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Culture Documents
Þ° '1
Þ° '1
Þ° '1
ºÌÀœ’×Å)
‘×’Ì’Æ’Ö2 —×èãÅ3 ƒÏ™’é³. µ‘ò °’Ï¢œ’Æ’Ö4 ƒÏ™’þéò. ™Ì™5 þº‘
þׯ¨Å. þºÏ¹³6 ’¥Æ‘³7. ½×¯¦8 ’¥Æ‘³. ‚íé›ÌÆ’Ö9 ŠÏ þ°‘«’
ƒÏ™’é³. µ‘ò þ°‘«’™‘Ìî’¥Å10 “‡òî ™Ì™ —‘¯¨ þº‘11. …î™ º´³
—×èã’Æ12 —‘¨¿þºò.” ‡òì13 —œ‘Ö’þéò14. ×ò “œÌ’” ‡òì —œ‘Ö’é‘ò.
ƒ¿þº‘³ þ°‘«’ ‚íé’ò15 µ¨×’Ö16 ƒÏ™’é³. µ‘ñÅ þ°‘«’™‘ÌñÅ17 þ°‘«’Æ’Ö
ƒÏ™’þé‘Å. µ‘ò ×Š—œ‘Ö’þéò, “°Åº’! µ“ ƒã£ò18. …î™ º¦™ —°Ì’ÉÀ‘?”
“ƒÖÒ”
“¥¥‘!19 µ“ בâ™Æ’Ö20 ÃòþîìבƑ21?! …ò ב♠º‘°’22 ד¯23.”
“‰Æ‘24! …›æ™ µ“¢œÖ25 —°Ì’ÉÀ‘?”
“—°Ì’Æ‘³.”
“¥¥‘! …›è ב♠Ãà׳Å26 ד¯. þ°‘«’Æ’Ö ‹ª¥27 ƒÏ™’é³. ‡î™
µ“œ¢Ö —°Ì’ÉÅ.”
1
þ°‘«’ = boat
2
‘×’Ì’ = Kaveri, important river in Thamilnadu
3
—×èãÅ = flood
4
°’Ï¢œ’ = °’Ï¢œ’Ì‘¿º‘èã’ = Thiruchi, a big city in Thamilnadu
5
Ì = shore ; ™Ì = that shore ; ™Ì™ = to that shore
6
þºÏ¹³ = bus
7
’¥Æ‘³ = “There is no ___”
8
½×¯¦ = train ; ½ = smoke ; ׯ¦ = vehicle
9
‚íé›Ì = ‚ì + Ì = river bank
10
þ°‘«’™‘Ìò = boat man ; þ°‘«’™‘ÌŠ= to the boatman
11
—‘¯¨ þº‘ = take (something) to (a place)
12
—×èã’ = dollar (they use this word for ‘dollar’ in Singapore)
13
‡òì is the quotation word. It is used to quote something.
14
—œ‘Ö4 = say
15
‚ì + ƒò
16
µ¨×’Ö = middle
17
and = …Å – it gets added to both words; —œ¹°’ÕÅ À‘ÏÅ = sendhil and kumar
18
ƒã£ò = youth (male); youngster (male)
19
¥¥‘ = an expression, loosely translated as ‘too bad’
20
ב♠= life
21
Ãòþîì3 = make progress, advance
22
º‘°’ = half
23
ד¯ = waste
24
‰Æ‘ = a term of respect
25
µ“¢œÖ = swimming
26
Ãà׳Š= entire, complete
27
‹ª¥ = hole
’Ì‘ÀÅ (adapted from A Basic Tamil Reader and Grammar by James Lindholm and . ºÌÀœ’×Å)
°À’â µ‘ª¦Ö œ’òî™ ’Ì‘À´°’ÕÅ À’òœ‘Ì ×œ°’ ƒÏ™’é³. ºÒ ד¨ã’Ö À’òœ‘Ì ×’ã™
ƒÏ™’é³.
ƒ¹°¿ º¥´°¿ º‘Ï›è. ƒ³ °À’â µ‘ª¦ò º¥Å. °À’â µ‘ª¨™ —°ò’Ý™þ ƒÒ›
ƒÏ™’é³. ƒÒ›™ þ×ì —ºÆÑ ƒÏ™’é³. ³ „ÝÅ. °À’â µ‘ª¨™ ×¥ ’Ý™’Ö
‚¹°’Ì‘ ƒÏ™’é³. ƒ°ñ¥Æ Ãà¿—ºÆÑ ‚¹°’Ì¿ º’Ìþ°œÅ. °À’â µ‘ª¨™ ×¥ þÀí’Ö
ÏŠƒÏ™’é³. Ãòþî ƒ°ò —ºÆÑ À¡Ñ. °À’â µ‘ª¨™ þÀíþ þÌã‘
ƒÏ™’é³.
°À’â µ‘ª¦Ö þ×ì —ºÌ’Æ †Ñè ƒÏ™’òéî. × À³Ì, °’Ï¢œ’Ì‘¿ºèã’, þœÒÅ,
þ‘ÆŽ´àÑ, °¤œ‘ÛÑ.
À³Ì °À’â µ‘ª¦ò À’¿ ºÝÆ µÌÅ. ƒ³ Ãòþî º‘¯¦ÆÑã’ò °Ò µÌÅ. °¤œ‘ÛÑ
‘×’Ì’ (‘þ×Ì’) ‚íé’ò ÌÆ’Ö ƒÏ™’é³. ƒ³ Ãòþî þœ‘ÝÑã’ò °Ò µÌÅ.
þ‘ÆŽ´àÌ’Ö µ’éÆ ‚Òè ƒÏ™’òéî. ƒ³ ŠÏ —°‘Ý’Ö µÌÅ.
°¤œ‘ÛÑ À‘ת¥Å °À’â µ‘ª¦ò —µÖ 㤜’ÆÅ. —µÖ ×ã´³™ Ù’Æ™ ‘Ì«Å ‘×’Ì’
‚ì.
‘×’Ì’ ‚íì™ µ¨×’Ö Äòì °“Úè ƒÏ™’òéî. Ù’Æ´ °“Ú °’Ï×Ì›Å. (Ì›Å
‡òé‘Ö ‚íì´ °“Ú.) °’Ï×Ì› °“Ú °’Ï¢œ’Ì‘¿ºèã’™ º™´°’Ö ƒÏ™’é³. ƒ¹° °“×’Ö
ƒÏ þ‘×’Öè ƒÏ™’òéî. ƒ¹° þ‘×’Öã’Ö ‡ÖÒ‘ À‘°›ã’ÕÅ °’Ï×’Ý‘ ƒÏ™’é³.
‡ÖÒ‘ À‘°›ã’Ö+…Å = in all À‘°›è ; adding the -…Å emphasizes the word ‘all’
µ’Šµ¥¿½Å (adapted from A Basic Tamil Reader and Grammar by James Lindholm and . ºÌÀœ’×Å)
‘ÒÆ’Ö £‘Æ’ì …°’´°³. ã´°’Ö °‘ÀÌ ¾ ÀÒѹ°³. ŠÏ þ°î“ ›þ ×¹³ °‘ÀÌ
¾×’Ö …ёѹ°³/ƒÏ¹°³. ¾×’ҒϹ³ þ°î ¦´°³. ‚î‘Ö °ñ¥Æ ‚œ
éÆ×’ÖÒ. ³ ºÖ Ãà׳Šþ°î ¦´°³. À‘Ò þµÌ´°’Ö °‘ÀÌ ¾ ˜Åº’î³.
þ°î“ °‘ÀÌ ¾Ú™è ƒÏ¹°³. þ°î“Æ‘Ö —×ã’þÆ ×Ì Ã¦×’ÖÒ. ‚î‘Ö ³
×Ò¿º¥×’ÖÒ.
“µ‘ò ƒ¹° ¾Ú™è ƒÌÚ °›þ×ò. —º‘à³ ×’¦ÉÅ. £‘Æ’ì …°’™Å. °‘ÀÌ À캦ÉÅ
ÀÒÏÅ. ¿þº‘³ µ‘ò —×ã’þÆ ºé¿þºò.” ‡òì þ°î“ µ’î´°³. ¿þº‘³ ›þ ŠÏ
Æ‘î ×¹°³. °¯«“Ì’Ö ƒé›’î³. Æ‘îÆ’ò ‘Õ™ ¦Æ’Ö °‘ÀÌ ¾ œ’™’î³. ¾
µŸ›’î³. þ°î“ ƒé¹°³.
ºÝ—À‘Ý’è = proverbs
×è, “‰þÆ‘ ‡òé‘Ö ‡òî? ° ‡¿º¦ —œËÆ þׯ¨Å?” ‡òì þª¥‘è.
“ƒ¹° º¯¥Å …î™ —°Ì’Æ‘°‘? ‡òî ˆÀ‘íé º‘Ñ™’é‘Æ‘?” ‡òì —œ‘ÖÒ’ ¯«ò
³«×’Æ ˆœ’î‘ò(°’ª¦î‘ò). º’ò½ ×ã ¦™ —°‘¥›’î‘ò.
×ñ™Å ×æ™Å —µ¨ µ‘è …éÚ ƒÏ¹°³. ×Ñè ƒÏ×ÏÅ œ’ì º’èãã‘
ƒÏ¹° ‘Ò´°’þÒþÆ ºÝ™Å ˆíºª¥³. ×ò —°Ï À«Ò’Ö ×“¨ ª¦ ×’ãÆ‘¨×‘è. ×ò
¹° ×Ý’Æ‘ ×Ïבò. “‡òîÉÅ ×’ãÆ‘ª¦Ö þœÑ´³ —‘è” ‡òì —œ‘Öבò. ×è
“þœÑ™ À‘ªþ¥ò” ‡òì —œ‘Öבè. ×è ‚œþÆ‘¨ ª¦î דª¥ ×ò °ò ‘Ò‘Ö
œ’°¿º‘ò. œ’Ò œÀÆÅ ×è º¹³ ×’ãÆ‘¨×‘è. ×ò º¹° ‡¨´³ —‘¯¨ ‹¦ ×’¨×‘ò.
ƒ¿º¦ —°‘¥›’î ×Ñæ¥Æ µª½ µ‘æ™ µ‘è ×ãѹ³ ×¹°³. ƒÏ×ÏÅ
ƒãźÏ×´° ¥¹°‘Ñè. ×Ñè °î’ÀÆ’Ö œ¹°’´°‘Ñè. ×Ñæ¥Æ œ¹°’¿½
Àíé×Ñæ™ —°Ì’Æ‘³ ‡òì ×Ñè µ’î´°‘Ñè.
‘Ò ˆÝÌ À«’. “°’Ìב!” ‡òì ÌÖ þª¥³. ˜¿º’ª¥×ò ¯«‘ÀÒ ‡òì °’Ì×ò
…«Ñ¹°‘ò. בœÕ™ ×¹°‘ò. “°’Ìב! ‚íì™ ×Ï’é‘Æ‘?” ‡òé‘ò ¯«‘ÀÒ.
“—‘¤œÅ ƒÏ. ƒþ°‘ ×¹³ ×’ªþ¥ò.”
°’Ì×ò דª¨™è þº‘Ë ³¯¥ÉÅ œÒ× ª¦ÆÉÅ ‡¨´³—‘¯¨ ×¹°‘ò.
×ñÅ ¯«‘ÀÒÉÅ …èçÑ¿ ºèã’™˜¥´°’Ö º´°‘Š׿½ º¦´³ —‘¯¨
ƒÏ¹°‘Ñè. ƒÏ×ÏÅ —µÏ›’Æ µ¯ºÑè. þºœ’™—‘¯þ¥ ‚íé›ÌÆ ¥¹°‘Ñè.
º¦´³éÆ’Ö °’Ì×ò þת¦™ œÒ× þº‘¥ ‚Ìź’´°‘ò. ¯«‘ÀÒ ÌÆ’Ö
…ª‘ѹ³ Ÿíé’ÕÅ º‘Ñ´³ —‘¯¨ ƒÏ¹°‘ò. º¦´³é™ ×¥ ½éÅ ŠÏ×ò ƒÌ¯¨
À‘¨ã ã’¿º‘ª¦ —‘¯¨ ƒÏ¹°‘ò. —°ò ½éÅ, ÌÆ’Ö —×ã’™ þº‘Ë ×’ª¨ ×¹°
ŠÏ×ò, ‘Ö à×’ —‘¯¨ ƒÏ¹°‘ò.
“µÅ µ‘¨ ‡¿þº‘³ °‘ò Ãòþîé þº‘’éþ°‘?” ‡òé‘ò ¯«‘ÀÒ.
“‡òî ¥‘, °’§Ñ ‡òì µ‘ª¨¿ºíì ×¹³ ƒÏ™’é³.”
“µ“ °‘ò º‘þÌò! ×¥™þ ŠÏ×ò À‘¨ ã’¿º‘ª¨’é‘ò. —°íþ ŠÏ×ò ‘Ö
àÚ’é‘ò. ƒ¹° °¯«“Ì’Ö °‘þî µ“ÉÅ µ‘ñÅ ã’™ þׯ¨Å? ƒ¹° °¯«“Ì °‘þî
ƒ¹° †Ñ À™è ‡ÖÒ‘Å ¦™ þׯ¨Å?”
“þ¥! …î™ ŠÏ ºÝ—À‘Ý’ —°Ì’ÉÀ‘? ‘°‘Æ °èã’î‘ÕÅ °¯«“Ì °èã æƑ³.’”
“ƒ¿º¦ ºÝÀ ºÝÀ ‡òì µ‘Å º’òþî þº‘Ë —‘¯¨ ƒÏ™’þé‘Å. ½³Àã
¯¨º’¦´³ þÀÖµ‘ª¥‘Ñ Ãòþîì’é‘Ñè.”
“°´³×Å þºœ‘þ°. ƒ›þ À‘¨ ã’¿º‘ª¨×³Å ‘Ö àÚ׳Š…ò ¯«’Ö º¨’é
‘Ì«´°‘Ö µ“ ‚´°’Ì¿º¨’é‘Ë. ƒ¹° ‚ì …íº´°’ ‚’é ƒ¥´°’ҒϹ³ ƒ¹° ƒ¥Å ×Ì
‡´°î þºÑ À‘Ÿ —œË’é‘Ñþã‘! ³ ‡ÖÒ‘Å …ò ¯«’Ö º¥×’ÖÒ. ‚þ× °
ºíé’ µ“ ‚´°’Ì¿º¥×’ÖÒ. ¿º¦ °‘þî?”
“ƒÖÒ ‡¹° ƒ¥´°’ÕÅ ‚íé’Ö À‘Ÿ —œËÆ ˜¥‘³ ‡òì °‘þî —œ‘Ö’þéò.”
“—º‘Ë. µ“ …¯ÀÆ’þÒþÆ ¿º¦ µ’î´°‘Ö ‡ò þÀþÒÉÅ ‚´°’Ì¿ºª¨ ƒÏ™
þׯ¨Å. µ‘ò þת¦™ œÒ× þº‘¨×³Å °¿½ °‘þî? µÀ™ þׯ¦Æ×Ñè —œË׳
°¿º‘ —°Ì’Æ×’ÖÒ. ¯®™ Àéב µ¥™’é °¿½ãÉÅ µ‘Å œ’¹°’¿º°’ÖÒ.”
“ƒ¿þº‘³ µ“ °´³×Å þºŸ’é‘Ë. ‚íì °¯«“Ì àËÀÆ‘ ×´³ —‘èã
þׯ¨À‘ ƒÖÒÆ‘? ƒ¹° þè×’™ º°’Ö —œ‘Ö.”
“°¯«“Ñ °‘î‘þ× àËÀ ‚’ ×’¨’éþ°! À“òè œ’Ò à™ã —‘´°’
×’¨’òéî. À«Ö þ×ì œ’Ò à™ã º¦Æ ×™’é³. þ°›’é œ‘™¥ µ‘íéÅ
‡¨™’鑳. ‹¨’é ‚ì ‡¿þº‘°‘׳ µ‘íéÅ ‡¨™’é°‘?”
“¯®™ —°Ì’Æ‘° ’ÏÀ’è. ‚íì °¯«“Ì’Ö ºÌ×Ò‘þÀ? à™ µ“Ñ °‘ò —°‘íì
þµ‘Ëæ™ ‘Ì«Å ‡òì º¦™’þé‘þÀ!”
“‚íì °¯«“Ì‘Ö —°‘íì þµ‘Ëè ×ÏÅ ‡òé‘Ö µÅ Ãòþî‘Ñè ‡ÖÒ‘Å ‡¿º¦
º’Ý´°‘Ñè? µ‘Å ‡¿º¦ º’é¹þ°‘Å?”
¯«‘ÀÒ º°’Ö —œ‘ÖÒ‘ÀÖ °¯«“Ì’Ö ƒé›’î‘ò. ƒ°íè °’Ì×ò þת¦Æ
³×´³ æ´³ ×’ª¥‘ò. ×ñÅ °¯«“Ì’Ö ƒé›’î‘ò. ×Ñæ™ Ãò½éÅ ŠÏ×ò
ºÖÒ þ°Ë´³ °¯«“Ì’Ö —‘¿ºã’´³ —‘¯¨ ƒÏ¹°‘ò.
“‰Æ‘! —‘¤œÅ °èã’ ³¿½›è. ƒ›þ ‚è ã’™’é³ ¯®™ —°Ì’Æ×’ÖÒÆ‘?”
‡òì °’Ì×ò þ‘ºÀ‘ þºœ’î‘ò.
¯«‘ÀÒ œ’Ì’´°‘ò.
‚ì = river ‘Ò = morning ˆâ + Ì = eleven + half
À«’ = time ÌÖ = voice ˜¿º’¨4 = call
…«Ñ2 = feel בœÖ = entrance, doorway —‘¤œÅ = a little bit
³¯¨ = towel œÒ× ªª = soap …èçÑ = local, “inside village”
ºèã’™˜¥Å = school º´°‘Å = tenth ׿½ = grade
3
—µÏ› = be close (—µÏ›’Æ = verbal adjective) µ¯ºÑ = friend
2
‚íé›Ì = river bank ¥ = reach, arrive º¦´³é = steps on river bank
4
þת¦ = vEtti þº‘¨ = put ‚Ìź’6 = begin
×¥ = north ½éÅ = side À‘¨ = cow
3
ã’¿º‘ª¨ = bathe (something) —°ò = south
Ì = bank (of river) —×ã’ = outside àÚ3 = wash
µ‘¨ = country Ãòþîì3 = improve, come up (Ãòþîé = infinitive)
þº‘’éþ°‘ = þº‘’é³ + ‹ = asking a rhetorical question
‡ò5 = say, tell (‡òé‘ò = past tense for ×ò)
°’§Ñ ‡òì = suddenly µ‘ª¨¿ºíì = nationalism
º‘þÌò = º‘Ñ + ˆò = why don’t you look ã’6 = shower, bathe
À™è = people ‡ÖÒ‘Å = everything (here: everyone)
ºÝ—À‘Ý’ = saying °èæ3 = push, shove
ºÝÀ = oldness º’ò = behind (here: backward) ½³À = newness
þÀÖµ‘¨ = western country ; þÀÖ µ‘ª¥‘Ñ = people in western countries
°´³×Å = philosophy º¨4 = here: to appear ‘Ì«Å = reason
4 4
‚´°’Ì¿º¨ = ‚´°’ÌÅ + º¨ = be angry …íº´°’ = production
3
‚/‚ = become ×Ì = until, up to À‘Ÿ = pollution
ºíé’ = about | Use Noun + ‰ for ºíé’ —º‘Ë = lie
6
…¯À = truth µ’î = think, believe ‡ò þÀÖ = here: at me
°¿½ = mistake ÀéÚ = ‘hidden-ness’ (Àéב = Noun + ‚)
6
œ’¹°’ = think, ponder àËÀ = cleanliness
þè×’ = question º°’Ö = answer °‘î‘ = by itself
À“ò = fish à™ = dirty —‘´³3 = peck at
À«Ö = sand þ×ì = other œ’Ò = some
2 3
º¦ = settle þ°› = stagnate (þ°›’é = present verbal adjective)
œ‘™¥ = ditch µ‘íéÅ = odor ‡¨6 = take, (here: to take on)
‹¨3 = run (‹¨’é = running) ’ÏÀ’ = bacteria
3
ºÌÚ = spread —°‘íì þµ‘Ë = leprosy —µ‘Ë = disease
A ‡òé‘Ö B = If A, then B Ãòþî‘Ñ = ancestors º’Ý6 = survive
ƒé›3 = climb down, descend ƒ°íè = ƒ³™ + …è = before it, inside it
³×6 = wash (clothes) æ6 = finish ºÖ = tooth, teeth
6
þ°Ë = brush (teeth), rub —‘¿ºã’6 = swish (and spit)
3
°èæ = move, shove ³¿½3 = spit ‚è = person
6
œ’Ì’ = smile, laugh