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Chemistry 3
Chemistry 3
Chemistry 3
bB
cC
dD
kforward
[C]c [D]d
kforward
or
.
The
ratio
is known
=
a
b
k
kreverse
[A] [B]
reverse
as the equilibrium constant, Keq, for the reaction. So,
Keq =
[C]c [D]d
[A]a
[B]b
acidgives
H+ to
B to
form A-
A-
baseaccepts
H+ from
HA to
form HB+
baseaccepts
H+ from
HB+ to
form HA
conjugate
base of HA
conjugate
acid of A-
HB+
conjugate
base of HB+
acidgives
H+ to
A- to
form B
conjugate
acid of B
HS
Base
Base
Acid
H2O
H3O +
SH-
H2O
S-2
OH
H3N(CH2)4NH3+2 + Cl-
SB=stronger base
WB=weaker base
HCl + H2O
SB
SA
Cl + H3O
WA
WB
O
O
H3C
C OH + H2O
WB
WA
H3C
O
H3C
C OH + OH
SB
SA
C O + H3O
SA
SB
H3C
C O + H2O
WA
WB
Therefore,
acid strength: HCl > H3O+ > H3CCOOH > H2O
base strength: OH > H3 CCOO > H2O > Cl
Note that the stronger an acid is, the weaker its
conjugate base is. Does this make sense to you? [It
should!]
Quantative measure of Bronsted-Lowry acidity
+ H2O
HA
Keq =
Keq =
or
[A] [H3O]
[HA] [H2O]
+ H3O
[A] [H3O]
[HA] (55.5)
Keq (55.5) =
[A] [H3O]
[HA]
= Ka
pKa = -logKa
The smaller (or the more negative) the pKa,
the larger the Ka, and the stronger the acid.
OH-
C
H
H + OH
H3C
C + H2O
H
The next step involves the anion formed in the first step
acting as a Lewis base in its attack on the partially
positively charged C=O carbon of benzaldehyde to
form a covalent bond that joins these two moieties
together.
H3C
O
+ H
C6H5
H
H3C
C6H5
H3C
C6H5 + H2O
C6H5 + OH
H3C
OH
H3C
C6H5
H2O +
O
H3C
C6H5
Do it!