2

Matrix and Determinant

m
n
m-by-n
mn
i j Ai,j
A[i,j] aij , 1 i m 1
jn

A 43.
2 3 A[2,3]
a(2,3) 7

(diagonal matrix)

0
1 0 0

C 0 2 0
0 0 3

 (Scalar matrix)


1

(Identity matrix)
0
0
2
1 0 0
D 0 2 0
0 0 2

I2

I 3 0 1 0
0 0 1

 (Triangular
matrix)

0
2 3 1
A 0 1 3
0 0 4
Upper triangular matrix

2 0 0

B 1 1 0
5 3 4
Lower triangular matrix

(Transpose
matrix)

1 1
A

2 4

1 2
A

1 4

4 2 6
B

1 5 3

4 1

t
B 2 5
6 3

 Transpose matrix
1.
2.
3.
4.

A A
kA kA
t t

( A B) A B
( AB) B A

A B aij mn bij mn

3 6 1
A

2 4 11

0 5 7
B

8 10 9

3 1 8
A B

10 6 20



AB
A B B A

A
B

A ( B C ) ( A B) C

A0 A
A A 0

mn

kA kaij

C ( A B) CA CB


C mq Amn Bnq
n

cij

ik

bkj

k 1

A 1 2 4

A B 2 21

A B 2 21

A
B

5
0

B 7 4
3 6


( AB )C A( BC )

I n A A AI n
A( B C ) AB AC

( B C ) A BA CA

AB BA


det(A)

A

1. ()

2x2 (

-

a b
A
det A ad cb

c d
+

 3x3
a1

A a2
a3

b1
b2
b3

c1 a1

c2 a2
c3 a3
+

b1
b2
b3
+

det A a1b2 c3 b1c2 a3 c1a2 b3

a3b2 c1 b3c2 a1 c3 a 2 b1

 Determinant Cofactor
Cofactor Aij Matrix A i Column j
(
) cofactor
1. A12 A23

2 1 0
A 9 4 6
5 3 8

 A12 1 Column 2
2 1 0
9 4 6

5 3 8

9 6
5 8

(-1)(1+2)
A12 1

(1 2)

9 6
42
5 8

 1. ()

A23 2 Column 3
2 1 0
9 4 6

5 3 8

2 1
5 3

(-1)(2+3)
A23 1

(2 3)

2 1
1
5 3

Cofactor
Column
Column

 2. Determinant Matrix
4 3 1 0
1 2 3 5

A
0 1 1 2

Column
0
2

3
5

1

Column 1
0 2
Column 1
Cofactor
2 Cofactor
Column

1. Column 1

a11
a
21
a31

a41

a12

a13

a22
a32
a42

a23
a33
a43

a14
a24
a34

a44

a11 a21 a31 a41

det( A) a11 A11 a21 A21 a31 A31 a41 A41

( 1

det( A) a11 A11 a12 A12 a13 A13 a14 A14 )

 Cofactor
A
A
A11 A21
31
41

A11 1

2 3 5

11

1 1 2
2 3 5

2
11

A 0
11

(


3
A21 1

2 1

1 1 2 (3)(1)(5) (1)(2)(2) (0)(1)(3) (2)(1)(0) (2)(3)(3) (1)(1)(5)

2 3 5

( 15 4 0 0 18 5) 2

det( A) (4)(0) (1)(2) (0)( A31 ) (0)( A41 ) 2



1.

2. 2 2

0
3. det(At)=det (A)
4. A triangular matrix
A11A22
Ann
5. det (AB)=det(A)det(B)
6. det(kA)=det(kInA)=kndet(A)
7. det(A-1)=1/det(A)



8.

k
k

9.
0

0
10.

Elementary
Matrix operation

Matrix
Normal form
Inverse matrix
[A : I] [I : B]
Elementary operation

Operation
Operation

 Elementary row operation Inverse

( Elementary column operation Inv
3. Inverse matrix
Matrix
Elementary row
operation 5 5 0 10
1 0 4
8

A
2 3 4
0

0
4

10.5

1. Matrix

A I I B ,

B inverse( A)

 Matrix
5

A: I
2

5 0
10
0 4
8
3 4
0
4 2 10.5

1
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0

inverse( A)

Elementary row operation
1 0 0 0 b11 b12 b13 b14
Matrix 0 1 0 0 b21 b22 b23 b24

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

b31 b32
b41 b42

b33 b34

b43 b44

2. Matrix [A : I ]
2.1 a11 1
a11 1 2
R1 / 5

5 5

1 0

2 3

0
4

10
8

0 4 2 10.5

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

1
2

1 0
2
0 4
8
3 4
0
4 2 10.5

0.2
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0

2.2. a21, a31, a41 0

2.2.1 2 ( 1)*a21
2.2.2 3 ( 1)*a31
2.2.3 4 ( 1)*a41

R2 R1
R3 2R1

1 1

1 0

0
4

2
8

2 3 4
0

0 4 2 10.5

0.2 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

1 1 0
2

6
0 1 4
0 1 4
4

0 4 2 10.5

0.2
0.2
0.4
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0

2.3 a22 1 2 a22

R2

1 1

0 1

0
4

2
6
4

2 10.5

0.2 0 0 0

0.2 1 0 0
0.4 0 1 0

0
0 0 1

1 1

0 1 4
0 1 4

0 4 2 10.5

0 0

0.2 1 0 0
0.4 0 1 0

0
0 0 1
0.2

2.4 a12, a32, a42 0

2.4.1 1 ( 2)*a12
2.4.2 3 ( 2)*a32
2.4.3 4 ( 2)*a42
R1 R2

1 1

2
6

R3 R2

0 1 4
0 1 4

R4 4R2

0 4 2 10.5

0 0

0.2 1 0 0
0.4 0 1 0

0
0 0 1
0.2

1 0

0 1 4
0 0 8

6
2

0 0 14 13.5

0 0

0.2 1 0 0
0.6 1 1 0

0.8 4 0 1
0

2.5 a33 1 3 a33

1 0

0 1 4
0 0 8

R3 / 8

0 0

0.2 1 0 0
0.6 1 1 0

0.8 4 0 1
0

0 0 14 13.5

1 0

0
1

6
0.2

1
0
0

0 0 1 0.25 0.075 0.125 0.125 0

4
0
1
0 0 14 13.5 0.8
4

2.6 a13, a23, a43 0

2.6.1 1 ( 3)*a13
2.6.2 2 ( 3)*a23
2.6.3 4 ( 3)*a43

R1 4R3
R2 4R3
R4 14R3

1 0

0
1

6
0.2

1
0
0

0 0 1 0.25 0.075 0.125 0.125 0

4
0
1
0 0 14 13.5 0.8
4

0
0

0
1
0
0

0
7
0.3
0.5 0.5
0 5 0.1
0.5
0.5
1 0.25 0.075 0.125 0.125
0 10 0.25
2.25 1.75

0
0

2.7 a44 1 4 a4

R4 / 10

0
0

0
1
0
0

0
7
0.3
0.5 0.5
0 5 0.1
0.5
0.5
1 0.25 0.075 0.125 0.125
0 10 0.25
2.25 1.75

1 0 0

0
0

0
1
0

0.1

0.5
0.5
0

0 0 1 0.25 0.075 0.125 0.125

0

0
0
0
1
0.025
0.225

0.175
0.1

0.3

0.5

0.5

2.8 a14, a24, a34 0

2.8.1 1 ( 4)*a14
2.8.2 2 ( 4)*a24
2.8.3 3 ( 4)*a34

R1 7R4
R2 5R4

R3 0.25R4

1 0 0

0
1
0

0.1

0.5
0.5
0

0 0 1 0.25 0.075 0.125 0.125

0

0
0
0
1
0.025
0.225

0.175
0.1

0.3

0
0

0
1
0
0

0.5

0
0
1
0

0.5

0 0.125
1.075
0.725
0.7

0 0.025
0.625
0.375
0.5
0 0.08125 0.06875 0.16875 0.025

1 0.025
0.225
0.175
0.1


0.125

1.075

0.725

0.025

0.625

0.375

0.7

0.5

A1
0.08125 0.06875 0.16875 0.025

0.025
0.225

0.175
0.1

1
A

A
I

0
5 5
1 0 4

2 3 4

10
8
0

0.7 1 0
0.025
0.625
0.375
0.5 0 1

0.08125 0.06875 0.16875 0.025 0 0

0.025
0.225
0.175
0.1 0 0
0.125

0 4 2 10.5

1.075

0.725

0 0
0 0
1 0

0 1

()

 Elementary operation
Matrix Normal form

Row operation Column

operation
Matrix

I n 0
0 0

I n

0 Zero matrix

In
0

 Operation


0 Operation

Normal form
Rank Matrix A Matrix
A Determinant
0
Rank Determinant
A Normal form A

rank matrix

 Rank Normal form

A

1. A Normal form Element

Elementary column operation
2. Matrix I Normal form A
Normal form A A
4. Rank Matrix A
2
7 2 1
0 2 6

A
2 3 4
0

0 4 2 10.5

1
0

0
1
0
0

1. Matrix
Matrix Normal form
0
0
1
0

0
0
0

Rank=4

1
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0

Rank=3

1
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

Rank=2

1
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

Rank=1

 Normal form
(
Normal form row
column operation
inverse matrix

2.1
a11
Row
1 operation
1

3
(
) 7 )
2
7 2 1
0 2 6

2 3 4
0

0
4

10.5

0
2 3 4
0 2 6

7 2 1
2

0
4

10.5

rank

2.1.1 1 a11
R1 / 2

2
0

0
3

7 2 1
2

0
4

10.5

0
1 1.5 2
0 2

6
3

7 2 1
2

0
4

10.5

2.2 a21, a31, a41 0 (a21, a41

R3 7R1

1 1.5
0 2

7 2
0

2
6
1

0
3

2 10.5

1
0

1.5

0 12.5 13
0

0
3

10.5

2.3 a22 1 2 a22

R2 / 2

1
0

1.5
2

2
6

0 12.5 13

0
3
2

10.5

2
0
1 1.5
0

1
3
1.5

0 12.5 13
2

0
4

10.5

2.4 a12, a32, a42 0

R1 1.5 R2
R3 12.5 R2
R4 4R2

2
0
1 1.5
0

1
3
1.5

0 12.5 13
2

0
4

10.5

1
0

0 2.5 9 / 4
1
3
1.5
0 24.5 67 / 4

0 14 33 / 2

2.5 a33 1 3 a33

R3 / 24.5

1 0 2.5
0 1
3

0 0 24.5

0 0

14

9 / 4
1.5
67 / 4

33 / 2

1 0 2.5 9 / 4
0 1

3
1.5

0 0
1
67 / 98

0
0

14

33
/
2

2.6 a13, a23, a43 0

R1 2.5 R3
R2 3R3
R4 14R3

1
0

0 2.5 9 / 4
1
3
1.5
0
1
67 / 98

0 14 33 / 2

1 0 0 53 / 98
0 1 0 27 / 49

0 0 1 67 / 98

0
0
0

97
/14

matrix Determinant Upper triangular

matrix
Determinant
Upper triangular matrix
0 Rank Upper
triangular matrix 4
2.7
a44matrix
1

a44

A 4 A
Rank 1 40 053 / 98
1 0 0 53 / 98

97
R4 /
14

0 1 0 27 / 49

0 0 1 67 / 98

0
0
0

97
/14

0 1 0 27 / 49

0 0 1 67 / 98

0
0
0
1

2.8 a14, a24, a34 0

53
R1 98
R4
R2 27
R
49 4

R3 67
R
98 4

1 0 0 53 / 98
0 1 0 27 / 49

0 0 1 67 / 98

0
0
0
1

1
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0

Normal form A I4 A
Rank
matrix Normal form

1 Inverse matrix
(2-3 )
2 Cramers rule

Gauss-Elimination

3
5.

Cramers
rule
x y 3z 0
y 4z 0
x yz 5

 1. Matrix
1 1 3
0 1 4

1 1 1

x 0
y 0

z 5

2. Determinant A
1

det( A) 0

4 6

1 1 1

3. x
0 1 3
0 1 4
5 1 1 5
x

det( A)
6

4. y

1 0 3
0 0 4
y

5. z

1 5 1
det( A)
1 1 0
0 1 0
1 1 5
det( A)

10

Crammer rule
( 3)

 6
Gauss-Elimination
x 2 y 2 z 3w 8
2 x 3 y 4 z w 7
x 4 y z 2 w 11
4 x 5 y 2 z 4 w 28

1. Matrix
1 2 2 3 x 8
2 3 4 1 y 7

1 4 1 2 z 11

4
5

2
4

w 28

2. Augmented matrix
1

2 2 3 8

4
1

1 4 1 2 11

4 5 2 4 28

3. Matrix
1

0
0

...
1
0
0

...
...
1
0

... ...

... ...
... ...

1 ...

4. Elementary row operation Augment

( Row operation C
4.1 a11 1 1 a11 (
a11
4.2
1a, a, ) a 0
21

R2 2R1
R3 R1
R4 4R1

31

41

2 2 3 8

3 4 1 7
1 4 1 2 11

4 5 2 4 28

2 2

7
0

23

0 6 3 5 19

3
6

4.3 a22 1 2 a22

1
R2 / 7

2 2

1 2 2 3
8

0
1
0
5
/
7
23
/
7

0 6 3 5 19

3
6

7
0

23

0 6 3 5 19

0 3 6 8 4

4.4 a32, a42 0

R3 6R2
R4 3R2

2 2 3
8

1 0 5 / 7 23 / 7
0 6 3 5 19

3
6

1 2 2

0
1
0
5
/
7
23
/
7

0 0 3 5 / 7 5 / 7

0 0 6 41/ 7 41/ 7

4.5 a33 1 3 a33

R3 / 3

3
8

5 / 7 23 / 7
0 0 3 5 / 7 5 / 7

0
0
6

41/
7
41/
7

1 2 2

1 2 2

0 1 0

0 1
0 0

0 0

5 / 7 23 / 7
5 / 21 5 / 21

41/ 7 41/ 7

4.6 a43 0
1 2 2

R4 6R3

0 0

0 1
0 0

5 / 7 23 / 7
5 / 21 5 / 21

41/ 7 41/ 7

1 2 2

0 0

0 1
0 0

5 / 7 23 / 7
5 / 21 5 / 21

31/ 7 31/ 7

5. Matrix (B
5.1 4 w = -1
5.2 3
5
5
z w
21
21

z=0

5.3 2
5
23
y w
7
7

y=4
5.4 1
x 2 y 2 z 3w 8

x=3

x = 3, y = 4, z

= 0, w = -1