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Exercise 2.8 (Solutions)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.1

Taylor Series Expansion of Function

h2
h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
Maclaurin Series
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +

x2
x3

f (0) +
f (0) + ....
2!
3!

Question # 1(i)
Let f ( x ) = ln(1 + x)
f (0) = ln(1 + 0) = 0
d
1
1
f ( x ) =
ln(1 + x) =
f (0) =
= 1
dx
1+ x
1+ 0
d
-1
-2
-2
f ( x ) =
f (0) = - (1 + 0 ) = - 1
(1 + x ) = - (1 + x )
dx
d
-(1 + x) -2 = + 2(1 + x) -3
f ( x) =
f (0) = 2(1 + 0) -3 = 2
dx
d
-3
-4
-4
f ( iv ) ( x) =
2 (1 + x ) = - 6 (1 + x )
f (iv ) (0) = - 6 (1 + 0 ) = - 6
dx
By Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
x2
x3
x4
ln(1 + x ) = 0 + x(1) + (-1) + (2) + (-6) + ......
2!
3!
4!
2
3
4
x
x
x
= x+
(2) (6) + ......
2 1 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x 2 x3 x4
= x - + - + ......
2
3 4
Question # 1(ii)
f ( x ) = cos x f (0) = cos(0)
Let
d
f ( x ) =
cos x = - sin x

dx
d
f ( x) =
( - sin x ) = - cos x
dx
d
f ( x) =
( - cos x ) = + sin x
dx
d
f ( iv ) ( x) =
sin x = cos x

dx
d
f ( v ) ( x) =
cos x = - sin x

dx
d
f ( vi ) (0) =
( - sin x ) = - cos x
dx
Now by Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
2!
3!

= 1
f (0) = - sin(0) = 0
f (0) = - cos(0) = - 1
f (0) = sin(0) = 0

f (iv ) ( x ) = cos(0) = 1
f (v ) ( x) = - sin(0) = 0
f ( vi ) ( 0 ) = - cos(0) = - 1
f (0) + ......

FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 2

x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
cos x = 1 + x(0) + (-1) + (0) + (1) + (0) + (-1) + ......
2!
3!
4!
5!
6!
2
4
6
x
x
x
= 1+ 0 - + 0 +
+ 0 - + ......
2!
4!
6!
2
4
6
x
x
x
= 1 - + - + ......
2! 4! 6!
Question # 1(iii)
Let f ( x ) = 1 + x
1

= (1 + x ) 2
f (0) = (1 + 0) 2 = 1
1
1
1
d
-1
-1
f ( x) =
(1 + x ) 2 = (1 + x ) 2 (1) = (1 + x ) 2
dx
2
2
1
1
1
f ( 0 ) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
2
2
1
1
d 1
-
-3
2 = - (1 + x ) 2
f ( x ) =
1
x
+
(
)

4
dx 2
1
1
-3
f (0) = - (1 + 0 ) 2 = 4
4
3
1 d
3
1 3
-5
-5
f ( x) = 1 + x ) 2 = - - (1 + x ) 2 = (1 + x ) 2
(

4 dx
4 2
8
3
3
-5
f ( 0 ) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
8
8
Now by Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
1 x 2 1 x3 3
1 + x = 1 + x + - + + .....
2 2! 4 3! 8
1 x 2 1 x3 3
= 1 + x + - + + .....
2 2 4 6 8
x x 2 x3
= 1 + - + + .....
2 8 16
1

Question # 1(iv)
Let f ( x ) = e x f (0) = e 0 = 1
d x
f ( x ) =
e = e x f ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
dx
d x
f ( x ) =
e = e x f ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
dx
d x
f ( x ) =
e = e x f ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
dx
By Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
x2
x3
x
e = 1 + x (1) + (1) + (1) + .....
2!
3!
2
3
x
x
= 1 + x + + + .....
2! 3!

( )

( )
( )

FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 3

Questoion # 1(v)
f (0) = e2(0) = e0 = 1
Let f ( x ) = e 2 x
d 2x
f ( x ) =
e
f ( 0 ) = 2e 2(0) = 2(1) = 2
= 2e 2 x
dx
d 2x
f ( x ) = 2
e
= 2 2e2 x = 4e 2 x f ( 0 ) = 4e 2(0) = 4(1) = 4
dx
d 2x
f ( x ) = 4
e
= 4 2e 2 x = 8e2 x f ( 0 ) = 8 e2(0) = 8
dx
By Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
x2
x3
e 2 x = 1 + x (2) + (4) + (8) + .....
2!
3!
2
3
4x
8x
= 1 + 2x +
+
+ .....
2!
3!

( )

( )
( )

(
(

)
)

Question # 2
Let f ( x ) = cos x
d
f ( x ) =
cos x = - sin x
dx
d
f ( x ) = - sin x = - cos x
dx
d
f ( x ) = - cos x = - ( - sin x ) = sin x
dx
By Taylor series
h2
h3

f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
h2
h3
cos ( x + h ) = cos x + h ( - sin x ) + ( - cos x ) + ( sin x ) + ......
2!
3!
2
3
h
h
cos ( x + h ) = cos x - h sin x - cos x + sin x + ......
2
3
p
= 0.01745 rad
Put x = 60o and h = 1o =
180
2
3
0.01745 )
0.01745 )
(
(
cos ( 60 + 1) = cos60 - ( 0.01745 ) sin 60 cos60 +
sin 60 + ......
2
3
( 0.000305) 0.5 + ( 0.00000531) 0.866 + ......
cos61o = 0.5 - ( 0.01745 )( 0.866 ) ( )
(
)
2
6
= 0.5 - 0.0151117 - 0.000076125 + 0.000000072 + ......
= 0.484812247 0.4848
Question # 3
Let f ( x) = 2 x
d x
d x
f ( x ) =
2
Q
a = a x ln a
dx
dx
x
= 2 ln 2
2
d
f ( x ) = ln 2 2 x = ln 2 2 x ln 2 = ( ln 2 ) 2 x
dx
2 d
2
3
f ( x ) = ( ln 2 )
2 x = ( ln 2 ) 2 x ln 2 = ( ln 2 ) 2 x
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 4

Now by Taylor series

h2
h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
2
3
h2
h3
2 x+ h = 2 x + h 2 x ln 2 + ( ln 2 ) 2 x + ( ln 2 ) 2 x + ......
2!
3!
2
3

2 h
3 h
= 2 x 1 + ( ln 2 ) h + ( ln 2 )
+ ( ln 2 )
+ ......
2!
3!

Question # 2(Old Book)

Let f ( x) = sin x and h = y
d
f ( x) =
sin x = cos x
dx
d
f ( x ) =
cos x = - sin x
dx
d
f ( x ) = - sin x = - cos x
dx
d
f ( iv ) ( x ) = - cos x = - ( - sin x ) = sin x
dx
d
f ( v ) ( x) =
sin x = cos x
dx
Now by Taylor series
h2
h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
y2
y3
y4
y5
sin( x + y ) = sin x + y (cos x) + (- sin x ) + (- cos x) + (sin x) + (cos x ) + .....
2!
3!
4!
5!
2
4
3
5

y
y
y
y
= sin x 1 +
- .... + cos x y +
- ....
2! 4!
3! 5!

Since cos y = 1 -

y 2 y4
y 3 y5
+
- .... and sin y = y +
- ....
2! 4!
3! 5!

Therefore
sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Question # 3(Old Book)
Do yourself as above. Find first 5 derivatives; use Taylor series and take cos x
and - sin x common.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org
September 11, 2005

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