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(Vnmath - Com) Chuyen de LTDH 20140huythuong
(Vnmath - Com) Chuyen de LTDH 20140huythuong
2013 - 2014
KHO ST HM S
BIN SON: LU HUY THNG
H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
0968.393.899
www.VNMATH.com
CHUYN :
KHO ST S BIN THIN V V TH HM S
CC BI TON LIN QUAN N KHO ST HM S
VN 1: TNH N IU CA HM S
1. inh ngha:
Hm s f ng bin trn K (x1, x 2 K , x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ))
Hm s f nghch bin trn K (x1, x 2 K , x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ))
2. iu kin cn:
Gi s f c o hm trn khong I.
a) Nu f ng bin trn khong I th f '(x ) 0, x I
b) Nu f nghch bin trn khong I th f '(x ) 0, x I
3.iu kin :
Gi s f c o hm trn khong I.
a) Nu f '(x ) 0, x I ( f '(x ) = 0 ti mt s hu hn im) th f ng bin trn I.
b) Nu f '(x ) 0, x I ( f '(x ) = 0 ti mt s hu hn im) th f nghch bin trn I.
c) Nu f '(x ) = 0, x I , x I th f khng i trn I.
Ch : Nu khong I c thay bi on hoc na khong th f phi lin tc trn .
2) y = (4 x )(x 1)2
3) y = x 3 3x 2 + 4x 1
6) y =
4) y =
1 4
x 2x 2 1
4
5) y = x 4 2x 2 + 3
7) y =
2x 1
x +5
8) y =
10) y = x + 3 + 2 2 x
x 1
2 x
11) y =
2x 1 3 x
1 4
1
x + x2 2
10
10
9) y = 1
1
1x
12) y = x 2 x 2
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Hm s f ng bin trn D y 0, x D.
Hm s f nghch bin trn D y 0, x D.
T suy ra iu kin ca m.
Ch :
1) y = 0 ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im.
2) Nu y ' = ax 2 + bx + c th:
a = b = 0
c 0
y ' 0, x R
a > 0
a = b = 0
c 0
y ' 0, x R
a < 0
b
)
2a
Nu > 0 th g(x) c hai nghim x1, x2 v trong khong hai nghim th g(x) khc du vi a, ngoi khong hai nghim
th g(x) cng du vi a.
4) So snh cc nghim x1, x 2 ca tam thc bc hai g (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c vi s 0:
> 0
S < 0
> 0
S > 0
Tnh y.
Tm iu kin hm s c khong ng bin v nghch bin:
a 0
(1)
> 0
Bin i x1 x 2 = d thnh (x1 + x 2 )2 4x1x 2 = d 2
(2)
x +m
x m
2) y =
x 3 mx 2
2x + 1
3
2
4) y =
mx + 4
x +m
Tm m hm s:
1 3 1
x mx 2 + 2mx 3m + 1 nghch bin trn mt khong c di bng 3.
3
2
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1
3) y = x 3 + (m 1)x 2 + (m + 3)x 4 ng bin trn mt khong c di bng 4.
3
HT 4.
Tm m hm s:
1) y =
x3
+ (m + 1)x 2 (m + 1)x + 1 ng bin trn khong (1; +).
3
mx + 4
(m 2) ng bin trn khong (1; +).
x +m
4) y =
x +m
ng bin trong khong (1; +).
x m
Cho hm s
khong (; 0) . /s: m
HT 6.
Cho hm s
Cho hm s y
/s: m
HT 8.
5
4
Cho hm s
7
5
m
12
12
HT 10. Cho hm s y = x 3 mx 2 (2m 2 7m + 7)x + 2(m 1)(2m 3) . Tm m hm s ng bin trn [2; +).
/s: 1 m
5
2
---------------------------------------------------------
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VN 2: CC TR CA HM S
I. KIN THC CN NH
I.Khi nim cc tr ca hm s
Gi s hm s f xc nh trn tp D (D ) v x 0 D
1) x 0 im cc i ca f nu tn ti khong (a; b) D v x 0 (a; b) sao cho
f (x ) < f (x 0 ) , x (a; b) \ {x 0} .
Khi f (x 0 ) c gi l gi tr cc i (cc i) ca f .
2) x 0 im cc tiu ca f nu tn ti khong (a; b) D v x 0 (a; b) sao cho
f (x ) > f (x 0 ) , x (a; b) \ {x 0} .
Khi f (x 0 ) c gi l gi tr cc tiu (cc tiu) ca f .
3) Nu x 0 l im cc tr ca f th im (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) c gi l im cc tr ca th hm s f .
II. iu kin cn hm s c cc tr
Nu hm s f c o hm ti x 0 v t cc tr ti im th f '(x 0 ) = 0 .
Ch : Hm s f ch c th t cc tr ti nhng im m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng c o hm.
III. iu kin hm s c cc tr
1. nh l 1: Gi s hm s f lin tc trn khong (a; b) cha im x 0 v c o hm trn (a; b) \ {xo }
1) Nu f '(x ) i du t m sang dng khi x i qua x 0 th f t cc tiu ti x 0 .
2) Nu f '(x ) i du t dng sang m khi x i qua x 0 th f t cc i ti x 0
2. nh l 2: Gi s hm s f c o hm trn khong (a; b) cha im x 0 , f '(x 0 ) = 0 v c o hm cp hai khc 0 ti
im x 0 .
1) Nu f "(x 0 ) < 0 th f t cc i ti x 0 .
2) Nu f "(x 0 ) > 0 th f t cc tiu ti x 0 .
Tm f '(x ) .
Tm cc im x i (i = 1, 2,...) m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng c o hm.
Xt du f '(x ) . Nu f '(x ) i du khi x i qua x i th hm s t cc tr ti x i .
Qui tc 2: Dng nh l 2.
Tnh f '(x )
Gii phng trnh f '(x ) = 0 tm cc nghim x i (i = 1, 2,...)
Tnh f "(x ) v f "(xi ) (i = 1, 2,...) .
Nu f "(x i ) < 0 th hm s t cc i ti x i .
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Bi tp c bn
HT 11. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
1) y = 3x 2 2x 3
2) y = x 3 2x 2 + 2x 1
1
3) y = x 3 + 4x 2 15x
3
6) y =
4) y =
x4
x2 + 3
2
5) y = x 4 4x 2 + 5
7) y =
x 2 + 3x + 6
x +2
8) y =
3x 2 + 4x + 5
x +1
4x 2 + 2x 1
11) y =
13) y = x x 2 4
14) y = x 2 2x + 5
2x 2 + x 3
9) y =
x4
3
+ x2 +
2
2
x 2 2x 15
x 3
12) y =
3x 2 + 4x + 4
x2 + x + 1
15) y = x + 2x x 2
1
.
2
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HT 13. Tm a, b, c, d hm s:
1) y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d t cc tiu bng 0 ti x = 0 v t cc i bng
1
4
ti x =
3
27
2) y = ax 4 + bx 2 + c c th i qua gc to O v t cc tr bng 9 ti x =
3.
2) y = mx 3 + 3mx 2 (m 1)x 1
HT 15. Tm m hm s :
1) y = x 3 + 2(m 1)x 2 + (m 2 4m + 1)x 2(m 2 + 1) t cc tr ti hai im x1, x 2 sao cho:
1
1
1
+
= (x1 + x 2 ) .
x1 x 2
2
2) y =
1 3
x mx 2 + mx 1 t cc tr ti hai im x1, x 2 2 sao cho: x1 x 2 8 .
3
3) y =
1
1
mx 3 (m 1)x 2 + 3(m 2)x + t cc tr ti hai im x1, x 2 sao cho: x1 + 2x 2 = 1 .
3
3
HT 16. Tm m th hm s :
1) y = x 3 + mx 2 4 c hai im cc tr l A, B v AB 2 =
900m 2
.
729
1
2
4
/s: m ;1 \ {0}
3
HT 18. Tm m th hm s:
1) y = x 3 + 3x 2 + m c 2 im cc tr ti A, B sao cho AOB = 1200
/s: m = 0, m =
12 + 132
3
3 9
2) y = x 4 2mx 2 + 2 c 3 im cc tr to thnh 1 tam gic c ng trn ngoi tip i qua D ; /s: m = 1
5 5
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1
3
2 3
2
9
2) y = 4x 3 + mx 2 3x c hai im cc tr x1, x 2 tha mn: x1 +4x2 = 0 /s: m =
2
HT 20. Tm m hm s:
1) y = 2x 3 + 3(m 1)x 2 + 6(m 2)x 1 c ng thng i qua hai im cc tr song song vi ng thng
y = 4x 1 . /s: m = 5
2) y = 2x 3 + 3(m 1)x 2 + 6m(1 2m )x c cc im cc i, cc tiu ca th nm trn ng thng y = 4x .
/s: m = 1
3) y = x 3 + mx 2 + 7x + 3 c ng thng i qua cc im cc i, cc tiu vung gc vi ng thng
y = 3x 7 . /s: m =
3 10
2
1
5
x .
2
2
/s: m = 0
-------------------------------------------------------
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(a 0)
Tp xc nh D = .
th lun c mt im un v nhn im un lm tm i xng.
Cc dng th:
a>0
a<0
I
0
y ' = 0 c nghim kp
' = b 2 3ac = 0
y ' = 0 v nghim
' = b 2 3ac < 0
y
I
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3. Hm s trng phng y = ax 4 + bx 2 + c (a 0)
Tp xc nh D =
th lun nhn trc tung lm trc i xng.
Cc dng th:
a>0
a<0
y
y
c 3 nghim phn bit
ch c 1 nghim
4. Hm s nht bin y =
ax + b
(c 0; ad bc 0)
cx + d
d
Tp xc nh D = \
c
th c mt tim cn ng l
x=
d
a
v mt tim cn ngang l y = . Giao im ca hai tim cn l tm i
c
c
xng ca th hm s.
Cc dng th:
y
ad bc >
ad bc <
Bi tp c bn
HT 21. Kho st s bin thin v v th cc hm s sau:
x3
x2 + x 1
3
1. y = x 3 + 3x 2 1
2. y =
4. y = x 4 2x 2 + 2
5. y = x 4 x 2 + 1
7. y =
2x 1
x 1
8. y =
3. y =
6. y =
x3
+ x 2 2x + 1
3
x 1
x +1
x 1
2x + 1
----------------------------------------------------
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VN 4: S TNG GIAO CA CC TH
Dng ton 1: Dng th hm s bin lun s nghim phng trnh
C s ca phng php: Xt phng trnh:
(1)
f (x ) = g(x )
F (x, m) = 0 f (x ) = g(m )
(1)
g(m
yC
(C ) : y = f (x ) v d : y = g(m)
xA
(C)
(4) : y =
g(m)
yCT
HT 22. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s. Dng th (C) bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng
trnh:
1) y = x 3 3x + 1; x 3 3x + 1 m = 0
2) y = x 3 + 3x 1; x 3 3x + m + 1 = 0
3) y = x 3 3x + 1; x 3 3x m 2 2m 2 = 0
4) y = x 3 + 3x 1; x 3 3x + m + 4 = 0
5) y =
x4
+ 2x 2 + 2; x 4 4x 2 4 + 2m = 0
2
6) y = x 4 2x 2 + 2; x 4 2x 2 m + 2 = 0
HT 23. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s. Dng th (C) bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng
trnh:
1) (C ) : y = x 3 3x 2 + 6;
x 3 3x 2 + 6 m + 3 = 0
3
2) (C ) : y = 2x 3 9x 2 + 12x 4; 2 x 9x 2 + 12 x + m = 0
3) (C ) : y = (x + 1)2 (2 x ); (x + 1)2 2 x = (m + 1)2 (2 m )
4) (C ) : y =
x 1
x +1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
= m;
= m;
= m;
=m
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
------------------------------------------------
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x2
3
y = 2x 4
+ 3x
y =
2
2
1)
2)
x 1
2
x 1
y = x + 2x + 4
y = +
2 2
3
y = 4x 3x
3)
y = x + 2
HT 25. Tm m th cc hm s:
1) y = (x 1)(x 2 mx + m 2 3) ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
2) y = mx 3 + 3mx 2 (1 2m )x 1 ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
3) y = x 3 + 2x 2 + mx + 2m; y = x + 2 ct nhau ti ba im phn bit.
4) y = x 3 + 2x 2 2x + 2m 1; y = 2x 2 x + 2 ct nhau ti ba im phn bit.
HT 26. Tm m th cc hm s:
1) y = x 4 2x 2 1; y = m ct nhau ti bn im phn bit.
2) y = x 4 m(m + 1)x 2 + m 3 ct trc honh ti bn im phn bit.
3) y = x 4 (2m 3)x 2 + m 2 3m ct trc honh ti bn im phn bit.
HT 27. Bin lun theo m s giao im ca cc th ca cc hm s sau:
x3
3
y = x 3x 2
y =
+ 3x
1)
2)
3
y = m(x 2)
y = m(x 3)
HT 28. Tm m th ca cc hm s:
3x + 1
; y = x + 2m ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B. Khi tm m on AB ngn nht.
1) y =
x 4
2) y =
4x 1
; y = x + m ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B. Khi tm m on AB ngn nht.
2 x
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BI TP TNG HP V NNG CAO
HT 29. Tm m hm s:
1) y =
2x 1
(C ) ct ng thng : y = x + m ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho AB = 2 2 /s: m = 1; m = 7
x +1
2) y =
x 1
(C ) ct ng thng : y = x + m ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho A, B c di nh nht.
2x
/s: m =
3) y =
1
2
2x 1
(C ) ct ng thng : y = x + m ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB vung ti O.
x 1
/s: m = 2
4) y =
2mx 2m 3
(C ) ct ng thng : y = x 2 ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho AOB = 450
x +2
5) y =
(1 + m )x + 2(1 m )
OA OB
+
=4
ct ng thng : y = x ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho:
x
OB OA
6) y =
3x + 1
ct ng thng : y = (m + 1)x + m 2 ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch
x 1
bng
3
.
2
7) y =
x +1
(C ) ct ng thng : 2mx 2y + m + 1 = 0, ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho biu
2x + 1
x +2
(C ) Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn. Tm trn th (C) hai im A, B sao cho tam gic
x 1
IAB nhn H (4; 2) lm trc tm. /s: (2; 4),(2; 0)
HT 30. Cho hm s y =
HT 31. Cho hm s y =
x + 1
(C ) Xc nh m ng thng : y = x + m ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit
2x 1
x 1
(C ) Xc nh m ng thng : y = x + m ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit c
2x + 1
3x 4
(C ) Xc nh ta cc im trn th (C) sao cho tng khong cch t im n
2x 3
trc honh gp 2 ln khong cch t im n tim cn ng.
-----------------------------------------------------
HT 33. Cho hm s y =
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y y0 = f '(x 0 )(x x 0 )
(y0 = f (x 0 ))
2. iu kin cn v hai ng (C1 ) : y = f (x ) v (C 2 ) : y = g(x ) tip xc nhau l h phng trnh sau c nghim:
f (x ) = g(x )
(*)
f '(x ) = g '(x )
Nu cho x 0 th tm y0 = f (x 0 )
Nu cho y0 th tm x 0 l nghim ca phng trnh f (x ) = y0 .
(*)
f '(x ) = k
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+ to vi ng thng d: y = ax + b mt gc th
1
a
k a
= tan
1 + ka
Bi ton 3: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y = f(x), bit i qua im A(x A ; yA ) .
Cch 1:Tm to tip im.
(2)
f (x ) = k (x x A ) + yA
f '(x ) = k
(*)
Bi tp c bn
HT 34. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c ch ra:
1) (C ) : y = 3x 3 x 2 7x + 1 ti A(0; 1)
2) (C ) : y = x 4 2x 2 + 1 ti B(1; 0)
3) (C): y =
3x + 4
ti C(1; 7)
2x 3
4) (C): y =
x +1
ti cc giao im ca (C) vi trc honh, trc tung.
x 2
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2) (C): y = 2x 3 3x 2 + 9x 4 v (P): y = x 2 + 8x 3 .
HT 36. Tnh din tch tam gic chn hai trc to bi tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im c ch ra:
5x + 11
(C): y =
ti im A c xA = 2 .
2x 3
HT 37. Tm m tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im c ch ra chn hai trc to mt tam gic c din tch bng S
cho trc:
2x + m
1
1) (C): y =
ti im A c xA = 2
v S = .
2
x 1
2) (C): y =
9
x 3m
ti im B c xB = 1 v S = .
2
x +2
3) (C): y = x 3 + 1 m(x + 1) ti im C c xC = 0 v S = 8.
HT 38. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit c h s gc k c ch ra:
2x 1
1) (C): y = 2x 3 3x 2 + 5 ; k = 12
2) (C): y =
; k = 3
x 2
HT 39. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit song song vi ng thng d cho trc:
1) (C): y =
x3
2x 2 + 3x + 1 ; d: y = 3x + 2
3
2) (C): y =
2x 1
3
; d: y = x + 2
x 2
4
HT 40. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit vung gc vi ng thng d cho trc:
1) (C): y =
x
x3
2x 2 + 3x + 1 ; d: y = + 2
8
3
2) (C): y =
2x 1
; d: y = x
x 2
(3m + 1)x m 2 + m
(m 0) ti im A c yA = 0 v d: y = x 10 .
x +m
HT 42. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit i qua im c ch ra:
1) (C): y = x 3 + 3x 2 ; A(2; 4)
2
3) (C): y = (2 x 2 ) ; C(0; 4)
5) (C): y =
x +2
; E(6; 5)
x 2
2) (C): y = x 3 3x + 1 ; B(1; 6)
4) (C): y =
3
1 4
3
x 3x 2 + ; D 0;
2
2
2
6) (C): y =
3x + 4
; F(2; 3)
x 1
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2) (C 1 ) : y = x 4 + x 2 1; (C 2 ) : y = x 2 + m
1
9
3) (C1 ) : y = x 4 + 2x 2 + ; (C 2 ) : y = x 2 + m
4
4
4) (C 1 ) : y = (x + 1)2 (x 1)2 ; (C 2 ) : y = 2x 2 + m
5) (C 1 ) : y =
(2m 1)x m 2
; (C 2 ) : y = x
x 1
y = f (x )
Gi s d: ax + by +c = 0. M(xM; yM) d.
M
M
f '(x ) = k
Th k t (2) vo (1) ta c:
(1)
(2)
(C)
2) (C ) : y = x 3 3x + 1
2) (C ) : y = x 3 3x ; d: x = 2
3) (C ) : y = x 3 + 3x + 2 ; d l trc honh
4) (C ) : y = x 3 12x + 12 ; d: y = 4
2) (C ) : y =
4 4
1 3
x 2x 2 + 3x + 4; A ;
9 3
3
2) (C ) : y = x 3 3x ; d : x = 2
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Gi M(xM; yM).
M
M
f '(x ) = k
Th k t (2) vo (1) ta c:
(1)
(2)
(C)
Qua M v c 2 tip tuyn vi (C) (C) c 2 nghim phn bit x1, x2.
Hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau f (x1).f (x2) = 1
T tm c M.
Ch : Qua M v c 2 tip tuyn vi (C) sao cho 2 tip im nm v hai pha vi trc honh th
(3) co 2 nghiem phan biet
Bi tp c bn
HT 51. Chng minh rng t im A lun k c hai tip tuyn vi (C) vung gc vi nhau. Vit phng trnh cc tip
tuyn :
1
(C ) : y = 2x 2 3x + 1; A 0;
4
HT 52. Tm cc im trn ng thng d m t c th v c hai tip tuyn vi (C) vung gc vi nhau:
1) (C ) : y = x 3 3x 2 + 2 ; d: y = 2
2) (C ) : y = x 3 + 3x 2 ; d l trc honh
2x 1
x 1
2) (H ) : y =
x +1
x 1
3) (H ) : y =
4x 5
2x + 3
HT 54. Tm m tip tuyn ti im M bt k thuc hypebol (H) ct hai ng tim cn to thnh mt tam gic c din
tch bng S:
2mx + 3
;S =8
1) (H ) : y =
x m
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VN 7: KHONG CCH
AB =
(x B x A )2 + (yB yA )2
ax 0 + by0 + c
a 2 + b2
S=
2
1
1
AB.AC . sin A =
AB 2 .AC 2 (AB.AC )
2
2
Bi tp c bn
HT 55. Tm cc im M thuc hypebol (H) sao cho tng cc khong cch t n hai tim cn l nh nht.
x +2
4x 9
2x 1
1) (H ) : y =
2) (H ) : y =
3) (H ) : y =
x 2
x 3
x +1
HT 56. Tm cc im M thuc hypebol (H) sao cho tng cc khong cch t n hai trc to l nh nht.
2x + 1
4x 9
x 1
2) (H ) : y =
3) (H ) : y =
1) (H ) : y =
x
2
x 3
x +1
HT 57. Cho hypebol (H). Tm hai im A, B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau ca (H) sao cho di AB l nh nht.
2x + 3
4x 9
x 1
1) (H ) : y =
2) (H ) : y =
3) (H ) : y =
2x
x 3
x +1
HT 58. Cho (C) v ng thng d. Tm m d ct (C) ti 2 im A, B sao cho di AB l nh nht.
x +1
(H ) : y =
; d : 2x y + m = 0
x 1
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N TP TNG HP
PHN I: TNH N IU CA HM S
1
(m 1)x 3 + mx 2 + (3m 2)x (1).Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m hm s (1) ng
3
bin trn tp xc nh ca n. /s: m 2
HT 1.
Cho hm s y =
HT 2.
khong (; 0) . /s: m 3
HT 3.
(2; +) /s: m 1
5
m
4
HT 4.
HT 5.
Cho hm s y = x 4 2mx 2 3m + 1 (1), (m l tham s).Tm m hm s (1) ng bin trn khong (1; 2).
/s: m (;1 .
HT 6. Cho hm s y =
mx + 4
x +m
9
4
PHN II: CC TR CA HM S
HT 8.
5
7
<m < .
4
5
3 < m < 2
HT 10. Cho hm s y = 2x 3 3(m + 2)x 2 + 6(5m + 1)x (4m 3 + 2). Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti x 0 (1; 2
/s:
1
m <0
3
1 4
3
x mx 2 + (1).Xc nh m th ca hm s (1) c cc tiu m khng c cc i.
2
2
HT 11. Cho hm s y =
/s: m 0
(C m ). Tm cc gi tr ca m tt c cc im cc tr ca (C m ) u nm
1 3
x mx 2 + (2m 1)x 3 (m l tham s) c th l (Cm). Xc nh m (Cm) c cc im
3
m 1
m > 1
2
HT 15. Cho hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 + mx + m 2 (m l tham s) c th l (Cm). Xc nh m (Cm) c cc im cc i
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1 3
4
x (m + 1)x 2 + (m + 1)3 (C ). Tm m cc im cc tr ca hm s (C) nm v hai pha
3
3
HT 16. Cho hm s y =
1
(pha trong v pha ngoi) ca ng trn c phng trnh: x 2 + y 2 4x + 3 = 0. /s: m <
2
HT 17. Cho hm s y = x 3 3mx 2 + 4m 3 (m l tham s) c th l (Cm). Xc nh m (Cm) c cc im cc i v
cc tiu i xng nhau qua ng thng y = x. /s: m =
2
2
3
m = 0;
(1). Vi gi tr no ca m th th hm s (1) c cc im cc i v im
1
x . /s: m = 1 .
2
1 3
1
x (m 1)x 2 + 3(m 2)x + , vi m l tham s thc. Xc nh m hm s cho t
3
3
4 34
.
4
1
cc tr ti x1, x 2 sao cho x1 x 2 > ./s:
3
m>
3 + 29
m < 1
8
9
HT 27. Cho hm s y = 4x 3 + mx 2 3x . Tm m hm s c hai im cc tr x1, x 2 tha x1 = 4x 2 . /s: m =
2
HT 28. Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s y =
1 3 1
x mx 2 + (m 2 3)x c cc i x1 , cc tiu x 2 ng thi x1 ; x 2 l
3
2
14
5
/s: m =
2
2
2 3
x + (m + 1)x 2 + (m 2 + 4m + 3)x + 1. Tm m hm s c cc tr. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
3
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9
khi m = 4
2
m = 1
cc tiu sao cho yCD + yCT = 2 /s:
m = 3
HT 31. Cho hm s y =
1 3
x mx 2 + (m 2 1)x + 1 (Cm ). Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v: yC D + yCT > 2
3
1 < m < 0
/s:
m > 1
HT 32. Cho hm s y = x 3 3x 2 + 2 (1). Tm im M thuc ng thng d : y = 3x 2 sao tng khong cch t M
4 2
ti hai im cc tr nh nht. /s: M ;
5 5
HT 33. Cho hm s
cch t im cc i ca th hm s n gc ta O bng
m = 3 + 2 2
n gc ta O. /s:
.
m = 3 2 2
1
2
12 + 2 3
3
3
2
(C m ) .
Vi nhng gi tr no ca m th th (Cm) c
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m = 233.
1
3
5 1
2
3 9
tr to thnh mt tam gic c ng trn ngoi tip i qua im D ;
5 5
/s: m = 1
1 3
2
x mx 2 x + m + co ox thi(C m ) . Tm m e| (C m ) ca} t trc hoa nh ta
i 3 ie| m pha n bie
t co to| ng
3
3
1 137
.
2
thng qua E v ct (C) ti ba im E, A, B phn bit sao cho din tch tam gic OAB bng
2.
/s: y = x + 1; y = (1 3 ) (x 1) .
HT 55.
Cho hm s y =
4 3
1
x (2m + 1)x 2 + (m + 2)x + c th (C m ), m l tham s. Gi A l giao im ca
3
3
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(C m ) vi trc tung. Tm m sao cho tip tuyn ca (C m ) ti A to vi hai trc ta mt tam gic c din tch bng
/s: m =
HT 56.
1
.
3
13
11
;m =
6
6
/s: m > 3 .
HT 57.
5
1
;m= .
8
2
Cho hm s y = x 3 3x + 2 (C). Vit phng trnh ng thng ct th (C) ti 3 im phn bit A, B, C sao
cho x A = 2 v BC = 2 2 /s: d : y = x + 2
HT 61. Cho hm s y = 4x 3 6mx 2 + 1 (C), m l tham s. Tm m ng thng d : y = x + 1 ct th hm s ti
3 im A(0;1), B, C vi B, C i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht. /s: m =
HT 62.
2
3
ti ba im phn bit A(0; 1), B, C sao cho cc tip tuyn ca th hm s (1) ti B v C vung gc vi nhau.
/s: m =
9 65
9 + 65
m=
8
8
HT 63.
3 + 2 2
3 2 2
m=
3
3
(C) ti ba im phn bit A, M, N sao cho hai tip tuyn ca (C) ti M v N vung gc vi nhau.
/s: k =
3 2 2
3
HT 65.
Cho hm s y = x 3 mx + m 1
2 3
2
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m > 1
phn bit. /s:
m 2
4
phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng. /s: m =
4;
9
HT 70. Cho hm s y = x 4 (3m + 2)x 2 + 3m c th l (Cm), m l tham s. Tm m ng thng y = 1 ct
1
< m < 1
th (Cm) ti 4 im phn bit u c honh nh hn 2. /s:
3
m 0
1
m = m 1.
2
10
10
2 < m < 2
M ct (C) ti hai im phn bit khc M. /s:
30
m
6
2x + 1
c th l (C). Chng minh rng ng thng d : y = x + m lun ct th (C) ti
x +2
HT 73. Cho hm s y =
x 3
(C). Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua im I (1;1) v ct th (C) ti hai im
x +1
2x + 4
(C). Gi (d) l ng thng qua A(1; 1) v c h s gc k. Tm k (d) ct (C) ti hai
1x
HT 75. Cho hm s y =
3 + 41
3 41
; k=
16
16
2x 2
(C). Tm m ng thng (d): y = 2x + m ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho
x +1
5 ./s: m = 10; m = 2 .
HT 77. Cho hm s y =
x 1
(1). Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m sao cho ng thng (d): y = x + 2 ct th hm
x +m
x +2
(C ). Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m ng thng d : y = x + m ct th
2x 2
37
2
5
/s: m = m = 2
2
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x
(C ). Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m ng thng d : y = mx m 1 ct
1x
HT 79. Cho hm s y =
x +1
(C ). Gi d l ng thng qua M (2; 0) v c h s gc l k . Tm k d ct (C) ti hai
x 2
HT 80. Cho hm s y =
2
3
x +3
c th (H). Tm m ng thng d :y = 2x + 3m ct (H) ti hai im phn bit sao
x +2
HT 81. Cho hm s y =
cho OAOB
.
= 4 vi O l gc ta . /s: m =
HT 82. Tm trn (H) : y =
7
12
x + 1
cc im A, B sao cho di on thng AB bng 4 v ng thng AB vung gc vi
x 2
ng thng y = x .
/s: A(3 + 2; 2); B(3 2; 2) hoac A(3 + 2; 2); B(3 2; 2)
x +3
c th (H). Tm m ng thng d : y = x + m + 1 ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
x 2
HT 83. Cho hm s y =
HT 84. Cho hm s y =
2x 1
x 1
2x m
(1). Chng minh rng vi mi m 0 th hm s (1) ct (d) : y = 2x 2m ti hai
mx + 1
SOAB = 3SOMN
2x 1
(C ). Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn ca (C). Vi gi tr no ca m th ng thng
x 1
HT 87. Cho hm s y =
x
(C ) . Tm cc gi tr ca m ng thng y = x + m ct th (C) ti hai im phn
x 1
HT 88. Cho hm s y =
2x 1
. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit khong cch t im I (1; 2) n tip tuyn
x 1
2 . /s: x + y 1 = 0 v x + y 5 = 0
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HT 90. Cho hm s y = x 3 + (1 2m )x 2 + (2 m )x + m + 2
(1)
./s: m
26
1
1
hoc m
4
2
HT 91. Cho hm s y = x 3 + 2x 2 x (C ). Tm ta cc im trn trc honh sao cho qua im k c hai tip
32
tuyn vi th (C) v gc gia hai tip tuyn ny bng 450. /s: M O; M ; 0
27
HT 92. Cho hm s y = x 3 3x 2 + 1 c th (C). Tm hai im A, B thuc th (C) sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti A
v B song song vi nhau v di on AB = 4 2 . /s: A(3;1), B(1; 3) .
x +1
(C). Tm trn Oy tt c cc im t k c duy nht mt tip tuyn ti (C).
x 1
HT 93. Cho hm s y =
/s: M (0;1); M (0; 1)
2
tuyn ti th (C). /s: (1; 4); ; 4 ;(2; 4)
3
HT 96. Cho hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 2
m < 1
3
m 2
3
3
hoac 1 a >
2
2
1
th hm s v 2 tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau. /s: M 2;
27
1
mx 3 + (m 1)x 2 + (4 3m)x + 1 c th l (Cm). Tm cc gi tr m sao cho trn
3
th (Cm) tn ti mt im duy nht c honh m m tip tuyn ti vung gc vi ng thng d : x + 2y 3 = 0 .
HT 99. Cho hm s y = f (x ) =
/s:
2
.
3
1
HT 100. Tm tt c cc gi tr m sao cho trn th (C m ) : y = mx 3 + (m 1)x 2 + (4m 3)x + 1 tn ti ng hai
3
1 1 2
im c honh dng m tip tuyn ti vung gc vi ng thng (L): x + 2y 3 = 0 /s: m 0; ;
2 2 3
HT 101.
Cho hm s y =
2x
(C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C), bit rng khong cch t tm i
x +2
Cho hm s y =
x +2
2x + 3
(1). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1), bit tip tuyn ct
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trc honh, trc tung ln lt ti hai im phn bit A, B v tam gic OAB cn ti gc ta O. /s: y = x 2 .
HT 103.
Cho hm s y =
2x 1
. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) sao cho tip tuyn ny ct cc trc Ox, Oy
x 1
y = 1 x + 5
4
4 .
ln lt ti cc im A v B tho mn OA = 4OB. /s:
y = 1 x + 13
4
4
HT 104.
2x
bit tip tuyn ct Ox, Oy ln lt ti A v B m tam
x 2
2x 3
c th (C). Tm trn (C) nhng im M sao cho tip tuyn ti M ca (C) ct hai tim
x 2
2x 3
.Cho M l im bt k trn (C). Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct cc ng tim cn ca (C)
x 2
ti A v B. Gi I l giao im ca cc ng tim cn. Tm to im M sao cho ng trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c
din tch nh nht. /s: M (1;1); M (3; 3)
HT 107. Cho hm s y = x 3 2mx 2 + m 2x m + 1 (C m ). Tm m th hm s tip xc vi trc honh.
/s: m = 1 m = 3 m =
HT 108. Cho hm s y =
3
2
2x + 1
c th (C). Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn. Tm im M thuc (C) sao cho tip
x 1
Cho hm s: y =
x +2
(C). Cho im A(0; a ) . Tm a t A k c 2 tip tuyn ti th (C) sao cho 2
x 1
a > 2
tip im tng ng nm v 2 pha ca trc honh. /s:
.
a 1 3
HT 110.
Cho hm s y =
x +2
. Gi I l giao im ca 2 ng tim cn, l mt tip tuyn bt k ca th (C). d
x +1
HT 111.
Cho hm s y =
Cho hm s y =
x = 0
2 khi 0
x 0 = 2
2x + 1
. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C), bit rng tip tuyn cch u hai im
x +1
1
5
x + ; y = x + 1; y = x + 5
4
4
2x 3
(C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M thuc (C) bit tip tuyn ct tim
x 2
17
3
5
1
3
1
7
/s: Ti M 0; : y = x + ; Ti M 4; : y = x +
2
4
2
4
2
3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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Cho hm s y =
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x +1
(C). Tm gi tr nh nht ca m sao cho tn ti t nht mt im M (C) m tip tuyn
2x 1
Cho hm s y =
1
3
2x 1
(C ). Tm cc gi tr ca m th hm s (C) tip xc vi ng thng
x 1
y = mx + 5. /s: m = 1 hoc m = 9
Cho hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 .
9
Da vo th ta c PT c 6 nghim log12 m = m = 12 4 = 144 4 12 .
4
HT 117. Cho hm s: y = x 4 2x 2 + 1 .
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh: x 4 2x 2 + 1 + log2 m = 0
0<m <
1
2
2 nghim
m=
1
2
(m> 0)
1
<m <1
2
m =1
m >1
4 nghim
2 nghim
v nghim
3 nghim
HT 118. Cho hm s y = f (x ) = 8x 4 9x 2 + 1 .
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2) Da vo th (C) hy bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:
8 cos4 x 9 cos2 x + m = 0 vi x [0; ]
/s:
m<0
m=0
0<m <1
1m <
81
32
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
m=
81
32
m>
81
32
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1 nghim
HT 119. Cho hm s y =
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2 nghim
4 nghim
2 nghim
v nghim
x +1
.
x 1
m < 1; m > 1
2 nghim
x +1
x 1
= m.
m = 1
1 < m 1
1 nghim
v nghim
PHN 6: IM C BIT CA TH
HT 120.
1 7 7
1 7
7
; ; 2 +
; 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
HT 122. Cho hm s y =
11
x3
+ x 2 + 3x . Tm trn th (C) hai im phn bit M, N i xng nhau qua trc tung.
3
3
16
16
/s: M 3; , N 3; .
3
3
HT 123.
Cho hm s y =
2x 1
(C).Tm im M thuc th (C) tip tuyn ca (C) ti M vi ng thng i qua M
x +1
Cho hm s y =
2x + 1
(C). Tm trn (C) nhng im c tng khong cch n hai tim cn ca (C) nh nht.
x +1
/s: (0;1);(2; 3)
HT 125.
Cho hm s y =
3x 4
(C). Tm cc im thuc (C) cch u 2 tim cn.
x 2
Cho hm s y =
1 4 1 2
x x + 1 (C ). Tm im M thuc (C) sao cho tng khong cch t im M n hai trc
4
2
3
1
1
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Cho hm s y =
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x +1
. Tm trn th hm s im M sao cho tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta l
x 2
1
nh nht. /s: M 0;
2
HT 129.
Cho hm s
y=
2x 4
. Tm trn (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN bit
x +1
Cho hm s y =
2x
x 1
. Tm trn th (C) hai im B, C thuc hai nhnh sao cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti
2x 1
. Tm ta im M (C) sao cho khong cch t im I (1; 2) ti tip tuyn ca (C)
x +1
ti M l ln nht. /s: M 1 + 3 ; 2 3
HT 132. Cho hm s y =
hoc M 1 3 ; 2 + 3
x +2
. Tm nhng im trn th (C) cch u hai im A(2; 0), B(0; 2) .
2x 1
1 5 1 5 1 + 5 1 + 5
/s:
,
,
2
2 2
2
HT 133. Cho hm s y =
x 3
. Tm trn hai nhnh ca th (C) hai im A v B sao cho AB ngn nht./s:
x +1
A (1 4 4;1 + 4 64 ) , B (1 + 4 4;1 4 64 ) .
HT 134. Cho hm s y = x 4 2x 2 + 1 Tm ta hai im P. Q thuc (C) sao cho ng thng PQ song song vi trc
honh v khong cch t im cc i ca (C) n ng thng PQ bng 8
/s:Vy, P(-2;9), Q(2;9) hoc P(2;9); Q(-2;9)
(3m + 1)x m 2 + m
. Tm cc im thuc ng thng x = 1 m khng c th i qua.
x +m
HT 135. Cho hm s y =
2x 1
(C ). Tm trn th (C) hai im A, B phn bit sao cho ba im A, B, I (0; 1) thng
x 1
HT 136. Cho hm s y =
) (
) (
PHN 7: CC BI TNG HP
HT 137. Cho hm s y =
2x + 3
(C ). Tm m ng thng d : y = 2x + m ct th ti hai im phn bit sao cho
x 2
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x +2
(1) . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1), bit tip tuyn
2x + 3
ct trc honh, trc tung ln lt ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB cn ti gc ta O.
/s: y = x 2
HT 141. (H B 2009) Cho hm s: y = 2x 4 4x 2 (1) .Vi gi tr no ca m, phng trnh x 2 x 2 2 = m c ng 6
nghim thc phn bit. /s: 0 < m < 1
HT 142. (H D 2009) Cho hm s y = x 4 (3m + 2)x 2 + 3m c th l (C m ) vi m l tham s. Tm m ng
thng y = 1 ct th (C m ) ti 4 im phn bit u c honh nh hn 2.
/s:
1
< m < 1, m 0
3
1
< m < 1 v m 0
4
2x + 1
(C ) . Tm m ng thng y = 2x + m ct th (C ) ti hai
x +1
(D 2010) Cho hm s y = x 4 x 2 + 6 (C ) . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) bit tip tuyn
vung gc vi ng thng y =
HT 146.
3 (O l gc ta ). /s: m = 2
1
x 1 /s: y = 6x + 10
6
(A 2011)Cho hm s y =
x + 1
(C ) . Chng minh rng vi mi m ng thng y = x + m lun ct
2x 1
(D 2011) Cho hm s y =
2x + 1
(C ) . Tm k ng thng y = kx + 2k + 1 ct th (C ) ti hai im
x +1
phn bit A, B sao cho khong cch t A v B n trc honh bng nhau. /s: k
HT 149.
= 3
im cc tr A v B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng 48. /s: m = 2
HT 151.
(D 2012) Cho hm s y =
2 3
2
x mx 2 2(3m 2 1)x + (1), m l tham s thc. Tm m hm s (1) c
3
3
2
3
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8
9
-----------------------------------------------------------HT-----------------------------------------------------------
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 33
H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
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C s a
Lu tha a
= n N*
aR
a = a n = a.a......a (n tha s a)
=0
a0
a = a0 = 1
= n ( n N * )
a0
a = a n =
m
an
m
(m Z , n N * )
n
a>0
a =
= lim rn (rn Q, n N * )
a>0
a = lim a n
1
an
n
= a m (n a = b b n = a )
r
a .a = a
=a
(a ) = a
(ab) = a .b
a a
=
b
b
Ch :
a m > bm m < 0
ab = a . b ;
Neu
p
q
=
th
n
m
n
a
a
=
(b > 0) ;
n
b
b
ap =
a p = (n a ) (a > 0) ;
a q (a > 0) ; c bit n a =
mn
m n
a = mn a
am
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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C = A(1 + r )N
VN II: LOGARIT
1. nh ngha
Vi a > 0, a 1, b > 0 ta c: loga b = a = b
a > 0, a 1
Ch : loga b c ngha khi
b > 0
lg b = log b = log10 b
2. Tnh cht
loga 1 = 0 ;
loga a = 1 ;
loga a b = b ;
loga b
= b (b > 0)
b
loga = loga b loga c
c
loga b = loga b
4. i c s
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Vi a, b, c > 0 v a, b 1, ta c:
logb c =
loga c
loga b =
1
logb a
loga b
log c =
a
Bi tp c bn
HT 1: Thc hin cc php tnh sau:
1) log2 4.log 1 2
1
.log27 9
25
2) log5
4) 4
7)
log2 3
+9
log
5) log
a
7
2 2
3) loga
6) 27
log 9 2
+4
log 8 27
2 log3 2 + 4 log81 5
log 1 a
9) 9
a
log3 5
10) 81
13) 9
1
log6 3
+ 27
+4
log9 36
+3
4 log9 7
1
log8 2
11) 25
log5 6
+ 49
1+ log9 4
14) 3
HT 2: So snh cc cp s sau:
1
1) log 3 4 va log 4
3
+4
log7 8
2log2 3
12) 5
+5
log125 27
2) log0,1 3 2 va log0,2 0, 34
32 log5 4
15) log
3) log 3
4
1
1
4) log 1
va log 1
80
3
2 15 + 2
6) 2
3.log 3 36
2
3
va log 5
5
4
log6 3
va 3
log6
1
2
1
log81 100
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1. Khi nim
1)Hm s lu tha y = x ( l hng s)
S m
Hm s y = x
Tp xc nh D
= n (n nguyn dng)
y = xn
D=R
= n (n nguyn m hoc n = 0)
y = xn
D = R \ {0}
y = x
D = (0; +)
Ch : Hm s y =
1
n
x
khng ng nht vi hm s y = n x (n N *) .
D = R.
Tp gi tr:
T = (0; +).
a>1
y=ax
y=ax
1
x
0<a<1
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D = (0; +).
Tp gi tr:
T = R.
y
y
y=logax
y=logax
0<a<1
a>1
2. Gii hn c bit
1
x
lim(1 + x )
x 0
= lim 1 + = e
x
x
ex 1
=1
x 0
x
ln(1 + x )
lim
=1
x 0
x
lim
3. o hm
(x ) = x 1 (x > 0) ;
(u ) = u 1.u
( n x ) =
.
vi x 0 neu n le
Ch :
1
n
n x n1
(a x ) = a x ln a ;
(a u ) = a u ln a.u
(e x ) = e x ;
(e u ) = e u .u
(loga x ) = x ln1 a ;
(loga u ) = u uln a
(ln u ) = u
(n u ) =
u
n
n u n 1
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Bi tp c bn
HT 5: Tnh cc gii hn sau:
x x
1) lim
x + 1 + x
3x 4
4) lim
x + 3x + 2
1
2) lim 1 +
x +
x
x +1
3
x +1
x
x + 1 x
5) lim
x + 2x 1
e 2x 1
x 0
3x
ln x 1
x e x e
x + 12x 1
3) lim
x + x 2
2x + 1x
6) lim
x + x 1
ex e
x 1 x 1
7) lim
8) lim
e x e x
k) lim
x 0 sin x
e sin 2x e sin x
l) lim
x 0
x
i) lim
m)
lim x (e
1
x
x +
HT 6: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
3
x +1
x 1
1) y = x 2 + x + 1
2) y =
4) y = 3 sin(2x + 1)
5) y = cot 1 + x 2
7) y = 3 sin
3) y =
x +3
4
8) y =
11
9 + 6 x9
6) y =
9) y =
x2 + x 2
x2 + 1
1 3 2x
1 + 3 2x
4
x2 + x + 1
x2 x + 1
HT 7: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
2) y = (x 2 + 2x )e x
1) y = (x 2 2x + 2)e x
4) y = e
2x +x 2
7) y = 2 .e
5) y = x .e
cos x
8) y =
1
x x
3
3x
2
x x +1
3) y = e 2x .sin x
6) y =
e 2x + e x
e 2x e x
i) y = cos x .e cot x
HT 8: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
1) y = ln(2x 2 + x + 3)
2) y = log2 (cos x )
3) y = e x .ln(cos x )
4) y = (2x 1)ln(3x 2 + x )
5) y = log 1 (x 3 cos x )
6) y = log3 (cos x )
7) y =
ln(2x + 1)
8) y =
2x + 1
ln(2x + 1)
x +1
9) y = ln (x + 1 + x 2 )
x2
2 ;
xy = (1 x 2 )y
2) y = (x + 1)e x ; y y = e x
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y 13y 12y = 0
5) y = ex .sin x ;
y + 2y + 2y = 0
4) y = a.e x + b.e 2x ; y + 3y + 2y = 0
6) y = e x .cos x ; y
( 4)
+ 4y = 0
1 + x
1 + x + ln x
3) y = sin(ln x ) + cos(ln x ); y + xy + x 2y = 0
4) y =
1 + ln x
; 2x 2y = (x 2y 2 + 1)
x (1 ln x )
2) f '(x ) +
1
f (x ) = 0;
x
f (x ) = x 3 ln x
3) f '(x ) = 0; f (x ) = e 2x 1 + 2.e12x + 7x 5
Vi a > 0, a 1 :
b > 0
a x = b
x = loga b
Vi a > 0, a 1 :
a f (x ) = a g (x ) f (x ) = g(x )
a M = a N (a 1)(M N ) = 0
a f (x ) = b g (x ) f (x ) = (loga b ).g (x )
2) Logarit ho:
3) t n ph:
Dng 1:
t = a f (x ), t > 0
P (a f (x )) = 0
, trong P(t) l a thc theo t.
P (t ) = 0
Dng 2:
a 2 f (x ) + (ab)f (x ) + b 2 f (x ) = 0
Chia 2 v cho b
2 f (x )
a f (x )
, ri t n ph t =
b
Dng 3: a f (x ) + b f (x ) = m , vi ab = 1 . t t = a f (x ) b f (x ) =
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
1
t
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4) S dng tnh n iu ca hm s
Xt phng trnh:
f(x) = g(x)
(1)
A = 0
Phng trnh A2 + B 2 = 0
B = 0
6) Phng php i lp
Xt phng trnh:
f(x) = g(x)
(1)
f (x ) M
Nu ta chng minh c:
g(x ) M
th
f (x ) = M
(1)
g(x ) = M
Bi tp c bn
HT 12: Gii cc phng trnh sau (a v cng c s hoc logarit ho):
2x
2) (3 2 2 )
1) 9 3x 1 = 38x 2
3) 4x
3x +2
5) 2x
1 x
7)
2
+ 4x
+ 2x
+2
+ 6x + 5
= 42x
= 3x + 3x
+ 3x +7
+1
11)
x 2 +4
= 25
1 x +7 1 12x
=2
8) .
2
2
4 3x
9) 3x .2x +1 = 72
x +10
16 x 10
=2
= 3+2 2
10) 5x +1 + 6. 5x 3. 5x 1 = 52
x +5
x
0,125.8 15
12) (
x 1
5 + 2)
=(
x 1
5 2)x +1
4) 3
x
x
+
.8 2
=6
2) 5
2x 1
.2 x +1
= 50
5) 4.9x 1 = 3 22x +1
3) 3
6) 2x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
3x
x
.2 +2
2x
=6
.3x = 1, 5
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8) 23 = 32
7) 5x .3x = 1
9) 3x .2x = 1
4) 16x 17.4x + 16 = 0
x
7) (7 + 4 3 ) + (2 + 3 ) = 6
10) 32x
+2x +1
28.3x
+x
8) 4cos 2x + 4cos
11) 4x
+9 = 0
+2
+ 31+
6) 2x
+2
22+x x = 3.
9) 32x +5 36.3x +1 + 9 = 0
=3
9.2x
5) 4x 2 + x .3
3) 34x +8 4.32x +5 + 27 = 0
4) 9x + 2(x 2).3x + 2x 5 = 0
6) 3.25x 2 + (3x 10).5x 2 + 3 x = 0
= 2.3 x .x 2 + 2x + 6
8) (x + 4).9x (x + 5).3x + 1 = 0
2
2
9) 4x + (x 2 7).2x + 12 4x 2 = 0
7)
1
x
6.9
1
x
13.6
1
x
+ 6.4
=0
8) 4
1
x
+6
1
x
=9
1
x
9)
1
x
2.4
1
x
+6
1
x
9
10) (7 + 5 2 ) + ( 2 5)(3 + 2 2 ) + 3 (1 + 2 ) + 1 2 = 0.
) +(
1) (2 3 ) + (2 + 3 ) = 14
2)
4) (5 21 ) + 7 (5 + 21 ) = 2x + 3
5) (5 + 24 ) + (5 24 ) = 10
7)
6 35
) +(
6 + 35
= 12
2 3
=4
7 + 3 5 x
7 3 5 x
6)
+ 7
= 8
2
2
2+ 3
8) (2 +
(x 1)2
3)
+ (2
x 2 2x 1
3)
4
2 3
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9) (3 + 5 ) + 16 (3 5 ) = 2x +3
x
10) (3 + 5 ) + (3 5 ) 7.2x = 0
11) (7 + 4 3 ) 3 (2 3 ) + 2 = 0
12)
3+ 8
) +(
3 8
= 6.
1) (2 3 ) + (2 + 3 ) = 4x
x
2)
3 2) + ( 3 + 2) =
x
3) (3 + 2 2 ) + (3 2 2 ) = 6x
4) (3 + 5 ) + 16. (3 5 ) = 2x +3
3 x 7
5) + = 2x
5
5
6)
2+ 3
10 )
) +(
2 3
= 2x
7) 2x + 3x + 5x = 10x
8) 2x + 3x = 5x
9) 2x 1 2x
10) 3x = 5 2x
11) 2x = 3 x
12) 2x +1 4x = x 1
= (x 1)2
2) 12.3x + 3.15x 5x +1 = 20
3) 8 x .2x + 23x x = 0
4) 2x + 3x = 1 + 6x
5) 4x
3x +2
+ 4x
+6x + 5
= 42.x
+ 3x +7
6) 4x
+1
+x
2
(x +1)
+ 21x = 2
+1
10) 22(x
+x )
+ 21x 22(x
+x )
.21x 1 = 0
2) 3x
x 3 x
= 3x + 3x
4) 2.cos2
2
5)
6x +10
sin x
= x 2 + 6x 6
3) 3 sin
= cos x
6) 22x x =
= cos x
x2 +1
x
7) 3x = cos 2x
8) 5x = cos 3x
3) 4x 2x + 1 = m
2) 9x + m 3x 1 = 0
+ 81cos
=m
6) 25x 2.5x m 2 = 0
8) 25x + m.5x + 1 2m = 0
2
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11) 4 x + 1 + 3 x 14.2 x + 1 + 3 x + 8 = m
2
12) 9x + 1x 8.3x +
1x 2
+4 =m
3)
5 + 1) + m ( 5 1) = 2x
5) 4x 2x + 3 + 3 = m
7 + 3 5 x
7 3 5 x
+ m
= 8
4)
2
2
6) 9x + m 3x + 1 = 0
2) 49x + (m 1).7x + m 2m 2 = 0
3) 9x + 3(m 1).3x 5m + 2 = 0
5) 4x 2 (m + 1).2x +3m 8 = 0
6) 4x 2x + 6 = m
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loga x = b x = a b
Vi a > 0, a 1:
2) M ho
Vi a > 0, a 1:
loga f (x ) = b a
loga f (x )
= ab
3) t n ph
4) S dng tnh n iu ca hm s
5) a v phng trnh c bit
6) Phng php i lp
Ch :
logb c
=c
logb a
Bi tp c bn
HT 25: Gii cc phng trnh sau (a v cng c s hoc m ho):
1) log2 x (x 1) = 1
2) log2 x + log2 (x 1) = 1
3) log2 (x 2) 6.log1/8 3x 5 = 2
4) log2 (x 3) + log2 (x 1) = 3
6) lg(x 2) + lg(x 3) = 1 lg 5
7) 2 log8 (x 2) log8 (x 3) =
2
3
8) lg 5x 4 + lg x + 1 = 2 + lg 0,18
9) log3 (x 2 6) = log 3 (x 2) + 1
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x + log1/3 x = 6
1/ 2
(7 x )
log5 (3x )
4) log 3 (4.3x 1 1) = 2x 1
6) log2 (3.2x 1) 2x 1 = 0
7) log2 (12 2x ) = 5 x
8) log5 (26 3x ) = 2
(x 1) = 2
4) logx +1(2x 3 + 2x 2 3x + 1) = 3
6) logx (x + 2) = 2
7) log2x (x 2 5x + 6) = 2
8) logx + 3 (x 2 x ) = 1
11) log2x (x 2 5x + 6) = 2
12) logx (x 2 2) = 1
13) log 3x
15) logx
+5
(9x 2 + 8x + 2) = 2
15
= 2
1 2x
14) log2x
+ 4
(x 2 + 1) = 1
16) log 2 (3 2x ) = 1
x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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(x + 3) = 1
7
=0
6
7) log5 x logx
1
=2
5
9) 2 log5 x 2 = logx
4) log21 4x + log2
2
6) log 2 16 + log2x 64 = 3
x
8) log7 x logx
1
5
x2
=8
8
10) 3
1
=2
7
log2 x log2 4x = 0
19)
9
+ logx2 5
4
1
2
+
=1
4 lg x 2 + lg x
1
=0
x
20)
1
3
+
=1
5 lg x 3 + lg x
log2 6
1) log23 x + (x 12)log3 x + 11 x = 0
2) 6.9
4) log22 x + (x 1)log2 x = 6 2x
+ 6.x 2 = 13.x
7) log23 (x + 1) + (x 5)log3 (x + 1) 2x + 6 = 0
2x
x =2
8) 4 log3 x 1 log3 x = 4
2) log2 (x 3) + log3 (x 2) = 2
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log7 (x +3)
log2 9
log6 x
) = log6 x
6) log2 (1 + x ) = log3 x
=x
= x 2 .3
4) log2 (x + 3
log2 x
log2 3
log2 3
=x
log2 5
(x > 0)
2) x 2 + 3
log2 x
=5
log2 x
3) log5 (x + 3) = 3 x
4) log2 (3 x ) = x
5) log2 (x 2 x 6) + x = log2 (x + 2) + 4
6) x + 2.3
log2 x
=3
2) log2 (x 2 + x 1) = 1 x 2
8
log3 (4x 2 4x + 4)
5) 4 log2 x
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1)
x 2y = 1
x 3 = 1
3) 2
x + 3y = 19
2x = 4y
2) x
4 = 32y
x y 1 = 8
4) 2y 6
=4
x
1) x y
4 .3 = 144
y
x
2 + 3 = 17
2) x
3.2 2.3y = 6
x +y
= 56
2x + 2.3
3)
x
+
y
+
1
3.2x + 3
= 87
2x +2 + 22y +2 = 17
3
4) x +1
2.3
+ 3.2y = 8
3
5)
3
2
2(x 2 1)
4.4x 1.2y + 22y = 1
4
6)
22y 3.4x 2 1..2y = 4
x +1
2y = 4
x +1
2y +1 = 1
2
y x 2
=1
(x + y )2
8)
9(x 2 + y ) = 6x 2 y
y
2
cot x = 3
7)
cos x = 2y
32x 2y = 77
9) x
3 2y = 7
2x 2y = (y x )(xy + 2)
10) 2
x + y 2 = 2
1) y
3 = 2x + 1
2x 2y = y x
3) 2
2
x + xy + y = 3
3x + 2x = y + 11
2) y
3 + 2y = x + 11
7 x 1 = 6y 5
4) y 1
7
= 6x 5
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x + y = 6
1)
log2 x + log2 y = 3
log y + log x = 2
y
2) x
x + y = 6
x + log y = 4
2
3)
2x log2 y = 2
x 2 y 2 = 3
4)
log 3 (x + y ) log5 (x y ) = 1
xy = 32
5)
logy x = 4
log x + 2log2 y = 3
6) y 3
x = 9
2(log x + log y ) = 5
y
x
7)
xy = 8
x 1 + 2 y = 1
8)
2
3
3 log9 (9x ) log 3 y = 3
1
log x 2 log y = 0
3
3
9)
2
3
2
x + y 2y = 0
HT 40: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
log (3x + 2y ) = 2
1) x
logy (2x + 3y ) = 2
y log x = 1
3
10) y
12
x = 3
log (6x + 4y ) = 2
2) x
logy (6y + 4x ) = 2
log 1 x = 2 log y
2
2
y
3)
log x + log y = 4
3
3
2
2
log x log y 2 = 1
2
4) y
log 4 x log 4 y = 1
log x 2 + y 2 + 6 = 4
5) 2
log x + log y = 1
3
3
x log2 y + y log2 x = 16
6)
log2 x log2 y = 2
7)
log3 y log 3 x = 1
log x
log y
3.x 2 + 2.y 2 = 10
8)
log x 2 + log y = 2
2
4
log (2x + y 2) = 2
9) x
logy (2y + x 2) = 2
log (xy ) = 4
2
x
10)
log2 = 2
y
x x 2y = 36
2)
4 (x 2y ) + log6 x = 9
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(x + y )3y x = 5
3)
27
3
log
(
)
x
+
y
=
x y
3lg x = 4lg y
4)
(4x )lg 4 = (3y )lg 3
2 log x 2 log y + 5 = 0
1
x2
5) y
2
xy = 32
x y
1 x 2y
(
)
=
2) 3
3
(
)
log2 x + y + log2 (x y ) = 4
x log8 y + y log8 x = 4
3)
log 4 x log 4 y = 1
x y
3 .2 = 18
4) log (x + y ) = 1
1
3
x y
1 x 2y
=
3
5)
3
log2 (x + y ) + log2 (x y ) = 4
x + y
y x
= 32
6) 4
log 3 (x y ) = 1 log 3 (x + y )
3x.2y = 972
7)
log (x y ) = 2
3
3x.2y = 1152
8)
log (x + y ) = 2
5
x
y
(x + y ) = (x y )
9)
log x log y = 1
2
2
10) 2
x + y 2 3x 3y = 12
x log3 y + 2y log3 x = 27
11)
log3 y log3 x = 1
log xy = log x 2
x
y
12) 2 log x
y y = 4y + 3
( )
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a f (x ) > a g (x )
a > 1
f (x ) > g (x )
0 < a < 1
f (x ) < g (x )
a v cng c s.
t n ph.
.
1) 3
x +2
3) 2
5) 9x
1 x
3
x +3
x +4
3x +2
6x
x 1
3x +2
x2 + 1
7) 4x 2 + x .2
1
2)
2
x +1
>5
x +2
4) 3
x 6 2x 3 +1
+3
1 1 x
<
2
x 1
x 2
< 11
<0
2
8) 6.x 2 + 3 x .x + 31+
< 2.3 x .x 2 + 3x + 9
9) 9x + 9x +1 + 9x +2 < 4x + 4x +1 + 4x +2
10) 7.3x +1 + 5x +3 3x +4 + 5x +2
11) 2x +2 + 5x +1 < 2x + 5x +2
13)
x 3
x 1
10 + 3)
< ( 10 3)
14)
x +1
2 + 1)
1
15)
x +1
x +3
x 1
x 2 2x
16) 2
2x 1
x
x 1
( 2 1)
1
3x +1
1) 2.14 + 3.49 4 0
x
2(x 1)
3) 4 2
2
(x 2)
+ 83
2)
> 52
1
1
x
4
4) 8.3
1
2
x
2
x +4 x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
3 0
+ 91+
>9
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2x + 1
x +1
> 30 + 5x.30x
6) 5
7) 6x 2.3x 3.2x + 6 0
9) 49 x 35 x 25 x
11) 252x x
+1
+6
+ 92x x
+1
34.252x x
13) 4x + x 1 5.2x + x 1 + 1 + 16 0
2
14)
> 12
1
1
+1
2
x
x
17) 2
+2
<9
9.9
x +4
>0
3 + 2) + ( 3 2) 2
1 3x 1 x
16)
4
8
+1
1 x
1 x
15) + 3
3
3
x +4
128 0
1) 2 <
3)
5)
x
32
+1
2.3x 2x +2
x
3 2
2)
7)
4x 2
2x 1
4) 3
32x + 3 2x
21x 2x + 1
6)
+2
2x + 4
3x + x 4
x2 x 6
> 13
>0
x +4
2) 9x m.3x + m + 3 0
4) (
2 +7 + 2 2 m
x2
2 + 1)
+(
x 2 1
2 1)
+m = 0
2) (m 1)4x + 2x +1 + m + 1 > 0 , x.
5) 4
cos x
+ 2 (2m + 1) 2
cos x
+ 4m 2 3 < 0 , x.
6) 4x 3.2x +1 m 0 , x.
3x + 3 + 5 3x m , x.
7) 4x 2x m 0 , x (0; 1)
8)
Page 21
0968.393.899
1
2
+1
1 x
x
1
+ 3
> 12
3
1) 3
(m 2)2 x 2 3 (m 6) x m 1 < 0
(1)
(2)
1
2
+1
x
x
2
2
>8
2)
2
2
4x 2mx (m 1) < 0
(1)
(2)
a > 1
f (x ) > g (x ) > 0
Ta cng thng s dng cc phng php gii tng t nh i vi phng trnh logarit:
a v cng c s.
t n ph.
.
loga A
loga B
5) log 1 (log2
3
1 + 2x
)> 0
1+x
6) (x 2 4 ) log 1 x > 0
2
8) 6
log26 x
+x
log 6 x
12
9) log2 (x + 3) 1 + log2 (x 1)
11) log 3 log 1 x 0
(log x )
log x
10) 2 2 + x 2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
2
3
Page 22
0968.393.899
3
5
1)
lg (x 2 1)
<1
lg (1 x )
2)
lg (x 2 3x + 2)
3)
>2
lg x + lg 2
3x 1
5) logx 2
>0
x +1
log2 (x + 1) log3 (x + 1)
x 2 3x 4
4) x
log2 x
+x
5 logx 2log2 x
>0
18 < 0
8) log
9) log x (x 2 8x + 16) 0
3x x 2
x
4
(3 x ) > 1
x 1
> 0
11) log x +6 log2
x + 2
3
x 2 1
(x + 1)
4) log2x 64 + log 2 16 3
x
(x + 1)
6)
log4 x
log2 x
2
+
>
1 log2 x 1 + log2 x
1 log22 x
9) log21 x 6 log2 x + 8 0
8)
log21
2
x + log 1 x 2 < 0
4
1
2
+
1
4 + log2 x 2 log2 x
10)
15)
1+
log23
1 + log 3 x
12)
1
2
+
<1
5 log5 x 1 + log5 x
1
14) logx 100 log100 x > 0
2
>1
16
1
log2 x 6
3)
log2 x + 1
>
5+x
4) x 5 x < 0
2 3x + 1
lg
log 3 x + 1
1
2) logx 100 logm 100 > 0
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 23
0968.393.899
1
2
+
<1
5 logm x 1 + logm x
4)
1 + logm x
>1
5)
2
1 + logm
x
m 2
m
m
2 log
1 + log
1 + log
> 0 , x
x
x
1
1
1
1
m
1
m
1
m
+
+
+
2
2
2
N TP
HT 55: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
3)
22x 1.4x +1
8
= 64
2) 9 3x 1 = 38x 2
(0, 04)x
=
25
5 x +1 9 x
4) .
3
25
x 1
0,2x +0,5
5
1
5) 7x +2 .7x +1 14.7x 1 + 2.7x = 48
7
7) 2(2
9)
11)
lg x +5
x 3
7,2x +3,9
5 9
=
3
9 3 ) lg(7 x ) = 0
x 1
x
8) 5x . 8x 1 = 500
=4
1
+2x 11
x +3 2 x
)
1
1
1 lg x 2
x 3
6) (3x
10) x lg x = 1000x 2
100
= 105+lg x
12)
log 3 x 1
( x)
=3
+2
9.2x
+2
+8 = 0
2) 4x
1
x
64
4)
x 2 5
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
12.2x 1
3+
3
x
x 2 5
+8 = 0
+ 12 = 0
Page 24
36.3x
0968.393.899
6) 34x +8 4.32x +5 + 28 = 2 log2 2
+3= 0
9) 9
11) 2sin
1+ log3 x
+ 4.2cos
8)
5 + 24
) +(
5 24
2
+2
210 = 0
=6
= 10
=0
2x 1 1
2 2 + 5 x
25
1)
<
5
4
2)
4) x lg
4x + 2x 4
2
5)
x 1
x +2
7) 2
x +3
6) 8.
x +4
x +1
>5
x +2
2x +1
5) 4
x +1
3x 2
3x 2x
1 log2 (x
8)
2
+ 5.6
1
x
< 4.9
1
x
9)
1)
>1
2(x 1)
+8
> 52
9x 3x +2 > 3x 9
>1
2) 25x 5x +1 50
4) 3lg x +2 < 3lg x
+5
1 2x + 3
21.
+2 0
2
4 3 x
1 23x
35.
+6 0
3
8) 3
10)
2x +1
6) 2
16 < 2 log4 8
7) 4 2
2 x
> 1 +
3
1 x 1
12) 3 . .
3 3
2(x 2)
x
> 1000
72
x 3 lg x +1
1 x + 2 x
1
>
10)
3
27
1 1x
1 3
11)
>
5
5
1
x
<2
1 2
x +2
1 2 x
9)
>9
3
2x +1 + 1
9x + 3x 2 9 3x
2) log5x (x 2 2x + 65) = 2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 25
0968.393.899
5) 3
lg x + lg2 x 3 = 0
7) x 1+lg x = 10x
lg x lg
9)
2
1
11) log3 log9 x + + 9x = 2x
= 5x 2 5
log 5 x 1
( x)
x + lg x 2 2
= lg x
log3 (12x )
10)
lg x +7
x 4
12) 2 log 3
=5
= 10lg x +1
x 3
x 3
+ 1 = log3
x 7
x 1
1) 2 logx 5
3 logx 5 + 1 = 0
2) log1/3 x 3 log1/3 x + 2 = 0
3) log22 x + 2 log2 x 2 = 0
4) 3 + 2 logx +1 3 = 2 log3 (x + 1)
2
x 3 log1/2 x + 5 = 2
6) log3 log1/2
9
log22 x
2
1) log0,5 (x 2 5x + 6) > 1
2) log7
4) log1/3
7)
x2 4
log1/2 (x 2 1)
9) 2
2
x +1
<0
log2 x (x 2 + 8x +15)
2 3x
1
x
8h)
log2 (x + 1)
x 1
log1/3
10) (0,5)
<1
5x +y = 125
x +y
= 128
4
2) 3x 2y 3
5
=1
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
>0
x +5
x 2 +3
>1
2x + 2y = 12
3)
x + y = 5
Page 26
0968.393.899
3.2x + 2.3x = 2, 75
4)
2x 3y = 0, 75
7 x 16y = 0
5) x
4 49y = 0
3x .2y = 972
6)
log (x y ) = 2
3
5y x
x
y
y
= 16
7)
4 3.4
x 2y = 12 8
32x 2y = 77
8) x
y /2
3 2 = 7
( 2
y x 2
=1
x + y ) 2
9)
2
9 (x 2 + y ) = 6x y
log 3 (x y ) = 2
2)
log x log y = 7
x
6
4
x lg y = 2
3)
xy = 20
log x + 2 log y = 3
2
4) 2 2 4
x + y = 16
1 1
= 2
5) x y
15
3logx 2 = y log5 y
6) log 3
2 y = x log7 x
lg(x 2 + y 2 ) 1 = lg13
7)
lg(x + y ) lg(x y ) = 3 lg 2
x
+ y = 9
8
8) y 2 x 2
log2 x + log 2 y = 3
2 log x 3y = 15
10) y 2
3 .log x = 2 log x + 3y +1
2
2
x y
+
x y
y x
3 .2 = 576
=
4
32
11)
12)
log (y x ) = 4
+
log
(
x
y
)
1
log
(
x
y
)
2
3
3
xy = 8
9)
2(logy x + logx y ) = 5
3)
x2 5 12.2 x 1
x 2 5
+ 8=0
2) ( x + 1)log23 x 4 x log3 x 16 = 0
1
log2 ( x 1)2 + log 1 ( x + 4) = log2 (3 x)
2
4) log3 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = log2 ( x 2 + 2 x)
5) 3 x 2 2 x 3 = log2 ( x 2 + 1) log2 x
7) log2 (2 x + 1).log2 (2 x +1 + 2) = 6
8) log3
9) 3 +
11)
89 x 25
1
= log x
2
log32 x
2 x
3
x3
1
.log2 x log 3
= + log2 x
x
2
3
3
log 1 ( x + 2)2 3 = log 1 (4 x)3 + log 1 ( x + 6)3
2
4
4 x + log 8 (4 + x)3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 27
0968.393.899
9
;x = 3
4
2) x =
1
;x = 3
81
4) x = 1 3
5) nh gi x = 1
7) log2 3
8) x = 1; x =
3) x = 11; x = 1 + 14
6) x = 1; x = 15
3
8
9) x =
1
1
; x = ; x = 2 11) x = 2; x = 1 33
4
2
HT 65: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
10) x =
5
8
12) x = 2 24; x = 2
(log x )
log x
2) 2 2 + x 2 4
3) 4 x 2 + x.2 x
+1
5)
7) log4 (3 x 1)log 1
4
9)
+ 3.2 x > x 2 .2 x + 8 x + 12
/s:
6)
3x 1 3
16
4
1
+
log 1 (2 x 1) log
1
2
x2 3 x + 2
1
1) x 0; 1;5 5
5
4) (2; 1)
7) (0;1) (3; +)
>0
x +1
log22 x + 3
log2 x + 3
>2
8) ( x + 1)log 1 x + (2 x + 5).log 1 x + 6 0
2
>0
) (
2) x (0; +)
3) x 2; 1
5) (0;2]
1 1
6) ;
8 2
8) (0;2] [4; +)
1 + 13 3 + 5
;1
; +
9)
6
2
2 x + log y + 2 x log y = 5
2
2
3) x
4 + log2 y = 5
2
4)
2; 3
log ( x 2 + y2 ) = 5
2)
2
2 log4 x + log2 y = 4
2 xy
2 2 x y
2 2 6 = 0
3.
+
7.
4) 3
3
lg(3 x y) + lg(y + x) 4 lg 2 = 0
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 28
0968.393.899
log2 x + 3 3 log3 y = 5
5)
3 log x 1 log y = 1
2
3
5 17 5 17
;
/s: 1)
2
2
4) (2;2)
x + y
y x
= 32
6) 4
log 3 ( x y) = 1 log3 ( x + y)
2) (4; 4)
3) (2; 4);(4;2)
5) (4; 81)
6) (2;1)
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 29
0968.393.899
TUYN TP THI CC NM
HT 67: (D 2011) log2 (8 x 2 ) + log 1
1 + x + 1 x 2 = 0 (x ) /s: x = 0
log (3y 1) = x
1; 1
HT 68: (B 2010) x 2 x
/s:
(
,
)
x
y
2
4 + 2 = 3y
2
x 4x + y + 2 = 0
HT 69: (D 2010)
(x , y ) /s: (3;1)
2 log2 (x 2) log y = 0
2
x = 2
2
2
HT 71: (A 2008) log2x 1(2x + x 1) + logx +1(2x 1) = 4 /s:
x = 5
x 2 + x
HT 72: (B 2008) log 0,7 log6
< 0 /s: (4; 3) (8; +)
x + 4
x 2 3x + 2
0 /s:
x
2 2;1 (2;2 + 2)
3
<x 3
4
HT 75: (B 2007)
) (
2 1 +
2 + 1 2 2 = 0 /s: x = 1
1
4.2x 3
= 0 /s: x = log2 3
y x = a
log (y x ) log 1 = 1
1
4
y
HT 80: (A 2004)
/s: (3;4)
4
2
2
x + y = 25
x = 1
x 2 x
2 +x x 2
HT 81: (D 2003) 2
2
= 3 /s:
x = 2
HT 82: (A 2002) Cho phng trnh log23 x + log23 x + 1 2m 1 = 0 (Vi m l tham s)
a. Gii phng trnh vi m = 2 /s: x = 3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 30
0968.393.899
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 31
H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
0968.393.899
Cho (OA, OM ) . Gi s M (x ; y ) .
cos x OH
sin y OK
sin
AT
cos
cos
cot
BS
sin
tan
tang
T
cotang
S
M
cosin
Nhn xt:
, 1 cos 1; 1 sin 1
tan xc nh khi
k , k Z
2
sin( k 2) sin
cot xc nh khi k , k Z
tan( k ) tan
cos( k 2) cos
cot( k ) cot
2. Du ca cc gi tr lng gic
Phn t
Gi tr lng gic
cos
sin
tan
cot
II
III
IV
+
+
I B +
+
+
+
300
450
600
900
1200
1350
1500
1800
2700
3600
sin
cos
tan
cot
4. H thc c bn:
sin2 cos2 1 ;
tan.cot 1 ;
1 tan2
1
2
cos
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
; 1 cot2
1
sin2
Page 1
0968.393.899
Gc b nhau
Gc hn km
Gc ph nhau
Gc hn km
I B
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 2
0968.393.899
Cng thc h bc
I B
4. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 3
0968.393.899
Cc trng hp c bit:
sin x 0 x k (k Z )
sin x 1 x
k 2 (k Z )
2
sin x 1 x
k 2 (k Z )
2
2.
k (k Z )
2
cos x a. (1 a 1)
cos x a x arccos a k 2 (k Z )
Cc trng hp c bit:
k (k Z )
2
cos x 1 x k 2 (k Z )
cos x 0 x
I B
cos x 1 x k 2 (k Z )
3.
Cc trng hp c bit:
tan x 0 x k (k Z )
4.
tan x 1 x
k (k Z )
4
Cc trng hp c bit:
cot x 0 x
k
2
(k Z )
cot x 1 x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
k (k Z )
4
Page 4
0968.393.899
5.
Mt s iu cn ch :
a) Khi gii phng trnh c cha cc hm s tang, cotang, c mu s hoc cha cn bc chn, th nht thit phi
t iu kin phng trnh xc nh.
k (k Z ).
2
Phng trnh cha cotx th iu kin: x k (k Z )
Phng trnh c mu s:
sin x 0 x k (k Z )
(k Z )
2
k (k Z )
2
cos x 0 x
tan x 0 x k
(k Z )
2
(k Z )
2
b) Khi tm c nghim phi kim tra iu kin. Ta thng dng mt trong cc cch sau kim tra iu kin:
1. Kim tra trc tip bng cch thay gi tr ca x vo biu thc iu kin.
2. Dng ng trn lng gic.
3. Gii cc phng trnh v nh.
cot x 0 x k
I B
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 5
0968.393.899
CC DNG PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN
1
1. sin x
6
2
2. 2 sin(2x ) 2
3
1
4. cos(2x )
3
2
5.
3. 3 sin(x ) 1
4
HT 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2 cos(x ) 1
6
6. 4 cos(x ) 3
3
a ) sin 3x 1 sin x 2
b) cos x cos 2x
3
6
c) cos 3x sin 2x
d ) cos 2x cos x 0
3
3
x
e) sin 3x sin 0
4 2
f ) tan 3x tan x
4
6
g ) cot 2x cot x
4
3
h ) tan 2x 1 cot x 0
HT 3:
2
1. sin x 3 sin x 2 0
2. 3 cos2 2x 4 cos 2x 1 0
3. tan2 x 5 tan x 6 0
4. cot2 x 3 cot x 4 0
5. 4 sin x 2 3 1 sin x 3 0
I B
16.
tan2 x cot2 x 2
6. cos2 2x 3 sin 2x 3 0
7. cos2 3x 5 sin 3x 5 0
8. sin2 x 7 cos x 7 0
20. 9 13 cos x
x
2
4
1 tan2 x
=0
1. sin x 3 cos x 1
2.
2(sin 2x cos 2x ) 2
3. sin 2x 3 cos 2x 1
4.
3 cos 3x sin 3x 2
7.
8.
3 sin 2x sin 2x 1
2
6
6
3 cos x 4 sin x 1
14. 8 cos x
3
1
sin x cos x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 6
0968.393.899
2.
3.
4.
5.
2 cos x 4 sin x
6.
7.
8.
9.
3
cos x
I B
13.
14.
15.
2 sin x 2 3 cos x
3
1
cos x sin x
2 1
2
HT 7: Gii cc phng trnh sau (i xng a(sin x cos x ) b sin x cos x c 0 )
16.
3
sin 2x
2
1
6. sin3 2x cos3 2x sin 4x 1
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 7
0968.393.899
2 2 sin x cos x
I B
5x
3x
cos
2(8 sin x 1) cos x 5
2
2
3
2
10x
3. sin2 2x sin2 8x sin
2
4. 1 sin
x
x
x
sin x cos sin2 x 2 cos2
4 2
2
2
1
4
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 8
0968.393.899
I B
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 9
0968.393.899
N TP
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
k
2
;x
k
24
4
3
HT 1.
/s: x
HT 2.
/s: x k ; x
HT 3.
/s: x
HT 4.
sin 2x 2 sin x 1
/s: x
k 2; x k 2; x k 2
4
2
HT 5.
/s: x
k 2
k 2
;x
18
3
2
3
HT 6.
/s: x
k ; x k
4
3
HT 7.
/s: x
3
4
k ;(k ); cos ; sin
2
5
5
HT 8.
/s: x
k
4
HT 9.
/s: x
/s: x
k ; x k
4
3
k ; x k
4
3
k 2; x k 2
2
I B
1
cos x
k
3
/s: x k 2; x
/s: x
k 2
3
k 2 k
6
/s: x
2 1
HT 14. cos2 x cos2 x (sin x 1)
3
3 2
/s: x k 2; x
x
x
HT 15. 2 sin2 1 4 cos2 .
2 4
3 6
/s: x k 3; x
HT 16.
tan x cot 2x
4
HT 17.
HT 18.
sin x cos x
sin 2x
1
2
2 cos x sin x
/s: x
cot x 1
tan x cot x
k 6 (k )
2
k 2 k
4
/s: x k 2; x
2 cot 2x
2 sin x sin 2x
5
k 2; x
k 2
6
6
/s: V nghim
k ; x k 2; x k 2
4
2
/s: x
k ;
4
/s: x
k
4
2
k 2
6
3
3 cos x s inx 3 3 0
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 10
0968.393.899
k ; x k 2, k
3
5x
x
3x
HT 22. sin cos 2 cos
4
2
2 4
/s: x
/s: x
sin 2x cos 2x
tan x cot x
cos x
sin x
x
x
HT 27. 2 sin2 1 4 cos2
2 4
3 6
HT 28. 2 sin 6x 2 sin 4x 3c os2x 3 sin 2x
k
v x k 2 v x k 2
3
3
2
k hay x k
4
3
2
k
3
/s: x
/s:
k Z
k 2
3
x k ; x
k
4
x k 3; x
/s:
k 6
2
(k )
k
/s: x 12 2 ; x 18 3
HT 31.
cot2 x cot x
2
cot x 1
2 cos x
4
cos 3 x cos2 x
2 1 sin x .
sin x cos x
HT 32. 4 sin2
x
3 cos 2x 3 2 cos2 x
2
4
/s:
k
4
I /s:
B x
/s: x
k 2; x m 2
2
5 k 2
7
;x
k 2
18
3
6
5
k 2
4
/s:
3
HT 34. sin2 4x . sin x c os4x 1 c os2x
2
/s: V nghim
HT 35.
5
sin 2x
tan x 2 cos x
2
sin
x cos x
/s: x k ; x
/s: x
5 k 2
k 2; x
4
12
3
k 2
2
2
HT 37. 4 sin x . sin x . sin x 4 3. cos x .cos x .cos x 2 /s: x
k
, kZ
3
3
3
3
18
3
HT 38. 2 cos2
9x
6x
cos
1
10
5
HT 40. cot4 x 1
2 sin x
/s: x
5 k 10
,k
3
3
/s: x
l
,l
8
2
/s: x
2
l 2, l
3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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/s: x
/s: x
HT 44.
HT 45.
HT 46.
2(cos x sin x )
cot x 1
tan x cot 2x
sin4 2x c os4 2x
c os4 4x
tan( x ). tan( x )
4
4
3
2
cos x
4 2 sin 2x
2 3 2(cotg x 1)
sin 2x
HT 47.
/s: x
2
2
k 2 ; x
k 2 v x k (k )
3
3
6
k
4
2
k 2
k ; x
;x
2
24
2
42
7
k v
2
/s: x
k 2
4
/s: x k
,k Z
2
/s: x
k .
18
3
k
6
2
5
7
k ; x
k ; x
k ; x k
12
12
12
4
I B
/s: x
HT 49. 1 t an2x
HT 50.
1 sin 2x
c os 2x
cos2 x . cos x 1
sin x cos x
HT 51. sin(2x
2 1 sin x .
/s: x k
, x l ;(k, l Z )
2
/s: x
k 2 v x m 2
2
17
x
/s: x
5
k 2 x
k 2
2
6
k ; x m2; x m 2
4
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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cos 3x sin 3x
5
cos 2x 3 /S: x ; x
5 sin x
.
1 2 sin 2x
3
3
;x k .
9
2
HT 3. (H 2002D) Tm x thuc on [0; 14] nghim ng phng trnh:
cos 3x 4 cos 2x 3 cos x 4 0
3
5
7
/S: x ; x
;x
;x
.
2
2
2
2
cos 2x
1
HT 4. (H 2003A) Gii phng trnh: cot x 1
sin2 x sin 2x ./S: x k .
1 tan x
2
4
HT 2.
HT 5.
HT 6.
x
x
(H 2003D) Gii phng trnh: sin2 tan2 x cos2 0 .
2 4
2
/S: x k 2; x
2
.
sin 2x
/S: x
k .
3
k .
4
HT 7.
5
k 2; x
k 2 .
6
6
(H 2004D) Gii phng trnh: (2 cos x 1)(2 sin x cos x ) sin 2x sin x .
/S: x
HT 8.
/S: x
HT 9.
k 2; x k .
3
4
2
(H 2005A) Gii phng trnh: cos2 3x . cos 2x I
cosB
x 0.
/S: x k
.
2
2
/S: x k ; x
k 2 .
4
3
HT 11. (H 2005D) Gii phng trnh: cos4 x sin 4 x cos x sin 3x 0 . /S: x k .
4
4
2
4
HT 12. (H 2006A) Gii phng trnh:
HT 13. (H 2006B) Gii phng trnh:
/S: x
0.
2 2 sin x
x
cot x sin x 1 tan x . tan 4 .
/S: x
5
2m .
4
5
k ; x
k .
12
12
/S x k ; x
/S: x
2
k 2 .
3
k ; x k 2; x k 2 .
4
2
2
5
2
/S: x k ; x
k
;x
k
.
8
4
18
3
18
3
2
x
x
2
2
2
6
7
1
1
HT 18. (H 2008A) Gii phng trnh:
4 sin x .
sin x
3
sin x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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5
k ; x k ; x
k
4
8
8
HT 19. (H 2008B) Gii phng trnh: sin3 x 3 cos3 x sin x cos2 x 3 sin2 x cos x .
/S: x k ; x k .
4
2
3
HT 20. (H 2008D) Gii phng trnh: 2 sin x (1 cos 2x ) sin 2x 1 2 cos x .
/S: x
k 2; x k .
3
4
(1 2 sin x ) cos x
3.
(1 2 sin x )(1 sin x )
/S: x
/S: x
2
k
.
18
3
2
.
k 2; x
k
6
42
7
/S: x
k ;x k .
18
3
6
2
4 1 cos x
HT 24. (H 2010A) Gii phng trnh:
1 tan x
2
7
/S: x k 2; x
k 2 .
6
6
HT 25. (H 2010B) Gii phng trnh: (sin 2x cos 2x ) cos x 2 cos 2x sin x 0 .
/S: x
k .
4
2
5
/S: x k 2; x
k 2 .
I B
6
6
HT 27. (H 2011A) Gii phng trnh:
1 sin 2x c os2x
2
2 sin x sin 2x
1 cot x
k ; x k 2 (k )
2
4
HT 28. (H 2011B) Gii phng trnh: sin 2x cos x sin x cos x c os2x s inx cos x
2
/S: x k 2; x k
(k )
2
3
3
sin 2x 2 cos x s inx 1
2
HT 30. (H 2012A+A1) 3 sin 2x cos 2x 2 cos x 1 /s: x k ; x k 2; x
k 2
2
3
2
2
HT 31. (H 2012B) 2(cos x 3 sin x ) cos x cos x 3 sin x 1 /s: x
k 2; x k
3
3
/S x
/s: x
;x
k 2; x k 2
4
2
12
12
4
4
3
HT 34. (H 2013B) sin 5x 2 cos2 x 1 /s: x
2
k
;x k
(k )
6
3
14
7
7
/s: x k ; x k 2; x
k 2 (k )
4
2
6
6
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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TUYN TP THI D B CC NM
x
(H 2002Adb2) Gii phng trnh: tan x cos x cos2 x sin x 1 tan x . tan .
2
/S: x k 2 .
HT 1.
HT 2.
/S: x
HT 3.
cos4 x
2
5
2
k
;x
k
.
18
3
18
3
/S: x
2 sin2 2x sin 3x
sin 4 x cos4 x
1
1
cot 2x
.
5 sin 2x
2
8 sin 2x
k .
6
/S: x
k
3
/S x k , x k
4
2
2 3 cos x 2 sin2 x
2 4
HT 7. (H 2003Bdb2) Gii phng trnh:
1.
2 cos x 1
I B
/S: x (2k 1)
3
HT 6.
HT 8.
/S: x
HT 9.
cos2 x cos x 1
2(1 sin x ) .
sin x cos x
k , x k 2
2
2 cos 4x
.
sin 2x
/S x
k .
3
k ; x k
4
3
1
1
k
HT 11. (H 2004Bdb1) Gii phng trnh: 2 2 cos x
.
/S: x
4 sin x
cos x
4
2
HT 12. (H 2004Bdb2) Gii phng trnh: sin 4x . sin 7x cos 3x . cos 6x .
k
/S: x k ; x
2
20 10
HT 13. (H 2004Ddb1) Gii phng trnh: 2 sin x . cos 2x sin 2x . cos x sin 4x . cos x .
k
/S: x
;x k
3
4
2 k 2
; x k 2
9
3
x
3
3 cos 2x 1 2 cos2 x .
2
4
5
17
5
;x
;x
.
18
18
6
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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k hoc x k .
2
4
HT 17. (H 2005Bdb1) Gii phng trnh : sin x . cos 2x cos2 x tan2 x 1 2 sin 3 x 0 .
5
/S: x k 2; x
k 2 .
6
6
cos 2x 1
HT 18. (H 2005Bdb2) Gii phng trnh : tan x 3 tan2 x
2
cos2 x
/S: x
k .
4
3
sin x
tan x
2 .
2
1 cos x
5
k 2; x
k 2 .
6
6
HT 20. (H 2005Ddb2) Gii phng trnh: sin 2x cos 2x 3 sin x cos x 2 0 .
/S: x k 2; x
k 2; x k 2; x k 2 .
6
6
2
/S: x
23 2
.
8
k .
16
2
/S: x k ; x
7
k 2 .
6
/S x k .
6
2
HT 24. (H 2006Bdb2) Gii phng trnh:
/S: x
I B
k ; x k 2; x k 2 .
4
2
/S: x k ; x k 2; x k 2 .
4
2
HT 26. (H 2006Ddb2) Gii phng trnh:
2
/S x k 2; x
k 2 .
2
3
1
1
2 cot 2x .
2 sin x sin 2x
k .
4
2
HT 28. (H 2007Adb2) Gii phng trnh: 2 cos2 x 2 3 sin x cos x 1 3(sin x 3 cos x ) .
/S: x
2
k .
3
5x
x
3x
HT 29. (H 2007Bdb1) Gii phng trnh: sin cos 2 cos
4
2
2 4
k
; x k 2; x k 2 .
3
3
2
sin 2x cos 2x
HT 30. (H 2007Bdb2) Gii phng trnh:
tan x cot x .
cos x
sin x
/S: x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
/S: x
k 2 .
3
Page 16
0968.393.899
k hay x k .
4
3
HT 32. (H 2007Ddb2) Gii phng trnh: (1 tan x )(1 sin 2x ) 1 tan x .
/S: x
/S: x
k ; x k .
4
5
17
5
; x
; x
.
18
18
6
x
3
3 cos 2x 1 2 cos2 x .
2
4
k hoc x k .
2
4
HT 35. (H 2008Bdb1) Gii phng trnh: sin x cos 2x cos2 x tan2 x 1 2 sin 3 x 0 .
5
/S: x k 2; x
k 2 .
6
6
cos 2x 1
HT 36. (H 2008Bdb2) Gii phng trnh: tan x 3 tan2 x
.
2
cos2 x
/S: x
k .
4
sin x
tan x
2.
2
1 cos x
5
I B
k 2; x
k 2 .
6
6
HT 38. (H 2008Ddb2) Gii phng trnh: sin 2x cos 2x 3 sin x cos x 2 0
/S: x k 2; x
k 2; x k 2; x k 2 .
6
6
2
/S: x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
0968.393.899
(1)
H s
Kt lun
a0
(1) v nghim
b=0
(1) nghim ng vi mi x
a=0
S = ; +
a
x ; +
a
S = ;
a>0
a<0
a=0
Du nh thc bc nht
f(x) = ax + b (a 0)
b0
b<0
x ;
a.f(x) < 0
a.f(x) > 0
S=
S=R
>0
=0
(1) c nghim kp
<0
(1) v nghim
c
.
a
c
Nu a b + c = 0 th (1) c hai nghim l x = 1 v x = .
a
b
Nu b chn th ta c th dng cng thc thu gn vi b = .
2
2. nh l Viet
Hai s x1, x 2 l cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai ax 2 + bx + c = 0 khi v ch khi chng tho mn cc h thc
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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b
c
v P = x 1x 2 = .
a
a
4. BT PHNG TRNH BC HAI
Xt du tam thc bc hai
S = x1 + x 2 =
f(x) = ax + bx + c (a 0)
<0
a.f(x) > 0, x R
b
=0
a.f(x) > 0, x R \
2a
>0
1) (m 2 + 2)x 2m = x 3
2) m(x m ) = x + m 2
3) m(x m + 3) = m(x 2) + 6
4) m 2 (x 1) + m = x (3m 2)
5) (m 2 m )x = 2x + m 2 1
HT2.
3x 4
>1
x 2
2)
x 3 x +5
>
x +1 x 2
3)
x 3 1 2x
<
x +5
x 3
5)
2x 5
1
2x
6)
2
5
x 1 2x 1
3) (m + 1)x + m < 3m + 4
5)
m(x 2) x m x + 1
+
>
6
3
2
HT4.
HT5.
3)
x 1(x m + 2) > 0
1) x 2 + 5x + 3m 1 = 0
2) 2x 2 + 12x 15m = 0
3) x 2 2(m 1)x + m 2 = 0
5) (m 1)x 2 + (2 m )x 1 = 0
6) mx 2 2(m + 3)x + m + 1 = 0
HT6.
1) x 2 mx + m + 3 > 0
HT7.
2) (1 + m )x 2 2mx + 2m 0
3) mx 2 2x + 4 > 0
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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2) (m 2 + 2m 3)x = m 1
1) (m 2)x = n 1
b) m 2x + 1 m + (3m 2)x
c) mx m 2 > mx 4
0
(1) c hai nghim cng du
P > 0
0
0
S > 0
S < 0
Bi tp
HT9. Xc nh m phng trnh:
i) c hai nghim tri du
2) 2x 2 + 12x 15m = 0
3) x 2 2(m 1)x + m 2 = 0
5) (m 1)x 2 + (2 m )x 1 = 0
6) mx 2 2(m + 3)x + m + 1 = 0
7) x 2 4x + m + 1 = 0
V d:
trong S = u + v, P = uv.
Bi tp
HT10. Gi x1, x 2 l cc nghim ca phng trnh. Khng gii phng trnh, hy tnh:
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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2) 2x 2 3x 7 = 0
3) 3x 2 + 10x + 3 = 0
4) x 2 2x 15 = 0
5) 2x 2 5x + 2 = 0
6)
3x 2 + 5x 2 = 0
c) m = 1; m = 2.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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khi A < 0
A
A.B = A . B
A 0, A
A = A2
A + B = A + B A.B 0
A B = A + B A.B 0
A + B = A B A.B 0
A B = A B A.B 0
A < B
A > B
.
A > B
Vi B > 0 ta c:
2. Cch gii
gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh cha n trong du GTT ta tm cch kh du GTT, bng cch:
Dng nh ngha hoc tnh cht ca GTT.
Bnh phng hai v.
t n ph.
a) Phng trnh:
f (x ) 0
C 2 g(x ) 0
C 1
f
(
x
)
=
g
(
x
)
f (x ) = g(x )
Dng 1: f (x ) = g(x )
f (x ) < 0
f (x ) = g(x )
f (x ) = g(x )
C2
C1
f (x ) = g (x )
2
2
Dng 2: f (x ) = g (x ) f (x ) = g(x )
f (x ) = g(x )
Dng 3: a f (x ) + b g(x ) = h(x )
g( x) < 0
f ( x) co ngha
f ( x) > g( x) g( x) 0
Dng 2:
f ( x) < g( x)
f ( x) > g( x)
Ch : A = A A 0 ;
A = A A 0
Vi B > 0 ta c:
A < B
A > B
.
A > B
A + B = A + B AB 0 ; A B = A + B AB 0
Bi tp
HT15. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
x 2 + 6x + 9 = 2x 1
1) 2x 1 = x + 3
2)
3) x 2 3 x + 2 = 0
4) 4x 17 = x 2 4x 5
5) x 2 4x 5 = 4x 17
6) x 1 x + 2x + 3 = 2x + 4
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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7) 2 x + 1 x 2 2x 8 = x 2 x 5
HT16. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) 4x + 7 = 4x + 7
8) x 1 + x + 2 + x 3 = 14
2) 2x 3 = 3 2x
4) x 2 2x 3 = x 2 + 2x + 3
3) x 1 + 2x + 1 = 3x
5) 2x 5 + 2x 2 7x + 5 = 0
6) x + 3 + 7 x = 10
1) x 2 2x + x 1 1 = 0
HT18. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
1) x 2 2x 1 < x + 1
2) 2x 2 + x 3 2x + 1
3) x 2 5x + 4 x 2 + 6x + 5
4) x 2 + x 1 < 2x 2 + x 2
2
f (x ) = g (x )
Dng 1: f (x ) = g (x )
g(x ) 0
f (x ) = g(x )
Dng 2: f (x ) = g(x )
f (x ) 0 (hay g(x ) 0)
Dng 3:
f (x ) = 3 g(x ) f (x ) = g (x )
Dng 4:
f (x ) = g(x ) f (x ) = (g(x ))
b. Bt phng trnh
f (x ) 0
f (x ) < g(x ) 2
g(x ) < 0
f (x ) 0
f (x ) > g(x )
Bi tp
HT19. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
2x 3 = x 3
2)
5x + 10 = 8 x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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3) x 2x 5 = 4
4)
x 2 + x 12 = 8 x
5)
x 2 + 2x + 4 = 2 x
6) 3x 2 9x + 1 = x 2
8)
3x 2 9x + 1 = x 2
8) (x 3) x 2 + 4 = x 2 9
x 2 + x 12 < 8 x
2)
x 2 x 12 < 7 x
3)
x 2 4x + 21 < x + 3
4)
x 2 3x 10 > x 2
5)
3x 2 + 13x + 4 x 2
6)
2x + 6x 2 + 1 > x + 1
7)
x + 3 7 x > 2x 8
8)
2 x > 7 x 3 2x 9)
2x + 3 + x + 2 1
2)
3 +x 2x = 1
3) x 2 + x + 1 = 1
4)
x + 9 = 5 2x + 4
5) 3 + x + 6 x = 3
6)
3x + 4 2x + 1 = x + 3
x2 + 9 x2 7 = 2
2)
3x 2 + 5x + 8 3x 2 + 5x + 1 = 1
4)
x 2 + x 5 + x 2 + 8x 4 = 5
3x + 2 + x + 1 = 3
1+ x + 1 x = 2
6) 3 9 x + 1 + 3 7 + x + 1 = 4
5) 3 5x + 7 3 5x 13 = 1
HT23. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
x 2 4x
2
3x
3) (x + 3) x 2 4 x 2 9
2)
2x 2 15x + 17
0
x +3
4)
x 2 + x + 6
x 2 + x + 6
2x + 5
x +4
1) x + 2 x 2 + 8
2)
2x 2 + 1 3x 2 1
3) 3 x + 1 > x 3
x + 1 + x + 10 = x + 2 + x + 5
2) 3 x + 1 + 3 x + 2 + 3 x + 3 = 0
3)
x + 3 + 3x + 1 = 2 x + 2x + 2
4)
5)
x 2 + 2x + 2x 1 = 3x 2 + 4x + 1
6) 1 x = 6 x 5 2x
7) 3 12 x + 3 14 + x = 2
x3 + 1
+ x + 1 = x2 x + 1 + x + 3
x +3
8) 3 x 1 + 3 x 2 = 3 2x 1
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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II. t n ph
t = f (x ), t 0
Dng 1: af (x ) + b f (x ) + c = 0
at 2 + bt + c = 0
Dng 2: f (x ) + g (x ) = h(x )
Dng 3: f (x ) g (x ) + f (x ).g (x ) = h(x ) v f (x ) g (x ) = k (k = const ) t t =
f (x ) g(x ), .
2)
(x 3)(8 x ) + 26 = x 2 + 11x
3) (x + 4)(x + 1) 3 x 2 + 5x + 2 = 6
4) (x + 5)(2 x ) = 3 x 2 + 3x
5) x 2 + x 2 + 11 = 31
6) x 2 2x + 8 4 (4 x )(x + 2) = 0
x + 3 + 6 x = 3 + (x + 3)(6 x )
2)
2x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 (2x + 3)(x + 1) 16
3)
x 1 + 3 x (x 1)(3 x ) = 1
4)
7 x + 2 + x (7 x )(2 + x ) = 3
5)
x + 1 + 4 x + (x + 1)(4 x ) = 5
6)
3x 2 + x 1 = 4x 9 + 2 3x 2 5x + 2
7) 1 +
8)
2
x x2 = x + 1 x
3
x + 9 x = x 2 + 9x + 9
3) (x + 1)(x + 4) < 5 x 2 + 5x + 28
2) (x + 5)(x 2) + 3 x (x + 3) > 0
4)
3x 2 + 5x + 7 3x 2 + 5x + 2 1
2x 4 + 2 2x 5 + 2x + 4 + 6 2x 5 = 14
2)
x + 5 4 x +1 + x + 2 2 x +1 = 1
3)
2x 2 2x 1 2 2x + 3 4 2x 1 + 3 2x + 8 6 2x 1 = 4
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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Dng 4: t n ph khng hon ton: L phng php s dng 1 n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u v 1 phng
trnh vi 1 n ph nhng cc h s vn cha n x ban u.
Bi tp:
1) x 2 1 = 2x x 2 2x
2) (4x 1) x 3 + 1 = 2x 3 + 2x + 1
3) x 2 1 = 2x x 2 + 2x
4) x 2 + 4x = (x + 2) x 2 2x + 4
3x + 1 = 4x 2 + 13x 5
2) x 3 + 2 = 3 3 3x 2
3)
x + 1 = x 2 + 4x + 5
4)
4x + 9
= 7x 2 + 7x , x > 0
28
3
3
6) x 35 x 3 x + 35 x 3 = 30
5) x 3 + 1 = 23 2x 1
III. Phng php trc cn thc
Bi tp
HT31. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) x 2 + 3x + 1 = (x + 3) x 2 + 1
3)
3 2
x 1 + x = x3 2
5) 2 (2 x )(5 x ) = x + (2 x )(10 x )
7)
3 2
9)
11)
2)
x 2 + 12 + 5 = 3x + x 2 + 5
4)
2x 2 + x + 9 + 2x 2 x + 1 = x + 4
6)
4 3 10 3x = x 2
3 2
x + 4 = x 1 + 2x 3
8)
2x 2 + 16x + 18 + x 2 1 = 2x + 4
10)
x 1 + 3x 3 2 = 3x 2
x 2 + 15 = 3x 2 + x 2 + 8
3x 2 5x + 1 x 2 2 = 3(x 2 x 1) x 2 3x + 4
4x 1 + 4x 2 1 = 1
2)
x 1 = x 3 4x + 5
3)
x 1 + x 2 = 3
4)
2x 1 + x 2 + 3 = 4 x
V. Phng php nh gi
1)
x 2 2x + 5 + x 1 = 2
3)
2 x2 + 2
2) 2 7x 3 11x 2 + 25x 12 = x 2 + 6x 1
1
= 4 x
x
x2
1
4)
x 2 x 1 + x + 3 4 x 1 = 1
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 9
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x +4 x 4 +x + x 4 = m .
HT3.
x + 1 + 3 x (x + 1)(3 x ) = m .
/s: m 1
HT5.
Tm m phng trnh
/s:
HT6.
HT7.
3 2 4
m 2 5;
HT8.
x +1
= m Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c nghim.
x 3
/s: m 4
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 10
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N TP
I. BIN I TNG NG
HT1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
7 29
5 13
,x =
2
2
1.
x 2 1 = x 3 5x 2 2x + 4
/s: x = 1, x =
2.
x 3 3x + 1 = 2x + 1
/s: x = 2, x = 5
3.
x2 1 + x = 1
/s: x = 0, x = 1
4.
x + 1 + x 1 = 1 + 1 x2
/s: x = 0, x = 2
5.
3 2x x = 5 2 + 3x + x 2
HT2.
/s: x =
23
3
,x =
9
23
1.
x 2 + 4x 3 = 2x 5
/s: x =
2.
7 x 2 + x x + 5 = 3 2x x 2
/s: x = 1
3.
3x + x 3 x + 1 = 2
4.
x 3 2x + 5 = 2x 1
/s: x = 2 x = 1 + 3
5.
x 3 + x 2 + 6x + 28 = x + 5
/s: x = 1 x =
6.
x 4 4x 3 + 14x 11 = 1 x
/s: x = 2 x = 1
7.
/s: x = 3 2
8.
3x 2 x + 7 = 1
/s: x = 9
9.
3x + 1 + x + 1 = 8
/s: x = 8
10.
x +8 x = x +3
/s: x = 1
11.
5x + 1 + 2x + 3 = 14x + 7
1
/s: x = ; x = 3
9
12.
x (x 1) + x (x + 2) = 2 x 2
/s: x = 0 x =
13.
x + 14x 49 + x 14x 49 = 14
/s: x =
14.
3x + 8 3x + 5 = 5x 4 5x 7
/s: x = 6
15.
x + 3 + 3x + 1 = 2 x + 2x + 2
/s: x = 1
16.
10x + 1 + 3x 5 = 9x + 4 + 2x 2
/s: x = 3
17.
x2 + 2 + x2 + 7 = x2 + x + 3 + x2 + x + 8
/s: x = 1
18.
5
5
x2 + 1 x2 +
x2 1 x2 = x + 1
4
4
/s: x =
19.
2x 2 2x 1 2 2x + 3 4 2x 1 + 3 2x + 8 6 2x 1 = 4
/s: x = 1; x =
20.
x3 + 1
+ x + 1 = x2 x + 1 + x + 3
x +3
/s: x = 1 3
/s: x = 1
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
1 13
2
9
8
7
x = 7
2
3
5
5
2
Page 11
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1
1
=
x
x
x
/s: x = 1
22. 3 2x + 1 + 3 2x + 2 + 3 2x + 3 = 0
23.
/s: x = 1
3x 1 + 3 2x 1 = 3 5x + 1
/s: x =
24. 3 x + 1 + 3 x + 2 + 3 x + 3 = 0
HT3.
/s: x = 2
(x + 3) 10 x 2 = x 2 x 12
2.
3.
x + 2 7 x = 2 x 1 + x 2 + 8x 7 + 1
/s: x = 3
x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = 1 + x 2 + 3x + 2
/s: x = 0; x = 1
4.
x 2 + 10x + 21 = 3 x + 3 + 2 x + 7 6
5.
x 2 + 3x + 2 x + 2 = 2x + x +
/s: x = 5; x = 4
/s: x = 1; x = 2
6
+5
x
/s: x = 1; x = 2
6.
x 2 x 1 (x 1) x + x 2 x = 0
/s: x = 2
7.
2x 2 6x + 10 5(x 2) x + 1 = 0
/s: x = 3; x = 8
8.
x + 3 + 2x x + 1 = 2x + x 2 + 4x + 3
/s: x = 0; x = 1
9.
x + 1 + 2(x + 1) = x 1 + 1 x + 3 1 x 2
/s: x = 0
10.
3 2
x + 3x + 2(3 x + 1 3 x + 2) = 1
/s: x =
3
2
HT4.
HT5.
19
30
1.
4 x + 1 = x 2 5x + 14
/s: x = 3
2.
x 2 x + 6 = 4 1 3x
/s: x = 1
3.
x 4 2x 2 x 2 2x + 16 + 2x 2 6x + 20 = 0
/s: x = 2
4.
x + 4 x + 3 + 2 3 2x = 11
/s: x = 1
5.
13 x 1 + 9 x + 1 = 16x
/s: x =
6.
2 x + 1 + 6 9 x 2 + 6 (x + 1)(9 x 2 ) x 3 2x 2 + 10x + 38 = 0
/s: x = 0
7.
x 2 2(x + 1) 3x + 1 = 2 2x 2 + 5x + 2 8x 5
/s: x = 1
8.
4x 2 + 12 + x 1 = 4 x 5x 1 + 9 5x
5
4
1.
x + 1 + 1 = 4x 2 + 3x
/s: x =
2.
2x 3 x = 2x 6
/s: x = 3
3.
x 2 + 4 x = 2x 5x 1
/s: x = 3
4.
10x + 1 + 3x 5 = 9x + 4 + 2x 2
/s: x = 3
5.
)(
6.
3(2 + x 2) = 2x + x + 6
1+x +1
1 + x + 2x 5 = x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
/s: x = 2
/s: x = 3; x =
11 3 5
2
Page 12
0968.393.899
/s: x = 6
4x + 1 3x 2 = x + 3
3x 2 5x + 1 x 2 2 = 3(x 2 x 1) x 2 3x + 4
/s: x = 2
(x + 1) x 2 2x + 3 = x 2 + 1
/s: x = 1 2
10. (3x + 1) x 2 + 3 = 3x 2 + 2x + 3
/s: x = 1
11. (x + 3) 2x 2 + 1 = x 2 + x + 3
/s: x = 0; x = 5 + 13
12.
4
1
5
+ x = x + 2x
x
x
x
13.
x + 3 x = x2 x 2
/s: x = 2
/s: x =
14. 3 x + 24 + 12 x = 6
3 5
2
/s: x = 24; x = 88
15. 2x 2 11x + 21 = 3 3 4x 4
HT6. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
/s: x = 3
) (
1.
3x + 5 < x 2 + 7x
/s: x ; 5 2 5 5; 5 + 2 5 (1; +)
2.
x 2 + 8x 1 < 2x + 6
/s: x (5 + 2 5;1)
3.
2x 2 3x 10 8 x
4.
2x 1
2
<
x 3x 4
5.
6.
HT7.
1 + 37
1 37
/s: x ;
1 2;1 + 2
; +
2
2
7 + 57
/s: x (; 3) (1; 4)
; +
1
2
2x + 1
x +5
x 1
3
x + 3 1
/s: x [ 5; 4) 2;2 3
x +2
3 3
/s: x ; 2; +)
2 4
1.
2x + 3 4x 2 3x 3
2.
x 2 x 12 < x
3.
x 2 + 4x 3 > 2x 5
4.
5x 2 2x 2 4 x
/s: x (; 3) ; +
2
5.
x + 9 + 2x + 4 > 5
/s: x (0; +)
6.
x + 2 3 x < 5 2x
/s: x [ 2;2)
7.
7x + 1 3x 8 2x + 7
8.
5x + 1 4x 1 3 x
/s: x 9; +)
1
/s: x ; +
4
9.
1
5x + 1 4 x x + 6 x ; 3
5
/s: x 4; +)
14
/s: 1;
5
/s:
1
x 1
x 2
2
3 x ; 0
12
x
x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 13
0968.393.899
x 2 + x + 6
x 2 + x + 6
2x + 5
x +4
2x + 4
10x 3x 2 3 0
11. x
2x 5
/s: x 2; 1 x = 3
10.
1 5
/s: x = 3 x ;
3 2
12.
51 2x x 2
<1
1x
/s: x 1 52; 5 1; 1 + 52
13.
3x 2 + x + 4
<2
x
9 4
/s: x [1; 0) ;
7 3
14.
2x 2 + 3x 5
15.
>
) (
5 3
/s: x ; 1; (2; +)
2 2
1
2x 1
3 2 x 2 + 3x + 2
1 2 x2 x + 1
13 1
/s: x
; +
6
>1
16.
x 2 + 3x + 2 + x 2 + 6x + 5 2x 2 + 9x + 7
/s: x = 1; x = 5
17.
x 2 4x + 3 2x 2 3x + 1 x 1
1
/s: x ; x = 1
18.
x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4x + 3 2 x 2 5x + 4
/s: x 4; +) x = 1
HT8.
1.
(3
(1 +
1+x
/s: x 1; 8)
> x 4
6x 2
3.
9 7
/s: x ; \ {0}
2 2
< x + 21
9 + 2x
x2
2.
x2
(x + 1
x +1
<
x 2 + 3x + 18
6.
x + 3 x 1 1 + x 2 + 2x 3 4
3
/s: x ; 3 \ {1}
2
/s: x 2
x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4x + 3 2 x 2 5x + 4
/s: x 4 x = 1
/s: x (0; 4
+ 2x + 1 2x + 17
x
9.
2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 4 x > 2 3
11. 2 1
2
8
+ 2x x
x
x
(x + 1)2
5.
8.
/s: x 10 + 4 5; +
> 2x + x 1 + 1
2x + 1 + 1
4.
7.
/s: x (1; 4
/s: x ; 1
3
/s: x 2; 0) 1 + 5
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
}
Page 14
0968.393.899
12x 8
2x + 4 2 2 x >
9x 2 + 16
13. 2
x2 + x + 1
2
+ x2 4
x +4
x2 + 1
14. (x 1) x 2 2x + 5 4x x 2 + 1 2(x + 1)
15.
3 2 x 2 + 3x + 2
x (x + 1 x 2 )
x x + 1 x2 x3
17.
HT9.
/s: x 3; 3
/s: x (; 1
13 1
; +
/s: x (; 2
>1
1 2 x2 x + 1
16.
2 4 2
/s: x 2;
;2
3 3
5 1
2
/s: x =
2x 2 + 11x + 15 + x 2 + 2x 3 x + 6
7 3
/s: ; ; +
2 2
(x + 1) x 2 2x + 3 = x 2 + 1
/s: x = 1 2
2.
x 2 + (3 x 2 + 2)x = 1 + 2 x 2 + 2
/s: x = 14
3
(3x + 1) 2x 2 1 = 5x 2 + x 3
2
3 2x 2 + 1 1 = x 1 + 3x + 8 2x 2 + 1
/s: x = 1; x = 5
5.
2 2x + 4 + 4 2 x = 9x 2 + 16
/s: x =
6.
4 x + 1 1 = 3x + 2 1 x + 1 x 2
3
/s: x = ; x = 0
5
7.
2 2 1 + x 2 1 x 2 1 x 4 = 3x 2 + 1
/s: x = 0
8.
x 2 + 2(x 1) x 2 + x + 1 x + 2 = 0
/s: x = 0; x = 1
9.
(x + 1) x 2 2x + 3 = x 2 + 1
/s: x = 1 2
3.
4.
/s: x = 0
4 2
3
59 3
10
/s: x =
2x 2 + 4x + 1 = 1 x 2 2x
/s: x = 2; x = 0
2.
x + 2 + 5 x + (x + 2)(5 x ) = 4
/s: x =
3.
2x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2x 2 + 5x + 3 16 /s: x = 3
4.
(x 2 + 1)2 = 5 x 2x 2 + 4
5.
x 2 + 2x x
6.
9
x
1
= 3x + 1
x
2x
1 = 0
2x + 9
33 5
2
/s: x = 2 x =
/s: x =
3 1
1 5
2
/s: x =
3 2
2
7.
2x 2 6x + 4 = 3 x 3 + 8
/s: x = 3 13
8.
2x 2 + 5x 1 = 7 x 3 1
/s: x = 4 6
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 15
0968.393.899
x 2 4x 3 = x + 5
/s: x = 1 x =
10. 2x 2 6x 1 = 4x + 5
5 + 29
2
/s: x = 1 2 x = 2 + 3
5 x + 4 x 1 = 2
2.
x 3 + 1 = 23 2x 1
3.
3x 2 + 6x 3 =
4.
x 2 4x 3 = x + 5
/s: x = 1; x =
5.
2x 2 6x 1 = 4x + 5
/s: x = 1 2; x = 2 + 3
6.
4 3 (x + 2)2 7 3 (4 x )2 + 3 3 (2 x )2 = 0
7.
8.
(x + 3) x 2 8x + 48 = x 24
/s: x = 0; x = 5
/s: x = 1; x =
x +7
3
/s: x =
(2 x )2 + 3 (7 + x )2 3 (7 + x )(2 x ) = 2
1 5
2
5 + 73
7 69
;x =
6
6
5 + 29
2
/s: x = 6; x = 1
/s: x = 2 2 7; x = 5 31
1
1
+
=2
x
2
2x
HT12. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau (t n ph):
9.
/s: x = 1; x =
1 3
2
1.
(x + 1)(x + 4) < 5 x 2 + 5x + 28
/s: x (9; 4)
2.
x (x 4) x 2 + 4x + (x 2)2 < 2
/s: x 2 3;2 + 3
3.
6
/s: x ;6
7
4.
3 x + x + 2 + 3 3 x 2 + x + 6
/s: x 2; 1 2; 3
5.
x +4 + x 4
x + x 2 16 6
2
145
/s: x
; +
36
6.
3x 2 + 6x + 4 < 2 2x x 2
/s: x (2; 0)
/s: x (; 0) ; +
2
3x 1
x
+1
x
3x 1
7.
8.
9.
x+
x
x2 1
10.
1
1 x2
+1>
>
/s: x 1 3;1 + 3
35
12
5 5
/s: x 1; ; +
4 3
3x
1 2
;1
/s: x 1;
2 5
1 x2
HT13. Gii cc phng trnh sau (s dng tnh n iu ca hm s)
1.
6
8
+3
= 14
3x
2x
/s: x =
2.
3x + 1 + x + 7x + 2 = 4
/s: x = 1
3.
4x 3 + x (x + 1) 2x + 1 = 0 x =
1+ 5
4
/s: x =
3
2
1 + 21
4
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 16
0968.393.899
4.
x (4x 2 + 1) + (x 3) 5 2x = 0
5.
(2x + 3) 4x 2 + 12x + 11 + 3x (1 + 9x 2 + 2) + 5x + 3 = 0
6.
/s: x =
3
5
/s: x = 0; x = 2
7.
x 3 + 1 = 23 2x 1
/s: x = 1; x =
1 5
2
8.
8x 3 36x 2 + 53x 25 = 3 3x 5
/s: x = 2; x =
5 3
4
9.
/s: x = 4; x =
11 5
2
10. 2x 3 + x 2 3x + 1 = 2(3x 1) 3x 1
/s: x =
3 5
2
x +1 > 3 x +4
/s: x (0; +)
2.
5x 1 + x + 3 4
/s: x 1; +)
3.
2(x 2)
4.
5.
3 3 2x +
4x 4 + 2x + 2 3x 1
5
2x 1
2x 6
/s: x 3
7
/s: x 1;
3
/s: x 1;
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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TUYN TP THI I HC CC NM
HT15. Gii bt phng trnh:
1) (B 2012) x + 1 + x 2 4x + 1 3 x
2) (A 2010)
x x
1 2(x 2 x + 1)
3) (A 2005)
4) (A 2004)
5x 1 x 1 > 2x 4
2(x 2 16)
7 x
+ x 3 >
x 3
x 3
5) (D 2002) (x 2 3x ) 2x 2 3x 2 0
1
/s: 1) 0; [4; +)
4
2) x =
3 5
2
3) 2 < x < 10
1
5) x < x = 2 x 3
2
HT16. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
4) x > 10 34
1) (B 2011) 3 2 + x 6 2 x + 4 4 x 2 = 10 3x
2) (B 2010) 3x + 1 6 x + 3x 2 14x 8 = 0
3) (A 2009) 2 3 3x 2 + 3 6 5x 8 = 0
4)(D 2006)
2x 1 + x 2 3x + 1 = 0
5) (D 2005) 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4
/s: 1) x =
6
5
2) x = 5
3) x = 2
4) x = 2 2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
5) x = 3
Page 18
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a x + b y = c
1
1
1
(a12 + b12 0, a22 + b22 0)
a2x + b2y = c2
a b
Tnh cc nh thc: D = 1 1 ,
a2 b2
c b
Dx = 1 1 ,
c2 b2
a c
Dy = 1 1 .
a2 c2
Xt D
Kt qu
D0
D=0
Dx 0 hoc Dy 0
Dx = Dy = 0
H v nghim
H c v s nghim
Ch : gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n ta c th dng cc cch gii bit nh: phng php th, phng
php cng i s.
2. H gm 1 phng trnh bc nht v 1 phng trnh bc hai
T phng trnh bc nht rt mt n theo n kia.
Th vo phng trnh bc hai a v phng trnh bc hai mt n.
S nghim ca h tu theo s nghim ca phng trnh bc hai ny.
3. H i xng loi 1
f (x , y ) = 0
H c dng:
(I)
(vi f(x, y) = f(y, x) v g(x, y) = g(y, x)).
g (x , y ) = 0
f (y, x ) = 0
(2)
(C ngha l khi hon v gia x v y th (1) bin thnh (2) v ngc li).
Tr (1) v (2) v theo v ta c:
f (x, y ) f (y, x ) = 0
(I)
f (x, y ) = 0
Nh vy,
(3)
(1)
x = y
(3) (x y ).g(x , y ) = 0
.
g(x, y ) = 0
f (x , y ) = 0
x = y
(I)
.
f (x , y ) = 0
g(x, y ) = 0
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 19
0968.393.899
Ngoi cc cch gii thng thng ta cn s dng phng php hm s gii (s hc lp 12).
Vi cc h phng trnh i xng, nu h c nghim (x 0 ; y 0 ) th (y 0 ; x 0 ) cng l nghim ca h. Do
BI TP
HT1.
Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
x + xy + y = 11
1) 2
x + y 2 xy 2(x + y ) = 31
x + y = 4
2) 2
x + xy + y 2 = 13
xy + x + y = 5
3) 2
x + y 2 + x + y = 8
3
3 3
3
x + x y + y = 17
5)
x + y + xy = 5
4
2 2
4
x + x y + y = 481
6)
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 37
/s: 1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
2
x 2y = 2
2)
2
2x + xy y = 9
2
2
2x + 4y + x = 19
3)
x 2 + y 2 + y = 7
x y
+ = 13
4)
6
y x
+
=
x
y
6
HT2.
x + 2y = 1
1) 2
x + 3y 2 2x = 2
5
1
/s: 1) (1; 1);( ; )
7
7
3 5 5 33 3 + 33 5 + 33 3 33
;
3) (1;2); ; ;
;
;
2 2
4
4
4
4
2) (2;1)
x 2 3xy + y 2 = 5
3x 2 + 5xy 4y 2 = 38
5)
4)
2x 2 xy y 2 = 2
5x 2 9xy 3y 2 = 15
9
7 9
7
7 7 7
3 3 3
3
31 31 31
31
3) (1; 4),(1; 4)
HT4.
4) (1;1),(1; 1)
5) (3; 1),(3;1)
xy(x + 2)(y + 2) = 24
1) 2
x + y 2 + 2(x + y ) = 11
3
3
x + y = 12(x + y )
2)
x y = 2
2
2
x + y + x + y = 4
4)
x (x + y + 1) + y(y + 1) = 2
2
x + 4x + y = 7
5)
x (x + 3)(x + y ) = 12
2
2
x + y + xy = 13
7)
x 4 + y 4 + x 2y 2 = 91
x y + y x = 6
8)
x 2y + y 2x = 20
2
2
x y + xy = 30
3)
x 3 + y 3 = 35
x + 1 + y + 1 = 2 + 2
6)
x + y = 3 + 1
2) (2; 4),(4;2),(1; 1)
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 20
0968.393.899
)(
4) (2;1),(1; 2), 2; 2 ,
2; 2
3 + 21 11 21 3 21 11 + 21
5) (4; 7),(1;2),
;
;
,
2
2
2
2
6) (3;1),(1; 3)
8) (1; 4),(4;1)
HT5.
y
1)
2)
2
2y + x 1 = 5
1
3y = 2x +
x
x + 4 y 1 = 1
4)
y + 4 x 1 = 1
/s: 1) (2;2)
4) (1;1)
x + 5 + y 2 = 7
3)
y + 5 + x 2 = 7
2xy
x +
= x2 + y
3 2
x 2x + 9
6)
2xy
= y2 + x
y +
3
2
y 2y + 9
3
x = 3x + 8y
5)
y 3 = 3y + 8x
2) (1;1)
3) (11;11)
6) (0; 0),(1;1)
x y + 1 = 5
2
3)
3
y + 2(x 3) x + 1 =
4
3
2
2x + y(x + 1) = 4x
2)
5x 4 4x 6 = y 2
12
2
1 y + 3x x = 2
x + x + y + 1 + x + y + x + y + 1 + y = 18
5)
6)
2
2
12
x + x + y + 1 x + y + x + y + 1 y = 2
1 +
y = 6
y + 3x
6 2 33 153 + 44 23 6 + 2 33 153 44 23
1 1
1) (1;2),
;
;
2) (0; 0),(1;1), ;
,
7
49
7
49
2 2
2
5x 3y = x 3xy
4)
x 3 x 2 = y 2 3y 3
3
3) 3;
1 1
4) (0; 0),(1;1), ;
2 2
5) (4; 4)
6) 4 + 2 3;12 + 6 3
xy + x 2 = 0
1) 3
2x x 2y + x 2 + y 2 2xy y = 0
2
2
3
5x y 4xy + 3y 2(x + y ) = 0
2)
xy(x 2 + y 2 ) + 2 = (x + y )2
3
2
2
3
x 6x y + 9xy 4y = 0
3)
x y + x + y = 2
y 4 2xy 2 + 7y 2 = x 2 + 7x + 8
5)
3y 2 + 13 15 2x = x + 1
2
2
xy + x + y = x 2y
4)
x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
x + 3 = 2 (3y x )(y + 1)
7)
3y 2 x + 5 = xy 2y 2
x + y + x y = 1 + x 2 y2
8)
x + y = 1
3
x 1 y = 8 x
6)
(x 1)4 = y
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 21
0968.393.899
2
2
2x + xy y = 5x y 2
9)
x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 4
1 + 5
1 5
/s: 1) (1;1),
; 5 ,
; 5
2
2
2
3x + 1 + 2y(x + 1) = 4y x 2 + 2y + 1
10)
y(y x ) = 3 3y
2 2
2
2) (1;1),(1; 1),
;
5
5
4) (5;2)
5) (3; 2),(3;2)
6) (2;1)
7) (3;2)
8) (1; 0)
4 13
9) (1;1). ;
5
5
415 17
10) (1;1),
;
51 3
3) (2;2), 32 8 15; 8 2 15
3. t n ph chuyn v h c bn
HT7. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
xy x + y = 3
1) 2
x + y 2 x + y + xy = 6
x + y + x = 5
y
2)
x
(x + y ) = 6
y
2
2
2
x + xy + y = 19(x y )
4)
x 2 xy + y 2 = 7(x y )
12x + 3y 4 xy = 16
5)
4x + 5 + y + 5 = 6
2
2
y + xy = 6x
7)
1 + x 2y 2 = 5x 2
2
x + 1 + y (x + y ) = 4y
8)
(x 2 + 1)(y + x 2) = y
2 2x + y = 3 2x y
3)
x 2 2xy y 2 = 2
2
x + 2x + 6 y = 1
6)
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 7
3
2
2
=7
4xy + 4(x + y ) +
(x + y )2
9)
1
2x +
=3
x +y
2
5
8(x + y 2 ) + 4xy +
= 13
2
(
x
+
y
)
10)
1
2x +
=1
x +y
3 1
2) ; ,(2;1)
2 2
3) (1; 1),(3;7)
4) (0; 0),(3;2),(2; 3)
5) (1; 4)
6) (3;2),(1;2)
1
7) (1;2), ;1
2
8) (1;2),(2;5)
9) (1; 0)
10) (0;1)
4. Phng php hm s
HT8. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
2x + 3 + 4 y = 4
1)
2y + 3 + 4 x = 4
3
3
x 3x = y 3y
2)
x 6 + y 6 = 1
3 2
2
2
2
x (4y + 1) + 2(x + 1) x = 6
y(1 + x ) = x (1 + y )
4)
5)
2
x 2y(2 + 2 4y 2 + 1) = x + x 2 + 1
x + 3y 2 = 1
x + 1 = y + 1
x2 + 1
y2 + 1
3)
4
3x 2 + 2x 2
2
=
9x +
y
y2
2
x + 21 = y 1 + y 2
6)
2
2
y + 21 = x 1 + x
2x + 1 2y + 1 = x y
8)
x 2 12xy + 9y 2 + 4 = 0
3
(23 3x ) 7 x + (3y 20) 6 y = 0
x 2y + 1 = 0
10)
9)
2x + y + 2 3x + 2y + 8 + 3x 2 14x 8 = 0
(3 x ) 2 x 2y 2y 1 = 0
x = y + 45 y 5
7)
y = x + 45 x + 5
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 22
0968.393.899
3
2
2
y + 3y + y + 4x 22x + 21 = (2x + 1) 2x 1
11)
2x 2 11x + 9 = 2y
2
2
2
4 1 + 2x y 1 = 3x + 2 1 2x y + 1 x
13)
3
2
4
2
3
2
2x y x = x + x 2x y 4y + 1
1 1 1
1
2) ; ,
;
/s: 1) (3;2)
6
6 2 6 2 6 2
2
3
2y + y + 2x 1 x = 3 1 x
12)
2y 2 + 1 + y = 4 + x + 4
(x + 1 + x 2 )(y + 1 + y 2 ) = 1
14)
x 6x 2xy + 1 = 4xy + 6x + 1
1 7 1 7
3)
;
3
3
1
4) 1;
2
1 1 1 1
5) ; , ;
2 2 2 2
6) (2;2)
7) (4; 4)
8) ( 2; 2)
9) (5; 4)
10) (1;1)
12) (3;2)
13)
3 11 11 3
;
14) (1; 1),
2
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Page 23
H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
0968.393.899
CHUYN :
NGUYN HM TCH PHN V NG DNG
BI 1: NGUYN HM
1. Khi nim nguyn hm
Cho hm s f xc nh trn K. Hm s F c gi l nguyn hm ca f trn K nu:
F '(x ) = f (x ) , x K
Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn K th h nguyn hm ca f(x) trn K l:
f (x )dx = F (x ) + C , C R.
Mi hm s f(x) lin tc trn K u c nguyn hm trn K.
2. Tnh cht
f (x ) g(x )dx =
f '(x )dx = f (x ) + C
kf (x )dx = k f (x )dx
(k 0)
3. Nguyn hm ca mt s hm s thng gp
0dx = C
dx = x + C
x dx =
x +1
+C,
+1
( 1)
xdx = ln x + C
ex dx = e x + C
ax
+ C (0 < a 1)
ln a
a x dx =
1 ax +b
e
+ C , (a 0)
a
1
1
dx = ln ax + b + C
ax + b
a
ax +b
dx =
udv = uv vdu
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 1
0968.393.899
Tm nguyn hm ca cc hm s sau:
1) f (x ) = x 2 3x +
4) f (x ) =
1
x
2) f (x ) =
(x 2 1)2
x
6) f (x ) =
sin x . cos x
x
2
3) f (x ) =
5) f (x ) =
7) f (x ) = 2 sin2
2x 4 + 3
x 1
x2
cos 2x
2
sin x . cos2 x
8) f (x ) = tan2 x
9) f (x ) = cos2 x
11) f (x ) = e x (e x 1)
ex
12) f (x ) = e x 2 +
cos2 x
1) f (x ) = x 3 4x + 5;
3) f (x ) =
5) f (x )=
F (1) = 3
3 5x 2
; F (e) = 1
x
x3 1
x
4) f (x ) =
F (2) = 0
x2 + 1
;
x
F (1) =
1
6) f (x ) = x x +
F ' = 0
3
x 3 + 3x 3 + 3x 7
(x + 1)2
8) f (x ) =
3
2
F (1) = 2
f (x )dx
g(t)dt
x2
F (1) = 2
x
; F =
2 4
2
3x 4 2x 3 + 5
10) f (x ) == sin2
F (0) = 8
VN 2: Tnh nguyn hm
Khi :
F () = 2
7) f (x ) = sin 2x . cos x ;
9) f (x ) =
2) f (x ) = 3 5 cos x ;
d dng tm c.
f(x) c cha
2
a x
hoc
2
a +x
x = a cos t,
t
2
2
0t
x = a tan t,
x = a sin t,
hoc
x = a cot t,
<t <
2
2
0<t <
HT 3:
4)
(2x
7)
+ 1)7 xdx
x 2 + 1.xdx
5)
8)
(x
+ 5)4 x 2dx
3x 2
dx
5 + 2x 3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
3)
6)
x 2 + 5 dx
9)
5 2xdx
x
dx
x (1 + x )2
Page 2
16)
sin
0968.393.899
11)
x cos xdx
e x dx
14)
e 3
ln 3 x
dx
x
17)
sin x
cos5 x dx
12)
2
x .e x +1dx
15)
dx
ex + 1
18)
tan xdx
cos2 x
x
dx
x
e tan x
cos2 x dx
HT 4:
4)
7)
dx
5)
8)
x2 + x + 1
4 x2
x 2dx
1x
1 x 2 .dx
dx
3)
6)
1 + x2
9)
1 x 2 .dx
dx
x 2 + 1.dx
P(x ).e dx
P(x)
P(x)
P(x)
cos xdx
sin xdx
lnx
P(x)
u
dv
HT 5:
e dx
x. sin xdx
4) (x 2 + 2x + 3) cos xdx
7) x .e x dx
10) x ln xdx
1)
HT 6:
1)
cos
7)
2)
dx
ln xdx
3)
sin
6)
sin
x dx
x. sin
8)
sin(ln x )dx
9)
cos(ln x )dx
. cos xdx
2)
3)
5)
ln(1 + x )
6)
cos2 x dx
x3
9)
ln x 2
dx
x
ln(ln x )
dx
x
Tnh cc nguyn hm sau:
4)
ln(cos x )
dx
cos2 x
x ln x + x 2 + 1
5)
x dx
1)
7)
(x + 5) sin xdx
6) x cos 2xdx
9) ln xdx
12) ln(x 2 + 1)dx
3)
4)
HT 7:
x cos xdx
5) x sin 2xdx
8) x 3e x dx
11) ln2 xdx
2)
x2 + 1
)dx
8)
x dx
dx
dx
1 + x2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
xdx
. sin 2xdx
x
Page 3
0968.393.899
P (x )
Q(x )
1
A
B
=
+
(x a )(x b) x a x b
1
2
(x m )(ax + bx + c)
1
2
(x a ) (x b )
A
Bx + C
+
,
x m ax 2 + bx + c
vi = b 2 4ac < 0
A
B
C
D
+
+
+
x a (x a )2 x b (x b)2
2. f(x) l hm v t
ax + b
+ f(x) = R x, m
cx + d
+ f(x) = R
(x + a )(x + b )
t =m
ax + b
cx + d
t = x +a + x +b
sin (x + a ) (x + b )
1
1
=
,
.
sin(x + a ).sin(x + b) sin(a b) sin(x + a ). sin(x + b)
sin (x + a ) (x + b)
1
1
=
.
,
cos(x + a ). cos(x + b ) sin(a b) cos(x + a ). cos(x + b)
sin(a b)
s dung 1 =
sin(a b)
cos (x + a ) (x + b)
1
1
=
,
.
sin(x + a ).cos(x + b) cos(a b) sin(x + a ).cos(x + b)
cos(a b)
s dung 1 =
cos(a b)
sin(a b)
s dung 1 =
sin(a b)
dx
x (x + 1)
1)
4)
x 2 7x + 10
7)
dx
10)
x
dx
(x + 1)(2x + 1)
dx
x(x 2 + 1)
dx
(x + 1)(2x 3)
2)
5)
x 2 6x + 9
8)
dx
11)
dx
2x 2 3x 2
dx
1+ x3
x2 + 1
dx
x2 1
dx
3)
6)
x2 4
9)
x3
x 2 3x + 2dx
12)
x 3 1dx
HT 9:
4)
1
4
x + x
dx
2)
5)
x +1
x 2
3)
1 + 3 x + 1dx
dx
6)
x(x + 1)dx
x
3
dx
x x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 4
10)
dx
3
x + x +2 x
dx
1 x dx
1+x x
11)
2x + 1
dx
9)
1 x dx
x
3 1+x
12)
x 5x + 6
dx
2
x + 6x + 8
1)
4)
7)
8)
3 (2x + 1)2
HT 10:
0968.393.899
cos 2x
10)
1 sin x
dx
cos x
2)
3)
(tan
5)
2 sin x + 1
6)
cos x
8)
sin 3 x
dx
cos x
9)
cos xdx
12)
dx
11)
x + tan 4 x )dx
dx
dx
cos x cos x +
sin
xdx
----------------------------------------------------------------------
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 5
0968.393.899
BI 2: TCH PHN
1. Khi nim tch phn
Cho hm s f lin tc trn K v a, b K. Nu F l mt nguyn hm ca f trn K th:
b
f (x )dx .
a
f (x )dx = F (b) F (a )
a
ngha hnh hc: Nu hm s y = f(x) lin tc v khng m trn on [a; b] th din tch S ca hnh thang cong
b
S =
f (x )dx
a
f (x )dx = 0
0
f (x ) g(x )dx =
f (x )dx 0
a
b
u (a )
b
b
udv = uv
a
vdu
a
Trong phng php tch phn tng phn, ta cn chn sao cho
vdu d tnh
a
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
hn
udv .
a
Page 6
0968.393.899
1)
4)
7)
(x
+ 2x + 1)dx
2)
x 2 + 2dx
( x + 1)(x x + 1)dx
x 2 2x
x3
HT 12:
x + 1dx
xdx
dx
5)
1x
Tnh cc tch phn sau:
sin(2x + 6 )dx
2)
x +2 + x 2
12)
)dx
x + 2 3 x 4 4 x dx
4
x
dx
3 2
3 x
3x
3
3)
6)
dx
1+x
(x
+ x x + 3 x )dx
2
3
0 x
x 2 + 9dx
3)
5)
cos2 x
3 tan
dx
1 + sin x
8)
6)
x dx
(2 cot
x + 5) dx
1 cos x
1 + cos x dx
9)
sin
x .cos2 xdx
e x ex
ex + ex
dx
2)
7)
9)
tan x .dx
HT 14:
dx
1
2
0
4)
2 x + 5 7x
dx
x
2)
1)
(x + x + x 2 + x
1
7)
6)
HT 13:
4)
1)
) dx
2
dx
x2
11)
dx
x 1
(x 2 + x x + 3 x )dx
e2
4)
3)
1
2
1)
8)
10)
x4 + 4
5)
3
(x + + e 3x +1 )dx
x
2
ln 2
0
0
10)
5)
dx
ex + 1
sin xdx
ln x
dx
1 x
x 2 + x ln x
3)
2 e cos x
(x + 1).dx
8)
4e x
e x (1
ex
)dx
x
9)
dx
x
11)
6)
0 xe
x2
dx
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
12)
1 e 2x
e +2
dx
1 ex
0 2x dx
1 + ln x
dx
x
1
1 + ex dx
0
Page 7
0968.393.899
Dng 1: Gi s ta cn tnh
g(x )dx .
a
u (b )
g(x )dx =
f (u )du
u (a )
Dng 2: Gi s ta cn tnh
f (x )dx .
th
f (x )dx =
f x (t ) x '(t )dt =
(g(t ) = f x (t ) .x '(t ))
g(t )dt
a
Cch i bin
f(x) c cha
a2 x 2
hoc
2
a +x
hoc
x = a cos t,
0t
x = a tan t,
x = a cot t,
HT 15:
x=
a
,
sin t
x=
a
,
cos t
t 0; \
2
1)
19
x (1 x ) dx
2 3
5)
8)
e
+1
11)
sin 2x
x 1 x 2 dx
x 5 + 2x 3
dx 14)
1)
cos x . sin x
2
1x
1 x 2 dx
12)
15)
sin 2x
2 sin2 x + cos2 x dx
0
x 2dx
4x
1 + ex dx
1 + 3 ln x ln x
dx
x
dx
ex
2)
2
9)
dx
e
2 + ln xdx
2x
dx
x
ln 2
1 + x2
1 + sin x
cos2 x + 4 sin2 x
0
Tnh cc tch phn sau (i bin s dng 2):
1
2
6)
HT 16:
x 2 + 1 dx
0
e x dx
x
x x2 + 4
(e
x5
dx
ln 3
13)
3)
dx
2x + 1
10)
(1 + x 2 )3
xdx
7)
2)
x3
4)
<t <
2
2
0<t <
t ; \ {0}
2 2
x 2 a2
hoc
t
2
2
x = a sin t,
3)
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
4 x 2 dx
Page 8
4)
0968.393.899
1
dx
x2 + 3
0
0
7)
8)
x + 2x + 2
x2 1
x
10)
x
2
0
1
9)
dx
2
2
dx
xdx
x4 + x2 + 1
2
3
6)
dx
dx
(x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 2)
5)
11)
x 1
1x
(1 + x )
x2
dx
12)
dx
2
2x x 2 dx
VN 3: Tnh tch phn bng phng php tch phn tng phn
Vi P(x) l a thc ca x, ta thng gp cc dng sau:
b
P (x ).e x dx
u
dv
HT 17:
e dx
P(x)
P(x)
cos xdx
sin xdx
2)
x sin 2xdx
lnx
P(x)
x cos xdx
5)
6)
xdx
(x 2)e
xe dx
8)
x ln xdx
9)
ln(x
11)
x )dx
cos x
sin 2xdx
12)
ln
xdx
x 3 ln2 xdx
sin 5xdx
dx
e
x
2x
ln 2
3x
cos xdx
x tan
13)
3)
10)
7)
4)
P (x ).sin xdx
P(x)
1)
P (x ). cos xdx
14)
1
e
ln x
x
15)
dx
x(e
2x
+ 3 x + 1)dx
4)
x 2 dx
2)
2
2
x x dx
3)
x 1 dx
5)
( x + 2 x 2 )dx
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
6)
x 2 + 2x 3dx
2x 4 dx
Page 9
0968.393.899
7)
x 2 6x + 9dx
8)
4 x dx
1 cos 2xdx
2)
1 sin 2x .dx
3)
1 sin xdx
5)
sin x dx
1 + cos xdx
6)
1 + cos 2xdx
7)
4)
9)
HT 19:
1)
x 3 4x 2 + 4xdx
8)
9)
1 + sin xdx
1)
dx
x + x3
2)
1
1
4)
(1 + 2x )
7)
6)
(1 x )
x 2 3x + 2
(4x + 11)dx
11)
dx
2)
(3x
dx
12)
8)
(3x + 1)3 dx
0
) dx
1 x 2008
x2 + 4
dx
1 + x 4 dx
6)
9)
1+ x4
x 3 + 2x 2 + 4x + 9
x(1 + x 2008 ) dx
11)
3)
1 x2
x3 + x + 1
dx
x +1
x2
+2
x2 + 1
dx
3x 2 + 3x + 3
x(1 + x 4 ) dx
0
1
x3 + x +1
5)
dx
2
x
+
1
0
4 + x2
9)
x 3 3x + 2
2
(x + 2)2 (x + 3)2 dx
10)
x 2 + 5x + 6
dx
x 2 (1 + x )
x 2 2x + 2
x 2 + 2x + 1
dx
7)
x 2dx
8)
x 3dx
4)
2x 3 6x 2 + 9x + 9
HT 21:
1)
5)
dx
dx
x (x 1)
10)
3
3
x 2 5x + 6
3)
dx
x4
(x 2 1)2 dx
2
12)
dx
2 x4
1 + x 2 dx
0
1)
1
2
x x + 1dx
2)
x+
0
x3
dx
x2 + 1
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
3)
dx
x +1 + x
Page 10
4)
1+
7)
x 1
5)
dx
7
3
2x + 1 +
8)
x 1
3 3x + 1
HT 23:
12)
x5 + x3
dx
dx
1 + x2
14)
x 2 1 + x 2 dx
2)
dx
dx
15)
x2 1
x3 +1
x2
3)
dx
x +1
x + 2008dx
5)
10 x dx
6)
+ x2 + 1
2
2
2 3
(1 x )
1 + x 2 dx
9)
x 2 + 2008
11)
dx
8)
dx
(1 + x 2 )3
0
2
dx
dx
1
3
HT 24:
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
5
4
x dx
1x
x+
x 3dx
12)
2
12x 4x 2 8dx
cos xdx
2)
7 + cos 2x
sin x
5)
HT 25:
8)
1 + cos x
sin 2x + sin x
cos xdx
3)
1 + 3 cos x
cos x
6)
dx
cos xdx
2 + cos2 x
cos xdx
2 + cos 2x
tan x
9)
dx
2
1 + cos x
sin 2x + sin x
1 + 3 cos x
dx
0
ln 3
ln 2
ln 3
7)
3x + 1
10)
4)
4x 3
2+
3
dx
2
2
1)
9)
1+x
dx
1x
1 1 + x
7)
x + 1dx
4)
x x2 + 4
5
1)
dx
x5 + 1
11)
dx
7)
2 3
4)
1)
x4
13)
4x + 1
6)
x +1
2
2
dx
dx
x 2
10)
10
0968.393.899
ln 2
dx
2)
ex + 1
x ln x + 1
dx
5)
ln 2
x (e 2x + 3 x + 1)dx
6)
8)
e +e
1 + 3 ln x ln x
dx
x
e x dx
(e x + 1)3
ln 2
ex
x
(ex + 1) ex 1 dx
0
3)
ex + 1
ln2 x
ex
e 2x dx
dx
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
9)
e x 1dx
Page 11
0968.393.899
VN 7: Tnh tch phn cc hm s lng gic
HT 26:
1)
2)
tan xdx
7)
5)
xdx
sin
x cos4 xdx
8)
sin
11)
tan
tan
14)
xdx
sin 3 x
1 + cos2 x dx
17)
2)
5)
x cos5 xdx
sin 2x cos x
dx
1 + cos x
12)
dx
sin x. cos3 x
15)
xdx
/3
cos3 x
dx
1 + cos x
18)
/6
dx
4
sin x . cos x
8)
1 + sin 2x + cos 2x
dx
sin x + cos x
4 (tan x
3)
cos x
6)
tan x
dx
1 + cos2 x
(1 + sin x )
sin 2xdx
HT 28:
sin3 x
9)
1
2
sin x + 9 cos2 x
dx
sin x dx
2)
cos x
1 + cos x dx
HT 29:
dx
(1 + cos x )4
3)
5)
dx
cos x cos(x + )
4
6)
(1 + sin x )
dx
(1 sin x ) cos x
1)
3x
4)
sin
1)
9)
7)
x cos3 xdx
cos3 x
dx
cos x + 1
HT 27:
4)
cos
0
1)
6)
xdx
16)
sin
13)
sin x
1 + 3 cos x dx
sin
10)
3)
4)
2)
xdx
1 + cos 2x
0
3)
cos2 x dx
0
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 12
0968.393.899
4)
sin
5)
xdx
cos(ln x )dx
8)
6)
sin 2x.e
e 2x sin2 xdx
e sin
11)
ln(sin x )
cos2 x
9)
dx
14)
dx
(2x 1) cos
xdx
x tan2 xdx
12)
2x +1
13)
cos xdx
10)
7)
x sin x cos
15)
xdx
dx
cos4 x
0
1)
1 + ex
0
ln 8
4)
2)
dx
5)
ex + 1
1
dx
8)
10)
ln(sin x )
dx
2
cos
x
7)
e x + 1.e 2x dx
6)
0
1
9)
dx
ex + 1
1
2)
1
x
e 2x
1 ex
1 + ex dx
e x
ex + 1 dx
0
ln 3
dx
5)
ln(x + 1)
dx
x +1
x ln (1 + x ) dx
xe
e
6)
e3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
dx
e2
ln x
2
+
ln
x
dx
x ln x + 1
e +1
3)
8)
dx
ln x + ln(ln x )
dx
x
12)
4)
e 2x
ex + 4 dx
0
ln 2
ex + 1
11)
1)
ln 8
ln 3
dx
2
x
(ln
x
+
1)
1
Tnh cc tch phn sau:
HT 31:
3)
ln x
ex + 5
1 ex
dx
ex
ln 3
2
7)
ln 2
e x dx
9)
e2
1 + ln2 x
dx
x
ln(ln x )
dx
x
Page 13
0968.393.899
VN 9: (C THM) Mt s tch phn c bit
f (x )dx = 0
f (x )dx = 2 f (x )dx
V cc tnh cht ny khng c trong phn l thuyt ca SGK nn khi tnh cc tch phn c dng ny ta c th chng
minh nh sau:
a
0
a
0
a
Bc 1: Phn tch I =
f (x )dx =
f (x )dx + f (x )dx
f (x )dx ; K =
f (x )dx
J =
f (x )dx
Nu f(x) l hm s l th J = K I = J + K = 0
Nu f(x) l hm s chn th J = K I = J + K = 2K
Dng 2. Nu f(x) lin tc v l hm chn trn R th:
f (x )
a x + 1dx = f (x )dx
(vi R+ v a > 0)
f (x )
f (x )
f (x )
f (x )
f (x )
I =
dx =
dx +
dx
dx ; K =
dx
J =
ax + 1
ax + 1
ax + 1
ax + 1
a x + 1
0
tnh J ta cng t: t = x.
Dng 3. Nu f(x) lin tc trn 0; th
2
1
(*)
F (x ) G (x ) = B(x ) + C 2
1
Bc 3: T h (*), ta suy ra F (x ) = A(x ) + B(x ) + C l nguyn hm ca f(x).
2
HT 32:
1)
x x +x x +1
4
cos x
1
2
dx
2)
cos x ln(x +
1 + x 2 )dx
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
3)
1 x
cos x. ln 1 + x dx
1
2
Page 14
4)
1 + cos x
HT 33:
2)
dx
x
2
+
1
1
sin2 x
5)
1 + ex
HT 34:
cosn x
cosn x + sinn x
0
8)
dx
dx (n N*)
2)
dx
5)
4 sin2 x
dx
3)
dx
1 + 2x dx
6)
sin6 x + cos6 x
6x + 1
dx
(ex + 1)(x 2 + 1)
1
dx
9)
dx
(4x + 1)(x 2 + 1)
x 2 sin2 x
1 + 2x
dx
sin7 x
cos4 x + sin4 x
dx
3)
6)
sin x
sin x + cos x
dx
sin4 x
x . sin x
4 cos2 x
2)
dx
4 sin2 x
5)
8)
6)
x sin x
9)
11)
x. sin
0
2 + cos x dx
1 + sin x
dx
ln
1 + cos x
x . cos3 xdx
1 + sin x dx
HT 36:
3)
dx
10)
x + cos x
xdx
x sin x
1 + cos2 x dx
0
x sin x
9 + 4 cos2 x dx
12)
x sin x cos
xdx
sin x
2)
cos x
dx
sin x + cos x
5)
7)
x + cos x
dx
x +1
4)
1+2
sin2009 x
1)
1 x2
7)
4 sin x
sin2009 x + cos2009 x
HT 35:
4)
x2 + 1
1)
9)
1
3 2
3x + 1dx
4)
x 4 + sin x
xdx
x4
1)
x4 x2 + 1
6)
7)
8)
dx
x dx
4)
5)
sin5 x
1)
ln x + 1 + x 2 dx
7)
0968.393.899
sin6 x
sin6 x + cos6 x
0
cos x
sin4 x
sin4 x + cos4 x
3)
dx
6)
dx
8)
sin x
cos6 x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
cos4 x
9)
2 sin
x . sin 2xdx
Page 15
0968.393.899
10)
0
1
13)
1
2
ex ex
11)
ex
12)
dx
ex + ex dx
14)
ex
ex ex dx
ex + ex dx
S=
Hai ng thng x = a, x = b. l:
(1)
f (x )dx
S=
f (x ) g (x )dx
(2)
Ch :
b
f (x )dx =
f (x )dx
a
Trong cc cng thc tnh din tch trn, cn kh du gi tr tuyt i ca hm s di du tch phn. Ta c th
lm nh sau:
Bc 1: Gii phng trnh: f(x) = 0 hoc f(x) g(x) = 0 trn on [a; b]. Gi s tm
d (c < 4).
Bc 2: S dng cng thc phn on:
b
f (x )dx =
f (x )dx +
f (x )dx +
c 2 nghim c,
f (x )dx
d
b
S=
2. Th tch vt th
Gi B l phn vt th gii hn bi hai mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox ti cc im cc im a v b.
S(x) l din tch thit din ca vt th b ct bi mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox ti im c honh x (a x 2).
Gi s S(x) lin tc trn on [a; b].
b
Th tch ca B l:
V =
S (x )dx
a
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 16
0968.393.899
b
V =
(x )dx
Ch : Th tch ca khi trn xoay sinh ra do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau quay xung quanh trc Oy:
(C): x = g(y), trc tung, y = c, y = d
d
V =
l:
g (y )dy
2
3) y =
1 + ln x
x
, y = 0, x = 1, x = e
4) y =
ln x
, y = 0, x = e, x = 1
2 x
1
5) y = ln x , y = 0, x = , x = e
6) y = x 3 , y = 0, x = 2, x = 1
e
x
1
1
7) y =
, y = 0, x = 0, x =
8) y = lg x , y = 0, x = , x = 10
10
4
2
1x
HT 38: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau:
3x 1
1) y =
, y = 0, x = 0
2) y = x , y = 2 x, y = 0
x 1
3) y = e x , y = 2, x = 1
5) y = 2x 2 , y = x 2 2x 1, y = 2
4) y = x , x + y 2 = 0, y = 0
6) y = x 2 4x + 5, y = 2x + 4, y = 4x 11
x2
27
8) y = 2x 2 , y = x 2 4x 4, y = 8
,y=
27
x
Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau:
7) y = x 2 , y =
HT 39:
1) y = 4 x 2 , y = x 2 2x
3) y =
1 2
1
x ,y = x2 + 3
4
2
5) y = x , y = 2 x 2
7) y =
x2
1
,y=
2
1 + x2
9) y = x 2 + 2x , y = x + 2
HT 40:
2) y = x 2 4x + 3 , y = x + 3
4) y =
1
1 + x2
,y =
x2
2
6) y = x 2 2x, y = x 2 + 4x
2
8) y = x + 3 + , y = 0
x
10) y = x 2 + 2, y = 4 x
1) y = x 2 , x = y 2
2) y 2 + x 5 = 0, x + y 3 = 0
3) y 2 2y + x = 0, x + y = 0
4) y 2 = 2x + 1, y = x 1
5) y 2 = 2x , y = x , y = 0, y = 3
6) y = (x + 1)2 , x = sin y
2) y = x . ln2 x ; y = 0; x = 1; x = e.
3) y = e x ; y = e x ; x = 1.
4) y = 5x 2 ; y = 0; x = 0; y = 3 x .
5) y = (x + 1)5 ; y = e x ; x = 1.
7) y = sin x + cos2 x, y = 0, x = 0, x =
1
6) y = ln x , y = 0, x = , x = e
e
8) y = x + sin x ; y = x ; x = 0; x = 2.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 17
0968.393.899
9) y = x + sin2 x ; y = ; x = 0; x = .
HT 42:
VN 2: Tnh th tch vt th
HT 43:
Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi hnh (H) gii hn bi cc ng sau quay quanh trc honh (Ox)
1
2) y = x 3 x 2 , y = 0, x = 0, x = 3
1) y = sin x, y = 0, x = 0, x =
4
3
3) y = sin6 x + cos6 x , y = 0, x = 0, x =
4) y = x , x = 4
2
5) y = x 3 1, y = 0, x = 1, x = 1
7) y =
x2
x3
,y=
4
8
0) y = sin x , y = cos x , x =
6) y = x 2 , y = x
8) y = x 2 + 4x , y = x + 2
,x=
4
2
11) y = x 2 4x + 6, y = x 2 2x + 6
10) (x 2)2 + y 2 = 9, y = 0
12) y = ln x , y = 0, x = 2
HT 44:
Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi hnh (H) gii hn bi cc ng sau quay quanh trc tung (Oy):
2
1) x = , y = 1, y = 4
2) y = x 2 , y = 4
y
3) y = e x , x = 0, y = e
4) y = x 2 , y = 1, y = 2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 18
0968.393.899
BI 4: N TP
HT 45:
1)
x x dx
0
2
4)
2)
x 1
dx
x + 2
5)
10)
8)
( x + 2 x 2 )dx
1+
1
4)
x2 + 4
1
xdx
1 + x2
11)
x 3 + 2x 2 + 4x + 9
12)
dx
xdx
(x + 1)3
0
x
x 1
2)
dx
1 + x dx
5)
dx
4 x dx
8)
1 + x .x dx
1 x 2 dx
14)
x + 3 dx
12)
x2 + x
17)
x 3 + 1x 3 .dx
15)
18)
x 1
x +1
3
0
1
dx
x 2
7/3
0
10
3 (x + 1)2 dx
HT 47:
1 + x dx
0
1
16)
13)
9)
11)
dx
x5 + 1
1
2
x4
6)
0
2 +x + 2x
10)
1 x dx
2
x +5 +4
xdx
2dx
x
1
x2 + 1
2
3)
0
4
x 5 + 2x 3
0
2
7)
9)
1)
dx
x 2 + 2x + 4
HT 46:
dx
x 2 + 1 dx
x 2 2x + 1 dx
2x 2 + 5x + 2
6)
x3
xdx
0
1
3)
(x + 1)2
7)
1 + x 8 2x 4 dx
2
5
x7
3x + 1
x 3
x +1 +x + 3
dx
dx
1 x 2 dx
0
/2
dx 5)
2
8)
/4
/2
x tan2 x dx
11)
sin2012 x
sin2012 x + cos2012 x
tan x
dx
cos5 xdx
sin 2x
dx
cos x + 1
14)
9)
dx
cos x 1 + cos2 x
/2
dx
1 + cos x
/4
13)
6)
/2
sin 2x cos x
/2
3)
dx
/2
10)
1 + 3 cos x
/2
7)
sin 2x + sin x
/2
cos x + 4 sin x
2)
sin 2x
4)
/2
1 2 sin2 x
dx
1 + sin 2x
1)
4 sin3 x
dx
1 + cos x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
x sin x
1 + cos2 x dx
0
/2
12)
sin x
dx
1 + 3 cos x
/4
15)
1 2 sin2 x
dx
1 + sin 2x
Page 19
16)
HT 48:
0968.393.899
/2
cos 3x
dx
sin x + 1
17)
x ln(x
+ 5)dx
2)
sin 2x cos2 x
ln(x
5)
0
e
x 2e x
8)
(x
9)
11)
14)
x
1
HT 49:
+ 1)e x dx
3 2 ln x
1 + 2 ln x
ln2 x dx
dx
1 + ex
2
(4x 2 2x 1)e 2x dx
12)
sin 5x dx
dx
(x + 2)2
3x
x
1
1
dx
2x
dx
ex + 2ex 3
16)
(x 2)e
0
6)
/2
13)
3)
ln 3
1
x3 +1
ln xdx
x
10)
x )dx
ln 5
4)
1
2
/2
ln(1 + x )
x2
ln x
x
dx
15)
dx
17)
x ln(1 + x
)dx
0
e
dx
e3
1 + 3 ln x .ln x
dx
x
ln2 x
18)
ln x + 1
dx
1) I =
4) I =
7) I =
2x + cos x
dx 2)
1 + sin 2x
2) I =
3x
x
cos 3
2
2
dx
2
1 + sin x
2 cos
(x + 1) ln x + x 2 ln2 x + 1
dx
1 + x ln x
10)
x
2
x sin2 xdx
3
2
7)
18)
1)
/3
sin xdx
5) I =
(x + 2)(1 + 2xe x ) + 1
x (1 + xe x )
8) I =
x +e
+x +1
dx
11) I =
13) I =
1 + sin 2x
x (1 + cos x )
(x + sin x )sin x dx
19) I =
(2 cos 2x + 1)dx
cos x
0
16) I =
1 + sin x x
e dx
1 + cos x
14) I =
17) I =
e3
20) I =
e2
3) I =
6) I =
dx
9) I =
2 + sin x
(1 + cos x )4 dx
2
3
12) I =
sin x +
4
dx
2 sin x . cos x 3
cos2 x
2 + sin x
1 + cos x dx
ln(1 + ln2 x )
dx
x
ln(sin x ) + cos 2x
cos 2x
2 cos x + 3 dx
0
dx
(x 2 + 1)e x + xe 2x + 1
(2x 2 + x + 1)e x
(x 2 sin x + x + 1) + x cos x
dx
1 + x sin x
15) I =
sin2 x
dx
x 2 e 2x
xex + e2x dx
0
dx
ln(sin x )
18) I =
sin x + cos x
3 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x
dx
2x ln2 x x ln x 2 + 3
dx
x (1 ln x )
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 20
21) I =
x (x sin x + x ) sin x
dx
x 1
0
3
4
22) I =
cot x + cot x
ex
24) I =
0968.393.899
(x 2 + x )e x
x +e
dx
23) I =
dx
25) I =
tan x + x tan 2x
cos2 2x
dx
HT 50:
HT 51:
2x + 1
, y = 0, x = 0
x +1
8) y =
x 2 + x
,y=0
x +1
Tnh th tch cc vt th trn xoay sinh ra khi quay hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau quanh trc:
1) y = x , y = 0, x = 3; Ox
2) y = x ln x , y = 0, x = 1, x = e; Ox
3) y = xe x , y = 0, x = 1; Ox
4) y = 4 x 2 , y = x 2 + 2; Ox
5) y 2 = 4 x , x = 0; Oy
6) x = yey , x = 0, y = 1; Oy
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 21
0968.393.899
HT 52:
(A,A1 2012) I =
1 + ln(x + 1)
x
1
1
HT 53:
(B 2012) I =
x3
x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 dx
0
dx /s: I =
3
/s: I = ln 3 ln 2
2
HT 54:
(D 2012) I =
HT 55:
(A 2011) I =
HT 56:
(B 2011) I =
c os x
2
0
4
HT 57:
(D 2011) I =
2x + 1 + 2
(A 2010) I =
1 + 2e x
0
e
HT 59:
(B 2010) I =
KQ : I =
dx
x 2 + e x + 2x 2e x
KQ : I =
dx
ln x
x(2 + ln x )2 dx
e
(D 2010) I =
2x x ln x.dx
KQ : I =
(cos
x 1) cos2 x .dx
e2 2
2
KQ : I =
15 4
KQ : I =
1
27
3 + ln
4
16
0
3
HT 62:
(B 2009) I =
3 + ln x
(x + 1)2
dx
HT 63:
(D 2009) I =
dx
ex + 1
3 1
2 3
KQ : I =
(A 2009) I =
1 1 1 + 2e
+ ln
3 2 3
KQ : I = ln
HT 61:
2
+ ln(2 3)
3
34
3
+ 10 ln
3
5
HT 60:
2
+ ln + 1
4
2 4
KQ : I = 3 +
dx
4x 1
HT 58:
2 1
+
32 4
x sin x + (x + 1) cos x
dx
x sin x + cos x
1 + x sin x
2
2
+ ln 3 ln 2
3
3
KQ : ln(e 2 + e + 1) 2
HT 64:
(A 2008) I =
HT 65:
(B 2008) I =
0
2
HT 66:
(D 2008) I =
tan4 x
dx
cos 2x
sin x dx
4
sin 2x + 2(1 + sin x + cos x )
ln x
x
dx
KQ :
1
10
ln(2 + 3)
2
9 3
KQ :
43 2
4
KQ :
3 2 ln 2
16
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 22
0968.393.899
e
1 (dvdt )
2
(B 2007) Cho hnh phng H gii hn bi cc ng: y = x ln x .y = 0, x = e . Tnh th tch khi trn xoay to
y = (e + 1)x , y = (1 + e x )x
HT 68:
KQ : S =
(5e 3 2)
(dvtt )
27
HT 69:
(D 2007) I =
x 3 ln2 xdx
KQ :
HT 70:
(A 2006) I =
sin 2x
c os2x + 4 sin2 x
0
ln 5
HT 71:
(B 2006) I =
dx
dx
ex + 2ex 3
5e 4 1
32
KQ : I =
2
3
KQ : I = ln
ln 3
1
HT 72:
(D 2006) I =
(x 2)e 2x dx
KQ :
HT 73:
(A 2005) I =
sin 2x + sin x
1 + 3 cos x
HT 74:
(B 2005) I =
dx
sin 2x cos x
dx
1 + cos x
3
2
5 3e 2
4
KQ : I =
34
27
KQ : I = 2 ln 2 1
HT 75:
(D 2005) I =
(e
sin x
KQ : I = e +
0
2
HT 76:
(A 2004) I =
1+
x
x 1)
HT 77:
(B 2004) I =
dx
1 + 3 ln x ln x
dx
x
1
4
KQ : I =
11
4 ln 2
3
KQ : I =
116
135
HT 78:
(D 2004) I =
ln(x
x )dx
KQ : I = 3 ln 3 2
2
2 3
HT 79:
(A 2003) I =
HT 80:
(B 2003) I =
dx
2
KQ :
x x +4
1 5
ln
4 3
1 2 sin2 x
dx
1 + sin 2x
KQ : I =
x 2 x dx
KQ : I = 1
1
ln 2
2
HT 81:
(D 2003) I =
HT 82:
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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y = x 2 4x + 3 , y = x + 3
HT 83:
109
(dvdt )
6
y = 4
HT 84:
KQ : S =
x2
x2
,y =
4
4 2
4
KQ : S = 2 + (dvdt )
3
3x 1
x 1
vi cc trc ta .
4
KQ : S = 1 + 4 ln (dvdt )
3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
Page 24
H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
0968.393.899
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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Mun chng minh ba im thng hng ta c th chng minh chng cng thuc hai mt phng phn bit.
Mun chng minh ba ng thng ng qui ta c th chng minh giao im ca hai ng thng ny l im
chung ca hai mt phng m giao tuyn l ng thng th ba.
BI TP C BN
HT 11. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD. Gi I, J l hai im c nh trn SA v SC vi SI > IA v SJ < JC. Mt mt phng (P) quay
quanh IJ ct SB ti M, SD ti N.
a) CMR: IJ, MN v SO ng qui (O =ACBD). Suy ra cch dng im N khi bit M.
b) AD ct BC ti E, IN ct MJ ti F. CMR: S, E, F thng hng.
c) IN ct AD ti P, MJ ct BC ti Q. CMR PQ lun i qua 1 im c nh khi (P) di ng.
HT 12. Cho mt phng (P) v ba im A, B, C khng thng hng ngoi (P). Gi s cc ng thng BC, CA, AB ln lt
ct (P) ti D, E, F. Chng minh D, E, F thng hng.
HT 13. Cho t din ABCD. Gi E, F, G ln lt l ba im trn ba cnh AB, AC, BD sao cho EF ct BC ti I, EG ct AD ti H.
Chng minh CD, IG, HF ng qui.
HT 14. Cho hai im c nh A, B ngoi mt phng (P) sao cho AB khng song song vi (P). M l mt im di ng
trong khng gian sao cho MA, MB ct (P) ti A, B. Chng minh AB lun i qua mt im c nh.
HT 15. Cho t din SABC. Qua C dng mt phng (P) ct AB, SB ti B1, B. Qua B dng mt phng (Q) ct AC, SC ti C1, C.
BB, CC ct nhau ti O; BB1, CC1 ct nhau ti O1. Gi s OO1 ko di ct SA ti I.
HT 16. a) Chng minh: AO1, SO, BC ng qui.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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HD:
b)
a2
6
HT 19. Cho hnh chp S.ABC. M l mt im trn cnh SC, N v P ln lt l trung im ca AB v AD. Tm thit din
ca hnh chp vi mt phng (MNP).
HD: Thit din l 1 ng gic.
HT 20. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD. Trong SBC, ly mt im M. Trong SCD, ly mt im N.
a) Tm giao im ca MN v (SAC).
b) Tm giao im ca SC vi (AMN).
c) Tm thit din ca hnh chp S.ABCD vi mt phng (AMN).
HD:
a) Tm (SMN)(SAC)
HT 21. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh tm O. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca SB, SD v OC.
a) Tm giao tuyn ca (MNP) vi (SAC), v giao im ca (MNP) vi SA.
b) Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp vi (MNP) v tnh t s m (MNP) chia cc cnh SA, BC, CD.
HD:
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HT 22. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M l trung im ca SB, G l trng tm SAD.
a) Tm giao im I ca GM vi (ABCD). Chng minh (CGM) cha CD.
b) Chng minh (CGM) i qua trung im ca SA. Tm thit din ca hnh chp vi
(CGM).
HT 23. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, M l mt im trn cnh BC, N l mt im trn cnh SD.
a) Tm giao im I ca BN v (SAC) v giao im J ca MN v (SAC).
b) DM ct AC ti K. Chng minh S, K, J thng hng.
c) Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp S.ABCD vi mt phng (BCN).
HD:
HT 24. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh thang ABCD vi AB//CD v AB > CD. Gi I l trung im ca SC. Mt phng
(P) quay quanh AI ct cc cnh SB, SD ln lt ti M, N.
a) Chng minh MN lun i qua mt im c nh.
b) IM ko di ct BC ti P, IN ko di ct CD ti Q. Chng minh PQ lun i qua 1 im c nh.
c) Tm tp hp giao im ca IM v AN.
HD:
b) im A. c) Mt on thng.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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a
b
P
2. Tnh cht
Nu ba mt phng phn bit ct nhau tng i mt theo ba giao tuyn phn bit th ba giao tuyn y hoc
ng qui hoc i mt song song.
Nu hai mt phng ct nhau ln lt i qua hai ng thng song song th giao tuyn ca chng song song vi
hai ng thng hoc trng vi mt trong hai ng thng .
Hai ng thng phn bit cng song song vi ng thng th ba th song song vi nhau.
II.
CC DNG TON
b) E thuc on AM v EM =
HT 29. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M, N, P, Q l cc im ln lt nm trn BC, SC, SD, AD sao
cho MN // BS, NP // CD, MQ // CD.
a) Chng minh: PQ // SA. b) Gi K l giao im ca MN v PQ. Chng minh: SK // AD // BC.
c) Qua Q dng cc ng thng Qx // SC v Qy // SB. Tm giao im ca Qx vi (SAB)
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
v ca Qy vi (SCD).
Page 5
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b)
2
(a+b).
5
HT 33. Cho t din u ABCD, cnh a. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca AC, BC. Gi K l mt im trn cnh BD vi KB
= 2KD.
a) Xc nh thit din ca t din vi mt phng (IJK). Chng minh thit din l hnh thang cn.
b) Tnh din tch thit din .
HD:
b)
5a 2 51
288
HT 34. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh vung cnh a, tm O. Mt bn SAB l tam gic u. Ngoi ra SAD = 900.
Gi Dx l ng thng qua D v song song vi SC.
a) Tm giao im I ca Dx vi mp(SAB). Chng minh: AI // SB.
b) Tm thit din ca hnh chp SABCD vi mp(AIC). Tnh din tch thit din.
HD:
a 2 14
8
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KIN THC CN NH
1. nh ngha
d // (P) d (P) =
2. Tnh cht
Nu hai mt phng ct nhau cng song song vi mt ng thng th giao tuyn ca chng cng
song song vi ng thng .
Nu hai ng thng a v b cho nhau th c duy nht mt mt phng cha a v song song vi b.
II.
CC DNG TON C BN
1
1
AE, BN = BD. Chng minh MN // (CDFE).
3
3
HT 36. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB, CD.
a) Chng minh MN song song vi cc mt phng (SBC), (SAD).
b) Gi P l trung im ca SA. Chng minh SB, SC u song song vi (MNP).
c) Gi G1, G2 l trng tm ca cc tam gic ABC, SBC. Chng minh G1G2 // (SBC).
HT 37. Cho t din ABCD. G l trng tm ca ABD. M l 1 im trn cnh BC sao cho MB = 2MC. Chng minh MG //
(ACD).
HD: Chng minh MG song song vi giao tuyn ca (BMG) v (ACD).
HT 38. Cho t din ABCD. Gi O, O ln lt l tm ng trn ni tip cc tam gic ABC, ABD. Chng minh rng:
BC
AB + AC
a) iu kin cn v OO // (BCD) l
=
BD
AB + AD
b) iu kin cn v OO song song vi 2 mt phng (BCD), (ACD)
l BC = BD v AC = AD.
HD: S ng tnh cht ng phn gic trong tam gic.
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c) MN // BC
HT 41. Trong mt phng (P), cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, B = 600, AB = a. Gi O l trung im ca BC. Ly im S
ngoi (P) sao cho SB = a v SB OA. Gi M l 1 im trn cnh AB. Mt phng (Q) qua M v song song vi SB v OA,
ct BC, SC, SA ln lt ti N, P, Q. t x = BM (0 < x < a).
a) Chng minh MNPQ l hnh thang vung.
b) Tnh din tch hnh thang . Tm x din tch ln nht.
HD:
b) SMNPQ =
x (4a 3x )
2a
. SMNPQ t ln nht khi x =
4
3
HT 42. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD. M, N l hai im bt k trn SB, CD. Mt phng (P) qua MN v song song vi SC.
a) Tm cc giao tuyn ca (P) vi cc mt phng (SBC), (SCD), (SAC).
b) Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp vi mt phng (P).
HT 43. Cho t din ABCD c AB = a, CD = b. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD. Mt phng (P) i qua mt im
M trn on IJ v song song vi AB v CD.
a) Tm giao tuyn ca (P) vi (ICD).
b) Xc nh thit din ca t din ABCD vi (P).
HT 44. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi C l trung im ca SC, M l 1 im di ng trn cnh SA.
Mt phng (P) di ng lun i qua CM v song song vi BC.
a) Chng minh (P) lun cha mt ng thng c nh.
b) Xc nh thit din m (P) ct hnh chp SABCD. Xc nh v tr im M thit din l hnh bnh hnh.
c) Tm tp hp giao im ca 2 cnh i ca thit din khi M di ng trn cnh SA.
HD:
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KIN THC CN NH
1. nh ngha
(P) // (Q) (P) (Q) =
2. Tnh cht
Nu mt phng (P) cha hai ng thng a, b ct nhau v cng song song vi mt phng (Q) th (P) song song vi
(Q).
Nu ng thng d song song vi mp(P) th c duy nht mt mp(Q) cha d v song song vi (P).
Hai mt phng phn bit cng song song vi mt phng th ba th song song vi nhau.
Cho mt im A (P). khi mi ng thng i qua A v song song vi (P) u nm trong mt mp(Q) i qua A
v song song vi (P).
Nu mt mt phng ct mt trong hai mt phng song song th cng ct mt phng kia v cc giao tuyn ca
chng song song vi nhau.
Hai mt phng song song chn trn hai ct tuyn song song nhng on thng bng nhau.
nh l Thales: Ba mt phng i mt song song chn trn hai ct tuyn bt k nhng on thng tng ng t l.
nh l Thales o: Gi s trn hai ng thng d v d ln lt ly cc im A, B, C v A, B, C sao cho:
IA
JB
.
=
ID JC
HT 47. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh tm O. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca SA v CD.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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c) Ch :
ED
EC
FS
FB
HT 48. Cho hai hnh vung ABCD v ABEF trong hai mt phng khc nhau. Trn cc ng cho AC v BF ln lt ly
cc im M, N sao cho: AM = BN. Cc ng thng song song vi AB v t M, N ln lt ct AD, AF ti M, N.
a) Chng minh: (CBE) // (ADF).
b) Chng minh: (DEF) // (MNNM).
c) Gi I l trung im ca MN, tm tp hp im I khi M, N di ng.
HD:
Tm phng ca giao tuyn bng cch s dng nh l: Nu 2 mt phng song song b ct bi 1 mt phng th ba
th 2 giao tuyn song song.
S dng nh l trn xc nh thit din ca hnh chp b ct bi 1 mt phng song song vi 1 mt phng cho
trc.
BI TP C BN
HT 49. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh tm O vi AC = a, BD = b. Tam gic SBD u. Mt mt phng (P)
di ng lun song song vi mp(SBD) v i qua im I trn on AC.
a) Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp vi (P).
b) Tnh din tch thit din theo a, b v x = AI.
HD:
2 2
b x 3
2
b) Sthiet dien =
2a
b (a x )2 3
a2
a
2
a
< x <a
2
HT 50. Cho hai mt phng song song (P) v (Q). Tam gic ABC nm trong (P) v on thng MN nm trong (Q).
a) Tm giao tuyn ca (MAB) v (Q); ca (NAC) v (Q).
b) Tm giao tuyn ca (MAB) v (NAC).
HT 51. T bn nh ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD v bn na ng thng song song cng chiu Ax, By, Cz, Dt khng nm
trong (ABCD). Mt mt phng (P) ct bn na ng thng ti A, B, C, D.
a) Chng minh (Ax,By) // (Cz,Dt).
b) Chng minh ABCD l hnh bnh hnh.
c) Chng minh: AA + CC = BB + DD.
HT 52. Cho t din ABCD. Gi G1, G2, G3 ln lt l trng tm cc tam gic ABC, ACD, ADB.
a) Chng minh (G1G2G3) // (BCD).
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0968.393.899
b) Tm thit din ca t din ABCD vi mp(G1G2G3). Tnh din tch thit din khi bit din tch tam gic BCD l S.
c) M l im di ng bn trong t din sao cho G1M lun song song vi mp(ACD). Tm tp hp nhng im M.
HD:
b)
4S
9
1
, 1.
3
HT 55. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh a. Trn AB, CC, CD, AA ln lt ly cc im M, N, P, Q sao cho AM =
CN = CP = AQ = x (0 x a).
a) Chng minh bn im M, N, P, Q ng phng v MP, NQ ct nhau ti 1 im c nh.
b) Chng minh mp(MNPQ) lun cha 1 ng thng c nh.
Tm x (MNPQ) // (ABC).
c) Dng thit din ca hnh lp phng ct bi (MNPQ). Thit din c c im g? Tnh gi tr ln nht v nh
nht ca chu vi thit din.
HD:
a
.
2
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N TP
HT 58. Cho t din ABCD c AB = 2a, tam gic BCD vung ti C c BD = 2a, BC = a. Gi E l trung im ca BD. Cho bit
(AB,CE ) = 600 .
a) Tnh 2AC2 AD2 theo a.
b) (P) l 1 mt phng song song vi AB v CE, ct cc cnh BC, BD, AE, AC theo th t ti M, N, P, Q. Tnh din tch
t gic MNPQ theo a v x = BM (0 < x < a). Xc nh x din tch y ln nht.
c) Tm x tng bnh phng cc ng cho ca MNPQ l nh nht.
d) Gi O l giao im ca MP v NQ. Tm (P) OA2 + OB2 + OC2 + OD2 nh nht.
HD:
a) Gi F l trung im ca AD.
b) S = x(a x)
3
a
;x=
2
2
c) x =
a
2
4a
3a
.
x +y
3
2
c)
2a s
8as
. s2
.
4
3
b) (P) // SE.
d) SABCD =
SA SC 2SG
+
=
SA
SC
SG
a2 3
.
32
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KIN THC CN NH
a b (a, b ) = 900
Gi s u l VTCP ca a, v l VTCP ca b. Khi a b u.v = 0 .
Lu : Hai ng thng vung gc vi nhau c th ct nhau hoc cho nhau.
II.
CC DNG TON
b) cos(AC , BM ) =
3
.
6
b) arccos
a 2 c2
b2
; arccos
b2 c 2
a2
; arccos
a 2 b2
c2
HT 64. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh vi AB = a, AD = 2a, SAB l tam gic vung cn ti A, M l im
trn cnh AD (M A v D). Mt phng (P) qua M song song vi mp(SAB) ct BC, SC, SD ln lt ti N, P, Q.
a) Chng minh MNPQ l hnh thang vung.
b) t AM = x. Tnh din tch ca MNPQ theo a v x.
HT 65. Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD c tt c cc cnh u bng nhau. Chng minh rng AC BD, AB CD, AD CB.
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KIN THC CN NH
1. nh ngha
d (P) d a, a (P)
2. iu kin ng thng vung gc vi mt phng
3. Tnh cht
Mt phng trung trc ca mt on thng l mt phng vung gc vi on thng ti trung im ca n.
Mt phng trung trc ca on thng l tp hp cc im cch u hai u mt ca on thng .
4. nh l ba ng vung gc
, a l hnh chiu ca a trn (P). Khi b a b a
Cho
= 900.
th
900.
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CC DNG TON
DNG TON 1: Chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mt phng. Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc
* Chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mt phng
chng minh d (P), ta c th chng minh bi mt trong cc cch sau:
BI TP C BN
HT 66. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh vung tm O. SA (ABCD). Gi H, I, K ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca
A trn SB, SC, SD.
a) CMR: BC (SAB), CD (SAD), BD (SAC).
b) CMR: AH, AK cng vung gc vi SC. T suy ra 3 ng thng AH, AI, AK cng nm trong mt mt phng.
c) CMR: HK (SAC). T suy ra HK AI.
HT 67. Cho t din SABC c tam gic ABC vung ti B; SA (ABC).
a) Chng minh: BC (SAB).
b) Gi AH l ng cao ca SAB. Chng minh: AH SC.
HT 68. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh thoi tm O. Bit: SA = SC, SB = SD.
a) Chng minh: SO (ABCD).
b) Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh BA, BC. CMR: IJ (SBD).
HT 69. Cho t din ABCD c ABC v DBC l 2 tam gic u. Gi I l trung im ca BC.
a) Chng minh: BC (AID).
b) V ng cao AH ca AID. Chng minh: AH (BCD).
HT 70. Cho t din OABC c OA, OB, OC i mt vung gc vi nhau. Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca im O trn
mp(ABC). Chng minh rng:
a) BC (OAH).
b) H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC.
c)
1
OH 2
1
OA2
1
OB 2
1
OC 2
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a) a,
a a 3
,
2 2
c)
a 5
2
HT 72. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAB l tam gic u v SC = a 2 . Gi H v K ln
lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v AD.
a) CMR: SH (ABCD).
b) Chng minh: AC SK v CK SD.
HT 73. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh ch nht c AB = a, BC = a 3 , mt bn SBC vung ti B, mt bn SCD
vung ti D c SD = a 5 .
a) Chng minh: SA (ABCD) v tnh SA.
b) ng thng qua A v vung gc vi AC, ct cc ng thng CB, CD ln lt ti I, J. Gi H l hnh chiu ca A
trn SC. Hy xc nh cc giao im K, L ca SB, SD vi mp(HIJ). CMR: AK (SBC), AL (SCD).
c) Tnh din tch t gic AKHL.
HD:
a) a 2 .
c)
8a 2
.
15
HT 74. Gi I l 1 im bt k trong ng trn (O;R). CD l dy cung ca (O) qua I. Trn ng thng vung gc vi
mt phng cha ng trn (O) ti I ta ly im S vi OS = R. Gi E l im i tm ca D trn ng trn (O). Chng
minh rng:
a) Tam gic SDE vung ti S.
b) SD CE.
c) Tam gic SCD vung.
HT 75. Cho MAB vung ti M trong mt phng (P). Trn ng thng vung gc vi (P) ti A ta ly 2 im C, D hai
bn im A. Gi C l hnh chiu ca C trn MD, H l giao im ca AM v CC.
a) Chng minh: CC (MBD).
b) Gi K l hnh chiu ca H trn AB. CMR: K l trc tm ca BCD.
HT 76. Cho hnh t din ABCD.
a) Chng minh rng: AB CD AC2 AD2 = BC2 BD2.
b) T suy ra nu mt t din c 2 cp cnh i vung gc vi nhau th cp cnh i cn li cng vung gc vi
nhau.
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b) S = 2a(a x).
HT 78. Cho t din SABC, c y l tam gic u cnh a; SA (ABC) v SA = 2a. Mt phng (P) qua B v vung gc vi
SC. Tm thit din ca t din vi (P) v tnh din tch ca thit din ny.
HD:
S=
a 2 15
.
20
HT 79. Cho t din SABC vi ABC l tam gic vung cn nh B, AB = a. SA (ABC) v SA = a 3 . M l 1 im tu trn
cnh AB, t AM = x (0 < x < a). Gi (P) l mt phng qua M v vung gc vi AB.
a) Tm thit din ca t din vi (P).
b) Tnh din tch ca thit din theo a v x. Tm x din tch thit din c gi tr ln nht.
HD:
b) S =
a
.
2
HT 80. Cho hnh t din SABC vi ABC l tam gic u cnh a, SA (ABC) v SA = a. Tm thit din ca t din vi mt
phng (P) v tnh din tch thit din trong cc trng hp sau:
a) (P) qua S v vung gc vi BC.
b) (P) qua A v vung gc vi trung tuyn SI ca tam gic SBC.
c) (P) qua trung im M ca SC v vung gc vi AB.
HD:
a)
a2 3
.
4
b)
2a 2 21
.
49
c)
5a 2 3
.
32
HT 81. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh vung cnh a, SA (ABCD) v SA = a 2 . V ng cao AH ca tam gic
SAB.
SH
2
a) CMR:
= .
SB
3
b) Gi (P) l mt phng qua A v vung gc vi SB. (P) ct hnh chp theo thit din l hnh g? Tnh din tch thit
din.
HD:
b) S =
5a 2 6
18
Tm giao im O ca a vi (P).
Chon im A a v dng AH (P). Khi AOH = (a,(P ))
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BI TP C BN
HT 82. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, tm O; SO (ABCD). Gi M, N ln lt l trung im
ca cc cnh SA v BC. Bit (MN ,(ABCD )) = 600 .
a) Tnh MN v SO.
b) Tnh gc gia MN v (SBD).
HD:
a) MN =
a 10
a 30
; SO =
2
2
5
.
5
HT 83. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a; SA (ABCD) v SA = a 6 . Tnh gc gia:
a) SC v (ABCD)
b) SC v (SAB) c) SB v (SAC)
d) AC v (SBC)
HD:
a) 600
b) arctan
c) arcsin
1
14
d) arcsin
21
.
7
HT 84. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh ch nht; SA (ABCD). Cnh SC = a hp vi y gc v hp vi
mt bn SAB gc .
a) Tnh SA.
b) CMR: AB = a cos( + ). cos( ) .
HD:
a) a.sin
HT 85. Cho hnh chp SABC, c ABC l tam gic cn, AB = AC = a, BAC = . Bit SA, SB, SC u hp vi mt phng
(ABC) gc .
a) CMR: hnh chiu ca S trn mp(ABC) l tm ca ng trn ngoi tip ABC.
b) Tnh khong cch t S n mp(ABC).
2 .
b)
cos
a . sin
HD:
HT 86. Cho lng tr ABC.ABC, c y l tam gic u cnh a, AA (ABC). ng cho BC ca mt bn BCCB hp
vi (ABBA) gc 300.
a) Tnh AA.
b) Tnh khong cch t trung im M ca AC n (BAC).
c) Gi N l trung im ca cnh BB. Tnh gc gia MN v (BAC).
HD:
a) a 2 .
b)
a 66
.
11
c) arcsin
54
.
55
HT 87. Cho lng tr ABC.ABC, c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti A; AA (ABC). on ni trung im M ca AB v
trung im N ca BC c di bng a, MN hp vi y gc v mt bn BCCB gc .
a) Tnh cc cnh y v cnh bn ca lng tr theo a v .
b) Chng minh rng: cos =
HD:
2 sin.
a) AB = AC = 2a.cos; BC = 2a 2 cos;
AA = a.sin.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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a (P )
((P ),(Q )) = (a, b )
b (Q )
a (P ), a c
Gi s (P) (Q) = c. T I c, dng
(P ),(Q ) = (a, b )
b (Q ), b c
Ch :
Gi S l din tch ca a gic (H) trong (P), S l din tch ca hnh chiu (H) ca (H) trn (Q), = (P ),(Q ) . Khi
:
S = S.cos
(P ) a
(P ) (Q )
iu kin hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau:
a (Q )
4. Tnh cht
(P ) (Q ),(P ) (Q ) = c
a (Q )
a (P ), a c
(P ) (Q )
a (P )
A (P )
a A, a (Q )
(P ) (Q ) = a
a (R)
(P ) (R)
(Q ) (R)
II.
CC DNH TON
BI TP C BN
HT 88. Cho hnh chp SABC, c y ABC l tam gic vung cn vi BA = BC = a; SA (ABC) v
l trung im ca cc cnh AB v AC.
a) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SAC) v (SBC).
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
SA = a. Gi E, F ln lt
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10
HT 89. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a, tm O; SA (ABCD). Tnh SA theo a s o ca gc gia hai mt phng (SCB) v
(SCD) bng 600.
HD:
SA = a.
HT 90. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip ng trn ng knh AB = 2a; SA (ABCD)
v SA = a 3 .
a) Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (SAD) v (SBC).
b) Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (SBC) v (SCD).
HD:
10
.
5
HT 91. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a, SA (ABCD) v SA = a 3 . Tnh gc gia cc cp mt phng sau:
a) (SBC) v (ABC) b) (SBD) v (ABD)
c) (SAB) v (SCD)
HD:
b) arctan 6
a) 600
c) 300.
a 3
a 6
; SA (ABCD) v SO =
.
3
3
c) 600.
HT 93. Cho hnh chp SABCD c SA (ABCD) v SA = a 2 , y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D vi AB = 2a, AD =
DC = a. Tnh gc gia cc cp mt phng:
a) (SBC) v (ABC) b) (SAB) v (SBC)
c) (SBC) v (SCD)
HD:
a) 450
b) 600
c) arccos
6
.
3
DNG TON 2: Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc. Chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mt phng.
* Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc
chng minh (P) (Q), ta c th chng minh bi mt trong cc cch sau:
Chng minh d (Q) vi (Q) (P) v d vung gc vi giao tuyn c ca (P) v (Q).
Chng minh d = (Q) (R) vi (Q) (P) v (R) (P).
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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b) 900.
Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA (ABCD). Gi M, N l 2 im ln lt trn 2
a
3a
. Chng minh 2 mt phng (SAM) v (SMN) vung gc vi nhau.
cnh BC, DC sao cho BM = , DN =
2
4
HT 98. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. V BB v CC cng vung gc vi mp(ABC).
a) Chng minh (ABB) (ACC).
HT 97.
b) Gi AH, AK l cc ng cao ca ABC v ABC. Chng minh 2 mt phng (BCCB) v (ABC) cng vung gc
vi mt phng (AHK).
HT 99. Cho hnh chp SABCD, y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAB l tam gic u v vung gc vi y. Gi
I l trung im ca AB.
a) Chng minh rng SI (ABCD), AD (SAB).
b) Tnh gc gia BD v mp(SAD).
c) Tnh gc gia SD v mp(SCI).
HD:
b) arcsin
6
4
c) arcsin
10
5
HT 100. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A c AB = c, AC = b. Gi (P) l mt phng qua BC v vung gc vi mp(ABC); S l 1
im di ng trn (P) sao cho SABC l hnh chp c 2 mt bn SAB, SAC hp vi y ABC hai gc c s o ln lt l
b) SHmax =
1
bc ;
2
= arctan
c
b
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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a) x2 y2 +
0968.393.899
b2
=0
2
b) x2 y2 + b2 2a2 = 0
HT 102. Cho hnh chp SABCD, y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA (ABCD) ; M v N l hai im nm trn cc cnh
BC, CD. t BM = x, DN = y.
a) Chng minh rng iu kin cn v hai mt phng (SAM) v (SMN) vung gc vi nhau l MN (SAM). T
suy ra h thc lin h gia x v y.
b) Chng minh rng iu kin cn v gc gia hai mt phng (SAM) v (SAN) c s o bng 300 l a(x + y) +
3 xy = a2 3 .
HD:
a) a2 a(x + y) + x2 = 0
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi tm I cnh a v c gc A bng 600, cnh SC =
HT 103.
a 6
v SC
2
(ABCD).
a) Chng minh (SBD) (SAC).
b) Trong tam gic SCA k IK SA ti K. Tnh di IK.
c) Chng minh BKD = 900 v t suy ra (SAB) (SAD).
HD:
b) IK =
a
.
2
Phng php: Gi S l din tch ca a gic (H) trong (P), S l din tch ca hnh chiu (H) ca (H) trn (Q), = (P ),(Q )
. Khi :
S = S.cos
BI TP C BN
HT 104. Cho hnh thoi ABCD c nh A trong mt phng (P), cc nh khc khng trong (P), BD = a, AC = a 2 .
Chiu vung gc hnh thoi ln mt phng (P) ta c hnh vung ABCD.
a) Tnh din tch ca ABCD v ABCD. Suy ra gc gia (ABCD) v (P).
b) Gi E v F ln lt l giao im ca CB, CD vi (P). Tnh din tch ca t gic EFDB v EFDB.
HD:
a) 450
b) SEFDB =
3a 2 2
3a 2
; SEFDB =
4
4
HT 105. Cho tam gic cn ABC c ng cao AH = a 3 , y BC = 3a; BC (P). Gi A l hnh chiu ca A trn (P). Khi
ABC vung ti A, tnh gc gia (P) v (ABC).
HD:
300
HT 106. Cho tam gic u ABC cnh a, nm trong mt phng (P). Trn cc ng thng vung gc vi (P) v t B v C
a 2
, CE = a 2 nm cng mt bn i vi (P).
2
a) Chng minh tam gic ADE vung. Tnh din tch ca tam gic ADE.
ly cc on BD =
a)
3a 2
4
b) arccos
3
3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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SABC
cos
HT 108. Cho t din SABC c SA, SB, SC i mt vung gc. Gi H l trc tm ca ABC. Chng minh rng:
a) SH (ABC).
b) (SSBC)2 = SABC.SHBC. T suy ra: (SABC)2 = (SSAB)2 + (SSBC)2 +(SSCA)2.
HT 109. Trong mt phng (P) cho OAB vung ti O, AB = 2a, OB = a. Trn cc tia vung gc vi (P) v t A v B v
v cng mt bn i vi (P), ly AA = a, BB = x.
a) nh x tam gic OAB vung ti O.
b) Tnh AB, OA, OB theo a v x. Chng t tam gic OAB khng th vung ti B. nh x tam gic ny vung ti
A.
c) Cho x = 4a. V ng cao OC ca OAB. Chng minh rng CA AB. Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (OAB) v
(P).
HD:
a) x = 0
b) x = 4ac) arccos
39
26
8 KHONG CCH
I. KIN THC C BN
1. Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng, n mt mt phng
d (M , a ) = MH
d (M ,(P )) = MH
2. Khong cch gia ng thng v mt phng song song, gia hai mt phng song song
d(a,(P)) = d(M,(P))
trong M l im bt k nm trn a.
d((P),(Q) = d(M,(Q))
chung ca a, b.
Nu ct a, b ti I, J th IJ c gi l on vung gc chung ca a, b.
di on IJ c gi l khong cch gia a, b.
Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau bng khong cch gia mt trong hai
phng cha ng thng kia v song song vi n.
ng thng vi mt
Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau bng khong cch gia hai mt phng song song ln lt cha
hai ng thng .
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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CC DNG TON
a)
a 2
2
b)
a 5
5
HT 111. Cho hnh chp SABCD, y ABCD l hnh vung tm O, cnh a, SA (ABCD) v SA = a. Tnh khong cch gia
hai ng thng:
a) SC v BD.
b) AC v SD.
HD:
a)
a 6
6
b)
a 3
3
HT 112. Cho t din SABC c SA (ABC). Gi H, K ln lt l trc tm ca cc tam gic ABC v SBC.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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a 3
. Gi M, N, P ln lt
2
l trung im ca cc cnh BC, SD, SB. Hy dng v tnh di on vung gc chung ca cc cp ng thng:
a) NP v AC
b) MN v AP.
HT 114. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a, I l trung im ca AB. Dng IS (ABCD) v IS =
HD:
a)
a 3
a
b)
4
2
DNG TON 2: Tnh khong cch t mt im n ng thng, mt phng. Khong cch gia ng thng v
mt phng song song. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song
tnh khong cch t mt im n ng thng (mt phng) ta cn xc nh on vung gc v t im n
ng thng (mt phng).
BI TP C BN
HT 115. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c SA (ABCD) v SA = a 6 , y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip trong ng trn
ng kinh AD = 2a.
a) Tnh cc khong cch t A v B n mt phng (SCD).
b) Tnh khong cch t ng thng AD n mt phng (SBC).
c) Tnh din tch ca thit din ca hnh chp SABCD vi mt phng (P) song song vi mp(SAD) v cch (SAD)
mt khong bng
a 3
.
4
HD: a) d(A,(SCD)) = a 2 ;
d(B,(SCD)) =
a 2
2
b)
a 6
a2 6
c)
3
2
HT 116. Cho hnh lng tr ABC.ABC c AA (ABC) v AA = a, y ABC l tam gic vung ti A c BC = 2a, AB = a 3 .
a) Tnh khong cch t AA n mt phng (BCCB).
b) Tnh khong cch t A n (ABC).
c) Chng minh rng AB (ACCA) v tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (ABC).
HD:
a)
a 3
a 21
b)
2
7
c)
a 2
2
HT 117. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA (ABCD) v SA = 2a.
a) Tnh khong cch t A n mp(SBC), t C n mp(SBD).
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b) M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB v AD. Chng minh rng MN song song vi (SBD) v tnh khong cch t
MN n (SBD).
c) Mt phng (P) qua BC ct cc cnh SA, SD theo th t ti E, F. Cho bit AD cch (P) mt khong l
a 2
, tnh
2
a) a 2 ;
a 2
2
b)
a 6
a2 6
c)
3
2
HT 118. Cho hai tia cho nhau Ax, By hp vi nhau gc 600, nhn AB = a lm on vung gc chung. Trn By ly im C
vi BC = a. Gi D l hnh chiu ca C trn Ax.
a) Tnh AD v khong cch t C n mp(ABD).
b) Tnh khong cch gia AC v BD.
HD:
a) AD =
a
;
2
d(C,(ABD)) =
a 3
2
b)
a 93
31
HT 119. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a v BAD = 600 . Gi O l giao im ca AC v BD.
3a
ng thng SO (ABCD) v SO =
. Gi E l trung im ca BC, F l trung im ca BE.
4
a) Chng minh (SOF) (SBC).
b) Tnh cc khong cch t O v A n (SBC).HD:
b) d(O,(SBC)) =
3a
3a
, d(A,(SBC)) =
.
8
4
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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0968.393.899
a / /(P ) a (P ) =
(P)
II.Cc nh l:
L1:Nu ng thng d khng
nm trn mp(P) v song song vi
ng thng a nm trn mp(P) th
ng thng d song song vi
mp(P)
L2: Nu ng thng a song
song vi mp(P) th mi mp(Q)
cha a m ct mp(P) th ct theo
giao tuyn song song vi a.
d (P )
d / /a d / /(P )
a (P )
a
(P)
(Q)
a / /(P )
a (Q )
d / /a
(P ) (Q ) = d
a
d
(P)
L3: Nu hai mt phng ct nhau
cng song song vi mt ng
thng th giao tuyn ca chng
song song vi ng thng .
(P ) (Q ) = d
(P ) / /a
d / /a
(Q ) / /a
a
Q
P
(P ) / /(Q ) (P ) (Q ) =
P
Q
II.Cc nh l:
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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0968.393.899
a, b (P )
a b = I
(P ) / /(Q )
a / /(Q ), b / /(Q )
L2: Nu mt ng thng nm
mt trong hai mt phng song
song th song song vi mt phng
kia.
(P ) / /(Q )
a / /(Q )
a (P )
a
b I
a
P
Q
(P ) / /(Q )
(R) (P ) = a a / /b
(R) (Q ) = b
B.QUAN H VUNG GC
a mp(P ) a c, c (P )
a
II. Cc nh l:
L1: Nu ng thng d vung
gc vi hai ng thng ct nhau a
v b cng nm trong mp(P) th
ng thng d vung gc vi
mp(P).
d a , d b
a , b mp(P ) d mp(P )
a , b cat nhau
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
b
P
Page 28
0968.393.899
a
a mp(P ), b mp(P )
b a b a'
a'
II. Cc nh l:
Q
a
a mp(P )
mp(Q ) mp(P )
a mp(Q )
(P ) (Q )
(P ) (Q ) = d a (Q )
a (P ), a d
d
L3: Nu hai mt phng (P) v
(Q) vung gc vi nhau v A l
mt im trong (P) th ng
thng a i qua im A v vung
gc vi (Q) s nm trong (P)
P
(P ) (Q )
A (P )
a (P )
A a
a (Q )
a
A
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(P ) (Q ) = a
(P ) (R)
a (R)
(Q ) (R)
3.KHONG CCH
O
H
a
d(a;(P)) = OH
3. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song:
O
P
d((P);(Q)) = OH
4.Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau:
b
B
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0968.393.899
4.GC
a'
b'
b
a'
a
P
S ' = S cos
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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0968.393.899
nh l Pitago : BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2
b)
c)
AB. AC = BC. AH
1
1
1
=
+
2
2
AH
AB
AC 2
BC = 2AM
b
c
b
c
sin B = , c osB = , tan B = , cot B =
a
a
c
b
d)
e)
f)
g)
A
b
c
B
b
b
,
=
sin B
cos C
b = c. tanB = c.cot C
2.H thc lng trong tam gic thng:
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc.cosA
* nh l hm s Csin:
a
b
c
=
=
= 2R
sin A sin B
sin C
* nh l hm s Sin:
3. Cc cng thc tnh din tch.
1
1
a .b.c
a +b +c
a.ha = a.b sin C =
= p.r = p.(p a )(p b )(p c) vi p =
2
2
4R
2
1
AB.AC ,* ABC u cnh a: ..
2
1
(cho di x cho ngn)
2
1
(y ln + y nh) x chiu cao
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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B : dien tch ay
vi
h : chieu cao
c
b
a
vi a l di cnh
2. TH TCH KHI CHP:
V=
1
Bh
3
B : dien tch ay
vi
h : chieu cao
3. T S TH TCH T DIN:
C'
A'
B'
VSABC
SA SB SC
=
VSA ' B 'C '
SA ' SB ' SC '
C
B
h
B + B '+ BB '
3
A'
B'
C'
)
A
h : chieu cao
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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Ch :
1/ ng cho ca hnh vung cnh a l d = a 2 ,
ng cho ca hnh lp phng cnh a l d = a 3 ,
ng cho ca hnh hp ch nht c 3 kch thc a, b, c l d =
a 2 + b2 + c2 ,
a 3
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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0968.393.899
HT 2.
12
Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B vi AC = a bit SA vung gc vi y ABC v SB hp
3 3
/s: V = a
hnh chp.
/s: V = a
24
Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a bit SA vung gc vi y ABC v (SBC) hp vi y
/s: V = a
HT 4. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung c cnh a v SA vung gc y ABCD v mt bn (SCD) hp
vi y mt gc 60o. Tnh th tch hnh chp SABCD. Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SCD).
a3 3
a 3
/s: V =
d=
3
2
HT 5. Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B vi BA=BC=a bit SA vung gc vi y ABC v SB
hp vi (SAB) mt gc 30o. Tnh th tch hnh chp .
HT 6.
3
s: V = a 2
Cho hnh chp SABC c SA vung gc vi y (ABC) v SA = h ,bit rng tam gic ABC u v mt (SBC) hp vi
3
s: V = h 3
HT 7. Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC vung ti A v SB vung gc vi y ABC bit SB = a,SC hp vi (SAB) mt gc
30o v (SAC) hp vi (ABC) mt gc 60o .Chng minh rng SC2 = SB2 + AB2 + AC2 Tnh th tch hnh chp.
3
s: V = a 3
27
HT 8. Cho t din ABCD c AD (ABC) bit AC = AD = 4 cm,AB = 3 cm, BC = 5 cm.
1) Tnh th tch ABCD.
s: V = 8 cm3
2) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (BCD).
s: d = 12
34
Cho khi chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic cn ti A vi BC = 2a , gc BAC = 120o , bit SA (ABC ) v mt
a3
s: V =
(SBC) hp vi y mt gc 45o . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC.
HT 9.
s: V
a3 3
48
HT 11. Cho khi chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht bit rng SA (ABCD) , SC hp vi y mt gc 45o v
AB = 3a, BC = 4a . Tnh th tch khi chp.
s: V = 20a3
HT 12. Cho khi chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a v gc nhn A bng 60o v SA (ABCD) ,bit rng
a3 2
khong cch t A n cnh SC = a. Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD.
s: V =
HT 13. Cho khi chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v B bit AB = BC = a , AD = 2a , SA (ABCD) v
a3 6
(SCD) hp vi y mt gc 60o. Tnh th thch khi chp SABCD.
s: V =
HT 14. Cho khi chp SABCD c y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip trong na ng trn ng knh AB = 2R bit mt
3R3
(SBC) hp vi y ABCD mt gc 45o.Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD.
s: V =
HT 1. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung c cnh a. Mt bn SAB l tam gic u nm trong mt phng
vung gc vi yABCD. Chng minh rng chn ng cao khi chp trng vi trung im cnh AB. Tnh th tch khi
/s: V = a
chp SABCD.
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HT 2. Cho t din ABCD c ABC l tam gic u ,BCD l tam gic vung cn ti D , (ABC) (BCD) v AD hp vi (BCD)
/s : V = a
HT 3. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, c BC = a. Mt bn SAC vung gc vi y, cc mt
bn cn li u to vi mt y mt gc 450. Chng minh rng chn ng cao khi chp trng vi trung im cnh AC.
a3
12
HT 4. Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC vung cn ti A vi AB = AC = a bit tam gic SAB cn ti S v nm trong mt
a3
phng vung gc vi (ABC) ,mt phng (SAC) hp vi (ABC) mt gc 45o. Tnh th tch ca SABC.
s: V =
/s: V =
12
HT 5.
BAC
= 90o ; ABC
a2 2
24
Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic u;tam gic SBC c ng cao SH = h v (SBC) (ABC). Cho bit
4h 3 3
SB hp vi mt (ABC) mt gc 30o .Tnh th tch hnh chp SABC.
s: V =
HT 6.
T din ABCD c ABC v BCD l hai tam gic u ln lt nm trong hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau bit
a3 6
s: V =
AD = a .Tnh th tch t din.
HT 7.
36
HT 8. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung . Mt bn SAB l tam gic u c ng cao SH = h ,nm
trong mt phng vung gc vi ABCD. Chng minh rng chn ng cao khi chp trng vi trung im cnh AB. Tnh
4h 3
th tch khi chp SABCD .
s: V =
HT 9.
Cho hnh chp SABCD c ABCD l hnh ch nht , tam gic SAB u cnh a nm trong mt phng vung gc vi
(ABCD) bit (SAC) hp vi (ABCD) mt gc 30o .Tnh th tch hnh chp SABCD.
HT 10. Cho hnh chp SABCD c ABCD l hnh ch nht c AB = 2a , BC = 4a, SAB
(SAD) cng hp vi y ABCD mt gc 30o .Tnh th tch hnh chp SABCD.
s:
V=
a3 3
4
HT 11. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi vi AC = 2BD = 2a v tam gic SAD vung cn ti S , nm trong
mt phng vung gc vi ABCD. Tnh th tch hnh chp SABCD.
s:
V=
a3 5
12
HT 12. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D; AD = CD = a ; AB = 2a bit tam gic SAB u
nm trong mt phng vung gc vi (ABCD). Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD .
s:
V=
a3 3
2
HT 1. Cho chp tam gic u SABC cnh y bng a v cnh bn bng 2a. Chng minh rng chn ng cao k t S ca
hnh chp l tm ca tam gic u ABC. Tnh th tch chp u SABC .
/s: V = a
3 11
12
HT 2. Cho khi chp t gic SABCD c tt c cc cnh c di bng a . Chng minh rng SABCD l chp t gic u.
/s: V = a
Cho khi t din u ABCD cnh bng a, M l trung im DC. Tnh th tch khi t din u ABCD. Tnh khong
/s:
V=
a3 2
24
HT 4. Cho hnh chp u SABC c cnh bn bng a hp vi y ABC mt gc 60o . Tnh th tch hnh chp.
s: V = 3a
16
HT 5. Cho hnh chp tam gic u SABC c cnh bn a, gc y ca mt bn l 45o. Tnh di chiu cao SH ca chp
SABC. Tnh th tch hnh chp SABC.
3
s: SH = a V = a
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HT 6. Cho hnh chp tam gic u SABC c cnh y a v mt bn hp vi y mt gc 60o. Tnh th tch hnh chp
s:
SABC.
V=
a3 3
24
HT 7. Cho chp tam gic u c ng cao h hp vi mt mt bn mt gc 30o. Tnh th tch hnh chp.
3
s: V = h 3
HT 8. Cho hnh chp tam gic u c ng cao h v mt bn c gc nh bng 60o. Tnh th tch hnh chp.
/s:
HT 9. Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c cnh y a v
V=
h3 3
8
a3 2
3
6
HT 10. Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c chiu cao h ,gc nh ca mt bn bng 60o. Tnh th tch hnh chp.
u. Tnh th tch hnh chp.
/s:
V=
V=
2h3
3
HT 11. Cho hnh chp t gic u c mt bn hp vi y mt gc 45o v khong cch t chn ng cao ca chp n
/s:
V=
8a3 3
3
HT 12. Cho hnh chp SABCD c tt c cc cnh bng nhau. Chng minh rng SABCD l chp t gic u.Tnh cnh ca
hnh chp ny khi th tch ca n bng V = 9a
2.
/s: AB = 3a
HT 1. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c tam gic ABC vung cn B, AC = a 2 ,SA vung gc vi y ABC , SA = a
Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABC. Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC, mt phng ( ) qua AG v song song vi BC ct SC,
SB ln lt ti M, N. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.AMN.
HT 2.
im D sao cho
a3
2a 3
;VS .AMN =
6
27
/s: VS .ABC =
36
HT 4. Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD, y l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn to vi y gc 600 . Gi M l trung im
SC. Mt phng i qua AM v song song vi BD, ct SB ti E v ct SD ti F. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD. Tnh th tch
khi chp S.AEMF.
/s: VS . ABCD
a3 6
=
6
VAEMF =
a3 6
.
18
HT 5. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA vung gc y, SA = a 2 . Gi B, D l hnh
chiu ca A ln lt ln SB, SD. Mt phng (ABD) ct SC ti C. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD. Tnh th tch khi chp
a3 2
2a 3 2
;VS .AB 'C ' D ' =
3
9
Cho t din ABCD. Gi B' v C' ln lt l trung im ca AB v AC. Tnh t s th tch ca khi t din AB'C'D v
S.ABCD.
HT 6.
/s : VS .ABCD =
/s:
k=
1
4
HT 7. Cho t din ABCD c th tch 9m3 ,trn AB,AC,AD ln lt ly cc im B',C',D' sao cho AB = 2AB' ;2AC = 3AD'
;AD = 3AD'. Tnh t tch t din AB'C'D'.
/s: V = 2 m3
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a
2a
AB = ;AC' = . Tnh th tch t
2
3
/s: V = a
2
36
din AB'C'D.
HT 9. Cho t dinABCD c th tch 12 m3 .Gi M,P l trung im ca AB v CD v ly N trn AD sao cho DA = 3NA.
Tnh th tch t din BMNP.
/s: V = 1 m3
HT 10. Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh
V=
a3 3
40
HT 11. Cho hnh chp SABCD c th tch bng 27m3 .Ly A'trn SA sao cho SA = 3SA'. Mt phng qua A' v song song
vi y hnh chp ct SB,SC,SD ln lt ti B',C',D' .Tnh th tch hnh chp SA'B'C'D'.
/s: : V = 1 m3
3
HT 12. Cho hnh chp SABCD c th tch bng 9m , ABCD l hnh bnh hnh , ly M trn SA sao cho 2SA = 3SM. Mt
phng (MBC) ct SD ti N.Tnh th tch khi a din ABCDMN .
/s: : V = 4m3
HT 13. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, chiu cao SA = h. Gi N l trung im SC. Mt phng cha AN
2
/s: V = a h
HT 14. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh v I l trung im ca SC.Mt phng qua AI v song song
/s:
k=
1
2
HT 15. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh v ly M trn SA sao cho SM = x Tm x mt phng
SA
/s: x = 5 1
/s: V = a
3 ; S = 3a2
HT 6. Cho lng tr ng ABCD.A'B'C'D' c y l t gic u cnh a bit rng BD' = a 6 . Tnh th tch ca lng tr.
/s: V = 2a3
HT 7. Cho lng tr ng t gic u c tt c cc cnh bng nhau v bit tng din tch cc mt ca lng tr bng 96
cm2 .Tnh th tch lng tr.
/s: V = 64 cm3
HT 8. Cho lng tr ng tam gic c cc cnh y l 19,20,37 v chiu cao ca khi lng tr bng trung bnh cng cc
cnh y. Tnh th tch ca lng tr.
/s: V = 2888
HT 9. Cho hnh hp ch nht c 3 kch thc t l thun vi 3,4,5 bit rng di mt ng cho ca hnh hp l 1
m.Tnh th tch khi hp ch nht.
/s: V = 0,4 m3
HT 10. Cho hnh hp ch nht bit rng cc ng cho ca cc mt ln lt l
ny .
/s: V = 6
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Cho lng tr ng tam gic ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B vi BA = BC = a ,bit A'B hp vi
3
/s: a 3
2
HT 2. Cho lng tr ng tam gic ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic. vung ti A vi AC = a , ACB = 60 o bit BC'
hp vi (AA'C'C) mt gc 300. Tnh AC' v th tch lng tr.
/s: V = a 3 6
HT 3. Cho lng tr ng ABCD A'B'C'D' c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a v ng cho BD' ca lng tr hp vi
y ABCD mt gc 300. Tnh th tch v tng din tch ca cc mt bn ca lng tr . /s: V
2
a 3 6 S = 4a 6
3
3
Cho hnh hp ng ABCD A'B'C'D' c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a v BAD = 60o bit AB' hp vi y (ABCD)
3a 3
mt gc 30o. Tnh th tch ca hnh hp.
/s: V =
HT 4.
Cho lng tr ng ABC A'B'C' c y ABC vung cn ti B bit A'C = a v A'C hp vi mt bn (AA'B'B) mt gc
a3 2
30o . Tnh th tch lng tr.
/s: V =
HT 5.
16
Cho lng tr ng ABC A'B'C' c y ABC vung ti B bit BB' = AB = a v B'C hp vi y (ABC) mt gc 30o .
a3 3
Tnh th tch lng tr.
/s: V =
HT 6.
Cho lng tr ng ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a bit AB' hp vi mt bn (BCC'B') mt gc 30o
a3 3
. Tnh di AB' v th tch lng tr
/s: AB ' = a 3 ;V =
HT 7.
Cho lng tr tam gic u ABC A'B'C' c khong cch t A n mt phng (A'BC) bng a v AA' hp vi mt
32a 3
phng (A'BC) mt gc 300. Tnh th tch lng tr
/s: V =
HT 9.
HT 10. Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD A'B'C'D' c ng cho A'C = a v bit rng A'C hp vi (ABCD) mt gc 30o v
a3 2
hp vi (ABB'A') mt gc 45o. Tnh th tch ca khi hp ch nht. /s: V =
HT 11. Cho lng tr ng ABCD A'B'C'D' c y ABCD l hnh vung v BD' = a . Tnh th tch lng tr trong cc trng
hp sau y:
1. BD' hp vi y ABCD mt gc 60o .
a3 3
a3 2
2. BD' hp vi mt bn (AA'D'D) mt gc 30o .
/s: 1)V =
2)V =
16
HT 12. Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD A'B'C'D' c AB = a ; AD = b ; AA' = c v BD' = AC' = CA' = a 2 + b2 + c2
1. Chng minh ABCD A'B'C'D' l hp ch nht.
2. Gi x,y,z l gc hp bi mt ng cho v 3 mt cng i qua mt ng thuc ng cho. Chng minh rng:
sin2 x + sin2 y + sin2 z = 1 .
HT 1.
HT 2.
y ca lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC l tam gic u. Mt (ABC) to vi y mt gc 300 v din tch tam
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Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD A'B'C'D' c AA' = 2a ; mt phng (A'BC) hp vi y (ABCD) mt gc 60o v A'C hp
16a 3 2
vi y (ABCD) mt gc 30o .Tnh th tch khi hp ch nht.
/s: V =
HT 4.
Cho hp ch nht ABCD A'B'C'D' c AA' = a bit ng cho A'C hp vi y ABCD mt gc 30o v mt (A'BC)
2a 3 2
hp vi y ABCD mt gc 600 . Tnh th tch hp ch nht.
/s: V =
HT 5.
HT 6. Cho lng tr ng ABCD A'B'C'D' c y ABCD l hnh vung v cnh bn bng a bit rng mt (ABC'D') hp
vi y mt gc 30o.Tnh th tch khi lng tr.
/s: V = 3a3
HT 7. Cho lng tr ng ABCA'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B v AC = 2a bit rng (A'BC) hp vi y
ABC mt gc 45o. Tnh th tch lng tr.
/s: V = a 3 2
Cho lng tr ng ABCA'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic cn ti A vi AB = AC = a v
a3 3
(A'BC) hp vi y ABC mt gc 45o. Tnh th tch lng tr.
/s: V =
HT 8.
Cho lng tr ng ABCA'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B v BB' = AB = h bit rng (B'AC) hp vi y
h3 2
ABC mt gc 60o. Tnh th tch lng tr.
/s: V =
HT 9.
a3 3
HT 11. Cho lng tr t gic u ABCD A'B'C'D' c cnh bn AA' = 2a .Tnh th tch lng tr trong cc trng hp sau
y:
1. Mt (ACD') hp vi y ABCD mt gc 45o .
2. BD' hp vi y ABCD mt gc 600 .
3. Khong cch t D n mt (ACD') bng a .
16a 3
/s: 1) V = 16a3 . 2) V = 12a3 .3) V =
a3 6
; 2) V = a 3 ; V = a 3 2
2
HT 13. Cho lng tr ng ABCD A'B'C'D' c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a v gc nhn A = 60o .Tnh th tch lng tr
trong cc trng hp sau y:
1. Mt phng (BDC') hp vi y ABCD mt gc 60o .
/s: 1) V =
a
2
/s: 1) V =
3a 3 3
3a 3 2
3a 3
; 2) V =
;V=
4
8
2
HT 14. Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD A'B'C'D' c BD' = 5a ,BD = 3a. Tnh th tch khi hp trong cc trng hp sau
y:
1. AB = a
2. BD' hp vi AA'D'D mt gc 30o
3. (ABD') hp vi y ABCD mt gc 300
/s: 1) V = 8a 3 2 ; 2) V = 5a 3 11 ; V = 16a 3
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Cho lng tr xin tam gic ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a , bit cnh bn l
a 3
v hp vi y
HT 2. Cho lng tr xin tam gic ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a . Hnh chiu ca A' xung (ABC) l tm
O ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC bit AA' hp vi y ABC mt gc 60 .Chng minh rng BB'C'C l hnh ch nht.
a3 3
Tnh th tch lng tr .
HT 3.
ln lt to vi y nhng gc
v
. Tnh th tch khi hp nu bit cnh bn bng 1. V = 3
HT 4. Cho lng tr ABCD A'B'C'D'c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a v bit cnh bn bng 8 hp vi y ABC mt
gc 30o.Tnh th tch lng tr. s: V =336
HT 5. Cho hnh hp ABCD A'B'C'D'c AB =a;AD =b;AA' = c v BAD = 30o v bit cnh bn AA' hp vi y ABC
600.
2a 3
3
abc 3
4
Cho lng tr tam gic ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a v im A' cch u A,B,C bit AA' =
a3 3
.Tnh th tch lng tr. s: V =
HT 7. Cho lng tr ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a, nh A' c hnh chiu trn (ABC) nm trn ng cao AH
ca tam gic ABC bit mt bn BB'C'C hp vio y ABC mt gc 60o .
1. Chng minh rng BB'C'C l hnh ch nht.
3a 3 3
2. Tnh th tch lng tr ABC A'B'C'.
s: V =
HT 8. Cho lng tr ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u vi tm O. Cnh b CC' = a hp vi y ABC 1 gc 60o v C' c
hnh chiu trn ABC trng vi O .
1. Chng minh rng AA'B'B l hnh ch nht. Tnh din tch AA'B'B.
a2 3
3a 3 3
2. Tnh th tch lng tr ABCA'B'C'.
s: 1) S =
2) V =
HT 9. Cho lng tr ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a bit chn ng vung gc h t A' trn ABC trng
vi trung im ca BC v AA' = a.
1. Tm gc hp bi cnh bn vi y lng tr.
a3 3
2. Tnh th tch lng tr.
s: 1) 30o 2) V =
HT 10. Cho lng tr xin ABC A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic u vi tm O. Hnh chiu ca C' trn (ABC) l O.Tnh th
tch ca lng tr bit rng khong cch t O n CC' l a v 2 mt bn AA'C'Cv BB'C'C hp vi nhau mt gc 90o
27a 3
s: V =
4 2
HT 11. Cho hnh hp ABCD A'B'C'D' c 6 mt l hnh thoi cnh a,hnh chiu vung gc ca A' trn(ABCD) nm trong hnh
thoi,cc cnh xut pht t A ca hp i mt to vi nhau mt gc 60o .
1. Chng minh rng H nm trn ng cho AC ca ABCD.
2. Tnh din tch cc mt cho ACC'A' v BDD'B'.
a3 2
3. Tnh th tch ca hp. s: 2) SACC ' A ' = a 2 2; SBDD ' B ' = a 2 . 3) V =
2
HT 12. Cho hnh hp ABCD A'B'C'D' c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a v gc
A = 60o chn ng vung gc h t B' xung ABCD trng vi giao im 2 ng cho y bit BB' = a.
1. Tm gc hp bi cnh bn v y.
2. Tnh th tch v tng din tch cc mt bn ca hnh hp.
3a 3
s: 1) 60o 2) V =
& S = a 2 15
4
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HT1.
0.
Gi H, K
ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca B trn AC v CD. ng thng HK ct ng thng AD ti E. Chng minh rng BE
vung gc vi CD v tnh th tch khi t din BCDE theo a . /s: V =
26 3a 3
9
Cho hnh chp S .ABC c y ABC l tam gic cn ti A, AB = 2a, BAC = 1200 . Bit SBA = SCA = 900 , gc
HT2.
gia hai mt phng (SBC) v mt phng (ABC) bng 450. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC theo a , tnh gc gia hai mt
phng (SAB ) v (ABC ).
4 2a 3
= 450
3
Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a , SA vung gc vi y. Gc to bi SC v mt phng
/s: V =
HT3.
(SAB) bng 300. Gi E l trung im ca BC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng DE, SC
38
2a 3
d=
3
19
Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht, bit AB = 2a, AD = a. Trn cnh AB ly im M sao cho
theo a . /s: V =
HT4.
AM =
a
, cnh AC ct MD ti H. Bit SH vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD) v SH = a. Tnh th tch khi chp S .HCD
2
4a 3
2a
;d =
15
3
HT5. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a , mt bn SAD l tam gic u v nm trong mt
phng vung gc vi y. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh SB, BC, CD. Tnh th tch khi t din CMNP
3 3
a 21
a ;R =
12
3
Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht. AB = 2a, AD = 4a SA (ABCD ) v gc gia hai ng
thng SC v mt phng (ABCD) bng 300 . Gi H, M ln lt l trung im ca AB, BC, N trn cnh AD sao cho DN = a .
8 15a 3
2a 35
;d =
9
7
Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht, AB = a, AD = 2a . Hnh chiu vung gc ca S trn mt
Tnh th tch khi chp S .AHMN v khong cch gia hai ng thng MN v SB. /s: V =
HT7.
phng (ABCD) trng vi trng tm tam gic BCD. ng thng SA to vi mt phng (ABCD) mt gc 450. Tnh th tch
4 2a 3
2 2a
;d =
3
11
Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a . Hnh chiu vung gc ca S trn mt phng (ABCD)
ca khi chp S .ABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng AC v SD theo a . /s: V =
HT8.
mt gc bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD v khong cch t A n mt phng (SBC) theo a . /s: V =
d=
a 3 15
;
9
3a 5
57
HT9.
trung im ca CD v gc gia (ABCD) vi (SBC) bng 600. Chng minh rng (SBM ) (SAC ) v tnh th tch t din
(SABM). /s: V = 9a 3 3
HT10. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng 2a. Mt phng (SAB) vung gc vi mt phng
y, SA = a, SB = a 3. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng SB v AC theo a . /s:
V =
2 3a 3
2 5a
;d =
3
5
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HT11. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh thang, BAD = ADC = 900 , AB = 3a, AD = CD = SA = 2a,
SA (ABCD ). Gi G l trng tm SAB , mt phng (GCD ) ct SA, SB ln lt ti M, N. Tnh theo a th tch khi
chp S .CDMN v khong cch gia hai ng thng DM, BC . /s: V =
16 3
4a
a ;d =
9
14
HT12. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh 2a , SA = a, SB = a 3, BAD = 600 , (SAB ) (ABCD ) ,
gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB, BC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD v cosin gc gia hai ng thng SM, DN.
/s: V = a 3 ;d =
3
4
HT13. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht tm O, AB = a, BC = a 3, tam gic SOA cn ti S v mt
phng (SAD ) vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD ) . Bit gc gia SD v (ABCD) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD
v khong cch gia SB, AC.
2a 3 3
3a
;d =
3
4
HT14. Cho hnh chp S .ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AC = a, BC = 2a . Mt phng (SAC ) to vi (ABC)
/s: V =
gc 600. Hnh chiu H ca S trn (ABC) l trung im ca cnh BC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC v khong cch gia hai
ng thng HA v SB theo a .
/s: V =
2a 3 3
3a
;d =
3
4
HT15. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht tm O, AB = a, BC = a 3, tam gic SOA cn ti S v mt
phng (SAD) vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD). Bit gc gia SD v (ABCD) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD v
khong cch gia SB, AC. /s: V =
2a 3 3
3a
;d =
3
4
HT16. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht, AD = a 2,CD = 2a, cnh SA vung gc vi y. Gi K l
trung im ca CD, gc gia hai mt phng (SBK ) v (ABCD ) bng 600. Chng minh BK vung gc vi mt phng
(SAC). Tnh th tch khi chp S.BCK theo a .
2a 3
3
HT17. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng a, SA vung gc vi y. Gc to bi SC v mt
/s: V =
phng (SAB) bng 300. Gi E l trung im ca BC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng
2a 3
38
;d =
3
19
HT18. Cho hnh chp S.ACBD c y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip trong ng trn c ng knh
AD = 2a, SA (ABCD ), SA = a 6, H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB. Tm th tch khi chp H.SCD v tnh
a 6
3a 3 2
d=
14
3
a 14
. Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC ,
2
3a 3
;d = a 3
4
Cho hnh chp S .ABC c y l tam gic vung ti A, AB = AC = a, M l trung im ca AB, hnh chiu vung
SG (ABC ). Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC v khong cch t im B n mt phng (SAC). /s: V =
HT20.
gc ca S trn mt phng (ABC) trng vi tm O ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BMC, gc gia ng thng SB v mt
phng (ABC) bng 600. Tnh theo a th tch khi chp S.ABC v khong cch t C n mt phng (SAB). /s:
V =
a 3 30
a 130
;d =
24
13
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HT21. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip trong ng trn ng knh
AD = 2a, SA (ABCD ), SA = a 6, H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB. Tm th tch khi chp H.SCD v tnh
khong cch gia hai ng thng AD v SC. /s: V =
3a 3 2
a 6
;d =
14
3
HT22. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D, AD = DC , AB = 2AD, BC = a 2. Tam
gic SBC cn ti S v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y, SA hp vi y gc 450. Tnh th tch hnh chp S.ACBD
10a
10a 3
;d=
4
3
HT23. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a , tam gic SAB u nm trong mt phng vung gc
vi y. Gi M, N, P, K ln lt l trung im ca BC, CD, SD, SB. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABMN. Tnh khong cch gia
hai ng thng MK v AP.
/s: V =
5 3a 3
3a
;d =
48
2 5
HT24. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh bng 2a(a > 0) SA = a, SB = a 3, BAC = 600 , mt
phng (SAB) vung gc vi y. M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB, BC. Tnh th tch khi t din NSDC. Tnh cosin gc
gia hai ng thng SM v DN.
a3
5
; cos =
4
4 7
/s:V =
HT25. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht AB = 2a, tam gic SAB cn ti S v nm trong mt
phng vung gc vi (ABCD). Gi M l trung im ca SD, mt phng (ABM) vung gc vi mt phng (SCD) v ng
thng AM vung gc vi ng thng BD. Tnh th tch khi chp S.BCM v khong cch t M n mt phng (SBC).
HT26. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c cc cnh bn SA = SB = SD = a; y ABCD l hnh thoi c gc BAD = 600 v mt
3 3a 3
16
HT27. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a , mt bn SAB l tam gic u v nm trong mt phng
vung gc vi y. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD. Xc nh tm v tnh bn knh mt cu ngoi tip t din S.ABC. /s:
phng (SDC ) to vi (ABCD) mt gc 300. Tnh th tch hnh chp S.ABCD. /s: V =
V =
a3 3
a 21
;R =
6
6
HT28. Cho lng tr ng ABC .A1B1C1 c (A1BC ) to vi y gc 600 , tam gic A1BC c din tch bng 8 3. Gi M,
N ln lt l trung im ca BB1 v CC1. Tnh th tch khi t din A1AMN . Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng
A1B v AC . /s: V = 16 3; d = 3
HT29. Cho hnh chp S .ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, 2AC = BC = 2a. Mt phng (SAC) to vi mt
phng (ABC) mt gc 600. Hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng (ABC) l trung im H ca BC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC
a3 3
3a
;d =
4
4
Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung. SA = a v vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). M, N ln lt
l trung im ca AD, DC. Gc gia mt phng (SBM) v mt phng (ABC) bng 450. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABNM v
khong cch t D n mt phng (SBM).
/s: V =
25a 3
a
;d =
24
2
HT31. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y l hnh thang vung ti A, B; AB = BC = a. SA vung gc vi mt phng
a3
2
HT32. Cho hnh chp S .ABC c y l tam gic vung cn ti B, BA = a . Tam gic SAC cn ti S v nm trong mt
phng vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca SA, BC bit gc gia MN vi mt phng (ABC)
(ABCD), SA = a. Khong cch t D n mt phng (SAC) bng a 2. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD. /s: V =
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC v khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau AC, MN theo a . /s:
a 30
30a 3
;d =
12
16
HT33. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c SA vung gc vi y, ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip trong ng trn ng
V =
3a 3
. Tnh th tch khi
8
chp S.ABCD theo a v cosin ca gc to bi hai ng thng SO, AD, vi O l giao im ca AC v BD. .s:
knh AD, AD = 2a. Gi I l trung im ca AB, bit khong cch t I ti mt phng (SCD) bng
V =
a3 3
21
; cos =
4
7
HT34. Cho hnh chp S .ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi tm O, cnh 4a v ABC = 600. Hnh chiu ca nh S trn
mt phng (ABCD) l trung im H ca OA. Gc gia hai mt phng (SCD) v mt phng y bng 600. Tnh th tch ca
khi chp S.ABCD theo a v cosin gc to bi ng thng OA v mt phng (SCD). /s: V = 12 3a 3 ; cos =
7
4
HT35. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A1B1C1D1 c di cnh bng 3 v im M thuc cnh CC 1 sao cho CM = 2. Mt
phng (P) i qua A, M v song song vi BD chia khi lp phng thnh hai khi a din. Tnh th tch hai khi a din
. /s: V1 = 9;V2 = 18
HT36. Cho hnh lng tr ABC .A1B1C1 c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = a, BC = 2a. Hnh chiu vung gc ca
im A1 trn mt phng (ABC) trng vi trung im ca AC. Gc gia hai mt phng (BCC1B1 ) v (ABC) bng 600 .
Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho v khong cch gia hai ng thng AA1 v BC theo a . /s: V =
3a 3 3
3a
;d =
8
4
HT37. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A1B1C1D1 c cc cnh bng a . Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh A1B1
v B1C1. Tnh th tch khi t din AD1MN theo a . Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AM v D1N . /s:
V =
a3
3a
;d =
8
21
HT38. Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC .A1B1C1 c AB = a, AC = 2a, AA1 = 2a 5 v BAC = 1200. Gi K l trung im
ca CC1. Tnh th tch khi chp A.A1BK . Xc nh tm v bn knh mt cu ngoi tip t din A1B1BK . Gi I l trung
im ca BB1, tnh khong cch t I n mt phng (A1BK ). /s: V =
a 3 15
a 21
a 5
;R =
;d =
3
2
6
HT39. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A1B1C1D1 c on ni hai tm ca hai mt bn k nhau c di bng a . Tnh
theo a th tch khi lp phng ABCD.A1B1C1D1 v khong cch gia hai ng thng AC1 v B1D1. /s: V = 2 2a 3 ;
d=
a
3
HT40. Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC .A1B1C1 c y l tam gic u. Gi M l trung im ca cnh BB1. Bit ng
thng A1B,CM vung gc vi nhau v cch nhau mt khong bng a
3
. Tnh theo a th tch khi lng tr
10
a
15
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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3a 3
5
; cos =
4
8
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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0968.393.899
TUYN TP THI I HC CC NM
HT 1.
AA1 13 Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic vung ti A, ABC = 300 , SBC l tam gic u cnh a v mt
bn SBC vung gc vi y. Tnh theo a th tch khi chp S.ABC v khong cch t C n mt phng (SAB ). /s:
V =
a3
a 39
;d =
16
13
HT 2. B 13 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAB l tam gic u v nm trong mt phng
vung gc vi mt phng y. Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD v khong cch t A n mt phng (SCD). /s:
V =
a3 3
a 21
;d =
6
7
D 13 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thoi cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc vi y, BAD = 1200, M l
HT 3.
trung im ca cnh BC v SMA = 450. Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD v khong cch t im D n mt
a3
a 6
;d =
4
4
AA1 12 Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic u cnh a. Hnh chiu vung gc ca S trn mt phng (ABC)
l im H thuc cnh AB sao cho HA = 2HB. Gc gia ng thng SC v mt phng (ABC) bng 600 . Tnh th tch
khi chp S .ABC v tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v BC theo a.
/S: V =
a3 7
a 42
; d(SA, BC ) =
12
8
HT 5. B 12 Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC vi SA = 2a, AB = a . Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn cnh
SC. Chng minh rng SC vung gc vi (ABH). Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABH theo a.
/s: V =
7 11a 3
96
HT 6. D 12 Cho hnh hp ng ABCD.A ' B ' C ' D ' c y l hnh vung, tam gic A ' AC vung cn, A 'C = a . Tnh
th tch khi t din ABB 'C ' v khong cch t im A n mt phng (BCD) theo a.
/s: V =
a3 2
a 6
; d (A,(BCD ')) =
48
6
HT 7. A 11 Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, AB = BC = 2a; hai mt phng (SAB) v
(SAC) cng vung gc mt phng (ABC). Gi M l trung im ca AB; mt phng qua SM v song song vi BC, ct AC ti N.
Bit gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.BCNM v khong cch gia hai ng
thng AB v SN theo a.
/s: V = a 3 3;d (AB, SN ) =
2a 39
13
HT 8. B 11 Cho lng tr ABCD.A ' B ' C ' D ' c y ABCD l hnh ch nht, AB = a, AD = a 3. Hnh chiu vung
gc ca im A trn mt phng (ABCD) trng vi giao im ca AC v BD. Gc gia hai mt phng (ADDA) v (ABCD)
bng 600. Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho v khong cch t im B n mt phng (ABD) theo a.
/s: V =
HT 9.
3a 3
a 3
;d =
2
2
D 11 Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, BA = 3a, BC = 4a; mt phng (SBC) vung gc
vi mt phng (ABC). Bit SB = 2a 3 v SBC = 300. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC v khong cch t im B n mt
phng (SAC) theo a.
/s: V = 2a 3 3; d (B,(SAC )) =
6a 7
7
HT 10. A 10 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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AB v AD; H l giao im ca CN vi DM. Bit SH vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD) v SH = a 3. Tnh th tch khi chp
S.CDNM v khong cch gia hai ng thng DM v SC theo a.
/s: V =
5 3a 3
2 3a
;d =
24
19
HT 11. B 10 Cho hnh lng tr tam gic u ABC .A ' B 'C ' c AB = a, gc gia hai mt phng (A ' BC ) v (ABC)
bng 600 . Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC. Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho v tnh bn knh mt cu ngoi tip t
din G.ABC theo a.
/s: V =
3a 3 3
7a
;R =
8
12
HT 12. D 10 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA = a; hnh chiu vung gc ca S
trn mt phng (ACBD) l im H thuc on AC, AH =
AC
. Gi CM l ng cao tam gic SAC. Chng minh M l trung
4
a 3 14
48
HT 13. A - 09 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thang vung ti A v D; AB = AD = 2a;CD = a, gc gia hai mt
phng (SBC) v (ABCD) bng 600. Gi I l trung im ca cnh AD. Bit mt phng (SBI) v (SCI) cng vung gc vi mt
phng (ABCD). Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD.
/s: V =
3 15a 3
5
HT 14. B 09 Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.ABC c BB ' = a, gc gia ng thng BB v mt phng (ABC) bng
600 ; tam gic ABC vung ti C v BAC = 600. Hnh chiu vung gc ca im B ln mt phng (ABC) trng vi trng
tm ca tam gic ABC. Tnh th tch khi t din AABC theo a.
/s: V =
9a 3
208
HT 15. D 09 Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC.ABC c y l tam gic vung ti B. Gi s AB = a ; AA ' = 2a; AC ' = 3a.
Gi M l trung im ca AC v I l giao im ca AM v AC. Tnh th tch t din IABC. Tm khong cch t A ti (IBC).
/s: V =
4a 3
2a 5
;d =
9
5
HT 16. (A08) Cho lng tr ABC. ABC c di cnh bn bng 2a, y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = a, AC = a 3
v hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn (ABC) l trung im ca BC. Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp A.ABC v cosin ca
gc gia 2 ng thng AA v BC.
HD:
V =
a3
1
;cos =
2
4
HT 17. (B08): Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a, SA = a, SB = a 3 v (SAB) vung gc mt
y. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im AB, BC. Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S.BMDN v cosin ca gc gia hai ng
thng SM v DN.
HD:
V =
a3 3
;
3
cos =
5
5
HT 18. (D08): Cho lng tr ng ABC. ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung, AB = BC = a, cnh bn AA = a 2 . Gi M l
trung im ca BC. Tnh theo a th tch ca lng tr ABC.ABC v khong cch gia 2 ng thng AM, BC. HD:
2a 3
a 7
;
d=
2
7
HT 19. (A07): Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAD l tam gic u v nm trong
V =
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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mt phng vung gc vi y. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im SB, BC, CD. Chng minh AM BP v tnh th tch khi
3a 3
96
HT 20. (B07): Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Gi E l im i xng ca D qua
trung im ca SA; M l trung im ca AE, N l trung im ca BC. Chng minh MN BD v tnh khong cch gia hai
CMNP. HD:
V =
d=
a 2
4
HT 21. (D07): Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vi ABC = BAD = 900 , BC = BA = a, AD = 2a.
SA(ABCD), SA = a 2 . Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB. Chng minh tam gic SCD vung v tnh khong
a
cch t H n (SCD). HD:
d=
3
HT 22. (A06): Cho hnh tr c cc y l hai hnh trn tm O v O, bn knh y bng chiu cao v bng a. Trn
ng trn y tm O ly im A, trn ng trn y tm O ly im B sao cho AB = 2a. Tnh th tch ca khi t din
OOAB. HD:
V =
3a 3
12
HT 23. (B06): Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = a 2 , SA = a v SA (ABCD).
Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AD, SC; I l giao im ca BM v AC. Chng minh rng (SAC) (SMB). Tnh th tch
a3 2
36
HT 24. (D06): Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a, SA = 2a v SA (ABC ) . Gi M, N ln
lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB, SC. Tnh th tch ca hnh chp A.BCMN.
HD:
V =
V =
3 3a 3
50
HT 25. (D b 1 B07): Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung tm O, SA (ABCD). AB = a, SA = a 2 . Gi
H, K ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB, SD. Chng minh SC(AHK) v tnh th tch ca t din OAHK.
HD:
V =
2a 3
27
trn sao cho AC = R. Trn ng thng vung gc vi (P) ti A ly im S sao cho (SAB),(SBC) = 600 . Gi H, K ln
lt l hnh chiu ca A trn SB, SC. Chng minh tam gic AHK vung v tnh th tch t din SABC.
HD:
V =
R3 6
12
HT 27. (D b 1 D07): Cho lng tr ng ABC.A1B1C1 c y ABC l tam gic vung, AB = AC = a, AA1 = a 2 . Gi M, N
ln lt l trung im on AA1 v BC1. Chng minh MN l ng vung gc chung ca AA1 v BC1. Tnh th tch ca t
din MA1BC1.
HD:
V =
a3 2
12
d=
a 30
10
a 3
v BAD = 600 . Gi M,
2
N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh A'D' v A'B'. Chng minh AC' (BDMN). Tnh th tch khi chp A.BDMN.
HT 29. (D b 1 A06): Cho hnh hp ng ABCD.A'B'C'D' c cc cnh AB = AD = a, AA' =
HD:
V =
3a 3
16
HT 30. (D b 2 A06): Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = 2a, cnh SA vung gc
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a 3
. Mt phng (BCM) ct
3
V =
10 3 3
a
27
HT 31. (D b 1 B06): Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a, BAD = 600 , SA (ABCD), SA = a. Gi
C' l trung im ca SC. Mt phng (P) i qua AC' v song song vi BD, ct cc cnh SB, SD ln lt ti B', D'. Tnh th tch
khi chp S.AB'C'D'.
HD:
V =
a3 3
18
HT 32. (D b 2 B06): Cho hnh lng tr ABC.A'B'C' c A'ABC l hnh chp tam gic u, cnh y AB = a, cnh bn AA'
= b. Gi l gc gia hai mt phng (ABC) v (A'BC). Tnh tan v th tch khi chp A'.BB'C'C.
HD:
tan =
2 3b 2 a 2
;
a
V =
a 2 3b 2 a 2
6
HT 33. (D b 1 D06): Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c cnh y bng a. Gi SH l ng cao ca hnh chp.
Khong cch t trung im I ca SH n mt phng (SBC) bng b. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD.
HD:
V =
2
a 3b
.
3 a 2 16b 2
2
a
3
. Mt phng () i qua A, K v song song vi BD, chia khi lp phng thnh hai khi a din. Tnh th tch ca hai khi
a din .
HT 34. (D b 2 D06): Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD c cnh bng a v im K thuc cnh CC sao cho CK =
HD:
V1 =
a3
;
3
V2 =
2a 3
3
HT 35. Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a, cnh bn SA = 5 . Mt mt phng (P)
i qua AB v vung gc vi mp(SCD) ln lt ct SC v SD ti C v D. Tnh th tch ca khi a din ADD.BCC. HD:
V =
5a 3 3
6
HT 36. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB =a, AD = a 2 , SA (ABCD). Gi M,N ln lt l
trung im ca AD v SC, I l giao im ca BM v AC.
a) Chng minh mp(SAC) BM.
b) Tnh th tch ca khi t din ANIB.
HT 37. Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a, cnh bn SA = a 5 . Mt mt phng (P)
i qua AB v vung gc vi mp(SCD) ln lt ct SC v SD ti C v D. Tnh th tch ca khi a din ADD.BCC.
HD: Ghp thm khi S.ABC'D' vo khi ADD'.BCC' th c khi SABCD
V =
5a 3 3
6
HT 38. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a, SA = 2a v SA (ABC).Gi M v N ln lt l hnh chiu
ca A trn cc ng thng SB v SC. Tnh th tch khi chp A.BCNM.
2 2
SA SM SN
16
SA
3a 3 3
HD:
=
.
.
=
V =
=
SB 2
VSABC
SA SB SC
25
50
VSAMN
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V (O; R) = {M OM R}
bn knh r = R2 d 2 .
Mt cu ni tip
Tt c cc mt ca hnh a din u tip
xc vi mt cu
Mt cu tip xc vi cc mt y v mi
ng sinh ca hnh tr
Mt cu tip xc vi mt y v mi
ng sinh ca hnh nn
S = 4R
Tr
Sxq = 2Rh
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
Nn
Sxq = Rl
Page 51
Th tch
0968.393.899
V =
4
R 3
3
V = R2h
V =
1
R2h
3
HT 1.
SC
.
2
Cho mt cu S(O; a) v mt im A, bit OA = 2a. Qua A k mt tip tuyn tip xc vi (S) ti B v cng qua A k
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HT 12. Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c cnh y bng a v gc hp bi mt bn v y bng 600. Xc nh tm v
bn knh mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp.
HT 13. Hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c cnh y a v ng cao h. Gi O l tm ca ABCD v H l trung im ca BC.
ng phn gic trong ca gc SHO ct SO ti I. Chng minh rng I l tm mt cu ni tip hnh chp. Tnh bn knh mt
cu ny.
HT 14. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA (ABC) v tam gic ABC vung ti B. Gi AH, AK ln lt l cc ng cao ca cc
tam gic SAB v SAC.
a) Chng minh rng nm im A, B, C, H, K cng trn mt mt cu.
b) Cho AB = 10, BC = 24. Xc nh tm v tnh bn knh mt cu .
HT 15. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng a, SA = a 7 v SA (ABCD). Mt mt phng (P) qua A
v vung gc vi SC, ct SB, SC, SD ln lt ti H, M, K.
a) Chng minh rng by im A, B, C, D, H, M, K cng trn mt mt cu.
b) Xc nh tm v tnh bn knh mt cu .
DNG TON 2: Mt tr Hnh tr Khi tr
HT 16. Cho hnh tr c cc y l hai hnh trn tm O v O, bn knh y bng 2 cm. Trn ng trn y tm O ly hai
im A, B sao cho AB = 2 cm. Bit rng th tch t din OOAB bng 8 cm3. Tnh chiu cao hnh tr v th tch khi tr.
HT 17. Cho hnh tr c cc y l hai hnh trn tm O v O, bn knh y bng 2 cm. Trn ng trn y tm O ly
im A sao cho AO hp vi mt phng y mt gc 600 . Tnh chiu cao hnh tr v th tch khi tr.
HT 18. Cho hnh tr c cc y l hai hnh trn tm O v O, bn knh y bng chiu cao v bng a. Trn ng trn
y tm O ly im A, trn ng trn y tm O ly im B sao cho AB = 2a. Tnh th tch ca khi t din OOAB.
HT 19. Mt khi tr c chiu cao bng 20 cm v c bn knh y bng 10 cm. Ngi ta k hai bn knh OA v OB ln
lt trn hai y sao cho chng hp vi nhau mt gc 300. Ct khi tr bi mt mt phng cha ng thng AB v
song song vi trc OO ca khi tr . Hy tnh din tch ca thit din.
HT 20. Mt hnh tr c bn knh y R = 53 cm, khong cch gia hai y h = 56 cm. Mt thit din song song vi trc
l hnh vung. Tnh khong cch t trc n mt phng thit din.
HT 21. Cho hnh tr bn knh y R, chiu cao OO = h, A v B l hai im thay i trn hai ng trn y sao cho
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R 2
c) Chng minh rng () l tip din ca mt tr c trc OO v c bn knh y bng
.
2
MT NN HNH NN KHI NN
HT1.
Cho hnh lng tr t gic u ABCD.ABCD c cnh y bng a, chiu cao 2a. Bit rng O l tm ca ABCD
v (C) l ng trn ni tip y ABCD. Tnh th tch khi nn c nh O v y (C).
HT2.
Cho hnh lng tr tam gic u ABC.ABC c cnh y bng a v chiu cao 2a. Bit rng O l tm ca ABC v
(C) l ng trn ni tip y ABC. Tnh th tch khi nn c nh O v y (C).
HT3.
Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c cnh y bng a, cnh bn hp vi y mt gc 600 . Gi (C) l ng
trn ngoi tip y ABCD. Tnh th tch khi nn c nh S v y (C).
HT4.
Trong khng gian cho tam gic OIM vung ti I, gc IOM bng 300 v cnh IM = a. Khi quay tam gic OIM
quanh cnh gc vung OI th ng gp khc OMI to thnh mt hnh nn trn xoay.
a) Tnh din tch xung quanh ca hnh nn trn xoay to thnh.
b) Tnh th tch ca khi nn trn xoay to thnh.
HT5.
Thit din qua trc ca mt hnh nn l mt tam gic vung cn c cnh gc vung bng a.
a) Tnh din tch xung quanh v din tch ton phn ca hnh nn.
b) Tnh th tch ca khi nn tng ng.
c) Mt thit din qua nh v to vi y mt gc 600. Tnh din tch ca thit din ny.
HT6.
Cho hnh nn nh S, ng cao SO, A v B l hai im thuc ng trn y sao cho khong cch t im O
SI
= k (0 < k < 1) . Tnh din tch ca thit din qua I v
SO
vung gc vi trc.
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:.
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CHUYN
HNH HC GII TCH TRONG MT PHNG
1: PHNG TRNH NG THNG
1. Vect ch phng ca ng thng
Vect u 0 c gi l vect ch phng ca ng thng nu gi ca n song song hoc trng vi .
Nhn xt: Nu u l mt VTCP ca th ku (k 0) cng l mt VTCP ca .
Mt ng thng hon ton c xc nh nu bit mt im v mt VTCP.
2. Vect php tuyn ca ng thng
Vect n 0 c gi l vect php tuyn ca ng thng nu gi ca n vung gc vi .
Nhn xt: Nu n l mt VTPT ca th kn (k 0) cng l mt VTPT ca .
Mt ng thng hon ton c xc nh nu bit mt im v mt VTPT.
Nu u l mt VTCP v n l mt VTPT ca th u n .
3. Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
Cho ng thng i qua M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ) v c VTCP u = (u1; u2 ) .
x = x + tu
0
1
(1) ( t l tham s).
y = y 0 + tu2
x = x + tu
0
1
Nhn xt: M(x; y) t R:
.
y = y 0 + tu2
Gi k l h s gc ca th:
u
+ k = 2 , vi u1 0 .
u1
x x0
u1
y y0
u2
a(x x 0 ) + b(y y 0 ) = 0
Cc h s
c=0
ax + by = 0
i qua gc to O
a=0
by + c = 0
// Ox hoc Ox
b=0
ax + c = 0
// Oy hoc Oy
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x y
+ =1.
a b
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(phng trnh ng thng theo on chn) .
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a
b
1 ct 2 h (1) c mt nghim 1 1 (nu a2 , b2 , c2 0 )
a2
b2
a
b
c
1 // 2 h (1) v nghim 1 = 1 1 (nu a2 , b2 , c2 0 )
a2
b2
c2
a
b
c
1 2 h (1) c v s nghim 1 = 1 = 1 (nu a2 , b2 , c2 0 )
a2
b2
c2
(n1, n2 )
(1, 2 ) =
1800 (n , n )
1 2
cos(1, 2 ) = cos(n1, n2 ) =
a1a2 + b1b2
a12 + b12 . a22 + b22
Ch : 1 2 a1a2 + b1b2 = 0 .
Cho 1: y = k1x + m1 , 2: y = k2x + m2 th:
+ 1 // 2 k1 = k2
+ 1 2 k1. k2 = 1.
8. Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng
Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng
Cho ng thng : ax + by + c = 0 v im M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) .
d(M 0 , ) =
ax 0 + by0 + c
a 2 + b2
V tr tng i ca hai im i vi mt ng thng
Cho ng thng : ax + by + c = 0 v hai im M (x M ; yM ), N (x N ; yN ) .
M, N nm cng pha i vi (ax M + byM + c)(ax N + byN + c ) > 0 .
M, N nm khc pha i vi (ax M + byM + c)(ax N + byN + c ) < 0 .
Phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng 1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 v 2: a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ct nhau.
Phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng 1 v 2 l:
a1x + b1y + c1
a12 + b12
a2x + b2y + c2
a22 + b22
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VN 1: Lp phng trnh ng thng
v mt VTCP u = (u1; u2 ) ca .
x = x + tu
0
1
PTTS ca :
;
y = y 0 + tu2
x x0
PTCT ca :
u1
y y0
u2
(u1 0, u2 0).
x xA
y yA
+ i qua hai im A(x A ; yA ) , B(x B ; yB ) (vi x A x B , yA yB ): PT ca :
=
xB xA
yB yA
+ i qua hai im A(a; 0), B(0; b) (a, b 0): PT ca :
x y
+ =1.
a b
+ i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) v c h s gc k: PT ca : y y 0 = k (x x 0 )
Ch : Ta c th chuyn i gia cc phng trnh tham s, chnh tc, tng qut ca mt ng thng.
MM u
d (s dng to )
M i xng ca M qua d
I d
vit phng trnh ng thng d i xng vi ng thng d qua ng thng , ta c th thc hin nh sau:
Nu d // :
+ Ly A d. Xc nh A i xng vi A qua .
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua A v song song vi d.
Nu d = I:
+ Ly A d (A I). Xc nh A i xng vi A qua .
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua A v I.
vit phng trnh ng thng d i xng vi ng thng d qua im I, , ta c th thc hin nh sau:
Ly A d. Xc nh A i xng vi A qua I.
Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua A v song song vi d.
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BI TP
HT 1. Lp PTTS, PTCT (nu c), PTTQ ca cc ng thng i qua im M v c VTCP u :
a) M(2; 3) , u = (5; 1)
b) M(1; 2), u = (2; 3) c) M(3; 1), u = (2; 5)
e) M(7; 3), u = (0; 3)
e) M(2; 4), k = 0
f) M O(0; 0), k = 4
HT 5. Vit PTTS, PTCT (nu c), PTTQ ca cc ng thng i qua im M v song song vi ng thng d:
b) M(1; 2), d Ox
c) M(4; 3), d Oy
a) M(2; 3), d: 4x 10y + 1 = 0
x = 1 2t
d) M(2; 3), d:
y = 3 + 4t
e) M(0; 3), d:
x 1 y + 4
=
3
2
HT 6. Vit PTTS, PTCT (nu c), PTTQ ca cc ng thng i qua im M v vung gc vi ng thng d:
a) M(2; 3), d: 4x 10y + 1 = 0
b) M(1; 2), d Ox
c) M(4; 3), d Oy
x = 1 2t
d) M(2; 3), d:
y = 3 + 4t
e) M(0; 3), d:
x 1 y + 4
=
3
2
HT 7. Cho tam gic ABC. Vit phng trnh cc cnh, cc ng trung tuyn, cc ng cao ca tam gic vi:
a) A(2; 0), B(2; 3), C(0; 1)
b) A(1; 4), B(3; 1), C(6; 2)
c) A(1; 1), B(1; 9), C(9; 1)
HT 8. Cho tam gic ABC, bit phng trnh ba cnh ca tam gic. Vit phng trnh cc ng cao ca tam gic, vi:
a) AB : 2x 3y 1 = 0, BC : x + 3y + 7 = 0, CA : 5x 2y + 1 = 0
b) AB : 2x + y + 2 = 0, BC : 4x + 5y 8 = 0, CA : 4x y 8 = 0
HT 9.
Vit phng trnh cc cnh v cc trung trc ca tam gic ABC bit trung im ca cc cnh BC, CA, AB ln lt
l cc im M, N, P, vi:
3 5
5 7
a) M(1; 1), N(1; 9), P(9; 1)
b) M ; , N ; , P (2; 4)
2 2
2 2
3
1
c) M 2; , N 1; , P (1; 2)
2
2
3
7
d) M ;2, N ; 3, P (1; 4)
2
2
HT 10. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im M v chn trn hai trc to 2 on bng nhau, vi:
a) M(4; 10)
b) M(2; 1)
c) M(3; 2)
d) M(2; 1)
HT 11. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im M v cng vi hai trc to to thnh mt tam gic c din tch S,
vi:
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d) M(2; 1), S = 4
d) M( 5; 13), d : 2x 3y 3 = 0
d) d : 2x 3y + 1 = 0, : 2x 3y 1 = 0
d) d : 2x 3y + 1 = 0, I O(0; 0)
Xc nh B = BC BB, C = BC CC.
Dng AB qua B v vung gc vi CC.
Dng AC qua C v vung gc vi BB.
Xc nh A = AB AC.
Dng 2: Dng tam gic ABC, khi bit nh A v hai ng thng cha hai ng cao BB, CC.
Cch dng:
Dng 3: Dng tam gic ABC, khi bit nh A v hai ng thng cha hai ng trung tuyn BM, CN.
Cch dng:
Xc nh trng tm G = BM CN.
Xc nh A i xng vi A qua G (suy ra BA // CN, CA // BM).
Dng dB qua A v song song vi CN.
Dng dC qua A v song song vi BM.
Xc nh B = BM dB, C = CN dC.
Dng 4: Dng tam gic ABC, khi bit hai ng thng cha hai cnh AB, AC v trung im M ca cnh BC.
Cch dng:
Xc nh A = AB AC.
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BI TP
HT 15. Cho tam gic ABC, bit phng trnh mt cnh v hai ng cao. Vit phng trnh hai cnh v ng cao cn
li, vi: (dng 1)
a) BC : 4x + y 12 = 0, BB : 5x 4y 15 = 0, CC : 2x + 2y 9 = 0
b) BC : 5x 3y + 2 = 0, BB : 4x 3y + 1 = 0, CC : 7x + 2y 22 = 0
c) BC : x y + 2 = 0, BB : 2x 7y 6 = 0, CC : 7x 2y 1 = 0
d) BC : 5x 3y + 2 = 0, BB : 2x y 1 = 0, CC : x + 3y 1 = 0
/s: a)
b)
c)
d)
HT 16. Cho tam gic ABC, bit to mt nh v phng trnh hai ng cao. Vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic
, vi: (dng 2)
a) A(3; 0), BB : 2x + 2y 9 = 0, CC : 3x 12y 1 = 0
b) A(1; 0), BB : x 2y + 1 = 0, CC : 3x + y 1 = 0
/s:a)
b)
HT 17. Cho tam gic ABC, bit to mt nh v phng trnh hai ng trung tuyn. Vit phng trnh cc cnh ca
tam gic , vi: (dng 3)
a) A(1; 3), BM : x 2y + 1 = 0, CN : y 1 = 0
b) A(3; 9), BM : 3x 4y + 9 = 0, CN : y 6 = 0
/s:a)
b)
HT 18. Cho tam gic ABC, bit phng trnh mt cnh v hai ng trung tuyn. Vit phng trnh cc cnh cn li ca
tam gic , vi:
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a) AB : x 2y + 7 = 0, AM : x + y 5 = 0, BN : 2x + y 11 = 0
/s: a) AC : 16x + 13y 68 = 0, BC : 17x + 11y 106 = 0
HT 19. Cho tam gic ABC, bit phng trnh hai cnh v to trung im ca cnh th ba. Vit phng trnh ca cnh
th ba, vi: (dng 4)
a) AB : 2x + y 2 = 0, AC : x + 3y 3 = 0, M (1;1)
b) AB : 2x y 2 = 0, AC : x + y + 3 = 0, M (3; 0)
c) AB : x y + 1 = 0, AC : 2x + y 1 = 0, M (2;1)
d) AB : x + y 2 = 0, AC : 2x + 6y + 3 = 0, M (1;1)
/s: a)
b)
c)
d)
HT 20. Cho tam gic ABC, bit to mt nh, phng trnh mt ng cao v mt trung tuyn. Vit phng trnh cc
cnh ca tam gic , vi:
a) A(4; 1), BH : 2x 3y + 12 = 0, BM : 2x + 3y = 0
b) A(2; 7), BH : 3x + y + 11 = 0, CN : x + 2y + 7 = 0
c) A(0; 2), BH : x 2y + 1 = 0, CN : 2x y + 2 = 0
d) A(1;2), BH : 5x 2y 4 = 0, CN : 5x + 7y 20 = 0
/s:a)
b)
c)
d)
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VN 3: V tr tng i ca hai ng thng
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a
b
1 ct 2 h (1) c mt nghim 1 1 (nu a2 , b2 , c2 0 )
a2
b2
1 // 2 h (1) v nghim
a1
b
c
= 1 1 (nu a2 , b2 , c2 0 )
a2 b2
c2
1 2 h (1) c v s nghim
a1
b
c
= 1 = 1 (nu a2 , b2 , c2 0 )
a2 b2
c2
BI TP
HT 21. Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau, nu chng ct nhau th tm to giao im ca chng:
a) 2x + 3y + 1 = 0,
b) 4x y + 2 = 0, 8x + 2y + 1 = 0
4x + 5y 6 = 0
x = 5 + t
c)
,
y = 3 + 2t
x = 4 + 2t
y = 7 + 3t
x = 1 t
d)
,
y = 2 + 2t
x = 2 + 3t
y = 4 6t
: 2x + y 3 = 0
y = x + 2m,
mx (m 1)y = 2m 1
d) (m + 2)x y + 1 = 0
HT 26. Cho tam gic ABC vi A(0; 1), B(2; 3), C(2; 0).
a) Vit phng trnh cc ng trung tuyn, phng trnh cc ng cao, phng trnh cc ng trung trc ca
tam gic.
b) Chng minh cc ng trung tuyn ng qui, cc ng cao ng qui, cc ng trung trc ng qui.
HT 27. Hai cnh ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD c phng trnh x 3y = 0, 2x + 5y + 6 = 0 , nh C(4; 1). Vit phng
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d(M 0 , ) =
ax 0 + by0 + c
a 2 + b2
2. V tr tng i ca hai im i vi mt ng thng
Cho ng thng : ax + by + c = 0 v hai im M (x M ; yM ), N (x N ; yN ) .
M, N nm cng pha i vi (ax M + byM + c)(ax N + byN + c ) > 0 .
M, N nm khc pha i vi (ax M + byM + c)(ax N + byN + c ) < 0 .
3. Phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng 1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 v 2: a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ct nhau.
Phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng 1 v 2 l:
a1x + b1y + c1
a x
= 2
a12 + b12
+ b2y + c2
a22 + b22
Ch : lp phng trnh ng phn gic trong hoc ngoi ca gc A trong tam gic ABC ta c th thc hin nh
sau:
Cch 1:
Tm to chn ng phn gic trong hoc ngoi (da vo tnh cht ng phn gic ca gc trong tam gic).
Cho ABC vi ng phn gic trong AD v phn gic ngoi AE (D, E BC) ta c:
AB
AB
DB =
.DC ,
EB =
.EC .
AC
AC
Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im.
Cch 2:
Vit phng trnh cc ng phn gic d1, d2 ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng AB, AC.
Kim tra v tr ca hai im B, C i vi d1 (hoc d2).
+ Nu B, C nm khc pha i vi d1 th d1 l ng phn gic trong.
+ Nu B, C nm cng pha i vi d1 th d1 l ng phn gic ngoi.
BI TP
x = 2t
c) M (4; 5), d :
y = 2 + 3t
d) M (3; 5), d :
x 2 y +1
=
2
3
HT 30.
a) Cho ng thng : 2x y + 3 = 0 . Tnh bn knh ng trn tm I(5; 3) v tip xc vi .
b) Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c phng trnh 2 cnh l: 2x 3y + 5 = 0, 3x + 2y 7 = 0 v nh A(2; 3). Tnh
din tch hnh ch nht .
c) Tnh din tch hnh vung c 4 nh nm trn 2 ng thng song song: d1 : 3x 4y + 6 = 0 v
d2 : 6x 8y 13 = 0 .
HT 31. Cho tam gic ABC. Tnh din tch tam gic ABC, vi:
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HT 32. Vit phng trnh ng thng d song song v cch ng thng mt khong k, vi:
x = 3t
b) :
,k =3
a) : 2x y + 3 = 0, k = 5
y = 2 + 4t
c) : y 3 = 0, k = 5
d) : x 2 = 0, k = 4
HT 33. Vit phng trnh ng thng d song song vi ng thng v cch im A mt khong bng k, vi:
a) : 3x 4y + 12 = 0, A(2; 3), k = 2
b) : x + 4y 2 = 0, A(2; 3), k = 3
c) : y 3 = 0, A(3; 5), k = 5
d) : x 2 = 0, A(3;1), k = 4
HT 34. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A v cch B mt khong bng d, vi:
a) A(1; 2), B(3; 5), d = 3
b) A(1; 3), B(4; 2), d = 5
c) A(5; 1), B(2; 3), d = 5
HT 36. Vit phng trnh ng thng d cch im A mt khong bng h v cch im B mt khong bng k, vi:
a) A(1; 1), B(2; 3), h = 2, k = 4
b) A(2; 5), B(1; 2), h = 1, k = 3
HT 37. Cho ng thng : x y + 2 = 0 v cc im O(0; 0), A(2; 0), B(2; 2).
a) Chng minh ng thng ct on thng AB.
b) Chng minh rng hai im O, A nm cng v mt pha i vi ng thng .
c) Tm im O i xng vi O qua .
d) Trn , tm im M sao cho di ng gp khc OMA ngn nht.
HT 38. Cho hai im A(2; 2), B(5; 1). Tm im C trn ng thng : x 2y + 8 = 0 sao cho din tch tam gic ABC
bng 17 (vdt).
76 18
HD: C (12;10), C ; .
5
5
HT 39. Tm tp hp im.
a) Tm tp hp cc im cch ng thng : 2x + 5y 1 = 0 mt khong bng 3.
b) Tm tp hp cc im cch u hai ng thng d : 5x + 3y 3 = 0, : 5x + 3y + 7 = 0 .
c) Tm tp hp cc im cch u hai ng thng d : 4x 3y + 2 = 0, : y 3 = 0 .
5
:
13
d : 5x 12y + 4 = 0 v : 4x 3y 10 = 0 .
HT 40. Vit phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng:
a) 3x 4y + 12 = 0, 12x + 5y 20 = 0
b) 3x 4y 9 = 0, 8x 6y + 1 = 0
c) x + 3y 6 = 0, 3x + y + 2 = 0
d) x + 2y 11 = 0, 3x 6y 5 = 0
HT 41. Cho tam gic ABC. Tm tm v bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC, vi:
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/s:
b) AB : 2x 3y + 21 = 0, BC : 2x + 3y + 9 = 0, CA : 3x 2y 6 = 0 /s: ..
VN 4: Gc gia hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng 1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 (c VTPT n1 = (a1;b1 ) )
v 2: a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 (c VTPT n2 = (a2 ;b2 ) ).
n .n
a1a2 + b1b2
cos(1, 2 ) = cos(n1, n2 ) = 1 2 =
n1 . n2
a12 + b12 . a22 + b22
Ch : 00 1, 2 900 .
1 2 a1a2 + b1b2 = 0 .
Cho 1: y = k1x + m1 , 2: y = k2x + m2 th:
+ 1 // 2 k1 = k2 + 1 2 k1. k2 = 1.
AB.AC
AB . AC
BI TP
HT 42. Tnh gc gia hai ng thng:
a) x 2y 1 = 0, x + 3y 11 = 0
b) 2x y + 5 = 0, 3x + y 6 = 0
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a 2 + b2 c .
VN 1: Xc nh tm v bn knh ca ng trn
(x a )2 + (y b )2 = R2
x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
Bin i a v dng (x a )2 + (y b )2 = R2
th
hoc
a 2 + b2 c .
BI TP
HT 47. Trong cc phng trnh sau, phng trnh no l phng trnh ng trn. Tm tm v bn knh ca ng
trn :
a) x 2 + y 2 2x 2y 2 = 0
b) x 2 + y 2 6x + 4y 12 = 0
d) 7x 2 + 7y 2 4x + 6y 1 = 0
Bn knh R = IA.
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Bn knh R = d(I , ) .
AB
.
2
I d
Tm I ca (C) tho mn:
.
d(I , ) = IA
Bn knh R = IA.
Dng 6: (C) i qua im A v tip xc vi ng thng ti im B.
Vit phng trnh ng trung trc d ca on AB.
Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua B v vung gc vi .
Xc nh tm I l giao im ca d v .
Bn knh R = IA.
Dng 7: (C) i qua im A v tip xc vi hai ng thng 1 v 2.
d (I , ) = d (I , )
1
2
Tm I ca (C) tho mn:
d (I , 1 ) = IA
(1)
(2)
Bn knh R = IA.
Ch : Mun b du GTT trong (1), ta xt du min mt phng nh bi 1 v 2 hay xt du khong cch
i s t A n 1 v 2.
Nu 1 // 2, ta tnh R =
1
d (1, 2 ) , v (2) c thay th bi IA = R.
2
d(I , ) = d (I , )
1
2
Tm I ca (C) tho mn:
.
I d
Bn knh R = d (I , 1 ) .
Dng 9: (C) i qua ba im khng thng hng A, B, C (ng trn ngoi tip tam gic).
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IA = IB
Cch 2: Tm I ca (C) tho mn:
.
IA = IC
Bn knh R = IA = IB = IC.
Dng 10: (C) ni tip tam gic ABC.
Vit phng trnh ca hai ng phn gic trong ca hai gc trong tam gic
Xc nh tm I l giao im ca hai ng phn gic trn.
Bn knh R = d(I , AB ) .
BI TP
HT 49. Vit phng trnh ng trn c tm I v i qua im A, vi: (dng 1)
a) I(2; 4), A(1; 3) b) I(3; 2), A(1; 1)
c) I(1; 0), A(3; 11)
d) I(1; 2), A(5; 2)
HT 50. Vit phng trnh ng trn c tm I v tip xc vi ng thng , vi: (dng 2)
a) I (3; 4), : 4x 3y + 15 = 0
b) I (2; 3), : 5x 12y 7 = 0
c) I (3;2), Ox
d) I (3; 5), Oy
HT 52. Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua hai im A, B v c tm I nm trn ng thng , vi: (dng 4)
a) A(2; 3), B(1;1), : x 3y 11 = 0
b) A(0; 4), B(2;6), : x 2y + 5 = 0
c) A(2;2), B(8; 6), : 5x 3y + 6 = 0
HT 53. Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua hai im A, B v tip xc vi ng thng , vi: (dng 5)
a) A(1;2), B(3; 4), : 3x + y 3 = 0
b) A(6; 3), B(3;2), : x + 2y 2 = 0
c) A(1; 2), B(2;1), : 2x y + 2 = 0
/s:a)..b)
c)..d)
HT 54. Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua im A v tip xc vi ng thng ti im B, vi:
A(2;6), : 3x 4y 15 = 0, B(1; 3) b) A(2;1), : 3x 2y 6 = 0, B(4; 3)
c) A(6; 2), Ox , B(6; 0)
a)
/s:a) ..b)
c) ..d)
HT 55. Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua im A v tip xc vi hai ng thng 1 v 2, vi:
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
a)
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A(2; 3), 1 : 3x 4y + 1 = 0, 2 : 4x + 3y 7 = 0
b) A(1; 3), 1 : x + 2y + 2 = 0, 2 : 2x y + 9 = 0
c) A O(0; 0), 1 : x + y 4 = 0, 2 : x + y + 4 = 0
d) A(3; 6), 1 Ox, 2 Oy
/s:a) ..b)
c)..d)
HT 56. Vit phng trnh ng trn tip xc vi hai ng thng 1, 2 v c tm nm trn ng thng d, vi:
a) 1 : 3x + 2y + 3 = 0, 2 : 2x 3y + 15 = 0, d : x y = 0
b) 1 : x + y + 4 = 0, 2 : 7x y + 4 = 0, d : 4x + 3y 2 = 0
c) 1 : 4x 3y 16 = 0, 2 : 3x + 4y + 3 = 0, d : 2x y + 3 = 0
d) 1 : 4x + y 2 = 0, 2 : x + 4y + 17 = 0, d : x y + 5 = 0
/s:a) ..b)
c) ..d)
HT 57. Vit phng trnh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC, vi: (dng 9)
a) A(2; 0), B(0; 3), C(5; 3)
b) A(5; 3), B(6; 2), C(3; 1)
c) AB : x y + 2 = 0, BC : 2x + 3y 1 = 0, CA : 4x + y 17 = 0
d) AB : x + 2y 5 = 0, BC : 2x + y 7 = 0, CA : x y + 1 = 0
/s:a) ..b)
c) ..d)
HT 58. Vit phng trnh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC, vi: (dng 10)
a) A(2; 6), B(3; 4), C(5; 0)
b) A(2; 0), B(0; 3), C(5; 3)
c) AB : 2x 3y + 21 = 0, BC : 3x 2y 6 = 0, CA : 2x + 3y + 9 = 0
d) AB : 7x y + 11 = 0, BC : x + y 15, CA : 7x + 17y + 65 = 0
/s:a) ..b)
c) ..d)
VN 3: V tr tng i ca ng thng d v ng trn (C)
bin lun s giao im ca ng thng d: Ax + By + C = 0 v ng trn (C): x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 , ta
c th thc hin nh sau:.
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2
2
x + y + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
(*)
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b) (C ) : x 2 + y 2 4x 6y = 0, d : 2x 3y + 1 = 0
HT 61. Cho ng trn (C), im A v ng thng d.
i) Chng t im A ngoi (C).
ii) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) k t A.
iii) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) vung gc vi d.
iv) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) song song vi d.
a) (C ) : x 2 + y 2 4x 6y 12 = 0, A(7;7), d : 3x + 4y 6 = 0
b) (C ) : x 2 + y 2 + 4x 8y + 10 = 0, A(2;2), d : x + 2y 6 = 0
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3: ELIP
1. nh ngha
Cho F1, F2 c nh vi F1F2 = 2c (c > 0).
M (E ) MF1 + MF2 = 2a
(a > c)
y2
=1
(a > b > 0, b 2 = a 2 c 2 )
a
b
To cc tiu im:
c
c
x , MF2 = a x
a
a
MF1
Vi M (E) ta c:
d(M , 1 )
MF2
d(M , 2 )
a
=0
e
=e
(e < 1)
VN 1: Xc nh cc yu t ca (E)
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 . Xc nh a, b, c.
c
.
a
a
=0
e
BI TP
HT 62. Cho elip (E). Xc nh di cc trc, tiu c, to cc tiu im, to cc nh, tm sai, phng trnh cc
ng chun ca (E), vi (E) c phng trnh:
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x 2 y2
+
=1
9
4
b)
x 2 y2
+
=1
16
9
c)
f) x 2 + 4y 2 = 1
x 2 y2
+
=1
25
9
g) 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 5
d)
x 2 y2
+
=1
4
1
h) 9x 2 + 25y 2 = 1
+ b2 = a 2 c 2
+e=
+ Cc nh:
BI TP
HT 63. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca (E), bit:
a) di trc ln bng 6, trc nh bng 4.
b) di trc ln bng 10, tiu c bng 6.
c) di trc ln bng 8, di trc nh bng tiu c.
d) Tiu c bng 8 v i qua im M ( 15; 1) .
e) di trc nh bng 6 v i qua im M (2 5;2) .
e) Mt tiu im l F1(2; 0) v di trc ln bng 10.
.
f) Mt tiu im l F1 ( 3; 0) v i qua im M 1;
2
3
4
.
5
3
.
4
5
2
e) i qua im M 2; v c tm sai bng .
3
3
VN 3: Tm im trn (E) tho mn iu kin cho trc
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c
c
x , MF2 = a x
a
a
BI TP
HT 65. Cho elip (E) v ng thng d vung gc vi trc ln ti tiu im bn phi F2 ct (E) ti hai im M, N.
i) Tm to cc im M, N.
a) 9x 2 + 25y 2 = 225
c) 7x 2 + 16y 2 = 112
b) 9x 2 + 16y 2 = 144
c) 7x 2 + 16y 2 = 112
HT 67. Cho elip (E). Tm nhng im M (E) nhn hai tiu im di mt gc vung, vi:
a) 9x 2 + 25y 2 = 225
b) 9x 2 + 16y 2 = 144
c) 7x 2 + 16y 2 = 112
HT 68. Cho elip (E). Tm nhng im M (E) nhn hai tiu im di mt gc 600 , vi:
a) 9x 2 + 25y 2 = 225
b) 9x 2 + 16y 2 = 144
c) 7x 2 + 16y 2 = 112
(a < c)
To cc tiu im:
y2
2
=1
(a, b > 0, b 2 = c 2 a 2 )
a
b
F1(c; 0), F2 (c; 0) .
c
c
MF1 = a + x , MF2 = a x
a
a
3. Hnh dng ca hypebol
(H) nhn cc trc to lm cc trc i xng v gc to lm tm i xng.
To cc nh:
A1(a; 0), A2 (a; 0)
di cc trc:
trc o: 2b
b
Phng trnh cc ng tim cn: y = x .
a
4. ng chun ca hypebol
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MF1
Vi M (H) ta c:
d(M , 1 )
MF2
d(M , 2 )
a
=0
e
=e
(e < 1)
VN 1: Xc nh cc yu t ca (H)
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 . Xc nh a, b, c.
c
.
a
b
Phng trnh cc ng tim cn: y = x
a
a
=0
e
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BI TP
HT 69. Cho hypebol (H). Xc nh di cc trc, tiu c, to cc tiu im, to cc nh, tm sai, phng trnh
cc ng tim cn, phng trnh cc ng chun ca (H), vi (H) c phng trnh:
a)
x 2 y2
=1
9
16
b)
x 2 y2
=1
16
9
f) x 2 4y 2 = 1
c)
x 2 y2
=1
25
9
d)
g) 4x 2 9y 2 = 5
x 2 y2
=1
4
1
h) 9x 2 25y 2 = 1
+ b2 = c2 a 2
+e=
+ Cc nh:
BI TP
HT 70. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca (H), bit:
a) di trc thc bng 6, trc o bng 4.
b) di trc thc bng 8, tiu c bng 10.
c) Tiu c bng 2 13 , mt tim cn l y =
2
x.
3
13
.
12
5
.
4
5
.
3
2 5
.
5
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3x y = 0 .
c
c
MF1 = a + x , MF2 = a x
a
a
c
c
x + a , MF2 = x a (MF1 > MF2)
a
a
BI TP
HT 73. Cho hypebol (H) v ng thng d vung gc vi trc thc ti tiu im bn tri F1 ct (H) ti hai im M, N.
i) Tm to cc im M, N.
a) 16x 2 9y 2 = 144
b) 12x 2 4y 2 = 48
x 2 y2
=1
9
16
b)
x 2 y2
=1
4
12
c)
x 2 y2
=1
4
5
d)
x2
y2 = 1
4
HT 75. Cho hypebol (H). Tm nhng im M (H) nhn hai tiu im di mt gc vung, vi:
a)
x2
y2 = 1
4
b)
x 2 y2
=1
9
4
c)
x 2 y2
=1
4
12
d)
x 2 y2
=1
9
16
HT 76. Cho hypebol (H). Tm nhng im M (H) nhn hai tiu im di mt gc , vi:
a)
x 2 y2
= 1, = 1200
4
5
b)
x 2 y2
= 1, = 1200
36 13
c)
x 2 y2
= 1, = 600
16
9
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5 PARABOL
1. nh ngha
Cho im F v ng thng khng i qua F.
M (P ) MF = d(M , )
: ng chun,
F: tiu im,
2. Phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol
p = d (F , ) : tham s tiu.
y 2 = 2px (p > 0)
p
To tiu im: F ; 0 .
2
Phng trnh ng chun:: x +
p
=0.
2
p
.
2
O(0; 0)
Tm sai: e = 1.
VN 1: Xc nh cc yu t ca (P)
a phng trnh ca (P) v dng chnh tc: y 2 = 2px . Xc nh tham s tiu p.
p
Cc yu t: To tiu im F ; 0 .
2
Phng trnh ng chun : x +
p
=0.
2
BI TP
HT 77. Cho parabol (P). Xc nh to tiu im v phng trnh ng chun ca (P), vi:
a) (P ) : y 2 = 6x
b) (P ) : y 2 = 2x c) (P ) : y 2 = 16x
d) (P ) : y 2 = x
p
To tiu im F ; 0
2
p
=0.
2
BI TP
HT 78. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca (P), bit:
a) Tiu im F(4; 0)
b) Tiu im F(3; 0)
c) ng chun : x + 2 = 0
c) i qua im M(1; 4)
d) ng chun : x + 3 = 0
e) i qua im M(1; 2)
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p
2
BI TP
HT 80. Cho parabol (P) v ng thng d vung gc vi trc i xng ti tiu im F ct (P) ti hai im M, N.
i) Tm to cc im M, N.
ii) Tnh MF , MN .
a) (P ) : y 2 = 6x
b) (P ) : y 2 = 2x
c) (P ) : y 2 = 16x
d) (P ) : y 2 = x
b) (P ) : y 2 = 2x , k = 5
c) (P ) : y 2 = 16x , k = 4
HT 82. Cho parabol (P) v ng thng d c h s gc m quay quanh tiu im F ca (P) ct (P) ti hai im M, N.
i) Chng minh x M .x N khng i.
ii) Tnh MF, NF, MN theo m.
a) (P ) : y 2 = 4x
b) (P ) : y 2 = 2x
c) (P ) : y 2 = 16x
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
d) (P ) : y 2 = x
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N TP
b) 3x + 4y 7 = 0
x = 7 2m
x = 5 + 4t
HT 85. Cho im A(2; 3) v hai ng thng d :
, d :
.
y = 3 + m
y = 7 + 3t
x = 2 + 6t
HD: a) :
y = 3 + 2t
b) S = 5
b)
8
3
m
7
2
5.
c) x + 5y + 14 = 0, 5x y 8 = 0 Md) m = 3, m =
4
3
HT 87. Cho ba im M(6; 1), N(7; 3), P(3; 5) ln lt l trung im ca ba cnh BC, CA, AB ca tam gic ABC.
a) Tm to cc nh A, B, C.
b) Tm phng trnh cc trung tuyn AM, BN, CP.
c) Tnh din tch ca tam gic ABC.
HD: a) A(4; 7), B(2; 3), C(10; 1)
b) 3x + y 19 = 0, y = 3, 6x + 7y 53 = 0
c) S = 20
HT 88. Cho tam gic ABC c A(8; 0), B(0; 6), C(9; 3). Gi H l chn ng cao v t C xung cnh AB.
a) Tm phng trnh cnh AB v ng cao CH.
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ii)
1
OM
HD: a) x y 1 = 0, 2x 3y 3 = 0
c) i) x + 2y 6 = 0
1
ON 2
nh nht.
b) 2x y 6 = 0, x 4y + 4 = 0
ii) 4x + y 17 = 0
b) nh A(3; 1), phng trnh mt phn gic v mt trung tuyn v t hai nh khc nhau l:
x 4y + 10 = 0, 6x + 10y 59 = 0 .
HD: a) 4x 3y + 10 = 0, 7x + y 20 = 0, 3x + 4y 5 = 0
b) 2x + 9y 65 = 0, 6x 7y 25 = 0, 18x + 13y 41 = 0
HT 91. Cho hai im A(3; 4), B(1; 4) v ng thng d : 3x + 2y 7 = 0 .
a) Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) qua A, B v c tm I d.
1
b) Vit phng tip tuyn ca (C) k t im E ; 4 . Tnh di ca tip tuyn v tm to tip im.
2
c) Trn (C), ly im F c x F = 8 . Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) i xng vi (C) qua ng thng AF.
HD: a) x 2 + y 2 6x + 2y 15 = 0
b) y 4 = 0, 4x 3y + 10 = 0 , d =
5
, tip im (3; 4), (1; 2)
2
c) (C): x 2 + y 2 16x 8y + 55 = 0
HT 92. Cho ng cong (Cm): x 2 + y 2 + mx 4y m + 2 = 0 .
a) Chng minh rng vi mi m, (Cm) lun l ng trn v (Cm) lun i qua 2 im c nh A, B.
b) Tm m (Cm) i qua gc to O. Gi (C) l ng trn ng vi gi tr m va tm c. Vit phng trnh
ng thng song song vi ng thng d : 4x + 3y 5 = 0 v chn trn (C) mt dy cung c di bng 4.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) c vect ch phng l a = (2;1) .
d) Tm m (Cm) tip xc vi trc tung. Vit phng trnh ng trn ng vi m .
HD: a) A(1; 1), B(1; 3)
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b) m = 2, (C): x 2 + y 2 + 2x 4y = 0 , 1 : 4x + 3y 8 = 0, 2 : 4x + 3y + 7 = 0
c) x + 2y 8 = 0, x + 2y + 2 = 0 d) m = 2, x 2 + y 2 2x 4y + 4 = 0
HT 93. Cho ng cong (Ct): x 2 + y 2 2x cos t 2y sin t + cos 2t = 0 (0 < t < ).
a) Chng t (Ct) l ng trn vi mi t.
b) Tm tp hp tm I ca (Ct) khi t thay i.
c) Gi (C) l ng trn trong h (Ct) c bn knh ln nht. Vit phng trnh ca (C).
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) to vi trc Ox mt gc 450 .
HD: b) x 2 + y 2 = 1 c) t =
, (C ) : x 2 + y 2 2y 1 = 0
2
d) x y 1 = 0, x + y + 1 = 0, x y + 3 = 0, x + y 3 = 0
HT 94. Cho hai ng thng d1 : x 3y + 4 = 0, d2 : 3x + y + 2 = 0 .
a) Vit phng trnh hai ng trn (C1), (C2) qua gc to O v tip xc vi d1, d2. Xc nh tm v bn knh ca 2
ng trn . Gi (C1) l ng trn c bn knh ln hn.
b) Gi A v B l tip im ca (C1) vi d1 v d2. Tnh to ca A v B. Tnh gc AOB .
c) Vit phng trnh ng thng ct (C1) to ra 1 dy cung nhn im E(4; 2) lm trung im.
d) Trn ng thng d3 : 3x + y 18 = 0 , tm nhng im m t v c 2 tip tuyn ca (C1) vung gc vi
nhau.
HD: a) (C 1 ) : x 2 + y 2 6x + 2y = 0, (C 2 ) : 5x 2 + 5y 2 + 2x 6y = 0
b) A(2; 2), B(0; 2), AOB = 1350 c) : x y 6 = 0
5
5
5
: 2 im chung, k =
: 1 im chung, k >
: khng im chung
12
12
12
144
.
13
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16
b) Vit phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca gc F1MF2 vi M 3; v F1, F2 l cc tiu im ca (E).
3
HD: b) 3x 5y 25 = 0, 5x + 3y
27
=0
5
k < 1
4 : 2 giao im,
HD: a)
1
k >
1
1
1
< k < : khng giao im, k = : 1 giao im
4
4
4
b) x 2 + 4y 2 = 100
HT 99. Cho h ng cong (Cm): x 2 + y 2 2mx + 2m 2 1 = 0 (*).
a) Tm cc gi tr ca m (Cm) l ng trn.
b) Tm phng trnh tp hp (E) cc im M trong mt phng Oxy sao cho ng vi mi im M ta c duy nht 1
ng trn thuc h (Cm) i qua im M .
x2
+ y 2 = 1 (a PT (*) v PT vi n m. Tm iu kin
2
PT c nghim m duy nht).
HD: a) 1 m 1
b) (E):
x 2 y2
+
=1.
16
9
a) Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol (H) c 2 nh l 2 tiu im ca (E) v 2 tiu im l 2 nh ca (E).
5 7
x 2 y2
9
= 1 b) 4 im M
;
7
9
4
4
c)
63
.
16
.
B ;
3 3
c) Tm to giao im ca (H) vi 2 ng chun ca (E).
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HD: a) x 2 y 2 = 4 b) (E): x 2 + 4y 2 = 4
4 3
2 3
c) 4 im
;
3
3
x2
y2 = 1 .
3
5
a) Vit phng trnh ca elip (E) c cng tiu im vi (H) v i qua im P 2; .
3
b) ng thng d i qua nh A2 ca (E) (c honh dng) v song song vi ng thng : 2x 3y + 12 = 0 .
Vit phng trnh ca d. Tm to giao im B (khc A2) ca d vi (E). Xc nh im C (E) sao cho tam gic
A2BC c din tch ln nht.
HD: a)
1 20
5
x 2 y2
+
= 1 b) d: 2x 3y 6 = 0 , B ; , C 2;
9
5
3
9
3
x2
y2
a 2 b2
k MP Ox. Chng minh:
b)
PM 2
A1P .A2P
b2
a2
2
t
HT 107. Cho parabol (P): y 2 = 2x c tiu im F v im M ; t (vi t 0).
2
a) Chng t rng M nm trn (P).
b) ng thng FM ct (P) ti N (khc M). Tm to trung im I ca on MN theo t.
c) Tm tp hp (P) cc im I khi t thay i.
t + 1 t 2 1
HD: b) I
;
4t 2
2t
1
c) (P): y 2 = x
2
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N TP
81
25
1
3
1
3
/s: A 4, , B 6; hoc A 4, , B 6;
2
2
2
2
HT 5. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy , cho tam gic ABC cn ti A , cnh BC nm trn ng thng c phng
trnh x + 2y 2 = 0 . ng cao k t B c phng trnh x y + 4 = 0 , im M (1; 0) thuc ng cao k t nh
HT 8. Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho tam gic ABC c B(12;1) , ng phn gic trong gc A c phng trnh:
1 2
x + 2y 5 = 0 . Trng tm tam gic ABC l G ; .Vit phng trnh ng thng BC . /s: BC : x 8y + 20 = 0
3 3
HT 9. Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho tam gic ABC c A (4; - 2), phng trnh ng cao k t C v ng trung
trc ca BC ln lt l x y + 2 = 0 ; 3x + 4y 2 = 0 . Tm ta cc nh B v C.
1 9 7 1
/s: B ; ;C ;
4 4 4 4
HT 10. Vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit B (2; -1), ng cao v ng phn gic trong qua nh A ,
C ln lt l: d1 : 3x 4y + 27 = 0 v d2 : x + 2y 5 = 0
/s: BC : 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 ; AC : y 3 = 0 ; AB 4x + 7y 1 = 0
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HT 11. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy , cho tam gic ABC, phn gic trong AD c phng trnh x + y 2 = 0 ,
ng cao CH c phng trnh x 2y + 5 = 0 . im M (3; 0) thuc on AC tho mn AB = 2AM . Xc nh to
cc nh ca tam gic ABC .
/s: A (1;1) . B (3; 3) C (1;2)
HT 12. Trong mt phng ta (Oxy). Lp phng trnh ng thng qua M (2;1) v to vi cc trc ta mt tam
gic c din tch bng 4 .
) (
) (
/s: d1 : x + 2y 4 = 0 . d2 : 1 2x + 2 1 + 2 y 4 = 0 d3 : 1 + 2x + 2 1 2 y + 4 = 0
HT 13. Trong mp to Oxy cho 2 ng thng: d1 : x 7y + 17 = 0 ; d2 : x + y 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng
thng d qua im M (0;1) to vi d1 ; d2 mt tam gic cn ti giao im ca d1 v d2
/s: x + 3y 3 = 0 v . 3x y + 1 = 0
.
HT 14. Cho A (1 ; 4) v hai ng thng d1 x + y 3 = 0 ; d2 : x + y 9 = 0 . Tm im B trn d1 , im C trn d2
sao cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A .
/s: B(2 ; 1) & C( 4 ; 5) hoc B(- 2 ; 5) & C(2 ; 7).
HT 15. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A, bit cc nh A, B, C ln lt nm trn
cc ng thng d: x + y 5 = 0 , d1: x + 1 = 0 , d2: y + 2 = 0 . Tm to cc nh A, B, C, bit BC = 5 2 .
mn cos =
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HT 20. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho tam gic ABC c din tch l S =
3
, nh A (2;-3), nh B(3;-2),
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
HT 22. Trong mt phng to Oxy . Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua A (8 ;6) v to vi 2 trc to mt tam
gic c din tch bng 12.
/s:
x y
x y
= 1, + = 1
4 6
8 3
HT 23. Cho tam gic ABC c din tch bng 2 . Bit A (1;0) , B (0;2) v trung im I ca AC nm trn ng thng
y = x . Tm to nh C .
5 8
/s: C(-1;0) hoc C ;
3 3
HT 24. Trong mt phng vi h to 0xy, cho im A(2; 1). Ly im B nm trn trc honh c honh khng m
sao cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Tm to B, C tam gic ABC c din tch ln nht.
/s: B(0; 0); C(0; 5).
HT 25. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy . Cho cc im A (1; 0), B (2; 1) v ng thng d : 2x y + 3 = 0 . Tm
im M trn d sao cho MA + MB nh nht.
8 17
/s: M ;
11 11
II.
Cc bi ton lin quan n ng trn
HT 26. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, vit phng trnh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC vi cc nh: A(2;3),
1
B ; 0, C (2; 0) .
4
2
2
1
1
1
/s: x + y =
2
2
4
HT 27. Trong mt phng Oxy , cho ng trn (C ) x 2 + y 2 6x + 5 = 0 . Tm M thuc trc tung sao cho qua M k
c hai tip tuyn ca (C) m gc gia hai tip tuyn bng 600.
/s: M 1(0; 7 ) v M 2(0;- 7 )
HT 28. Trong
mt
phng
vi
ta
Oxy ,
cho
ng
thng
d : x 5y 2 = 0 v
ng
trn
im A c honh dng). Tm to im C thuc ng trn (L) sao cho tam gic ABC vung B.
/s: A(2 ; 0); B(3 ; 1) C (4; 4)
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HT 29. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy , cho ng trn (C) : x 2 + y 2 + 2x 8y 8 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng
thng song song vi ng thng d: 3x + y 2 = 0 v ct ng trn theo mt dy cung c di bng 6.
/s: 3x + y + 4 10 1 = 0 hoc 3x + y 4 10 1 = 0
HT 30. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho hai ng trn (C ) : x 2 + y 2 = 13 v (C ') : (x 6)2 + y 2 = 25 . Gi
A l mt giao im ca (C ) v (C ') vi yA > 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A v ct (C ),(C ') theo hai
dy cung c di bng nhau (hai dy cung ny khc nhau).
/s: x + 3y 7 = 0
HT 31. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ng trn (C) : x 2 + y 2 = 1 . Tm cc gi tr thc ca m sao cho trn
x y + m = 0 c duy nht mt im m t c th k c hai tip tuyn vi (C) sao cho gc gia hai
ng thng
mt
phng
vi
ta
Oxy
cho
cc
ng
trn
(C 1 ) : (x 1) + y 2 =
1
2
/s: x 3
+ (y 3) = 4 .
HT 36. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho ng trn ( C) c phng trnh: (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 4 v im K(
3;4) . Lp phng trnh ng trn (T) tm K ct ng trn (C ) Ti hai im A,B Sao cho din tch tam gic IAB ln
nht vi I l tm ca ng trn (C )
/s: (T1 ) : (x y )2 + (y 4)2 = 4 hoc (T2 ) : (x 3)2 + (y 4)2 = 20
III.
HT 37. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho hnh ch nht ABCD c din tch bng 12, tm I l giao im ca
hai ng thng: d1 : x y 3 = 0 , d2 : x + y 6 = 0 . Trung im mt cnh l giao im ca d1 v tia Ox . Tm ta
cc nh ca hnh ch nht.
/s: A(2 ; 1) D (4; 1) C (7;2) & B (5; 4)
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HT 38. Vit phng trnh cnh AB ca hnh ch nht ABCD bit cnh AB, BC, CD, DA ln lt i qua cc im M(4;5),
N(6;5), P(5;2), Q(2;1) v din tch hnh ch nht l 16.
/s: AB : x + y 1 = 0 hoc AB : x + 3y 11 = 0
9 3
HT 39. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c din tch 12, tm I ; v trung im ca
2 2
cnh AD l M(3;0). Xc nh ta cc nh cn li ca hnh ch nht ABCD.
/s: A (2;1) , D (4; 1) C (7;2), B (5; 4)
HT 40. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho hnh ch nht ABCD c cnh AB : x 2y 1 = 0 , ng cho
4
B thuc ng thng i qua M ;1 , B , C thuc ng thng i qua N (0; 3) , A , D thuc ng thng i qua
3
1
P 4; , C , D thuc ng thng i qua Q(6;2) .
3
/s:
AB : y = 3 / 17(x + 4 / 3) + 1, DC : y = 3 / 17(x 6) + 2,
BC : x 3 / 17y + 9 / 17 = 0, AD : x 3 / 17y 4 3 / 17 = 0
HT 42. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho hnh vung c nh l (-4; 8) v mt ng cho c phng trnh
y 3 = 0 . Tm to ca cc nh cn li ca hnh vung .
/s: A(4;5), B(6;3), C(4;1), D(2;3) hoc A(4;5), B(2;3), C(4;1), D(6;3).
HT 44. Trong mt phng Oxy cho hnh vung ABCD c M l trung im ca cnh BC, phng trnh ng thng DM:
1
HT 45. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho hnh thoi ABCD c tm I (2;1) v AC = 2BD. im M 0; thuc
3
ng thng AB, im N(0;7) thuc ng thng CD. Tm ta nh B bit B c honh dng.
/s: B( 1; -1)
HT 46. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho hnh thoi ABCD
bit ng thng AB : x + 3y + 1 = 0
ng thng cha ng cho BD c phng trnh: x y + 5 = 0 . ng thng AD i qua im M (1;2) . Tm ta
tm ca hnh thoi ABCD. /s: I (2; 3)
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HT 47. Trong mt phng ta Oxy, cho hnh thang cn ABCD c din tch bng 18, y ln CD nm trn ng thng
c phng trnh: x y + 2 = 0. Bit hai ng cho AC, BD vung gc vi nhau ti im I (3;1). Vit phng trnh
ng thng BC , bit C c honh m.
/s: BC : x + 2y 1 = 0
HT 48. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy , cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c din tch bng 4. Bit A(1;0), B(0;2) v giao im I
ca hai ng cho nm trn ng thng y = x. Tm ta cc nh C v D.
5 8 8 2
/s: C ; , D ; hoc C (1; 0), D (0; 2)
3 3 3 3
IV. Tng hp
HT 49. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy , cho ng thng d : x 5y 2 = 0 v ng trn (C ) :
x 2 + y 2 + 2x 4y 8 = 0 . Xc nh ta cc giao im A , B ca ng trn (C ) v ng thng d (cho bit im A
c honh dng). Tm ta C thuc ng trn (C ) sao cho tam gic ABC vung B .
/s: C (-4;4).
HT 50. Trong mt phng to Oxy cho ng trn (C ) x 2 + y 2 + 4x 6y + 9 = 0 v im M (1; 8) Vit phng
trnh ng thng d qua M sao cho d ct (C ) ti hai im A , B phn bit m din tch tam gic ABI t gi tr ln
nht.Vi I l tm ca ng trn (C ) .
/s: 7x + y + 1 = 0 & 17x + 7y + 39 = 0
HT 51. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho ng trn (C ) : (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9 v ng thng
14 47
/s: C ;
15 15
HT 53.
Cho ng trn (C) ni tip hnh vung ABCD c phng trnh (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 10 . Xc nh to
cc nh A, C ca hnh vung, bit cnh AB i qua M(-3; -2) v xA > 0.
/s: a A(6;1);C (2; 5)
HT 54. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 3) , trng tm G (4; 2) , trung trc ca AB l
(d ) : 3x + 2y 4 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC .
148
46
8
/s: x 2 + y 2
x+ y+ =0
21
7
3
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TUYN CHN CC BI TON HAY V KH
HT 55. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c trng tm G(1;1) ng cao AH : 2x y + 1 = 0 v cc
nh B, C thuc ng thng : x + 2y 1 = 0. Tm ta cc nh A, B, C ca tam gic ABC bit din tch tam gic ABC
bng 6.
/s: A(1; 3), B(3; 1),C (1;1) hoc A(1; 3), B(1;1),C (3; 1)
HT 56. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. ng thng AB : 7x + 6y 24 = 0,
BC : x 2y 2 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng cao t B ca tam gic ABC.
/s: 4x 18y 3 = 0.
HT 57. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c 3 gc u nhn. Vit phng trnh ng thng cha
cnh AC ca tam gic bit ta chn cc ng cao h t A, B, C tng ng l M (1; 2), N (2;2), P (1;2) . /s:
2x + y 6 = 0
HT 58. Trong h ta Oxy cho hnh thang cn ABCD(AB CD, AB < CD ) . Bit A(0;2) D(2; 2) , v giao im O
ca AC v BD nm trn ng thng c phng trnh: x + y 4 = 0 . Tm ta ca cc nh cn li ca hnh thang khi
gc AOD = 450 .
/s: B(2 + 2,2 + 2);C (2 + 4 2;2 + 4 2) hoc B(4 + 3 2, 2 + 2);C (4 + 4 2; 2 2)
HT 59. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh vung ABCD c nh bit A(2;1), I (3;2) (I l giao im ca hai
ng AC v BD). Mt ng thng d i qua C ct cc tia AB, AD ln lt ti M v N. Vit phng trnh ng thng d
sao cho di MN l nh nht.
/s: x + y 7 = 0
HT 60. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh vung ABCD. Gi M l trung im ca BC, N l im trn CD sao cho
11 1
CN = 2ND . Gi s M ; v ng thng AN c phng trnh: 2x y 3 = 0. Tm ta im A. /s: A(1; 1)
2 2
hoc A(4; 5)
HT 61. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho 2 ng thng : x y 4 = 0 v d : 2x y 2 = 0. Tm ta im
N thuc ng thng d sao cho ng thng ON ct ng thng ti im M tha mn: OM .ON = 8 /s: N (0; 2)
6 2
hoc N ;
5 5
1
HT 62. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh B ;1 . ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC tip xc
2
vi cnh BC, CA, AB tng ng ti D, E, F. Cho D(3;1), ng thng EF : y 3 = 0. Tm ta A bit A c tung
13
dng. /s: A 3;
3
HT 63. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hai ng thng d1 : 3x + y = 0; d2 : 3x y = 0. Gi (C ) l ng
trn tip xc vi d1 ti A, ct d2 ti hai im B, C sao cho tam gic ABC vung ti B. Vit phng trnh ng trn (C ),
bit tam gic ABC c din tch bng
3
v im A c honh dng.
2
2
1
y + 3 = 1
/s: (C ) : x +
+
2 3
HT 64. Trong mt phng vi h ta vung gc Oxy ; cho tam gic ABC c trung im ca cnh BC l im M (3; 1) ,
ng thng cha ng cao k t nh B i qua im E (1; 3) v ng thng cha cnh AC i qua im F (1; 3) .
Tm ta cc nh ca tam gic ABC, bit rng im i xng ca nh A qua tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC
l im D (4; 2) . /s: A (2;2) B (1; 1) C (5; 1)
HT 65. Trong mt phng ta Oxy , cho tam gic ABC c BAC = 900 bit B(5; 0),C (7; 0) , bn knh ng trn ni
tip r = 2 13 6 .Xc nh ta tm ng trn ni tip I ca tam gic ABC bit I c tung dng. /s:
HT 66. Trong mt phng ta Oxy, cho hnh thang vung ABCD vung ti A v D c y ln l CD, ng thng AD c
phng trnh 3x y = 0 , ng thng BD c phng trnh x 2y = 0 , gc to bi hai ng thng BC v AB bng 450.
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Vit phng trnh ng thng BC bit din tch hnh thang bng 24 v im B c honh dng. /s:
2x + y 4 10 = 0
HT 67. Trong mt phng ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c ng phn gic trong lA : x + y 3 = 0, ng trung tuyn
K (4; 5), bit rng A(2; 3). Vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
/s: BC : 3x + 4y 42 = 0; AB : x = 2; AC : y = 3
HT 69. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh A(1; 3), trc tm H (1; 1) v tm ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic I (2; 2). Tm ta cc nh B,C ca tam gic ABC.
/s: B(1;1);C (5; 3) hoc B(5; 3);C (1;1)
HT 70. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c ng cao BH : x + 2y 3 = 0, trung tuyn
AM : 3x + 3y 8 = 0. Cnh BC i qua N (3; 2). Tm ta cc nh A, B, C ca tam gic ABC bit C thuc ng
thng x y + 2 = 0.
31 17 29 10 1 3
/s: A ; ; B ; ;C ;
18 18 3
3 2 2
HT 71. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(0;2), B(2; 6) v C thuc ng thng
d : x 3y + 1 = 0 . Tm ta nh C sao cho phn gic xut pht t nh A song song vi ng thng d . /s: C (2;1)
HT 72. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho 2 ng thng d1 : 2x y 1 = 0, d2 : 2x + y 3 = 0 . Gi I l giao im
ca d1, d2 ; A l im thuc d1, A c honh dng khc 1 (0 < x A 1) . Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua A,
ct d2 ti B sao cho din tch tam gic IAB bng 6 v IB = 3IA.
/s: x + y 5 = 0; 4x + y 11 = 0
HT 73. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit trc tm H (1; 0), chn
4 3
. Vit phng trnh ng trn (C 2 ) .
3
2
2
2
2
1
15
15 5
1
15
15 5
/s: x +
= 4 hoc x + +
= 4
+ y +
+ y
2
6
6
2
2
6
6
2
HT 76. Vit phng trnh ng thng d.Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy cho ng trn (C ) : (x 4) + y 2 = 4
v im E (4;1) .Tm to im M trn trc tung sao cho t im M k c hai tip tuyn MA, MB n ng trn
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HT 78. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh vung ABCD vi A(1;2) , B thuc d1 : x + 2y 1 = 0, C thuc
d2 : x + 2y + 8 = 0. Tm ta cc nh cn li ca hnh vung.
27 11 6 33 16 12
/s: B ; ;C ; ; D ;
5
5 5
5 5
5
HT 79. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh A(2; 3), ng phn gic trong gc A c phng
trnh x y + 1 = 0 v tm ng trn ngoi tip I (6; 6). Vit phng trnh cnh BC, bit din tch tam gic ABC gp 3
ln din tch tam gic IBC.
/s: BC : 3x + 4y 54 = 0 hoc 3x + 4y 36 = 0
2
3 5 + 2 3
3 5 2 3
/s: E
;
;
;C
2 2
2
2
HT 81. Trong mt phng vi h ta cc vung gc Oxy , xt tam gic ABC vung ti A , phng trnh ng
thng BC l : 3x y 3 = 0 , cc nh A v B thuc trc honh v bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC
bng 2. Tm ta trng tm G ca tam gic ABC .
6 + 2 3
4 + 4 3 6 + 2 3
1 4 3
/s: G1 =
;
;
v G2 =
3
3
3
3
HT 82. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ng trn (C ) : (x + 6)2 + (y 6)2 = 50. Vit phng trnh ng
thng d tip xc vi ng trn (C ) ti im M ct 2 trc ta ti hai im A, B sao cho M l trung im ca AB.
/s: x y + 2 = 0; x y + 22 = 0; x 5y + 10 = 0;7x + 13y + 182 = 0
HT 83. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ng thng d : x y + 1 = 0 v ng trn
(C ) : x 2 + y 2 2x + 4y 4 = 0. Tm im M thuc ng thng d sao cho qua M ta k c cc tip tuyn MA, MB
1
n ng trn (C ),(A, B l cc tip im) ng thi khong cch t im N ;1 n ng thng AB l ln
2
nht./s: M (3; 2)
HT 84. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh thang ABCD vung ti A, D c y ln CD, cnh AD : 3x y = 0,
BC : x 2y = 0. Bit gc to bi gia BC v AB bng 450 , din tch hnh thang ABCD bng 24. Tm ta nh B ca
hnh thang bit B c tung dng.
4 10 2 10
/s: B
;
5
5
HT 85. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(2; 6) chn ng phn gic trong k t nh A l
3
D 2; tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC l
1
I ;1 . Tm ta nh B, C ca tam gic. /s:
2
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TUYN TP THI CC NM 2009 2012
HT 87. A2009 CB Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c im I (6;2) l giao im ca hai
ng cho AC v BD. im M (1;5) thuc ng thng AB v trung im E ca cnh CD thuc ng thng
8
15
4
v hai ng thng
5
8 4
2 2
/s: K ; v R =
5 5
5
HT 90. B2009 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC cn ti A c nh A(1; 4) v cc nh B, C
thuc ng thng : x y 4 = 0. Xc nh ta cc im B v C, bit din tch tam gic ABC bng 18.
11 3 3 5
3 5 11 3
/s: B ; ;C ; hoc B ; ;C ;
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
HT 91. D2009 CB Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c M (2; 0) l trung im ca AB. ng
trung tuyn v ng cao nh A ln lt c phng trnh l 7x 2y 3 = 0 v 6x y 4 = 0. Vit phng trnh
ng thng AC.
/s: AC : 3x 4y + 5 = 0
HT 92. D2009 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ng trn (C ) : (x 1)2 + y 2 = 1. Gi I l tm ca (C).
Xc nh ta im M thuc (C) sao cho IMO = 300
3
3
/s: M ;
2
2
HT 93. A2010 CB Cho hai ng thng d1 : 3x + y = 0 v d2 : 3x y = 0. Gi (T) l ng trn tip xc vi d1
ti A, ct d2 ti im B v C sao cho tam gic ABC vung ti B. Vit phng trnh ca (T), bit tam gic ABC c din tch
bng
3
v im A c honh dng.
2
2
2
1
3
/s: (T ) : x +
+ y + = 1
2
2 3
HT 94. A2010 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC cn ti A c nh A(6; 6); ng thng i qua
trung im ca cc cnh AB v AC c phng trnh x + y 4 = 0. Tm ta cc nh B v C, bit im E (1; 3) nm
trn ng cao i qua nh C ca tam gic cho.
/s: B(0; 4);C (4; 0) hoc B(6;2);C (2; 6)
HT 95. B2010 CB Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, c nh C (4;1), phn gic
trong gc A c phng trnh x + y 5 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng thng BC, bit din tch tam gic ABC bng 24 v
nh A c honh dng.
/s: BC : 3x 4y + 16 = 0
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x 2 y2
+
= 1. Gi F1 v F2 l
3
2
cc tiu im ca (E) (F1 c honh m); M l giao im c tung dng ca ng thng AF1 vi (E); N l im i
xng ca F2 qua M. Vit phng trnh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ANF2 .
2
2 3
4
/s: (T ) : (x 1) + y
=
3
3
2
HT 97. D2010 CB Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh A(3; 7), trc tm H (3; 1), tm
ng trn ngoi tip l I (2; 0). Xc nh ta nh C bit C c honh dng.
/s: C 2 + 65; 3
HT 98. D2010 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho im A(0;2) v l ng thng i qua O. Gi H l hnh
chiu vung gc ca A trn . Vit phng trnh ng thng bit khong cch t H n trc honh bng AH.
/s:
5 1 x 2
5 2y = 0 hoc
5 1 x + 2
5 2y = 0
x 2 y2
+
= 1. Tm ta cc im A v B thuc
4
1
(E) c honh dng sao cho tam gic OAB cn ti O v c din tch ln nht.
2
2
2
2
/s: A 2; ; B 2; hoc A 2; ; B 2;
2
2
2
2
HT 100. A2011 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho elip (E ) :
1
HT 102. B2011 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh B ;1 . ng trn ni tip tam
2
gic ABC tip xc vi cc cnh BC, CA, AB tng ng ti cc im D, E, F. Cho im D(3;1) v ng thng
AA12012 CB Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh vung ABCD.Gi M l trung im ca cnh BC, N
11 1
l im trn CD sao cho CN = 2ND . Gi s M ; v ng thng AN c phng trnh 2x y 3 = 0. Tm ta
2 2
im A./s: A(1; 1) hoc A(4; 5)
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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chnh tc ca elip (E), bit rng (E) c di trc ln bng 8 v (E) ct (C) ti bn im to thnh bn nh ca mt hnh
x 2 y2
+
=1
16 16
3
vung. /s:
HT 107.
B2012 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh thoi ABCD c AC = 2BD v ng trn tip xc
vi cc cnh ca hnh thoi c phng trnh x 2 + y 2 = 4. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) i qua cc nh A, B, C,
x 2 y2
+
=1
20
5
D2012 CB Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD. Cc ng thng AC v AD ln
1
lt c phng trnh l x + 3y = 0 v x y + 4 = 0; ng thng BD i qua im M ;1 . Tm ta cc nh ca
3
hnh ch nht ABCD.
/s: A(3;1); B(1; 3);C (3; 1); D(1; 3)
HT 110.D2012 NC Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ng thng d : 2x y + 3 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng
trn c tm thuc d, ct trc Ox ti A v B, ct trc Oy ti C v D sao cho AB = CD = 2. /s: (x + 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 10
HT 111. A 2013 CB Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c im C thuc ng thng
17 1
H ; , chn ng phn gic trong ca gc A l D(5; 3) v trung im ca cnh AB l M (0;1). Tm ta nh C.
5
5
/s: C (9;11)
9 3
HT 115.D 2013 CB. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c im M ; l trung im ca
2 2
cnh AB, im H (2; 4) v im I (1;1) ln lt l chn ng cao k t B v tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Tm ta im C./s: C (4;1);C (1; 6)
HT 116. D 2013 NC.Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ng trn (C ) : (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 4 v ng
thng : y 3 = 0. Tam gic MNP c trc tm trng vi tm ca (C), cc nh N v P thuc , nh M v trung im
ca cnh MN thuc (C). Tm ta im P. /s: P (1; 3); P (3; 3)
--------------------------------------------------HT---------------------------------------------
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S TI BN
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H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
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CHUYN
HNH HC GII TCH TRONG KHNG GIAN
BI 1: M U
I. VEC T TRONG KHNG GIAN
1. nh ngha v cc php ton
nh ngha, tnh cht, cc php ton v vect trong khng gian c xy dng hon ton tng t nh trong mt
phng.
Lu :
+ Qui tc ba im: Cho ba im A, B, C bt k, ta c: AB + BC = AC
+ Qui tc hnh bnh hnh: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, ta c: AB + AD = AC
+ Qui tc hnh hp: Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD, ta c: AB + AD + AA ' = AC '
+ H thc trung im on thng: Cho I l trung im ca on thng AB, O tu .
Ta c:
IA + IB = 0 ;
OA + OB = 2OI
GA + GB + GC = 0;
OA + OB + OC = 3OG
GA + GB + GC + GD = 0;
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG
MA = kMB;
OM =
OA kOB
1k
2. S ng phng ca ba vect
Ba vect c gi l ng phng nu cc gi ca chng cng song song vi mt mt phng.
iu kin ba vect ng phng: Cho ba vect a ,b , c , trong a va b khng cng phng. Khi : a ,b , c
ng phng ! m, n R: c = ma + nb
Cho ba vect a ,b , c khng ng phng, x tu .
Khi : ! m, n, p R: x = ma + nb + pc
3. Tch v hng ca hai vect
Gc gia hai vect trong khng gian:
AB = u , AC = v (u , v ) = BAC (00 BAC 1800 )
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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u.v = u . v .cos(u, v )
+ Vi u = 0 hoac v = 0 . Qui c: u .v = 0
+ u v u .v = 0
+ u = u2
2.
i = j =k =1
v i.j = i.k = k .j = 0 .
Ta ca vect:
u = (x ; y; z ) u = xi + y j + zk
a) nh ngha:
a = b
1
1
a =b
a2 = b2
a3 = b3
a = kb (k R)
a = kb
1
1
a2 = kb2
a 3 = kb3
a 2 = a12 + a22 + a 32
cos(a , b ) =
3.
a
a
a
1 = 2 = 3 , (b1, b2 , b3 0)
b1
b2
b3
a .b
a .b
=
a12
+ a22
+ a32 .
b12
+ b22
+ b32
(vi a , b 0 )
Ta ca im:
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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M (x ; y; z ) OM = (x ; y; z )
AB = (x B x A ; yB yA ; z B z A )
x kx
B ; yA kyB ; zA kzB
To im M chia on AB theo t s k (k1): M A
1k
1k
1k
x + x y + y z + z
B ; A
B ; A
B
To trung im M ca on thng AB: M A
2
2
2
To trng tm G ca tam gic ABC:
x + x + x y + y + y z + z + z
B
C ; A
B
C ; A
B
C
G A
3
3
3
x + x + x + x y + y + y + y z + z + z + z
B
C
D ; A
B
C
D ; A
B
C
C
G A
4
4
4
4.
a , b = a b = a2 a 3 ; a 3 a1 ; a1 a2 = (a b a b ; a b a b ; a b a b )
b b
2 3
3 2 3 1
1 3 1 2
2 1
b3 b1 b1 b2
3
2
Ch : Tch c hng ca hai vect l mt vect, tch v hng ca hai vect l mt s.
b) Tnh cht:
i , j = k ;
j ,k = i ;
[a, b ] = a . b . sin (a , b )
k , i = j
[a, b ] a ;
[a, b ] b
SABCD = AB, AD
S ABC =
AB, AC
2
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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VABCD =
1
[AB, AC ].AD
6
Ch :
Tch v hng ca hai vect thng s dng chng minh hai ng thng vung gc, tnh gc gia hai
ng thng.
Tch c hng ca hai vect thng s dng tnh din tch tam gic; tnh th tch khi t din, th tch hnh
hp; chng minh cc vect ng phng khng ng phng, chng minh cc vect cng phng.
a b a .b = 0
a va b cung phng a , b = 0
a , b , c ong phang a , b .c = 0
5.
a 2 + b 2 + c2 d .
BI TP C BN
HT 1.
Cho ba vect a , b , c . Tm m, n c = a , b :
Tm m 3 vect a ,b , c ng phng:
Cho cc vect a , b , c , u . Chng minh ba vect a ,b , c khng ng phng. Biu din vect u theo cc vect
a ,b , c :
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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u = (3; 7; 7)
HT 5.
u = (4;13; 6)
Cho ba vect a ,b , c khng ng phng v vect d . Chng minh b ba vect sau khng ng phng:
a) b , c , d = ma + nb (vi m, n 0)
HT 7.
a) M (1;2; 3)
HT 8.
b) a , c , d = ma + nb (vi m, n 0)
b) M (3; 1;2)
c) M (1;1; 3)
d) M (1;2; 1)
Cho im M. Tm ta ca im M i xng vi im M:
Qua gc to Qua mp(Oxy) Qua trc Oy
a) M (1;2; 3)
b) M (3; 1;2)
c) M (1;1; 3)
d) M (1;2; 1)
HT 10. Cho ba im A, B, C.
Chng t ba im A, B, C to thnh mt tam gic.
Tm to trng tm G ca ABC.
Xc nh im D sao cho ABCD l hnh bnh hnh.
a) A(1;2; 3), B(0; 3; 7),C (12; 5; 0)
c) A(10;9;12), B(20; 3; 4)
HT 14. Cho bn im A, B, C, D.
Chng minh A, B, C, D l bn nh ca mt t din.
Tm ta trng tm G ca t din ABCD.
Tnh gc to bi cc cnh i din ca t din ABCD.
Tnh th tch ca khi t din ABCD.
Tnh din tch tam gic BCD, t suy ra di ng cao ca t din v t A.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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HT 16. Cho bn im S(3; 1; 2), A(5; 3; 1), B(2; 3; 4), C(1; 2; 0).
a) Chng minh SA (SBC), SB (SAC), SC (SAB).
b) Chng minh S.ABC l mt hnh chp u.
c) Xc nh to chn ng cao H ca hnh chp. Suy ra di ng cao SH.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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BI 2: PHNG TRNH MT CU
x + xB
y + yB
z + zB
Tm I l trung im ca on thng AB: x I = A
; yI = A
; zI = A
.
2
2
2
Bn knh R = IA =
AB
.
2
a 2 + b2 + c2 d .
BI TP C BN
HT 17.
Tm tm v bn knh ca cc mt cu sau:
2
a) x + y 2 + z 2 8x + 2y + 1 = 0
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x + 8y 2z 4 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x 4y + 4z = 0
d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 6x + 4y 2z 86 = 0
HT 18.
a) I (1; 3; 5),
R= 3
b) I (5; 3;7),
R=2
c) I (1; 3;2),
R=5
d) I (2; 4; 3),
R=3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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0968.393.899
Vit phng trnh mt cu i qua ba im A, B, C v c tm nm trong mt phng (P) cho trc, vi:
A(1;2; 0), B(1;1; 3),C (2; 0; 1)
A(2; 0;1), B(1; 3;2),C (3;2; 0)
a)
b)
(P ) (Oxz )
(P ) (Oxy )
HT 23.
I (3;2;2)
a)
b)
(T ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 4y 6z + 5 = 0 (T ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 4y 8z + 5 = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1.
2.
A(x x 0 ) + B(y y 0 ) + C (z z 0 ) = 0
3.
Cc trng hp ring
Phng trnh mt phng (
)
Cc h s
D=0
A=0
B=0
C=0
A=B=0
A=C=0
B=C=0
Ch :
Nu trong phng trnh ca () khng cha n no th () song song hoc chatrc tng ng.
Phng trnh mt phng theo on chn:
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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(), () ct nhau A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C 2
() // ()
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
() ()
D2
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
() () A1A2 + B1B2 + C 1C 2 = 0
5.
d (M 0 ,()) =
Ax 0 + By0 + Cz 0 + D
A2 + B 2 + C 2
(): A (x x 0 ) + B (y y 0 ) + C (z z 0 ) = 0
Dng 2: () i qua im M x 0 ; y 0 ; z 0 c cp VTCP a , b :
Khi mt VTPT ca () l n = a , b .
Dng 3: () i qua im M x 0 ; y 0 ; z 0 v song song vi mt phng (): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0:
(): A (x x 0 ) + B (y y 0 ) + C (z z 0 ) = 0
Dng 4: () i qua 3 im khng thng hng A, B, C:
Mt VTPT ca () l: n = AM , u
Dng 6: () i qua mt im M v vung gc vi mt ng thng (d):
VTCP u ca ng thng (d) l mt VTPT ca ().
Dng 7: () i qua 2 ng thng ct nhau d1, d2:
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng thng d1, d2.
Mt VTPT ca () l: n = a , b .
Ly mt im M thuc d1 hoc d2 M ().
Dng 8: () cha ng thng d1 v song song vi ng thng d2 (d1, d2 cho nhau):
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng thng d1, d2.
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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Mt VTPT ca () l: n = a , b .
Ly mt im M thuc d1 M ().
Dng 9: () i qua im M v song song vi hai ng thng cho nhau d1, d2:
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng thng d1, d2.
Mt VTPT ca () l: n = a , b .
Dng 10: () i qua mt ng thng (d) v vung gc vi mt mt phng ():
Xc nh VTCP u ca (d) v VTPT n ca ().
Mt VTPT ca () l: n = u, n .
Ly mt im M thuc d M ().
Dng 11: () i qua im M v vung gc vi hai mt phng ct nhau (), ():
Xc nh cc VTPT n , n ca () v ().
Mt VTPT ca () l: n = u , n .
Dng 12: () i qua ng thng (d) cho trc v cch im M cho trc mt khong k cho trc:
lp 11.
BI TP C BN
HT 24. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im M v c VTPT cho trc:
a) M (3;1;1), n = (1;1;2)
b) M (2; 7; 0), n = (3; 0;1)
c) M (4; 1; 2), n = (0;1; 3)
HT 25. Vit phng trnh mt phng trung trc ca on thng AB cho trc, vi:
a) A(2;1;1), B(2; 1; 1)
b) A(1; 1; 4), B(2; 0;5)
c) A(2; 3; 4), B(4; 1; 0)
HT 26.
Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua im M v song song vi mt phng ( ) cho trc, vi:
b) M (1; 2;1), ( ) : 2x y + 3 = 0
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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b) M (1; 2;1)
c) M (1;1; 0)
d) M (3;6; 5)
HT 29. Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua ba im A, B, C khng thng hng cho trc, vi:
b) A(0; 0; 0), B(2; 1; 3), C (4; 2;1)
a) A(1; 2; 4), B(3;2; 1), C (2;1; 3)
HT 30. Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua im A v vung gc vi ng thng i qua hai im B, C cho trc,
vi:
a) A(1; 2; 4), B(3;2; 1), C (2;1; 3)
b) A(0; 0; 0), B(2; 1; 3), C (4; 2;1)
HT 31.
Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua hai im A, B v vung gc vi mt phng () cho trc, vi:
A(3;1; 1), B(2; 1; 4)
A(2; 1; 3), B(4; 2;1)
A(2; 1; 3), B(4; 7; 9)
a)
b)
c)
( ) : 2x y + 3z 1 = 0
( ) : 2x + 3y 2z + 5 = 0 ( ) : 3x + 4y 8z 5 = 0
HT 32. Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua im M v vung gc vi hai mt phng (), () cho trc, vi:
a) M (1; 2; 5), ( ) : x + 2y 3z + 1 = 0, ( ) : 2x 3y + z + 1 = 0
b) M (1; 0; 2), ( ) : 2x + y z 2 = 0, ( ) : x y z 3 = 0
HT 33. Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua im M v giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P), (Q) cho trc, vi:
a) M (1;2; 3), (P ) : 2x 3y + z 5 = 0, (Q ) : 3x 2y + 5z 1 = 0
b) M (2;1; 1), (P ) : x y + z 4 = 0, (Q ) : 3x y + z 1 = 0
HT 34. Vit phng trnh mt phng () qua giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P), (Q), ng thi song song vi mt
phng (R) cho trc, vi:
a) (P ) : y + 2z 4 = 0, (Q ) : x + y z 3 = 0, (R) : x + y + z 2 = 0
b) (P ) : x 4y + 2z 5 = 0, (Q ) : y + 4z 5 = 0, (R) : 2x y + 19 = 0
c) (P ) : 3x y + z 2 = 0, (Q ) : x + 4y 5 = 0, (R) : 2x z + 7 = 0
HT 35. Vit phng trnh mt phng () qua giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P), (Q), ng thi vung gc vi mt
phng (R) cho trc, vi:
a) (P ) : 2x + 3y 4 = 0, (Q ) : 2y 3z 5 = 0, (R) : 2x + y 3z 2 = 0
b) (P ) : y + 2z 4 = 0, (Q ) : x + y z + 3 = 0, (R) : x + y + z 2 = 0
c) (P ) : x + 2y z 4 = 0, (Q ) : 2x + y + z + 5 = 0, (R) : x 2y 3z + 6 = 0
d) (P ) : 3x y + z 2 = 0, (Q ) : x + 4y 5 = 0, (R) : 2x z + 7 = 0
HT 36. Vit phng trnh mt phng () qua giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P), (Q), ng thi cch im M cho trc
mt khong bng k, vi:
a) (P ): x y 2 = 0, (Q ) : 5x 13y + 2z = 0, M (1;2; 3), k = 2
3x + 4y 8z 5 = 0
3x 2y + 5z 3 = 0
5x + 5y 5z 1 = 0
c)
3x + 3y 3z + 7 = 0
nx + 7y 6z + 4 = 0
3x + ny + z 5 = 0
ct nhau
trng nhau
2x + my + 3z 5 = 0
c)
nx 6y 6z + 2 = 0
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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3x + y 2z + 15 = 0
mx + (m 1)y + 4z 5 = 0
Ax 0 + By0 + Cz 0 + D
A2 + B 2 + C 2
Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song bng khong cch t mt im bt k trn mt phng ny n mt
phng kia.
Ch : Nu hai mt phng khng song song th khong cch gia chng bng 0.
MH , n cung phng
im H l hnh chiu ca im M trn (P)
H (P )
M (2; 3;5)
b) (P ) : x + y + 5z 14 = 0,
2x y + 3z + 5 = 0
6x 2y + z 3 = 0
M (1; 4; 2)
2x y + 4z + 5 = 0
c)
3x + 5y z 1 = 0
d) (P ) : 2x 4y + 4z + 3 = 0, N (2; 3; 4)
x y + z 5 = 0
2x + 2y + z 5 = 0
2x y + 4z + 5 = 0
c)
4x + 2y z 1 = 0
HT 44. Tm phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng (P) i qua im A v song song vi mt phng (Q) cho trc. Tnh
khong cch gia (P) v (Q):
a) A (1;2; 3), (Q ) : 2x 4y z + 4 = 0 .
b) A (3; 1; 2), (Q ) : 6x 2y + 3z + 12 = 0 .
HT 45. Tm phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng (P) song song vi mt phng (Q) v cch im A mt khong k cho
trc:
b) (Q ) : 2x 4y + 4z + 3 = 0, A(2; 3; 4), k = 3
a) (Q ) : x + 2y 2z + 5 = 0, A(2; 1; 4), k = 4
HT 46.
Tm phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng (P) cch mt phng (Q) mt khong k:
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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a) (Q ) : 3x y + 2z 3 = 0, k = 14
b) (Q ) : 4x + 3y 2z + 5 = 0, k = 29
Ch :
n1.n2
n1 . n2
00 ((),( )) 900 .
A1A2 + B1B2 + C 1C 2
A12 + B12 + C 12 . A22 + B22 + C 22
BI TP C BN
HT 47. Tnh gc gia hai mt phng:
x + y z + 1 = 0
a)
x y + z 5 = 0
x + 2y 2z + 1 = 0
2x y + 4z + 5 = 0
b)
c)
2x + 2y + z 5 = 0
4x + 2y z 1 = 0
2x y 2z + 3 = 0
3x 3y + 3z + 2 = 0
e)
f)
2y + 2z + 12 = 0
4x + 2y + 4z 9 = 0
4x + 4y 2z + 7 = 0
d)
2x + 4z 5 = 0
b)
a)
mx + (m 1)y + 4z 5 = 0
x + my + z + 7 = 0
0
= 90
= 450
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1.
x = x + a t
o
1
(d ) : y = yo + a2t
z = zo + a 3t
Nu a1a2a3 0 th (d ) :
2.
x x0
a1
y y0
a2
( t R)
z z0
a3
x = x + ta
0
1
d : y = y0 + ta2
z = z 0 + ta 3
x = x 0 + t a1
d : y = y 0 + t a2
z = z 0 + t a 3
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
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a, a cung phng
x + ta1 = x0 + t a1
0
he y0 + ta2 = y0 + t a2 (an t, t ) vo nghiem
z0 + ta3 = z0 + t a3
a, a = 0
a, a cung phng
a, a cung phng
a, M M khong cung phng
M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) d
a, M M 0
0 0
0 0
d d
x0 + ta1 = x0 + t a1
z0 + ta3 = z0 + t a3
a, a cung phng
M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) d
d, d ct nhau
x + ta = x + t a
0
1
0
1
h y0 + ta2 = y0 + t a2 (n t, t) c ng mt nghim
z0 + ta3 = z0 + t a3
a, a 0
a, a khong cung phng
a, a .M M = 0
a, a , M M ong phang
0 0
0 0
d, d cho nhau
x + ta1 = x0 + t a1
0
he y0 + ta2 = y0 + t a2 (an t, t ) vo nghiem
z0 + ta3 = z0 + t a3
a a
a .a = 0
x = x + ta
0
1
Cho mt phng (): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v ng thng d:
y = y 0 + ta2
z = z 0 + ta 3
Xt phng trnh:
4.
d // () (*) v nghim
d ct () (*) c ng mt nghim
d () (*) c v s nghim
(*)
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x = x + ta
0
1
2
2
2
2
Cho ng thng d:
y = y 0 + ta2 (1) v mt cu (S): (x a ) + (y b) + (z c) = R (2)
z = z 0 + ta 3
d(I, d) > R
d(I, d) = R
d ct (S) ti hai im phn bit (*) c hai nghim phn bit d(I, d) < R
5.
M 0M , a
d(M , d ) =
a
6.
Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau (chng trnh nng cao)
Cho hai ng thng cho nhau d1 v d2.
d1 i qua im M1 v c VTCP a1 , d2 i qua im M2 v c VTCP a2
a , a .M M
1 2 1 2
d(d1, d2 ) =
a1, a2
Ch : Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau d1, d2 bng khong cch gia d1 vi mt phng () cha d2 v
song song vi d1.
7.
8.
cos (a1, a2 ) =
9.
a1.a2
a1 . a2
Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca 3
A2 + B 2 + C 2 . a12 + a22 + a 32
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VN 1: Lp phng trnh ng thng
x = x + a t
o
1
(d ) : y = yo + a2t
z = zo + a 3t
( t R)
Cch 1: Tm mt im v mt VTCP.
(P )
Tm to mt im A d: bng cch gii h phng trnh
(vi vic chn gi tr cho mt n)
(Q )
Tm mt VTCP ca d: a = nP , nQ
M H u
0
Khi ng thng d l ng thng i qua M0, H.
Cch 2: Gi (P) l mt phng i qua A v vung gc vi d; (Q) l mt phng i qua A v cha d. Khi d = (P) (Q)
Dng 8: d i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v ct hai ng thng d1, d2:
Cch 1: Gi M1 d1, M2 d2. T iu kin M, M1, M2 thng hng ta tm c M1, M2. T suy ra phng trnh
ng thng d.
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MN d
1
Cch 1: Gi M d1, N d2. T iu kin
, ta tm c M, N.
MN d2
Cch 2:
V d d1 v d d2 nn mt VTCP ca d c th l: a = ad , ad .
1 2
Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d v d1, bng cch:
+ Ly mt im A trn d1.
+ Mt VTPT ca (P) c th l: nP = a , ad .
1
Lp phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha v vung gc vi mt phng (P) bng cch:
Ly M .
V (Q) cha v vung gc vi (P) nn nQ = a, nP .
Khi d = (P) (Q).
Dng 13: d i qua im M, vung gc vi d1 v ct d2:
Cch 2:
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua M v vung gc vi d1.
Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha M v d2.
Khi d = (P) (Q).
BI TP C BN
HT 49. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im M v c VTCP a cho trc:
a) M (1;2; 3), a = (1; 3; 5)
b) M (0; 2; 5), a = (0;1; 4)
c) M (1; 3; 1), a = (1;2; 1)
d) M (3; 1; 3), a = (1; 2; 0)
HT 50.
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a) A (2;3; 1) , B (1;2; 4)
b) A (1; 1; 0) , B (0;1;2)
c) A (3;1; 5) , B (2;1; 1)
d) A (2;1; 0) , B (0;1;2)
e) A (1;2; 7) , B (1;2; 4)
f) A (2;1; 3) , B (4;2; 2)
HT 51. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im A v song song vi ng thng cho trc:
b) A (2; 5; 3), qua M (5; 3;2), N (2;1; 2)
a) A (3;2; 4) , Ox
x = 2 3t
c) A(2; 5; 3), :
y = 3 + 4t
z = 5 2t
d) A(4; 2;2), :
x +2 y 5 z 2
=
=
4
2
3
HT 52. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im A v vung gc vi mt phng (P) cho trc:
a) A(2; 4; 3) , (P) : 2x 3y + 6z + 19 = 0
b) A (1; 1; 0) , (P ) : (Oxy)
c) A (3;2;1), (P ) : 2x 5y + 4 = 0
d) A(2; 3;6), (P ) : 2x 3y + 6z + 19 = 0
HT 53.
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P), (Q) cho trc:
(P ) : 6x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0
(P ) : 2x 3y + 3z 4 = 0
(P ) : 3x + 3y 4z + 7 = 0
a)
b)
c)
(Q ) : 3x 5y 2z 1 = 0
(Q ) : x + 2y z + 3 = 0
(Q ) : x + 6y + 2z 6 = 0
(P ) : 2x + y z + 3 = 0
d)
(Q ) : x + y + z 1 = 0
(P ) : x + z 1 = 0
(P ) : 2x + y + z 1 = 0
e)
f)
(Q ) : y 2 = 0
(Q ) : x + z 1 = 0
HT 54.
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im A v vung gc vi hai ng thng d1, d2 cho trc:
x = 1 + 2t
x = 1 t
x = 1 + t
x = 1 + 3t
a) A(1; 0; 5), d1 : y = 3 2t , d2 : y = 2 + t
b) A(2; 1;1), d1 : y = 2 + t , d2 :
y = 2 + t
z = 1 + t
z = 1 3t
z = 3
z = 3 + t
x = 1 t
c) A(1; 2; 3), d1 :
y = 2 2t , d2
z = 3 3t
x = 1
: y = 2 + t
z = 3 + t
x = 7 + 3t
d) A(4;1; 4), d1 :
y = 4 2t , d2
z = 4 + 3t
x = 1 + t
: y = 9 + 2t
z = 12 t
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im A, vung gc v ct ng thng cho trc:
x = t
x = 3 + 2t
b) A(4; 2; 4), d :
a) A(1;2; 2), : y = 1 t
y = 1 t
z = 2t
z = 1 + 4t
HT 55.
x = 1 + 3t
c) A(2; 1; 3), :
y = 1 + t
z = 2 + 2t
x = t
d) A(3;1; 4), :
y = 1 t
z = 2t
HT 56.
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im A v ct c hai ng thng d1, d2 cho trc:
x = 1 + 2t
x = 1 t
x = 1 + t
x = 1 + 3t
a) A(1; 0; 5), d1 : y = 3 2t , d2 : y = 2 + t
b) A(2; 1;1), d1 : y = 2 + t , d2 :
y = 2 + t
z = 1 + t
z = 1 3t
z = 3
z = 3 + t
x = 1 + 3t
c) A(4; 5; 3), d1 :
y = 3 2t , d2
z = 2 t
x = 2 + 2t
: y = 1 + 3t d) A(2;1; 1), d1
z = 1 5t
x = 1 + 3t
: y = 2 + 4t , d2
z = 3 + 5t
x = t
: y = t
z = 2t
HT 57. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng nm trong mt phng (P) v ct c hai ng thng d1, d2 cho
trc:
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(P ) : y + 2z = 0
a)
x 1 y
z
d1 :
= = , d2
1 4
1
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x = 2 t
: y = 4 + 2t
z = 1
(P ) : 2x 3y + 3z 4 = 0
x = 7 + 3t
x = 1 + t
c)
d1 : y = 4 2t , d2 : y = 9 + 2t
z = 4 + 3t
z = 12 t
(P ) : 6x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0
x = 1 + 2t
x = 1 t
b)
d1 : y = 3 2t , d2 : y = 2 + t
z = 1 + t
z = 1 3t
(P ) : 3x + 3y 4z + 7 = 0
x = 1 t
x = 1
d)
d1 : y = 2 2t , d2 : y = 2 + t
z = 3 3t
z = 3 + t
HT 58. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng song song vi ng thng v ct c hai ng thng d1, d2 cho
trc:
: x = y 1 = z 1
: x = y 1 = z 5
2
1
2
3
1
1
x +1 y
z 1
x 1 y + 2 z 2
b) d1 :
a) d1 :
= =
=
=
1
2
1
1
4
3
2
y
+
1
z
+
3
x
+
4
y
+
7
z
d :
d :
=
=
=
=
2
2
3
2
1
5
9
1
: x 1 = y + 2 = z 2
1
4
3
x 1 y + 2 z 2
=
=
c) d1 :
1
4
3
x +4 y +7 z
d2 :
=
=
5
9
1
: x + 1 = y + 3 = z 2
3
2
1
x 2 y + 2 z 1
d) d1 :
=
=
3
4
1
d : x 7 = y 3 = z 9
2
1
2
1
HT 59. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng vung gc chung ca hai ng thng cho nhau d1, d2 cho
trc:
x = 3 2t
x = 2 + 3t
x = 1 + 2t
x = 2 + 3t
b) d1 : y = 3 + t , d2 :
a) d1 : y = 1 + 4t , d2 : y = 4 t
y = 1 + 2t
z = 2 + 4t
z = 1 2t
z = 2 + 3t
z = 4 + 4t
x = 2 + 2t
c) d1 :
y = 1 + t , d2
z = 3 t
x = 1 + t
: y = 3 + t
z = 1 + 2t
x = 2 + 3t
d) d1 :
y = 3 t , d2
z = 1 + 2t
x = 1 + 2t
: y = 1 2t
z = 2 + t
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d l hnh chiu ca ng thng trn mt phng (P) cho trc:
: x + 2 = y 3 = z 1
: x 3 = y 2 = z + 2
a)
b)
2
1
3
1
2
3
(
P
)
:
2
x
y
+
2
z
+
3
=
0
(
P
)
:
3
x
+
4
y
2
z
+
3
=
0
HT 60.
: x + 1 = y 1 = z 3
c)
1
2
2
(P ) : 2x 2y + z 3 = 0
: x = y = z 1
d)
2 1
1
(P ) : x + y z + 1 = 0
HT 61. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im A, vung gc vi ng thng d1 v ct ng thng
d2 cho trc:
x = 1
x 1 y 2 z
a) A(0;1;1), d1 :
=
= , d2 : y = t
3
1
1
z = 1 + t
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x 1 y + 1 z
b) A(1;1;1), d1 :
=
= , d2
2
1
1
c) A(1;2; 3), d1 :
x = 2
: y = 1 + 2t
z = 1 t
x +1 y 4
z
x 1 y + 1 z 3
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
6
2
3
3
2
5
b) d1 : {x = 5 + 2t; y = 1 t; z = 5 t ;
c) d1 : {x = 2 + 2t; y = 1 + t; z = 1;
d2 : {x = 1; y = 1 + t; z = 3 t
d) d1 :
x 1 y 2 z 3
=
=
;
9
6
3
d2 :
x 7 y 6 z 5
=
=
6
4
2
HT 63. Chng t rng cc cp ng thng sau y cho nhau. Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca chng:
a) d1 : {x = 1 2t; y = 3 + t; z = 2 3t ; d2 : {x = 2t '; y = 1 + t '; z = 3 2t '
b) d1 : {x = 1 + 2t; y = 2 2t; z = t; d2 : {x = 2t '; y = 5 3t '; z = 4
c) d1 : {x = 3 2t; y = 1 + 4t; z = 4t 2; d2 : {x = 2 + 3t '; y = 4 t '; z = 1 2t '
HT 64. Tm giao im ca hai ng thng d1 v d2:
a) d1 : {x = 3t; y = 1 2t; z = 3 + t ; d2 : {x = 1 + t '; y = 2t '; z = 4 + t '
x + y + z + 3 = 0
b) d1 :
;
2x y + 1 = 0
d2 : {x = 1 + t; y = 2 + t; z = 3 t
2x + y z 4 = 0
c) d1 :
;
x + y 3 = 0
x + 2y + mz 3 = 0
d2 :
2x + y + z 6 = 0
Phng php hnh hc: Da vo mi quan h gia VTCP ca ng thng v VTPT ca mt phng.
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(P ) : 4x 3y 6z 5 = 0
c) d :
x 12 y 9 z 1
=
=
;
4
3
1
d) d :
x + 11 y 3 z
=
= ; (P ) : 3x 3y + 2z 5 = 0
2
4
3
e) d :
x 13 y 1 z 4
=
=
;
8
2
3
(P ) : 3x + 5y z 2 = 0
(P ) : x + 2y 4z + 1 = 0
3x + 5y + 7z + 16 = 0
f) d :
;
2x y + z 6 = 0
(P ) : 5x z 4 = 0
2x + 3y + 6z 10 = 0
;
g) d :
x + y + z + 5 = 0
(P ) : y + 4z + 17 = 0
x 1
y +2
z +3
=
=
;
m
2m 1
2
(P ) : x + 3y 2z 5 = 0
b) d :
x +1 y 3
z 1
=
=
;
2
m
m 2
(P ) : x + 3y + 2z 5 = 0
iv) d (P).
x 2y 3 = 0
b) d :
ct (P ) : 2x + y + 2z 2m = 0 ti im c cao bng 1.
y + 2z + 5 = 0
x + 2y 3 = 0
c) d :
ct (P ) : x + y + z + m = 0
3x 2z 7 = 0
VN 5: Khong cch
1.
M 0M , a
d(M , d ) =
a
Cch 2:
Cch 3:
Gi N(x; y; z) d. Tnh MN2 theo t (t tham s trong phng trnh ng thng d).
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Tm t MN2 nh nht.
Khi N H. Do d(M,d) = MH.
2.
a , a .M M
1 2 1 2
d(d1, d2 ) =
a , a
1 2
Ch : Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau d1, d2 bng khong cch gia d1 vi mt phng () cha d2 v
song song vi d1.
3.
Khong cch gia hai ng thng song song bng khong cch t mt im thuc ng thng ny n ng
thng kia.
4.
BI TP C BN
HT 69. Tnh khong cch t im A n ng thng d:
x = 1 4t
a) A(2; 3;1), d :
b) A(1;2; 6), d
y = 2 + 2t
z = 4t 1
c) A(1; 0; 0), d :
x 2 y 1 z
=
=
1
2
1
x = 2 + 2t
: y = 1 t
z = t 3
d) A(2; 3;1), d :
x + 2 y 1 z +1
=
=
1
2
2
HT 70. Chng minh hai ng thng d1, d2 cho nhau. Tnh khong cch gia chng:
a) d1 : {x = 1 2t; y = 3 + t; z = 2 3t ;
d2 : {x = 2t '; y = 1 + t '; z = 3 2t '
b) d1 : {x = 1 + 2t; y = 2 2t; z = t;
d2 : {x = 2t '; y = 5 3t '; z = 4
c) d1 : {x = 3 2t; y = 1 + 4t; z = 4t 2;
HT 71. Chng minh hai ng thng d1, d2 song song vi nhau. Tnh khong cch gia chng:
a) d1 : {x = 3 + 2t, y = 4 + 3t, z = 2 + t ;
d2 : {x = 4 + 4t, y = 5 + 6t, z = 3 + 2t
b) d1 :
x 1 y + 2 z 3
=
=
;
2
6
8
d2 :
x +2 y 3 z +1
=
=
3
9
12
HT 72. Chng minh ng thng d song song vi mt phng (P). Tnh khong cch gia chng:
a) d : {x = 3t 2; y = 1 4t; z = 4t 5;
(P ) : 4x 3y 6z 5 = 0
b) d : {x = 1 2t; y = t; z = 2 + 2t ;
(P ) : x + z + 8 = 0
x y + 2z + 1 = 0
;
c) d :
2x + y z 3 = 0
(P ) : 2x 2y + 4z + 5 = 0
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VN 6: Gc
1.
cos (a1, a2 ) =
2.
a1.a2
a1 . a2
Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca 3
A2 + B 2 + C 2 . a12 + a22 + a 32
BI TP C BN
HT 73. Tnh gc gia hai ng thng:
a) d1 : {x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 + t, z = 3 + 4t ;
b) d1 :
x 1 y + 2 z 4
=
=
;
2
1
2
d2 : { x = 2 t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 4 + 2t
d2 :
2x 3y 3z 9 = 0
c) d1 :
;
x 2y + z + 3 = 0
x +2 y 3 z +4
=
=
3
6
2
d2 : {x = 9t; y = 5t; z = 3 + t
7y + 5z + 34 = 0
3x 4y 11 = 0
a) d1 : x = 1 + t; y = t 2; z = 2 + t ;
d2 : x = 2 + t; y = 1 + t 2; z = 2 + mt ;
= 600 .
b) d : x = 1; y = 2 + t 4 5; z = 3 + t ;
(P ) : x 4 5 + z + 4 = 0
x + 4y 2z + 7 = 0
c) d :
;
3x + 7y 2z = 0
(P ) : 3x + y z + 1 = 0
VN 7: Mt s vn khc
1.
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Dng 2: Mt phng (P) cha hai ng thng song song d1, d2:
Xc nh VTCP a ca d1 (hoc d2).
Trn d1 ly im A, trn d2 ly im B. Suy ra A, B (P).
Mt VTPT ca (P) l: n = a , AB .
Dng 4: Mt phng (P) cha ng thng d1 v song song vi ng thng d2 (d1, d2 cho nhau):
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng thng d1, d2.
Mt VTPT ca (P) l: n = a , b .
Ly mt im M thuc d1 M (P).
Dng 5: Mt phng (P) i qua im M v song song vi hai ng thng cho nhau d1, d2:
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng thng d1, d2.
Mt VTPT ca (P) l: n = a , b .
2.
Cch 1:
Cch 2:
3.
H d
im H c xc nh bi:
MH a
d
Cch 1:
Cch 2:
MM ' ad
Khi to ca im M c xc nh bi:
.
H d
4.
Cch 1:
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H (P )
im H c xc nh bi:
MH , n cung phng
P
Cch 1:
Cch 2:
H (P )
Khi to ca im M c xc nh bi:
.
MH , n cung phng
P
BI TP C BN
HT 77. Vit phng trnh ca mt phng (P) i qua im A v ng thng d:
x = 4 + 2t
x = 2 t
a) A(2; 3;1),
d : y = 2 3t
b) A(1; 4; 3),
d : y = 1 + 2t
z = 3 + t
z = 1 3t
c) A(4; 2; 3),
d:
x 1 y + 2 z 5
=
=
3
4
2
d) A(2; 1;5),
d:
x + 3 y + 2 z 1
=
=
2
1
3
HT 78. Vit phng trnh ca mt phng (P) i qua hai ng thng song song d1, d2:
x + 2 y 1 z + 3
a) d1 : {x = 2 + 3t ; y = 4 + 2t ; z = t 1;
=
=
d2 :
3
2
1
b) d1 :
x 1 y + 3 z 2
=
=
,
2
3
4
d2 :
x + 2 y 1 z 4
=
=
2
3
4
HT 79. Vit phng trnh ca mt phng (P) i qua hai ng thng ct nhau d1, d2:
a) d1 : {x = 3t; y = 1 2t; z = 3 + t ;
d2 : {x = 1 + t '; y = 2t '; z = 4 + t '
x + y + z + 3 = 0
b) d1 :
;
2x y + 1 = 0
d2 : {x = 1 + t; y = 2 + t; z = 3 t
x 2y z 4 = 0
c) d1 :
;
2x + y + z + 6 = 0
x z 2 = 0
d2 :
y + 2z + 7 = 0
2x + y + 1 = 0
;
d) d1 :
x y + z 1 = 0
3x + y z + 3 = 0
d2 :
2x y + 1 = 0
HT 80. Cho hai ng thng cho nhau d1, d2. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d1 v song song vi d2:
a) d1 : {x = 1 2t; y = 3 + t; z = 2 3t ; d2 : {x = 2t '; y = 1 + t '; z = 3 2t '
b) d1 : {x = 1 + 2t; y = 2 2t; z = t; d2 : {x = 2t '; y = 5 3t '; z = 4
c) d1 : {x = 3 2t; y = 1 + 4t; z = 4t 2; d2 : {x = 2 + 3t '; y = 4 t '; z = 1 2t '
d) d1 :
x 2 y +1 z
x
y 1 z + 1
=
= ; d2 : =
=
3
2
2
1
2
4
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a) M (1;2; 6),
x = 2 + 2t
d : y = 1 t
z = t 3
c) M (2;1; 3),
x = 2t
d : y = 1 t
z = 1 + 2t
b) M (2; 3;1),
x = 1 4t
d : y = 2 + 2t
z = 4t 1
d) M (1;2; 1),
x = 2 t
d : y = 1 + 2t
z = 3t
HT 82. Tm to hnh chiu H ca im M trn mt phng (P) v im M i xng vi M qua mt phng (P):
a) (P ) : 2x y + 2z 6 = 0,
M (2; 3;5)
b) (P ) : x + y + 5z 14 = 0,
M (1; 4; 2)
c) (P ) : 6x 2y + 3z + 12 = 0,
e) (P ) : x y + z 4 = 0,
M (3;1; 2)
M (2;1; 1)
d) (P ) : 2x 4y + 4z + 3 = 0,
M (2; 3; 4)
f) (P ) : 3x y + z 2 = 0, M (1;2; 4)
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Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua hai im A(2;1; 3), B(1; 2;1)
x = 1 + t
z = 3 2t
/s:(P): 10x 4y + z 19 = 0 .
HT 85.
(d1 );
HT 86.
x 1 y +1 z 2
x 4 y 1 z 3
, (d2 ) :
. Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) cha (d 1 ) v (d2 ) .
=
=
=
=
2
3
1
6
9
3
/s: (P): x + y 5z +10 = 0
Oxyz , cho mt cu (S) c phng trnh:
Trong khng gian vi h ta
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho ie{ m M(1; 1; 1) va hai ng thng (d1 ) :
x
y +1
z
=
=
1
2
3
x
y 1 z 4
. Chng minh rng ie{ m M , d1, d2 cu ng na~ m tre n mo
t ma
t pha ng. Vie t phng trnh ma
t
=
=
1
2
5
pha ng o . /s: x + 2y z + 2 = 0 .
Dng 2: Phng trnh mt phng lin quan ti mt cu
(d2 ) :
HT 88.
x 3 y 3 z
v mt cu (S):
=
=
2
2
1
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x 2y 4z + 2 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) song song vi d v trc Ox, ng thi tip
xc vi mt cu (S).
/s:
(P): y 2z + 3 + 2 5 = 0
hoc
(P): y 2z + 3 2 5 = 0 .
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x y 2 = 0
d :
. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d v ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn c bn knh
2x z 6 = 0
r =1.
/s: (P): x + y z 4 = 0 hoc (P): 7x 17y + 5z 4 = 0
HT 92.
x
y 1 z
x 1 y
z
v
=
= , 2 :
= =
2
1
1
1
1 1
mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 2y + 4z 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh tip din ca mt cu (S), bit tip din
song song vi hai ng thng 1 v 2 .
/s: (P): y + z + 3 + 3 2 = 0 hoc (P): y + z + 3 3 2 = 0
HT 93.
Trong
khng
gian
vi
ta
Oxyz ,
cho
mt
cu
(S)
phng
trnh
Cu hi tng t:
a)
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 4y 6z 11 = 0 , ( ): 2x + y 2z + 19 = 0 ,
p = 8 .
S: ( ) : 2x + y 2z + 1 = 0
2.
x 1 y 3 z
=
= v im M(0; 2; 0). Vit
1
1
4
phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im M, song song vi ng thng , ng thi khong cch d gia ng
thng v mt phng (P) bng 4.
/s: (P): 4x 8y + z 16 = 0 hoc (P): 2x + 2y z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
HT 95.
a) Vi :
x
y
z 1
= =
; M (0; 3; 2), d = 3 .
1
1
4
S: (P ) : 2x + 2y z 8 = 0 hoc (P ) : 4x 8y + z + 26 = 0 .
x = t
HT 96. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho ng thng (d ) :
y = 1 + 2t v im A(1;2; 3) . Vit phng
z = 1
trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng (d) sao cho khong cch t im A n mt phng (P) bng 3.
/s: (P): 2x y 2z + 1 = 0 .
HT 97.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho cc im M (1;1; 0), N (0; 0; 2), I (1;1;1) . Vit phng trnh mt
3.
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Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz , cho cc im A(1;2; 3) , B(0; 1;2) , C (1;1;1) . Vit phng trnh
S: 6x + 3y + 4z = 0 hoc 6x 3y + 4z = 0 .
HT 100. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz , cho ba im A(1;1; 1) , B(1;1;2) , C (1;2; 2) v mt phng (P):
x 2 y 2 z 3
x 1 y 2 z 1
, d2 :
. Vie t phng trnh ma
t pha ng ca ch e u hai ng tha ng
=
=
=
=
2
1
3
2
1
4
d1, d2 .
d1 :
x = 1 + t
HT 102. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho hai ng tha ng d1, d2 la n lt co phng trnh d1 :
y = 2 t ,
z = 1
x 2 y 1 z + 1
. Vie t phng trnh ma
t pha ng (P) song song vi d1 v d2 , sao cho khong cch t d1
d2 :
=
=
1
2
2
n (P) gp hai ln khong cch t d2 n (P).
/s: (P ) : 2x + 2y + z 3 = 0
HT 103.
hoc (P ) : 2x + 2y + z
17
= 0
3
B(1; 0; 3) va tie p xu c vi ma
t ca u (S): (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = 2 .
/s: (P): x y 1 = 0 hoc (P): 8x 3y 5z + 7 = 0
Dng 4: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n gc
x 1
y
z
v to
=
=
1
1 2
vi mt phng (P) : 2x 2y z + 1 = 0 mt gc 600. Tm ta giao im M ca mt phng () vi trc Oz.
HT 104. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho mt phng () cha ng thng ():
2 2
9
/s: (P ) : 4x + y + z 1 = 0 hoc (P ) : 23x + 5y + 13z 5 = 0 .
cos =
HT 106.
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3
.
6
/s: mp(Q): 4x y + 3z + 15 = 0 hoc (Q): x y 3 = 0 .
cos =
Cu hi tng t:
a) A(0; 0;1), B(1;1; 0) , (P ) (Oxy ), cos =
6
S: (Q): 2x y + z 1 = 0 hoc (Q): x 2y z + 1 = 0 .
HT 107.
x + y + z 3 = 0
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho ng thng d :
. Vit phng trnh mt
2x + y + z 4 = 0
S: (P ) : 2x + y + z 2 2 = 0 hoc (P ) : 2x y z 2 + 2 = 0
HT 108.
x 1 y +1 z 1
=
=
1
1
3
x
y
z
=
= . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha 1 v to vi 2 mt gc = 300 .
1 2 1
/s: (P): 5x + 11y + 2z + 4 = 0 hoc (P): 2x y z 2 = 0 .
v 2 :
Cu hi tng t:
x
y 2 z
x 2 y 3 z + 5
, = 300
=
= , 2 :
=
=
1
1
1
2
1
1
S: (P): x 2y 2z + 2 = 0 hoc (P): x + 2y + z 4 = 0
a) Vi 1 :
S: (P): x y z + 3 = 0
HT 111. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho A(2; 0; 0) M(1; 1; 1). Mt phng (P) thay i qua AM ct cc trc
Ox, Oy ln lt ti B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c) (b > 0, c > 0). Chng minh rng: b + c =
bc
. T , tm b, c din tch tam
2
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6.
/s: (Q ) : x + y + z 2 = 0 .
HT 113.
Trong khng gian to Oxyz , cho cc im A(3; 0; 0), B(1;2;1) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A, B
9
.
2
S: (P ) : x + 2y 2z 3 = 0 .
VIT PHNG TRNH NG THNG
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng bng cch xc nh vect ch phng
x + 1 y 1 z 2
HT 114. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
v mt phng P :
=
=
2
1
3
x y z 1 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(1;1; 2) , song song vi mt phng (P ) v vung gc
vi ng thng d .
x 1 y 1 z + 2
/s: :
=
=
2
5
3
HT 115. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng (d) c phng trnh: { x = t ; y = 1 + 2t ;
z = 2 + t ( t R ) v mt phng (P): 2x y 2z 3 = 0 .Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng nm trn
(P), ct v vung gc vi (d).
x = 1 + t
/s: :
y = 3
z = 1 + t
x 1 y +1
z
. Lp
=
=
2
1
1
x = 4 + 16t
11
/s:: y =
+ 13t .
2
z = 2 + 10t
Cu hi tng t:
x + 1 y 1 z 2
a) Vi d :
, (P ) : x 3y + 2z 5 = 0 .
=
=
2
1
3
x = 1 + 23m
S: :
y = 2 + 29m
z = 5 + 32m
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x = 1 + 6t
/s: d: y = + 2t .
2
z = 1 + 3t
HT 120.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho 3 im A(1;2; 1), B(2;1;1);C (0;1;2) v ng thng
x 1 y +1 z + 2
. Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua trc tm ca tam gic ABC, nm trong mt
=
=
2
1
2
phng (ABC) v vung gc vi ng thng d.
x 2 y 1 z 1
/s: :
=
=
12
2
11
d:
x + 3 y 1 z + 1
.
=
=
2
1
4
S: :
x +1 y
z 3
= =
3
2
1
x +1 y 2 z 2
v mt phng (P): x + 3y +
=
=
3
2
2
2z + 2 = 0. Lp phng trnh ng thng song song vi mt phng (P), i qua M(2; 2; 4) v ct ng thng (d).
HT 122.
/s::
x 2 y 2 z 4
=
=
9
7
6
Cu hi tng t:
a) d :
x
y 1 z 2
, (P ) : x + 3y + 2z + 2 = 0 , M (2;2; 4) .
=
=
1
2
1
S: :
x 1 y 3 z 3
=
=
1
1
1
b) d :
x 2 y
z +2
, (P ) : 2x + y z + 1 = 0 , M (1;2; 1) .
= =
1
3
2
S: :
x 1 y 2 z + 1
=
=
2
9
5
c)
x 2 y + 4 z 1
x 3 y +2 z +4
, (P ) : 3x 2y 3z 2 = 0 , M (3; 2; 4) . S: :
=
=
=
=
3
2
2
5
6
9
HT 123.
x = 6 + t
: y = 1 + 7t
z = 9 + 11t
HT 124. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 mt phng (P), (Q) v ng thng (d) ln lt c phng trnh:
x 1 y
z 1
. Lp phng trnh ng thng nm trong
(P ) : x 2y + z = 0, (Q ) : x 3y + 3z + 1 = 0, (d ) :
= =
2
1
1
(P) song song vi mt phng (Q) v ct ng thng (d).
171
/s: EF =
14
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x + 3 y +2 z +1
.
=
=
3
2
1
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 3 im A(1;2; 1), B(2;1;1),C (0;1;2) v ng thng
x 1 y +1 z + 2
. Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua trc tm ca tam gic ABC, nm trong mt
=
=
2
1
2
phng (ABC) v vung gc vi ng thng (d).
(d ) :
/s: :
x 2 y 1 z 1
.
=
=
12
2
11
x
y 2 z
=
= , mt phng
1
2
2
(P ) : x y + z 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ca ng thng d i qua im A , nm trong ( P) v hp vi ng thng
HT 126.
mt gc 450 .
x = 3 + t
x = 3 + 7t
/s: d: y = 1 t Hoc d :
y = 1 8t .
z = 1
z = 1 15t
x 3 y +2 z +1
v mt phng (P):
=
=
2
1
1
x + y + z + 2 = 0 . Gi M l giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng nm trong mt phng (P),
HT 127.
x 1
y
z
x
y
z +1
. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) nm trong mt phng ( ) v ct ();
=
= , ():
= =
1
1 1
1
1
3
6
.
2
x = 0
x = t
/s: d :
hoc d :
y = t
y = t .
z
=
1
+
t
z = 1
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n hai ng thng khc
HT 129.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca hai ng thng:
x = 3 + 7t
x 7 y 3 z 9
v 2 :
1 :
=
=
y = 1 2t .
1
2
1
z = 1 3t
/s:
HT 130.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im M (4; 5; 3) v ct c
2x + 3y + 11 = 0
x 2 y +1 z 1
hai ng thng: d1 :
v d2 :
.
=
=
y 2z + 7 = 0
2
3
5
x = 4 + 3t
/s: d :
y = 5 + 2t
z = 3 t
Cu hi tng t:
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x
y 2
z
a) M(1;5;0), d1 : =
,d
=
1
3
3 2
x = t
: y = 4 t
.
z = 1 + 2t
S:
x = 3 + 2t
x 2 y +1 z + 3
x 3 y 7
z 1
b) M(3; 10; 1) , d1 :
, d2 :
S: d :
=
=
=
=
y = 10 10t
3
1
2
1
2
1
z = 1 2t
HT 131.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng 1, 2 v mt phng ( ) c phng trnh l
x = 2 + t
x 1 y +1 z + 2
1 : y = 5 + 3t , 2 :
=
=
, () : x y + z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua
1
1
2
z = t
x = 1 + 3u
/s: y = 2
.
z = 1 + 5u
x = 1 + t
z = 1 + 2t
/s: d3 : {x = 2; y = 3; z = 1 + 2t
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 4x 3y + 11z = 0 v hai ng thng d1:
x
=
1
y 3
z +1 x 4
y
z 3
=
,
=
=
. Chng minh rng d1 v d2 cho nhau. Vit phng trnh ng thng nm
2
3
1
1
2
trn (P), ng thi ct c d1 v d2.
x +2 y 7
z 5
/s::
.
=
=
5
8
4
HT 134.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai mt phng v hai ng thng c phng trnh (P):
x + 5 y 3 z +1
x 3 y +1 z 2
3x + 12y 3z 5 = 0 v (Q): 3x 4y + 9z + 7 = 0 , (d1):
, (d2):
.
=
=
=
=
2
4
3
2
3
4
Vit phng trnh ng thng () song song vi hai mt phng (P), (Q) v ct (d1), (d2).
25x + 32y + 26z + 55 = 0
/s: () :
4y 3z + 10 = 0
HT 135.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2x y + 2z 3 = 0 v hai ng thng (d1), (d2)
ln lt c phng trnh
x 4 y 1
z
x +3 y +5 z 7
v
. Vit phng trnh ng thng ( )
=
=
=
=
2
2
1
2
3
2
d1 :
x 1 y + 2 z 3
x +1 y 1 z 2
, d2 :
. Vit phng trnh ng thng song song vi (P), vung
=
=
=
=
2
1
3
2
3
2
gc vi d1 v ct d2 ti im E c honh bng 3.
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x = 3 + t
/s::
y = 1 + t; .
z = 6 t
HT 137.
x + 8 y 6 z 10
=
=
2
1
1
x = t
(d2 ) : y = 2 t
. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi trc Ox v ct (d1) ti A, ct (d2) ti B. Tnh
z = 4 + 2t
AB.
x = 52 + t
/s d:
.
y = 16
z = 32
x = 23 + 8t
x 3 y +2 z
HT 138. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng: (d1):
=
= .
y = 10 + 4t v (d2):
2
2
1
z = t
Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi trc Oz v ct c hai ng thng (d1), (d2).
x = 1
4
/s AB: y =
17
z =
+t
6
HT 139. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(2,0,0); B(0,4,0); C(2,4,6) v ng thng (d):
6x 3y + 2z = 0
6x + 3y + 2z 24 = 0
6x + 3y + 2z 12 = 0
/s :
3x 3y + z = 0
HT 140. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho bn im A(4;5;6); B(0;0;1); C(0;2;0); D(3;0;0). Chng minh
cc ng thng AB v CD cho nhau. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi mt phng Oxy v ct cc
ng thng AB, CD.
x = 1 2t
HT 141. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng c phng trnh: d1 :
v
y = t
z = 1 + t
x
y
z
d2 :
= = . Xt v tr tng i ca d1 v d2. Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua M trng vi gc to O,
1
1
2
ct d1 v vung gc vi d2.
x = t
/s d :
y = t
z = 0
Cu hi tng t:
x = 2 + 2t
x +2 y
z 1
a) Vi M (1;1;1) , (d1 ) :
, (d2 ) :
.
= =
y = 5t
3
1
2
z = 2 + t
S: d :
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=
=
3
1
1
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x = t
(d1) : y = 4 + t v (d2)
z = 6 + 2t
x = t '
:
y = 3t ' 6 . Gi K l hnh chiu vung gc ca im I(1; 1; 1) trn (d2). Tm phng trnh tham s ca ng
z = t ' 1
x = 18 + 44
11
12
/s (d ):
y = 30
11
7
z =
7
11
HT 143. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im M(0;1;1) v 2 ng thng (d1), (d2) vi: (d1):
x 1 y + 2 z
=
= ; (d2) l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P): x + 1 = 0 v (Q): x + y z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng
3
2
1
trnh ng thng (d) qua M vung gc (d1) v ct (d2).
x
y 1 z 1
/s AM:
.
=
=
3
2
5
HT 144.
x 1 y 1 z 1
x 1 y 2 z
, (d ') :
=
=
=
= . Vit phng trnh ng thng () nm trong mt phng
1
3
2
2
1
1
(P), vung gc vi ng thng (d) v ct ng thng (d').
x 1 y 2 z
/s :
=
=
8
2
7
(d ) :
HT 145.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2x y + z 1 = 0 v hai ng thng (d1):
x 1 y + 2 z 3
x + 1 y 1 z 2
, (d2):
. Vit phng trnh ng thng () song song vi mt phng
=
=
=
=
2
1
3
2
3
2
(P), vung gc vi ng thng (d1) v ct ng thng (d2) ti im E c honh bng 3.
x = 3 + t
/s ():
y = 7 + t .
z = 6 t
HT 146. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(0; 0;3), B(2; 0;1) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh:
3x 8y + 7z + 1 = 0 . Vit phng trnh chnh tc ng thng d nm trn mt phng (P) v d vung gc vi AB
ti giao im ca ng thng AB vi (P).
x 2
y
z 1
/s: d:
=
=
2
1
2
HT 147.
x + 1 y 1 z 1
;
=
=
2
1
1
d 2:
x 1 y 2 z + 1
v mt phng (P): x y 2z + 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng nm trn mt
=
=
1
1
2
phng (P) v ct hai ng thng d1 , d2 .
x 1 y
z 2
/s: :
.
= =
1
3
1
HT 148. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi mt phng (P):
x = 1 + t
x 1 y +1 z
x + y + z 1 = 0 ng thi ct c hai ng thng (d1 ) :
, vi t R .
=
= v (d2 ) :
y = 1
2
1
1
z
=
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1
3
2
=y+ =z +
5
5
5
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (P): 2x + y + 5z + 3 = 0 , (d1 ) :
x 1 y +1 z
x 2 y
z 1
=
= , (d2 ) :
= =
2
1
2
1
1
2
S: d :
b) Vi (P ) : 2x y 5z + 1 = 0 , d1 :
x +1 y 1 z 2
x 2 y +2
z
, d2 :
=
=
=
=
2
3
1
1
5
2
S:
HT 149.
x +1 y +2 z +2
=
=
2
1
5
x 1 y 4 z 3
=
=
2
1
5
(R): x + 2y 3z + 1 = 0 v ng thng 1 :
x 2 y +1 z
=
= . Gi 2 l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q). Vit phng
2
1
3
/s: d:
x = t
HT 150. Trong kho ng gian vi he to
a o Oxyz, cho ba ng thng c phng trnh d1 :
y = 4 t ,
z = 1 + 2t
x
y 2
z
x +1 y 1 z +1
, d :
. Vit phng trnh ng thng , bit ct ba ng thng
d2 : =
=
=
=
1
3
3 3
5
2
1
d1, d2 , d3 ln lt ti cc im A, B, C sao cho AB = BC .
x
y 2 z
/s: : =
=
1
1
1
Dng 4: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n khong cch
x = 2 + 4t
HT 151. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho ng thng (d):
v mt phng (P):
y = 3 + 2t
z = 3 + t
x + y + 2z + 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng () nm trong (P), song song vi (d) v cch (d) mt khong
l 14 .
/s: (1 ) :
HT 152.
x 1 y 6 z + 5
x 3 y
z +1
hoc (2 ) :
=
=
= =
4
2
1
4
2
1
to
x 2 y 1 z 1
. Gi I l giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ca ng thng nm trong (P), vung
=
=
1
1
3
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a) (P ) : x + y + z + 2 = 0 , d :
x 3 y +2 z +1
, h = 42 .
=
=
2
1
1
S: :
HT 153.
x +1 y 1 z 3
. Vit
=
=
1
7
1
mt khong bng 2.
x = 19 + 2t
11
45
/s: : y = + t hoc :
11
z = 41 2t
11
d:
x 5 y +2 z +5
x +3 y + 4 z 5
; :
=
=
=
=
2
3
1
2
3
1
to
x = 7 + 2t
11
39
y =
+t
11
z = 29 2t
11
HT 154.
thng mt gc 450 .
x = 3 + t
/s: d:
y = 1 t hocd:
z = 1
x = 3 + 7t
y = 1 8t .
z = 1 15t
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng nm trong mt phng
x = 1 + t
x = 3 t
; d2 : y = 1 + t v to vi d1 mt gc 300.
(P ) : x + y z + 1 = 0 , ct cc ng thng d1 : y = t
z = 2 + 2t
z = 1 2t
x = 5 + t
x = 5
/s: d:
y = 1 hoc d: y = 1 + t
z = 5 + t
z = 5 + t
HT 155.
HT 156.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh chp A.OBC, trong A(1; 2; 4), B thuc trc Ox v c honh
dng, C thuc Oy v c tung dng. Mt phng (ABC) vung gc vi mt phng (OBC), tan OBC = 2 . Vit
phng trnh tham s ca ng thng BC.
x = 2 + t
/s: BC:
y = 2t .
z = 0
HT 157.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(2; 1;1), B(0;1; 2) v ng thng
x
y 3 z +1
. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua giao im ca ng thng d vi mt phng
=
=
1
1
2
5
(OAB), nm trong mt phng (OAB) v hp vi ng thng d mt gc sao cho cos = .
6
x + 10 y 13 z + 21
x + 10 y 13 z + 21
/s: :
hoc :
=
=
=
=
2
5
11
6
1
1
d:
HT 158.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im A(0;1; 2) , vung gc
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x + 3 y 2 z
=
= v to vi mt phng (P): 2x + y z + 5 = 0 mt gc = 300 .
1
1
1
x = t
=t
= 1 + t hoc
: y = 1 t .
= 2
z = 2 2t
vi ng thng d :
/s: :
y
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ABC vi ta nh C(3; 2; 3) v phng trnh ng cao AH,
x 2 y 3 z 3
x 1 y 4 z 3
phng trnh ng phn gic trong BD ln lt l: d1 :
, d2 :
. Lp
=
=
=
=
1
1
2
1
2
1
phng trnh ng thng cha cnh BC ca ABC v tnh din tch ca ABC .
Gi mp(P) qua C v vung gc vi AH (P ) d1 (P ) : x + y 2z + 1 = 0
2
z = 3 2t
HT 160.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ABC vi A(1; 1;1) v hai ng trung tuyn ln lt c
x = 1 t
x
y 1 z 2
phng trnh l d1 : =
, d2 :
. Vit phng trnh ng phn gic trong ca gc A.
=
y = 0
2
3
2
z = 1 + t
x 1
y +1
z 1
/s: AD l:
.
=
=
1
1
2+ 6
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d1 : y = t v d2 : y = t
. Chng minh d1, d2 cho nhau. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c ng knh l on
z = 4
z = 0
x = 2 2t
2
2
2
11
13
1
5
x 2 y 1 z
a) d1 :
y
3
.
S:
(
S
)
:
x
+
y
+
z
+
=
=
= , d2 :
1
1
2
6
6
3
6
z = t
x 2 y 1 z
x 2 y + 4 z 2
b) (d1 ) :
=
= ,(d2 ) :
=
=
1
2
2
1
6
2
2
5
9
S: (S ) : (x 2) + y + (z 3)2 =
2
4
2
HT 163.
x 4 y 1 z + 5
=
=
3
1
2
x 2 y + 3 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh mt cu c bn knh nh nht tip xc vi c hai ng thng d1 v d2 .
1
3
1
Mt cu nhn on vung gc chung ca hai ng thng l ng knh.
d2 :
Cu hi tng t:
x = 2t
x = 3 t
a) d1 :
.
y = t , d2 : y = t
z = 4
z = 0
HT 164.
HT 165. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im A(1; 2; 3) v ng thng d c phng trnh
x +1 y 2 z + 3
. Tnh khong cch t im A n ng thng d. Vit phng trnh mt cu tm A, tip xc
=
=
2
1
1
vi d.
/s: (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z 3)2 = 50
x +5 y 7
z
v im M (4;1; 6) . ng
=
=
2
2
1
thng d ct mt cu (S), c tm M, ti hai im A, B sao cho AB = 6 . Vit phng trnh ca mt cu (S).
HT 166.
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v mt cu
/s: (S ) : (x + 3) + y 2 + z 2 = 25 .
HT 168. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, lp phng trnh mt cu (S) bit rng mt phng Oxy v mt phng
(P): z = 2 ln lt ct (S) theo hai ng trn c bn knh bng 2 v 8.
/s: (S): (x a )2 + (y b)2 + (z 16)2 = 260 (a, b R).
HT 169.
x
y +1 z 2
. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I thuc d, I cch (P) mt khong bng 2 v (P) ct (S)
=
=
1
2
1
theo mt ng trn (C) c bn knh bng 3.
2
2
2
1
2
13
/s: (S): x + + y + + z = 13 hoc
6
3
6
2
2
2
11
14
1
(S): x + y + + z = 13
6
3
6
HT 170.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 im A(0; 0; 4), B(2; 0; 0) v mt phng (P): 2x + y z + 5 = 0 .
6
/s: (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x 4z = 0 hoc (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 20y 4z = 0
HT 171.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(1; 3; 4), B(1;2; 3),C (6; 1;1) v mt phng
HT 172.
S'=
85
(vdt)
6
x 1 y + 1 z
v mt phng (P):
=
=
3
1
1
x 1 y + 2 z
=
= v mt phng (P): 2x + y 2z + 2 = 0 . Lp
1
1
1
phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm nm trn d, tip xc vi mt phng (P) v i qua im A(2; 1; 0).
HT 173.
20
19
7
121
hoc (S ) : x + y + + z =
.
13
13
13
169
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a) d : x = 2 + t ; y = 1 + 2t ; z = 1 t , (P ) : x + 2y 2z + 5 = 0 , (Q ) : x + 2y 2z 13 = 0 .
2
2
2
16
11
5
S: (S ) : x + y + z = 9
7
7
7
HT 176.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x 2y 2z + 10 = 0 , hai ng thng (1):
x 2 y
z 1
x 2 y
z +3
, (2):
. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm thuc (1), tip xc vi (2)
= =
= =
1
1
1
1
1
4
v mt phng (P).
2
2
2
11
7
5
81
/s: (S): x + y + z + =
. Hoc (S): (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z 2)2 = 9 .
2
2
2
4
6 18 4 18
/s: M 2;
;
.
2
2
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(4; 0; 0) , B(0; 0; 4) , (P): 2x y + 2z 4 = 0 .
S:
HT 178. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(0; 0;3) v B(2; 0;1). Tm to im M thuc mt
phng (P): 3x y z + 1 = 0 MAB l tam gic u.
2 10 1
/s: M ; ;
3 3
6
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1;1; 3), B(3;1; 1),(P ) : 3x 8y + 7 z + 4 = 0 .
2 6
6
2 6
2 6
6
2 6
S: C 2 +
;1
; 2
;1 +
; 2 +
hoc C 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
b) Vi A(1;2; 3), B(1; 4;2),(P ) : x y + z + 1 = 0 .
1 3 5 11 3 5 3
1 + 3 5 11 + 3 5 3
S: C
;
; hoc C
;
;
4
4
2
4
4
2
HT 179.
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C (7 ; 3; 3) .
HT 180. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(0; 1; 2), B(2; 2; 1), C(2; 0; 1). Vit phng trnh mt
phng (ABC) v tm im M thuc mt phng (P): 2x + 2y + z 3 = 0 sao cho MA = MB = MC .
/s: M (2; 3; 7)
HT 181.
v mt phng
Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho cc im A(0;1;2), B(1;1; 0) v mt phng (P): x y + z = 0
1 10 4 + 10 2 10
M 4 + 10 ; 2 + 10 ; 2 + 10
M
;
;
3
6
6
3
6
6
x 1
y +2
z 3
. Tm im M trn d th tch t din MABC bng 3.
=
=
2
1
2
3
15 9
3 1
11
/s: M ; ; hoc M ; ; .
2
2 4
4 2
2
d:
HT 186.
x 1 y
z 3
. Tm trn d
= =
1
1
1
2 2
2
2
2
2
/s: A 2 +
;
;3 +
;
;3
, B 2
.
3 3
3
3
3
3
Cu hi tng t:
x = t
a) Vi M (1; 0; 1) , d :
y = 2t .
z = 1
5 + 76 10 + 2 76 1 76 2 2 76
S: A
;
;1 , B
;
;1
15
15
15
15
5 76 10 2 76 1 + 76 2 + 2 76
hoc A
;
;1, B
;
;1
15
15
15
15
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x = 1 t
HT 187. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im A(0; 1; 3) v ng thng d: y = 2 + 2t . Tm trn d hai
z = 3
6 + 3 8 2 3
Vy: B
;
; 3 v C
;
; 3
5
5
5
6 3 8 + 2 3
6 + 3 8 2 3
hoc B
;
; 3 v C
;
; 3
5
5
5
HT 188.
x 1 y
z +2
v mt
= =
1
2
2
phng (P) : 2x y 2z = 0 .
/s: A(3; 0; 0).
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x 2y + 2z 1 = 0 v hai ng thng 1 :
HT 189.
x +1 y
z +9
x 1 y 3 z +1
; 2 :
. Xc nh ta im M thuc ng thng 1 sao cho khong
= =
=
=
1
1
6
2
1
2
cch t M n ng thng 2 v khong cch t M n mt phng (P) bng nhau.
18 53 3
/s: M (0; 1; 3) hay M ; ; .
35 35 35
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (P): 2x + y + 2z 1 = 0 , 1 :
x 3 y 5
z
x 1 2 y
z 3
, 2 :
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
4
1
1
1 :
x 1
y
z +2
=
=
2
1
1
x +1 y 1 z 3
. ng vung gc chung ca 1 v 2 ct 1 ti A, ct 2 ti B. Tnh din tch
=
=
1
7
1
OAB.
2 :
/s: SOAB =
HT 191.
d1 :
6
1
.
OA,OB =
2
2
y 3
3
z
2
d2 :
x 5
6
y
4
z +5
5
x 2y + 2z 1 = 0
v cc ng thng
khong bng 2.
/s: N1(1;4;0). N2(5;0;5).
HT 192.
d1 :
x 1 y 3
z
x 5 y z +5
,d :
. Tm ca c ie{ m
=
=
= =
2
1
2 2
3
4
2
2x y + 2z 1 = 0
A d1 , B d 2
va ca c ng tha ng
mo
t khoa ng ba~ ng 1.
/s:
HT 193.
8 11
4 17
hoc A(3; 4; 2), B 4;
A(9; 2;10), B 7; ;
;
3 3
3
3
x +1 y
z 1
x
y
z
v d2 : = = . Tm
= =
2
1
1
1
1
2
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cc im M thuc d1 , N thuc d2 sao cho ng thng MN song song vi mt phng (P): x y + z + 2012 = 0 v
di on MN bng 2 .
3 2 5
/s: M (0; 0; 0), N ; ; .
7 7 7
HT 194.
x
y + 2 z 1
=
=
1
1
1
v cc im
A(1; 0; 0), B(0;1;1),C (0; 0;2) . Tm im M thuc d sao cho gc gia hai mt phng (MAB) v (CAB) bng = 300 .
S: M (0; 2;1) .
x = 1 + t
HT 195. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng c phng trnh: (1 ) : y = 1 t v
z = 2
x 3 y 1 z
=
= . Xc nh im A trn 1 v im B trn 2 sao cho on AB c di nh nht.
(2 ) :
1
2
1
/s: A( 1; 1; 2), B(3; 1; 0).
x = 2 + 4t
HT 196. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 1; 2), B(3; 4; 2) v ng thng d :
.
y = 6t
z = 1 8t
x 2
y
z +1
.
=
=
4
6
8
x 2
y
z 4
.
=
=
3
2
2
64
9
45
S: I ; ; .
29 29 29
S: I (2; 0; 4) .
HT 197. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 5; 0), B(3; 3; 6) v ng thng :
x +1 y 1 z
=
= . Tm to im M trn sao cho MAB c din tch nh nht.
2
1
2
/s: Min S =
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(0;1; 0), B(2;2;2) , :
3 2
x 1
y +2
z 3
. S: M (3; 0; 1) , min S =
=
=
2
1
2
2
x
y 3 z +1
.
=
=
1
1
2
x 1 y 2 z 1
.
=
=
1
1
2
x + y z 1 = 0
d) Vi A(2; 1;1), B(1; 1; 0), :
.
2x y 1 = 0
34
2
1 2
3
S: M ; ; .
6 3 2
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x 1 y 2 z
=
= .
1
1
2
12 5 38
S: M ; ; .
7 7 7
x 3 y
z +1
x 2 y +2 z
, (d2):
= =
=
= .
1
1
2
1
2
1
Mt ng thng () i qua im A(1; 2; 3), ct ng thng (d1) ti im B v ct ng thng (d2) ti im C.
Chng minh rng im B l trung im ca on thng AC.
/s: B(2; 1; 1), C(3; 4; 1).
Dng 3: Xc nh im thuc mt cu
HT 199. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x 6y + m = 0 v ng thng (d)
l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P): 2x 2y z + 1 = 0 , (Q): x + 2y 2z 4 = 0 v . Tm m (S) ct (d) ti 2 im
M, N sao cho di MN = 8.
/s: m = 12.
HT 200.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh l
2
(S ) : x + y 2 + z 2 4x + 2y 6z + 5 = 0, (P ) : 2x + 2y z + 16 = 0 . im M di ng trn (S) v im N di ng
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 4x 4y + 2z = 0 ; (P ) : 2x + y 2z + 4 = 0 .
2 1 5
S: M (2 2 2;2 2; 1 + 2 2) , N ;
;
3 3 3
HT 202.
Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho im A(0;1;1), B(1; 0; 3),C (1; 2; 3) v mt cu (S) c phng trnh:
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HT 205. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz , cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC, bit A(3; 0; 0), B(0; 3; 0), C (0; 0; 3) .
Tm to nh S bit th tch khi chp S.ABC bng 36.
/s: S (9; 9; 9) hoc S (7; 7; 7) .
Dng 5: Xc nh im trong a gic
HT 206. Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz, cho ba im A(1;0;0), B(0;2;0), C(0;0;3). Tm to trc tm ca
tam gic ABC.
36 18 12
/s: H ; ;
49 49 49
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(3;0;0), B(0;1;4), C(1;2;2).
S:
HT 207. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(1; 3; 5) , B(4; 3;2) , C (0;2;1) . Tm ta tm ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
5 8 8
/s: I ; ; .
3 3 3
HT 208. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(1; 0; 1), B(1; 2; 1), C(1; 2; 3). Tm ta tm v bn
knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
/s: I (0; 2; 1).
Bn knh l R = 5.
HT 209. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(2; 3;1) , B(1;2; 0) , C (1;1; 2) . Tm ta trc tm
H v tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
2 29
1 14 61 1
/s: H ; ; I ; ;
15 15
3 15 30 3
HT 210.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(1; 0;1), B(1;2; 1),C (1;2; 3) v I l tm ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I v tip xc vi mt phng (Oxz).
(S): x 2 + (y 2)2 + (z 1)2 = 4
/s:
HT 211.
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(3; 2; 3) v hai ng thng c phng trnh d1 :
x 2 y 3 z 3
=
=
1
1
2
x 1 y 4 z 3
. Chng minh ng thng d1, d2 v im A cng nm trong mt mt phng. Xc
=
=
1
2
1
nh to cc nh B v C ca tam gic ABC bit d1 cha ng cao BH v d2 cha ng trung tuyn CM ca tam
gic ABC.
/s: B(1;2; 5) ; C(1;4;2)
d2 :
HT 212.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cho tam gic ABC c A(3;2;3), ng cao CH, ng phn gic
x 2 y 3 z 3
x 1 y 4 z 3
trong BM ca gc B ln lt c phng trnh l d1 :
, d2 :
. Tnh
=
=
=
=
1
1
2
1
2
1
di cc cnh ca tam gic ca tam gic ABC.
/s: AB = AC = BC = 2 2
HT 213. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hnh thang cn ABCD vi A (3; 1; 2) , B (1;5;1) , C (2; 3; 3) , trong
AB l y ln, CD l y nh. Tm to im D.
164
51 48
/s: D
; ;
49
49 49
HT 214.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hnh thoi ABCD vi A(1;2;1) , B(2; 3;2) . Tm ta cc nh C, D
v vit phng trnh mt phng cha hnh thoi bit rng tm I ca hnh thoi thuc ng thng
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x +1
y
z 2
v im D c honh m.
=
=
1
1
1
/s: (P ) : x + y 4z + 3 = 0 ..
d:
HT 215.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung, A(1; 0; 0) , C (1;2; 0)
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz , cho hnh vung MNPQ c M (5; 3; 1) , P (2; 3; 4) . Tm to nh
HT 217. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh vung ABCD, bit B(3; 0; 8) , D(5; 4; 0) v nh A thuc mt
phng (Oxy). Tm ta im C.
27 6
/s:
C(3;6; 8)
C
;
; 8 .
5
5
HT 218. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh vung ABCD, bit A(1;2; 0),C (2; 3; 4) . v nh B nm trn
mt phng (Q): x + 2y + z 3 = 0 . Tm to ca nh D, bit to ca B l nhng s nguyn.
/s: B(1;1;2) . Vy D(4; 4; 6) .
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x 1 y
z 1
. Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, song song vi d v khong cch t d ti (P) l ln
= =
2
1
3
nht.
/s: (P): 7x + y 5z 77 = 0 .
HT 221.
I(2;0;2) l hnh
chiu vung gc ca A trn (d). Vit phng trnh ca mt phng cha v c khong cch n (d) l ln nht.
/s: (P ) : 2x z 9 = 0 .
x 1 y
z 2
v im A(2; 5; 3) . Vit
= =
2
1
2
phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d sao cho khong cch t A n (P) l ln nht.
HT 222.
x 1 y + 1 z 2
=
=
, A(5;1; 6) .
2
1
5
S: (P ) : 2x + y z + 1 = 0
b) d :
x 1 y + 2 z
=
= , A(1; 4;2) .
1
1
2
S: (P ) : 5x + 13y 4z + 21 = 0
HT 223. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho hai im M (0; 1;2) v N (1;1; 3) . Vit phng trnh mt phng
(P) i qua M, N sao cho khong cch t im K (0; 0;2) n mt phng (P) l ln nht.
/s: (P): x + y z + 3 = 0 .
HT 224.
x +1 y +1 z 3
. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d v to vi mt phng (Q) mt gc
d:
=
=
2
1
1
nh nht.
/s: (P): y z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (Q): x + 2y + 2z 3 = 0 , d :
b) Vi (Q ) (Oxy ), d :
x 1 y + 2
z
.
=
=
1
2
1
x 1 y + 2 z
=
= .
1
1
2
S: (P ) : x y + z 3 = 0 .
x = t
c) Vi (Q ) : 2x y z 2 = 0 , d :
y = 1 + 2t .
z = 2 + t
HT 225.
S: (P ) : x + 2y + 5z +3 = 0 .
S: (P ) : x + y + z 3 = 0 .
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S: (P ) : y z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) M (1;2; 1), N (1;1;2),(Q ) (Oxy ) .
S: (P ) : 6x + 3y + 5z 7 = 0 .
x = 1 t
z = 2t
x 1 y + 2
z
=
=
1
2
1
x + 2 y 1 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d1 sao cho gc gia mt phng (P) v ng thng
2
1
2
d2 l ln nht.
/s: (P) : 7x y + 5z 9 = 0 .
x +1 y 2 z +1
v im A(2; 1; 0) . Vit
=
=
1
1
1
phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A, song song vi d v to vi mt phng (Oxy) mt gc nh nht.
S: (P ) : x + y + 2z 1 = 0 .
HT 228.
HT 229. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho mt phng (Q): 2x y + z + 2 = 0 v im A(1;1; 1) . Vit
phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im A, vung gc vi mt phng (Q) v to vi trc Oy mt gc ln nht.
S: (P ) : y + z = 0 hoc (P ) : 2x + 5y + z 6 = 0 .
HT 230. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im M (9;1;1) , ct cc tia
Ox, Oy, Oz ti A, B, C sao cho th tch t din OABC c gi tr nh nht.
x
y z
/s: (P):
+ + =1.
27 3 3
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi M (1;2; 4) .
HT 231.
S: (P ) :
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im M (1;2; 3) , ct cc tia
S: (P ) : x + 2y + 3z 14 = 0 .
HT 232.
x y
z
+ +
=1
3 6 12
1
2
OA
1
OB
1
OC 2
c gi tr nh nht.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im M (2; 5; 3) , ct cc tia
Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A, vung gc vi d sao cho khong cch t B ti l nh nht.
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x 1 y 1 z + 2
.
=
=
2
5
8
x +1 y
z +1
v hai im A(1;2; 1),
= =
2
3
1
B(3; 1; 5) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im A v ct ng thng sao cho khong cch t B n
ng thng d l ln nht.
HT 234.
/s: d :
x 1 y 2 z +1
.
=
=
1
2
1
HT 235. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 5; 0), B(3; 3; 6) v ng thng :
x +1 y 1 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im B v ct ng thng ti im C sao cho din
2
1
2
tch tam gic ABC c gi tr nh nht.
x 3 y 3 z 6
/s:Min S = 198 ; C(1; 0; 2) ;BC:
.
=
=
2
3
4
HT 236.
x + 3 y +1 z 3
v im A(2; 3; 4) . Vit phng trnh ng thng nm trn (P), i qua giao im
=
=
2
1
1
ca d v (P), ng thi vung gc vi d. Tm im M trn sao cho khong cch AM ngn nht.
7 4 16
/s: M ; ; .
3 3 3
d:
Cu hi tng t:
x = 1 t
a) (P ) : 2x + y 2z + 9 = 0 , d :
y = 3 + 2t .
z = 3 + t
HT 237.
(d1 ) :
x = t
S: :
y = 1
z = 4 + t
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai ng thng (d1 ),(d2 ) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh:
x +1 y +2 z
x 2 y 1 z 1
; (P ) : x + y 2z + 5 = 0 . Lp phng trnh ng thng
=
= , (d2 ) :
=
=
1
2
1
2
1
1
(d) song song vi mt phng (P) v ct (d1 ),(d2 ) ln lt ti A, B sao cho di on AB nh nht.
/s: d :
HT 238.
x 1 y 2 z 2
.
=
=
1
1
1
B(0; 2; 3) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d nm trong (P) i qua A v cch B mt khong ln nht (nh nht).
/s:
x = 1 + t
a) min(d (B, d )) = 6 . d:
b) max(d (B, d )) = 14 . d:
y = 0
z = t
HT 239.
x = 1 + t
y = t
z = t
B(1; 1; 3) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A, song song vi (P) v cch B mt khong nh nht.
S: d :
x +3
y
z 1
.
=
=
26
11
2
x +1 y
z 2
, hai im A(0; 1;2) ,
= =
2
1
1
B(2;1;1) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A v ct ng thng sao cho khong cch t B n d l ln
nht (nh nht).
HT 240.
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x = 3t
1
/s: a) min(d (B, d )) =
d:
y = 1 + 3t
11
z = 2 2t
x = t
b) max(d (B, d )) = 18 d: y = 1 + t
z = 2 t
Cu hi tng t:
x + y + z 1 = 0
a) :
, A(2;1; 1), B(1;2; 0) .
x y + z 1 = 0
x + 1 = 0
S: dm ax :
;d
y + z 2 = 0 min
b) :
x 1 y + 2 z 1
=
=
, A(3; 2;1), B(2;1; 1) .
1
2
1
S: dm ax :
c) :
x + 2y 3 = 0
:
y z 2 = 0
x 3 y + 2 z 1
x 3 y + 20 z 1
; dmin :
.
=
=
=
=
19
3
5
5
20
7
x 1 y + 2 z
=
= , A(1; 4;2), B(1;2; 4) .
1
1
2
S: dm ax :
x 1 y 4 z 2
x 1 y 4 z 2
; dmin :
=
=
=
=
1
4
3
15
18
19
x 1 y 2 z
=
= , hai im A(1;1; 0), B(2;1;1) .
2
1
1
Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A v vung gc vi d, sao cho khong cch t B n l ln nht.
x = 1 + t
/s: :
y = 1 t
z = t
HT 242. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A(0; 1;2) , ct ng thng
x +1 y
z 2
x 5
y
z
sao cho khong cch gia d v ng thng 2 :
= =
=
= l ln nht.
2
1
1
2
2 1
x = 29t
/s: d:
y = 1 41t
z = 2 + 4t
1 :
Cu hi tng t:
a) A(2; 1;2), 1 :
x 1 y + 1 z 1
, 2
=
=
2
1
1
x + 2y z + 1 = 0
:
.
x y + z + 1 = 0
S: d :
x 2 y +1 z 2
.
=
=
41
68
27
HT 243. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A(1; 1;2) , song song vi mt
x + y + z 3 = 0
phng (P ) : x + y z + 1 = 0 sao cho khong cch gia d v ng thng :
l ln nht.
2x y + z 2 = 0
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x = 1
S: y = 1 + t .
z = 2 + t
HT 244. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A(1; 1;2) , song song vi mt
phng (P ) : 2x y z + 3 = 0 , ng thi to vi ng thng :
x +1 y 1 z
mt gc ln nht (nh
=
=
1
2
2
nht).
/s: a) min(cos ) = 0 d :
b) max(cos ) =
x 1 y + 1 z 2
=
=
4
5
3
5 3
x 1 y + 1 z 2
d:
=
=
9
1
5
7
HT 245. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A(1; 0; 1) , ct ng thng
1 :
x 1 y 2 z + 2
x 3 y 2 z + 3
sao cho gc gia d v ng thng 2 :
l ln nht (nh nht).
=
=
=
=
2
1
1
1
2
2
/s:
a) min(cos ) = 0 d :
b) max(cos ) =
x +1 y
z +1
= =
2
2
1
2 5
x +1 y
z +1
d:
= =
5
4
5
2
HT 246. Trong khng gian Oxyz cho hai im A(1; 3; 2), B(3; 7; 18) v mt phng (P): 2x y + z + 1 = 0 . Tm ta
im M (P) sao cho MA + MB nh nht.
/s: M (2;2; 3) .
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(0; 1;2), B(1;1; 3) , (P ) (Oxy ) .
2 1
S: M ; ; 0
5 5
b) Vi A(1; 0; 0) , B(1;2; 0) , (P ) : x + y + z 4 = 0
S:
13
4
S: M ;1; .
5
5
HT 247. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(1;5;0), B(3;3;6) v ng thng c phng trnh
tham s x = 1 + 2t ; y = 1 t ; z = 2t . Mt im M thay i trn ng thng , xc nh v tr ca im M
31 5 31
S: M ; ; .
7
7 7
Cu hi tng t:
a) (P ) : x + y + z 4 = 0 , A(1;2;1) , B(0;1;2) .
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S:
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7 11
S: M ; ;1
2 2
b) .
S: M O(0; 0; 0).
50 192 75
; .
S: M ;
17
17 17
HT 251. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho tam gic ABC vi A(1; 2; 5), B(1; 4; 3), C(5; 2; 1) v mt phng
(P): x y z 3 = 0 . Gi M l mt im thay i trn mt phng (P). Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
11 2 4
S: min F = 65 , M ;
;
3 3 3
b) A(1; 1; 0), B(0; 1; 1) v C(2; 2; 1), (P): x + 3y z + 2 = 0 .
c) A(1; 2; 3), B(3; 0; 1), C(1; 4; 7), (P): x 2y + 2z + 6 = 0 .
22 61 17
S: M ; ;
3 3
3
S: M (0; 4; 1) .
HT 252. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho cc im A(1; 0;1) , B(2; 1; 0) , C (2; 4;2) v mt phng (P):
2 1 2
S: M ; ; .
3 3 3
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S: M (2; 2; 2) .
5 1 2
S: M ; ; .
2 3 3
HT 257. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 3 im A(3; 1; 1), B(7; 3; 9), C(2; 2; 2) v mt phng (P) c phng
trnh: x + y + z 3 = 0 . Tm trn (P) im M sao cho MA + 2MB + 3MC nh nht.
13 2 16
43 3
/s: M ; ; . minT =
.
9
9 9
3
HT 258. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P ) : x + y + z 4 = 0 v cc im A(1;2;1) ,
MAMB
.
+ MB.MC + MC .MA
/s: min S = 3.88 5 = 259 khi M (4; 7; 2) .
HT 260. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho cc im B(1;
Oz ly im N sao cho mt phng (NBC) vung gc vi mt phng (MBC). Tm a th tch ca khi chp BCMN
nh nht
3
3
3
VBCMN = VMOBC +VNOBC =
a + t nh nht a = a = 3 .
3
a
a
HT 261. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(1; 5; 4), B(0; 1; 1), C(1; 2; 1). Tm ta im D thuc
ng thng AB sao cho di on thng CD nh nht.
5 46 41
/s: D ; ; .
26 26 26
HT 262. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(5; 8; 11) , B(3; 5; 4) , C (2;1; 6) v ng thng
x 1 y 2 z 1
. Xc nh to im M thuc ng thng d sao cho MA MB MC t gi tr nh
=
=
2
1
1
nht.
11 2 1
/s: M ; ;
9
9 9
d:
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7 4 16
/s: Vy M
; ;
3 3 3
HT 264. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 1; 2), B(2; 2; 1) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh
x + 3y z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) l mt phng trung trc ca on AB. Gi l giao tuyn ca
(P) v (Q). Tm im M thuc sao cho di on thng OM l nh nht.
1 5
3
/s: M ; ; .
2 8 8
HT 265. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im E (2;1; 5), F (4; 3; 9) . Gi l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng
x
y
z
= = v hai im A(0; 0; 3) , B(0; 3; 3) . Tm
1
1 1
im M d sao cho:
a) MA + MB nh nht.
c) MA 3MB nh nht.
3 3 3
/s: min(MA + MB ) = 3 3 M ; ; .
2 2 2
5 5 5
b) M ; ; .
2 2 2
HT 268.
51 1 17
AM = 2 30. /s: M (3; 3; 1); M ; ;
7
7
7
HT 269.
/s: M (3;1;2)
HT 270.
2013 B (NC) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho cc im A(1; 1;1), B(1;2; 3) v ng thng
x +1 y 2
z 3
. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A, vung gc vi hai ng thng AB v
=
=
2
1
3
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x 1 y +1 z 1
=
=
7
2
4
HT 272.
2013 D (CB) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho cc im A(1; 1; 2), B(0;1;1) v mt phng
(P ) : x + y + z 1 = 0. Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc A trn (P). Vit phng trnh mt phng i qua A, B v vung
gc vi (P). /s: (Q ) : x 2y + z + 1 = 0
HT 273.
(P ) : x 2y 2z + 5 = 0. Tnh khong cch t A n (P). Vit phng trinh mt phng i qua A v song song vi (P).
/s: (Q ) : x 2y 2z + 3 = 0
x +1 y
z 2
v im
= =
1
2
1
I (0; 0; 3) . Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I v ct d ti hai im A, B sao cho tam gic IAB vung ti I.
HT 274.
/s: x 2 + y 2 + (z 3)2 =
8
3
x +1 y
z 2
mt phng
= =
2
1
1
(P ) : x + y 2z + 5 = 0 v im A(1; 1;2). Vit phng trnh ng thng ct d v (P) ln lt ti M, N sao cho A l
trung im ca on MN.
x +1 y +1 z 2
/s: :
=
=
2
3
2
x 1 y
z
v hai im
HT 276. 2012 B (CB) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho ng thng d :
= =
2
1 2
A(2;1; 0), B(2; 3;2). Vit phng trnh mt cu i qua A, B v c tm thuc ng thng d.
HT 275.
I (2;1; 3). Vit phng trnh mt cu tm I v ct (P) theo mt ng trn c bn knh bng 4.
/s: (S ) : (x 2)2 + (y 1)2 + (z 3)2 = 25
x 1 y + 1 z
=
= v hai im
2
1
1
A(1; 1;2), B(2; 1; 0). Xc nh ta im M thuc d sao cho tam gic AMB vung ti M.
HT 279.
7
5 2
/s: M (1; 1; 0), M ; ;
3 3 3
HT 280. 2011 A (CB): Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho hai im A(2; 0; 1), B(0; 2; 3) v mt phng
(P ) : 2x y z + 4 = 0. Tm ta im M thuc (P) sao cho MA = MB = 3.
6 4 12
/s: M (0;1; 3) hoc M ; ;
7 7 7
x 2 y +1
z
v mt
=
=
1
2
1
phng (P): x + y + z 3 = 0. Gi I l giao im ca v (P). Tm ta im M thuc (P) sao cho MI vung gc vi v
HT 282.
MI = 4 14.
/s: M (5; 9; 11) hoc M (3; 7;13)
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x + 2 y 1 z + 5
v hai
=
=
1
3
2
im A( 2; 1; 1), B( 3; 1; 2). Tm to im M thuc ng thng sao cho tam gic MAB c din tch bng 3 5 .
/s: M (2;1; 5); M (14; 35;19)
HT 284. 2011 D (CB) Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz , cho im A(1; 2; 3) v ng thng
x +1 y
z 3
= =
. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im A, vung gc vi ng thng d v ct trc Ox.
2
1
2
x = 1 + 2t
/s: :
y = 2 + 2t
z = 3 + 3t
x 1 y 3 z
HT 285. 2011 D (NC) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho ng thng :
=
= v mt phng
2
4
1
(P ) : 2x y + 2z = 0. Vit phng trnh mt cu c tm thuc ng thng , bn knh bng 1 v tip xc vi mt
phng (P).
d:
MC = 6.
1
/s: d =
6
HT 287. 2010 A (NC) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho im A(0; 0; 2) v ng thng
x +2 y 2 z + 3
. Tnh khong cch t A n . Vit phng trnh mt cu tm A, ct ti hai im B v C
=
=
2
3
2
sao cho BC = 8.
:
/s: x 2 + y 2 + (z + 2)2 = 25
HT 288. 2010 B (CB) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho cc im A(1; 0; 0), B(0;b; 0),C (0; 0; c), trong b,c
dng v mt phng (P ) : y z + 1 = 0. Xc nh b v c, bit rng mt phng (ABC) vung gc vi mt phng (P) v
khong cch t im O n mt phng (ABC) bng
/s: b = c =
1
.
3
1
2
x
y 1 z
=
= . Xc nh ta
2
1
2
x = 3 + t
HT 291. 2010 D (NC) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho hai ng thng 1:
v 2:
y = t
z = t
x 2 y 1 z
=
= . Xc nh to im M thuc 1 sao cho khong cch t M n 2 bng 1.
2
1
2
/s: M (4;1;1) hoc M (7; 4; 4)
HT 292. 2009 A (Chun) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho mt phng (P): 2x 2y z 4 = 0 v mt cu
(S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x 4y 6z 11 = 0 . Chng minh rng mt phng (P) ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn. Xc
nh to tm v bn knh ca ng trn .
/s: H (3; 0;2)
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HT 293. 2009 A (NC) Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho mt phng (P ) : x 2y + 2z 1 = 0 v hai ng
thng 1 :
x +1 y
z +9
x 1 y 3 z + 1
= =
; 2 :
=
=
. Xc nh ta im M thuc ng thng 1 sao cho
1
1
6
2
1
2
/s: D ; ; 1
2 2
x +2 y 2
z
v mt phng
=
=
1
1
1
(P): x + 2y 3z + 4 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng thng d nm trong (P) sao cho d ct v vung gc vi ng thng
.
x + 3 y 1 z 1
/s: d :
=
=
1
2
1
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H V TN:
LP
:.
TRNG
H NI, 8/2013
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CHUYN
S PHC
BI 1: S PHC
1. Khi nim s phc
Tp hp s phc:
S phc (dng i s) : z = a + bi
(a, b R , a l phn thc, b l phn o, i l n v o, i2 = 1)
z l s thc
z l thun o
phn o ca z bng 0 (b = 0)
phn thc ca z bng 0 (a = 0)
S 0 va l s thc va l s o.
Hai s phc bng nhau:
a = a '
a + bi = a + bi
b = b '
2. Biu din hnh hc: S phc z = a + bi (a, b R) c biu din bi im M(a; 2) hay bi u = (a ; b) trong mp(Oxy)
(mp ph3)
3. Cng v tr s phc:
(a + bi ) + (a + bi ) = (a + a) + (b + b) i
(a + bi ) (a + bi ) = (a a) + (b b) i
S i ca z = a + bi l z = a bi
u biu din z, u ' biu din z' th u + u ' biu din z + z v u u ' biu din z z.
4. Nhn hai s phc :
(a + bi )(a '+ b ' i ) =(aa bb) + (ab + ba) i
k (a + bi ) = ka + kbi (k R)
5. S phc lin hp ca s phc z = a + bi l z = a bi
z =z ;
z z ' = z z ' ;
z l s thc z = z ;
z z
z .z ' = z .z '; 1 = 1 ; z .z = a 2 + b2
z 2 z 2
z l s o z = z
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6. Mun ca s phc : z = a + bi
z = a 2 + b 2 = zz = OM
z 0, z C ,
z =0z =0
z .z ' = z . z '
z
z
=
z'
z'
z'
z '.z
z '.z
= z ' z 1 =
=
2
z
z .z
z
1
z 1 =
z (z 0)
2
z
z'
= w z ' = wz
z
8. Cn bc hai ca s phc:
2
2
x y = a
z = x + yi l cn bc hai ca s phc w = a + bi z 2 = w
2xy = b
w = 0 c ng 1 cn bc hai l z = 0
w 0 c ng hai cn bc hai i nhau
Hai cn bc hai ca a > 0 l a
Hai cn bc hai ca a < 0 l a .i
9. Phng trnh bc hai Az2 + Bz + C = 0 (*) (A, B, C l cc s phc cho trc, A 0 ).
= B 2 4AC
0 : (*) c hai nghim phn bit , ( l 1 cn bc hai ca )
= 0 : (*) c 1 nghim kp: z1 = z 2 =
B
2A
r = a 2 + b 2
a
cos =
b
sin =
r
l mt acgumen ca z, = (Ox ,OM )
z = 1 z = cos + i sin ( R)
11. Nhn, chia s phc di dng lng gic
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z
r
= cos( ') + i sin( ')
z' r'
r cos + i sin
2
2
2
2
2
M rng: S phc z = r (cos + i sin ) (r > 0) c n cn bc n l:
n
+ k 2
+ k 2
+ i sin
r cos
, k = 0,1,..., n 1
n
n
VN 1: Thc hin cc php ton cng tr nhn chia
HT 1:
1) (4 i ) + (2 + 3i ) (5 + i) 2)
2 i + 2i
3
1
1 3
4) 3 i + + 2i i
3 2
7)
10)
3 1 5 3
5) + i + i
4 5 4 5
3 i
2 i
1+i
i
8)
3
1 + 2i
11)
HT 2:
6) (2 3i)(3 + i )
9)
a +i a
1+i
1i
12)
3+i
(1 2i )(1 + i)
16)
2 3i
4 + 5i
a i a
i m
14)
2 5
3) (2 3i ) i
3 4
1+i
2i
15)
a +i b
i a
1) (1 + i)2 (1 i )2
2) (2 + i )3 (3 i )3
1
3
4) 3i
2
5)
7) (1 + i)3 (2i )3
8) (1 i)100
3) (3 + 4i )2
(1 + 2i )2 (1 i )2
2
6) (2 i)6
(3 + 2i ) (2 + i )
9) (3 + 3i)5
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1) z 2 2z + 4i
2)
z +i
iz 1
HT 4:
1) a 2 + 1
2) 2a 2 + 3
3) 4a 4 + 9b2
4) 3a 2 + 5b 2
5) a 4 + 16
6) a 3 27
7) a 3 + 8
8) a 4 + a 2 + 1
HT 5:
Tm cn bc hai ca s phc:
1) 1 + 4 3i
2) 4 + 6 5i
3) 1 2 6i
4) 5 + 12i
4 5
5) i
3 2
6) 7 24i
7) 40 + 42i
8) 11 + 4 3.i
10) 5 + 12i
11) 8 + 6i
12) 33 56i
9)
1
2
+
i
4
2
1) z 2 + z = 0
2
2) z 2 + z = 0
3) z + 2z = 2 4i
4) z 2 z = 0
5) z 2z = 1 8i
6) (4 5i )z = 2 + i
z + i 4
=1
7)
z i
8)
9) 2 z 3z = 1 12i
10) (3 2i )2 (z + i ) = 3i
1
11) (2 i )z + 3 + i iz + = 0
2i
1
1
12) z 3 i = 3 + i
2
2
13)
3 + 5i
= 2 4i
z
14) (z + 3i )(z 2 2z + 5) = 0
16) 2z 3 3z 2 + 5z + 3i 3 = 0
15) (z 2 + 9)(z 2 z + 1) = 0
HT 7:
2+i
1 + 3i
z=
1i
2+i
1) x 2 3.x + 1 = 0
2) 3 2.x 2 2 3.x + 2 = 0
3) x 2 (3 i )x + 4 3i = 0
4) 3i.x 2 2x 4 + i = 0
5) 3x 2 x + 2 = 0
6) i.x 2 + 2i.x 4 = 0
7) 3x 3 24 = 0
8) 2x 4 + 16 = 0
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VN 3: Tp hp im
5) 2i 2z = 2z 1
7) z + i = z 2 3i
8)
10) 2 + z = i z
11) z + 1 < 1
6) z + 3 = 1
z 3i
=1
z +i
9) z 1 + i = 2
1) 2(cos i sin )
2) 4 4i
3
3
4) cos
i. sin
4
4
5) sin
i. cos
8
8
3) 1 3.i
6) (1 i. 3)(1 + i)
6
6
4
4
6
6
4
4
5)
6)
cos 85 + i sin 85
cos 40 + i sin 40
7)
8)
3(cos 15 + i.sin 15 )
3(cos 15 + i sin 15 )
2
2
+ i. sin )
3
3
2(cos + i. sin )
2
2
2
2
2 cos
+ i sin
3
3
2 cos + i sin
2
2
2(cos
9)
2(cos 45 + i sin 45 )
10)
5)
1i 3
1+i
9) 1 + i 3
2) 1 + i
6)
1
2 + 2i
10)
3 i
3) (1 i 3)(1 + i )
4) 2.i.( 3 i)
7) sin + i. cos
8)
11) 3 + 0i
12) tan
B HC V B - CHUYN CN S N BN
2 +i 2
5
+i
8
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2) 2 cos + i sin
6
6
4) (2 + i)6
5)
7)
3+i
(1 + i )(1 2i)
6)
1
3
3
+ i sin
cos
4
4
2
1
i
8) (1 + i 3 )
40
1 + i 3
9) (2 2i)7 .
1 i
1 + i 100
cos + i sin
11)
1 i
4
4
12)
60
1+i
2i + 1
10)
17
3 i)
HT 14: Tnh:
5
16
2) (1 + i )
3) ( 3 i)6
7
4) 2 (cos 300 + i sin 300 )
6) (1 + i )2008 + (1 i)2008
21
5 + 3i 3
7)
1 2i 3
12
1
3
8) + i
2
2
i + 1 2008
9)
i
----------------------------------------------------------------------
BI 2: N TP
HT 15: Thc hin cc php tnh sau:
1) (2 i )(3 + 2i)(5 4i )
1 + i 3 6 1 i 7 6
2)
2
2
1 + i 16 1 i 8
+
3)
1 i
1 + i
4)
5) (2 4i)(5 + 2i ) + (3 + 4i )(6 i)
6) 1 + i + i 2
8) 1 + i + i 2 + ... + i n , (n 1)
3 + 7i 5 8i
+
2 + 3i 2 3i
+ i 3 + ... + i 2009
2) z1z 2 + z 2z 3 + z 3z1
3) z1z 2z 3
4) z12 + z 22 + z 32
z
z
z
5) 1 + 2 + 3
z 2 z 3 z1
z 2 + z 22
6) 1
z 22 + z 32
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2) B = (z z 2 + 2z 3 )(2 z + z 2 ), vi z =
1(
3 i)
2
2)
x 3 y 3
+
=i
3+i
3i
1
3) (4 3i )x 2 + (3 + 2i )xy = 4y 2 x 2 + (3xy 2y 2 )i
2
x (3 2i )
+ y(1 2i )3 = 11 + 4i
2 + 3i
1 i 3 2
6)
3 i
1 + i 2
5)
1 i
9)
3 i
10)
1+i 3
7)
4) 7 24i
1
2
i
2
2
8) i, i
11) 2 (1 + i 3 )
12)
1
1
+
1+i 1i
2) z 4 + 16 = 0
3) z 3 + 64i = 0
4) z 3 27i = 0
5) z 7 2iz 4 iz 3 2 = 0
6) z 6 + iz 3 + i 1 = 0
+v1 + v2 ?
HT 22: Gii cc phng trnh sau trn tp s phc:
1) z 2 + 5 = 0
2) z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0
4) z 2 5z + 9 = 0
5) 2z 2 + 3z 1 = 0
6) 3z 2 2z + 3 = 0
7) (z + z )(z z ) = 0
8) z 2 + z + 2 = 0
9) z 2 = z + 2
10) 2z + 3z = 2 + 3i
11) (z + 2i ) +2 (z + 2i ) 3 = 0
12) z 3 = z
14) iz 2 + (1 + 2i )z + 1 = 0
15) (1 + i )z 2 + 2 + 11i = 0
13) 4z 2 + 8 z
=8
3) z 2 + 4z + 10 = 0
2) (z + 5i ) (z 3) (z 2 + z + 3) = 0
3) (z 2 + 2z ) 6 (z 2 + 2z ) 16 = 0
4) z 3 (1 + i ) z 2 + (3 + i ) z 3i = 0
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5) (z + i ) (z 2 2z + 2) = 0
6) z 2 2iz + 2i 1 = 0
7) z 2 (5 14i )z 2(12 + 5i ) = 0
9) (z + 3 i)2 6(z + 3 i ) + 13 = 0
2) x 2 + (1 + i )x 2 i = 0
4) x 2 + x + 1 = 0
5) x 3 1 = 0
3) 3x 2 + x + 2 = 0
2) z 3 + (i 3)z 2 + (4 4i)z 4 + 4i = 0
z 1
z 3i
= 1 v
=1
z i
z +1
2
5) z 2 + 2z .z + z = 8 v z + z = 2
6) z 1 = 5 v 17(z + z ) 5z .z = 0
2
()
7) z = 1 v z 2 + z
=1
z
=1
z
2) z = z 2 2i v
3) z 4 + 6(1 + i )z 2 + 5 + 6i = 0
HT 29: Tm tp hp cc im trong mt phng phc biu din cc s phc tho mn h thc sau:
1)
z =3
z i
4) z = z 3 + 4i
2) z 2 + z 2 = 1
5)
z +i
3) (z 2) z + i l s thc
l s thc
z +i
HT 30: Tm tp hp cc im trong mt phng phc biu din cc s phc tho mn h thc sau:
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1) z 3 + 4i = 2
4) z =
2) z i = (1 + i )z
1
z
5) z +
3) (2 z )(z + i ) l s thun o
1
=2
z
HT 31: Tm tp hp cc im trong mt phng phc biu din cc s phc z ' tho mn h thc sau:
1) z ' = (1 + i 3)z + 2 bit z tha mn: z 1 = 2
2) z ' = (1 + i 3)z + 2 bit rng z tha mn: z + 1 3
3) z ' = (1 + 2i)z + 3 bit rng z tha mn: z + 3
2zz
5
2
2
.
+ i sin
n
n
2+i
1i
2) (1 i )(2 + i)
3)
5) 3 cos + i sin
6
6
(2
3 + 2i )
(1 i )6
4) sin
(1 + i )6
2)
(2
3 2i )
(1 + i )4
+ i cos
8
8
10
3 i)
5) cos
8)
(2
3) (1 + i 3 ) + (1 i 3 )
3 + 2i )
i sin
4
4
6) 2 + 2 3i
1 + cos + i sin
, 0<<
1 + cos i sin
2
9) 4 3i
(2
3 + 2i )
(1 i )6
(1 + i )6
(2
3 2i )
2)
(1 + i )4
10
3 i)
(2
3) (1 + i 3 ) + (1 i 3 )
3 + 2i )
19 + 7i n 20 + 5i n
+
2)
9 i
7 + 6i
1 + i 3 6 1 i 3 6
3)
2
2
1 + i 3 5 1 i 3 5
4)
2
2
i + 3 6 i 3 6
5)
2
2
HT 37: Trong cc s phc z tho mn iu kin sau, tm s phc z c mun nh nht.
1) (z 1)(z + 2i) l s thc
2) z i = z 2 3i
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3) iz 3 = z 2 i
HT 38: Trong cc s phc z tho mn iu kin sau, tm s phc z c mun nh nht, ln nht.
(1 + i )z
3
1) z 2 + 3i =
2) z 2 + 2i = 2 2
3)
+2 = 1
2
1i
4) z + 1 2i = 1
5) z 2 4i = 5
4i ; (1 i)(1 + 2i); 2 + 6i
i 1
3 i
1) Chng minh ABC l tam gic vung cn.
2) Tm s phc biu din bi im D sao cho t gic ABCD l hnh vung.
2
z + 1
, /s: z = 3 4i; z = 9
HT 40: Gii phng trnh z = 2
z 7
2z i
1.
2 + iz
----------------------------------------------------------------------
A = z1 + z2 . /s: A = 20
HT 43: (H Khi B 2009) Tm s phc z tha mn z (2 + i ) = 10 v z.z = 25
/s: z = 3 + 4i hoc z = 5
HT 44: (H khi D 2009) Trong mt phng ta Oxy, tm tp hp im biu din cc s phc z tha mn iu kin
4z 3 7i
= z 2i trn tp s phc. /s: z1 = 3 + 2i; z 2 = 2 + i
z i
HT 47: (H khi A 2010) Tm phn thc v phn o ca s phc z bit z = ( 2 + i)2 (1 2i ) /s: a = 5, b = 2
(1 3i )3
. Tm m un ca z + iz . /s: 8 2
1i
HT 49: (H khi B 2010) Trong mt phng ta Oxy, tm tp hp cc im biu din s phc z tha mn iu kin
HT 51:
(C khi A, B, D 2010) Cho s phc z tha mn: (2 3i )z + (4 + i)z = (1 + 3i)2 . Xc nh phn thc, phn
2
1 1
1 1
(H khi A 2011) Tm tt c cc s phc z, bit z 2 = z + z . /s: z = 0; z = + i; z = i
2 2
2 2
HT 53:
2
3
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5+i 3
1 = 0 /s: z = 1 i 3 hoc z = 2 i 3
z
HT 54:
HT 55:
3
1 + i 3
(H khi B 2011)Tm phn thc v phn o ca s phc z =
1 + i
HT 57:
5(z + i )
= 2 i. Tnh m-un ca s phc
z +1
w = 1 + z + z 2 /s: w = 13
HT 58:
(H khi B 2012) Gi z1, z 2 l hai nghim phc ca phng trnh: z 2 2 3iz 4 = 0. Vit dng lng gic
2
2
ca z1 v z 2 /s: z1 = 2 cos + i sin ; z 2 = 2 cos
+ i sin
3
3
3
3
HT 59:
2(1 + 2i )
= 7 + 8i. Tm m-un ca s phc
1+i
w = z + 1 + i /s: w = 5
HT 60:
/s: z = 1 2i; z = 2 i
HT 61:
(H khi A-A1 2013) Cho s phc z = 1 + 3i. Vit di dng lng gic ca z . Tm phn thc v phn o
3
3
HT 62:
w=
(H khi D 2013) Cho s phc z tha mn iu kin (1 + i)(z i ) + 2z = 2i. Tnh m-un ca s phc
z 2z + 1
z2
/s: w = 10
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