 x 4 5 5 4 x 4 5 x = 1 x = 0 x = 1
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15.
x 3 + 3 y 5x + ( 4x 2 y z ) = 0 .
2
x, y , z
x 3 + 3 y 5x + ( 4x 2 y z ) = 0
2
x 3 = 0 3 y 5 x = 0 4 x 2 y z = 0
x = 3 y = 5 z = 2
2 + 2 = +
16. i.
2 + 2 < 0 ,
i. - + < 0 ,
+ +
ii. , 0 ,
:
- A + 0 ,
2 + 2 = +
2 + 2
= ( + )
2
2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 2 = 0 = 0 = 0
2 + 2 = + :
( = 0 0 )
ii. :
, 0
+ +
( = 0 0 )
) (
2
+ + 2 + 0 2 ,
17. x R x 2 + 1 > x .
:
- x < 0 , x 2 + 1 > x
x 0 ,
x2 + 1 > x
x2 + 1
x 2 + 1 > x x R
10
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18. 0 < , :
+
i.
ii.
2
2
2
+
iii.
iv.
+
+
2
:
i.
+
2
+
2
. :
2 + ,
+ 2 ,
+
2
, >0
ii. 2 2 , 2
2 . :
2 2 0 ( ) 0 , > 0 0
2 2 0 ( ) 0 , > 0 0
, 2 2
iii.
2
2
. :
+
+
2 + > 0
( + ) 2 2 + 2 2 , (ii)
+
+ >0
2
2 ( + ) 2 + 2 2 , (ii)
+
2
,
+
iv.
2
+
. :
2
+
+ >0
> 0
2
2
2
2 ( + ) ( 2 ) ( + )
+
> 0
4 2 2 ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) 4 2 + 2 + 2
0 2 2 + 2 0 ( ) ,
2
+
2
, >0
2 + 2
( + )
2
4 2 + 2 + 2 0 2 2 + 2 0 ( ) ,
2
2
+
+
2
11
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19. i. x, y > 0 , : x + y 2 xy
ii. x, y, z > 0 , :
a.
(x
b.
1 1 1
1
1
1
+ +
+
+
x y z
xy
yz
xz
+ 1)( y 2 + 1) 4 xy
i.
x , y >0
x + y 2 xy ( x + y ) 2 xy
2
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 4 xy
x 2 2 xy + y 2 0 ( x y ) 0 ,
2
ii. . (i) :
x >0
x 2 + 1 2 x 2 1 x 2 + 1 2 x (1)
y >0
y 2 + 1 2 y 2 1 y 2 + 1 2 y (2)
(1) (2) (
), :
(x
+ 1)( y 2 + 1) 4 xy
b. (i) :
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
+ 2 + 2
(3)
x y
x y
x y
xy
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
+ 2
+ 2
(4)
y z
y z
y z
yz
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
+ 2 + 2
(5)
x z
x z
x z
xz
(3), (4) (5), :
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
2 + + 2
+
+
+ +
+
+
xy
x y z
yz
xz
xy
yz
xz
x y z
1. :
2 10 1024 3 4 81 + 5 3 125
2.
a.
b.
c.
= 1 + 3 2 = 1 3 2 , :
2 + 2
3 + 3
12
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3. i. x = 21 + 13 + 7 + 4 ,
x.
ii. x = 3 + 2 + 1 , x 4 .
4. :
a. 3 + 2 11 + 6 2
b. + + 2 + ,
, 0
5. :
16
16
a.
2
2
3 2 3
3+ 2 3
c.
32 3 5
64
b.
(1 2 )
6. i. :
3 + 1
3 1
ii. :
A = 3 6 3 + 10 3 6 3 10
7.
1
1
+
=2 2.
2 1
2 +1
8. :
1+ 3 2
1 3 2
9. :
a. 2 x 3 + x = 0
b. x 5 16 x = 0
c. ( x 2 ) 4 81 = 0
10. i. x 3 25 x 2 = 0 .
ii. (i),
:
+2
2 8
=
2
+2 4
13
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11. i. x 3 + 27 = 0 .
3
ii. 3 ( + 1) x 2 8 = 0
(i), .
13.
:
a.
x 2 10 x + 25 = x 5
b.
49 14 x + x 2 = 7 x
:
a.
b.
(
(
)(
)(
)
) = , , 0
+3
2 3 3 + 3 2 = + , , 0
2 + 3 3 + 3 2
12.
14.
:
a. x 3 = a 6
b. x 3 = a 9
c. x 6 = a 5
15.
14 2 20 .
16.
2 2
3+ 3+ 2 6+ 2 3 3+ 2
6 + 11
17. a.
b. = 6 + 11 6 11 , :
i. 2 = 2
ii. + 2
2008
, 2
6 11 .
2008
18.
x, y , x 2 + y 2 2 x 3 2 y 5 + 8 = 0 .
19.
= x 2 2 x + 1 + x 2 + 4 x + 4 , :
a. = 7
b. 7
20.
:
a. x 5 x 3 + 27 x 2 27 = 0
b. x 7 + 8 x 4 81x 3 = 648
14
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21.
d ( x 2 ,3) 1 .
22.
= + 3 2 , 13 22 .
a. 2 3 .
b.
.
23.
:
a. = x 2 + 2 x + 1 + x 2 10 x + 25
b. = x 4 + 4 y 2 + y 4 + 4 x 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 1
25.
a.
54 + 14 5
b.
15 4 11
c.
39 432
24.
x =
x ;
2 x 5 +
2x
26.
:
x+ y
x+ y 2
, x, y 0
a.
2
b.
2006 + 2007 + 2009 + 2010 4 2008
27.
:
a.
, , 0
b.
+2
( 3x 5)
+ 2 4 4 = + 2 , 0
2
15
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