' / '

'

: -

'
) Z (Z
- )"(
X / ) (1 -.

P(_ _ ) = 1 :

:
" 98% , 100
172" . .8
:

= 0.02 , 1 = 0.98 , = 8 , X = 172 , n = 100 :

:  X ~ N n > 30
:

0.02
8
172= 2.33= 0.01
2
2
100
P(170.13 173.86) = 98%
Z (0.01) = 2.33

: 98% 170.13" 173.86-"

" )(L

) (L = 2 Z
:
2
n
"?
.1 ) n- ,n-
(.

.2 1

)(L/2
".

 ' / '

'

: -

:

0.1 . 2.5 .95%
:

1 = 0.95 , = 2.5 ,L=0.2 :

:

0.05
= 0.025
2

= 0.05

2
Z (0.025) = 1.96
L 0.2
=
= 0.1
2
2

2.5
n
2.5
0.2 = 3.92
n
3.92 2.5
=n
0.2
0.2 = 2 1.96

)2

)( n

( = 49 2 /
n = 2401
2

100 " 65.80-

. ,30 ?
:

L = 15 , = 30 , n = 100 :
:

30
15 = 2 Z
2 100

Z = 2.5 0.0062
2
= 0.0062 / 2

= 0.124 1 = 1 0.124 = 0.987

1 = 98.7%

 ' / '

'

: -

":
.1 ,
" .
.2 " . L :

.3 " L :
:
" . "
. ?
: , .

= Zx

n
:
4000 . .500
. .
25 .4150
. " 5% .
. , ' , " 1%
" ?10%
:

X = 4150 , n = 25 , = 500 , = 4000 :

:  : n < 30 X ~ N

.
:

) H 0 : 4000 (
) H 1 : > 4000 (

= 0.05

= 0.05 Z (0.05) = 1.645

4150 4000
= 1.5
500
25

= )Z (4150

H0
H1

x
Z

4150
1.5 1.645

4000
0

 ' / '

'

: H 0

: -

1.645>1.5 :

" 5% .

.
' 0-" 5% " 1% 0-
.
' 0-" ,5% " 10%
.

XC
X X- .
Z X
) " (.

, ":
" . , "" .
:
6000. . 500
. 100
. 5900
" .5%
:

X = 5900 , n = 100 , = 500 , = 6000 :

:  . X ~ N n > 30
) H 0 : 6000 : (
) H 1 : < 6000 (

= 0.05

= 0.05 Z (0.05) = 1.645

H0
H1

X C 6000
= 5917
500

x
Z

= 1.645

100
: H 0 5900 < 5917 :
" 5% .

6000
0

5900 5917
-1.645

 ' / '

'

: -

min - , H 0
. H 0
: min - .

min

Zx
.
:

- Zx - ) ( , -

min min - .2-

2

 min - . H 0

 min - . H 0
:
7.1 . .1.8 100 .7.4
. min - ?
" .5%
. min - ? "
.5%
:

X = 7.4 , n = 100 , = 1.8 , = 7.1 :

:  . X ~ N n > 30

= 0.05

.
min

) H 0 : 7.1 : (

H1

) H 1 : > 7.1 (
:

7.4 7.1
= 1.67
1.8
100

= Z 7.4

Z (1.67) = 0.475

) min = 0.475 (4.75%

x
Z

H0

7.4

7.1

1.67

 ' / '

'

: -

: H 0 4.75% < 5% :
" 5% .

min

.
) H 0 : = 7.1 : (

= 0.05

) H 1 : 7.1 (
:

H0
H1

x
Z

min = 2 4.75 = 9.5

min = 9.5%

7.4

7.1

1.67

: H 0 5% < 9.5% :
" 5% .

- H 0 -.

" "
" , ".
" ":
I .
II ) ( " .
- " )-( : H 0

 " : H 0

 " : H 0

III - .

:
" 76 84- .96% , , :
." . = 82 : 4%
." . > 82 : 4%
." . = 86 : 6%
:

= 0.4 , P(76 86) = 96% :

.
H 0 : = 82 :
H 1 : 82
6

 ' / '

'

: -

: - 4% . H 0
: H 0 - = 82 " "
.4%

.
H 0 : 82 :
H 1 : > 82
: - 4% . H 0
: - 4%-
. H 0

.
H 0 : = 86 :
H 1 : 86
86 : " " 4% . H 0
: - 6%- ,
. H 0

) ( H 0.
H 0 .
) (

H0

H 0 ) ,( H 0 .
:

H 0 .

H 0 .
:

/ ) -"(.

/ . .

,
.

 ' / '

'

: -

2 :
.

) 1 ( H 0 H 0 .

) 1 ( H 1 H 1 .

.

:
.
8 100 .11
) ( :
. .
. .
:

X = 11 , n = 100 , = 8 :

:  . X ~ N n > 30
) H 0 : 8 :(
) H 1 : > 8(
.
.
:

H0

. .

H0

H0

.0-

:
.
65. .10 500 ,
.68
. ? " ) 5% , ,
(.
. '? - .

 ' / '

'

: -

. ) '(
.67-

H0

) (.

. ) ' '( ? .
. 25 ,50 ? .
:

X = 68 , n = 50 , = 10 , = 65 :

:  . X ~ N n > 30

.
) H 0 : 65 : (

= 7.98%

) H 1 : > 65 (
:

'

= 0.05

= 0.05 Z (0.05) = 1.645

H0

68 65
= 2.12
10

H1

= Z 68

x
Z

50
:

H0

68
1.645 2.12

67

65

1.41

1.645<2.12 :

" 5% .

.
) ,(
./ .( = 0.05 ) 5%

.
X c = 67 :
:

67 65
= 1.41
10

= Z 67

50
Z (1.41) = 0.798 7.98%

.
- '

.
.

H0

 ' / '

'

: -

) T (T
T - .
:

"" = . .

Z

H0

, n 120 T T Z .
.Z
:

df = n 1 :
2

) (X X
n 1

X
:
S

= S 2

S = S 2 :

= Tx

n
":

S
n

X Tn 1

":

S
n

L = 2 Tn 1

:

.
.
10
. 30 .
5 . 25 .
. " 5%
) , , (.
.
) (.
. . 5 ,
? ?
, .
:

= 25 , S = 5 , X = 30 , n = 10 :
10

 ' / '

'

: -

:  . X ~ N n > 30

.
) H 0 : 25 : (

= 0.05

) H 1 : > 25(

H0

df = 10 1 = 9

H1

= 0.05 t 9 (0.05) = 1.833

30 25
= 3.16
5

x
Z

=t

10
:

H0

30

3.16

25

1.833

3.16 >1.833 :

" 5% .

.
min = ? :

't 9 (30) = 3.16 :

:

2.821 3.16 3.250

0.005 min 0.01

.
S = = 5 :

) T (Z

: Z 'T 30 T
Z

H0

:
27 667. .50
. .95%
. 100 ,27
'.
. - . '.
. 680-" .2% ' .
:

S = 50 , X = 667 , n = 27 :

:  : n < 30 X ~ N
11

 ' / '

'

: -

.
1 = 0.95 = 0.05 :
:

df = 27 1 = 26
t 26 (0.05) = 2.058
50

667 2.058

27
P(647.2 686.7) = 95%

: 95% 647.2.686.7-

.
" .

.
T Z ".

.
H 0 : = 680 :
H 1 : 680
= 680 : " " 5%-

H0

: 2%- ,

12

H0

 ' / '

'

: -

P ) (Z

P ".
: "
.

- P ) (

- X

- P
- q ) . (
- q

- 2

. :

pq

pq

.1 ) ... (.

n p 10 .2 P ~ N  n q 10

.

P P
pq
n

= Zp

p q
":
n

P Z
2

":

P -) q - ( ,

p q
:
n

. L = 2 Z

Z

P -- , q - 2 :
.n =
L

13

 ' / '

'

: -

:
.
. 100 65- .
. ? " ) 5%,
, (.
. ? .
, ?
.
0.07 .0.95
. - ' 65%-
. ) (65% ) (P 0.07
.95%.
:

65
= 0.65 , n = 100 , q = 0.5 , p = 0.5 :
100

= q = 0.35 , p
= 0.05

: .

 100 0.5 > 10 P ~ N : 100 0.5 > 10

H0

.
H1

) H 0 : p 0.5 : (

) H 1 : p > 0.5 (
:

= 0.05 Z (0.05) = 1.645

=3

H0

0.65 0.5
0.5 0.5
100

0.65

0.5

1.645

=Z

3>1.645 :

" 5% .

H0

, .

. .5%

14

 ' / '

'

: -

0.05
= = 0.05
= 0.025 Z (0.025) = 1.96
2
2
2

L = 2 0.7 = 0.14

1.96
n=
= 196
0.14

.
L
= 0.07 , p = 0.65 , n = 196 :
2
: ' P - ) p = q = 0.5 :
(.
' , p = 0.65 :
. , 0.07 .

:
121 , .45%
. " .96%
. , , 0.4-"
.4%
:
) p = 0.55 , n = 121 :() q = 0.45 ,(

.
1 = 0.96 = 0.04 :
:

0.04
= = 0.04
= 0.02 Z (0.02) = 2.05
2
2
0.55 0.45
121

0.55 2.05

P(0.45 P 0.64) = 96%

: 96% 45%.64%-
. , P "
" .

15

 ' / '

'

: -

:
64 : -.
40 ) ( 24 .
,40 - .
:

n = 64 , q = 0.5 , p = 0.5 :

40
= 0.625
64

= ) p (

) q = 0.375 (

0.125
=2
0.0625

0.625 0.5
0.5 0.5
64

=Z

Z (2) = 0.228 22.8%

16

 ' / '

'

: -

. .
) (Z

) X 2 ) ( 1 2

2 x2
n2

2 x1

(X

2
2
x1 x 2
X1 X 2 Z
+
":
n1
n2
2

= Zx1 x 2

n1

.1 ...) ... (.

n1 > 30 .2 ( X 1 X 2 ) ~ N  n 2 > 30

n1 < 30  n 2 < 30" : X 1 ~ N - X 2 ~ N( X 1 X 2 ) ~ N :

.3 ..

H 0 : 1 2 = 0
H 1 : 1 2 0
:
" "NO .
. 2 :
. 85- 220.
100 210 . . 2-
.25
.
) 98% ,
(.
.
? " ,2%
- '.
. " .5% , .
. ,
10- .
:

17

 ' / '

'

, n1 = 85 :

, X 1 = 220

: -

1 = 25

2 = 25 , X 2 = 210 , n2 = 100 :

: .
 ..

 n1 > 30 ( X 1 X 2 ) ~ N  n 2 > 30

.
1 = 0.98 = 0.02 :

0.02
= 0.01 Z (0.01) = 2.33
2

= 0.02

X 1 X 2 = 220 210 = 10
25 2 25 2
+
85 100

10 2.33

P(1.41 1 2 18.59) = 98%

: 98% 1.41. 18.59-

.
) H 0 : 1 2 = 0 : (
) H 1 : 1 2 0 (

: 0 " , " 2%-

H0

: - 2%-

H0

.
" 5%

H0

.
= 2.71

) 2%- (.

10 0
25 2 25 2
+
85 100

=Z

Z (2.71) = 0.0034 = 0.34%

18

 ' / '

'

: -

: :
"
:

" 21 = 64 , X 1 = 85 , n1 = 36 :
2 2 = 49 , X 2 = 83 , n2 = 49 :
. ? " .5%
. 6 )
" .(5%
:

= 2.5

= 2.5

= 0.05 :

H0

) H 0 : 1 2 = 0 : (

H1

) H 1 : 1 2 0 (

X1 X2

0.05
= 0.025 Z (0.025) = 1.96
2

H1

1.96

1.2

-1.96

= 0.05

X 1 X 2 = 85 83 = 2
= 1.2

H0

20
64 2 49 2
+
36
49

=Z

1.2 1.96 :

" 5% ".

.
1 2 = 6 :
= 0.05

) H 0 : 1 2 6 : (
) H 1 : 1 2 < 6 (

H0

= 0.05 Z (0.05) = 1.645 :

= 2.4
:

26
64 2 49 2
+
36
49

X1 X2

=Z

19

H0

6
0

Z
-2.4 > -1.645 :

H1
2
-1.645

-2.4

 ' / '

'

: -

. .
) (T

, -

)S 2 x1 (n1 1) + S 2 x 2 (n2 1
= S 2 p
:
n1 + n2 2

df = n1 + n2 2 :

S 2 P S 2 p
+
":
n1
n2

) X 2 ) (1 2
:
2
2

S p S p
+
n1
n2

(X

= ) T ( x1 x 2

)X 1 X 2 T( n1 + n2 2

.1 ...) ... (.

n1 > 30 .2 ( X 1 X 2 ) ~ N  n 2 > 30

n1 < 30  n 2 < 30" : X 1 ~ N - X 2 ~ N( X 1 X 2 ) ~ N :

.3 . 1 = 2

:
"" "" . 2
: 25 . : 88 . 17 .7
: 80 . .12
. .98%
. " ,5% '.
:
:

S1 = 7 , X 1 = 88 , n1 = 25 :
S 2 = 12 , X 2 = 80 , n2 = 17 :
1 = 0.98 = 0.02
20

 ' / '

'

: -

.
:

)7 2 (25 1) + 12(17 1
2

= S P
= 87
25 + 17 2
df = 25 + 17 2 = 40
T40 = 2.423
87 87
+
25 17

8 2.423

: 98% 0.89.15.1-

.
= 0.05 :
) H 0 : 1 2 = 0 : (
) H 1 : 1 2 0 (
: 0 " " 0.02-

H0

: 5%- ,

H0

21

 ' / '

'

: -

d / ) (T

- .

di

- .

d d
:
Sd

= Td

":

Sd
n

d Tn 1

df = n 1 :

.1 .
.2 .
.3

) di ~ N (.

:

. ,
. 8 :

- d

-2

:


!!!

. ? " .5%
. " .1% .
. '? ,
?
.
.99%

22

 ' / '

'

: -

:
. "" ) ,( di
:

Sd = 1.92 , d = 25 :

/..

.
= 0.05 :
= 0.05

) H 0 : d 0 : (
) H 1 : d > 0(
:

df = n 1 = 8 1 = 7

H0

H1
T7 (0.05) = 1.895
1.5 0
= 2.2
1.92

d
T

= Td

1.5
2.2

0
0

1.895

8
:

H0

1.895 < 2.2 :

" 5% .

= 0.01

= 0.01 :
:

T7 (0.01) = 2.998

:" 1%

H0

H0

H1

2.998

1.5

2.2

.
, .
.

.
1 = 99% = 1% T7 (0.01) = 3.499 :
:

1.92

1.5 3.499

8
P(0.87 d 3.87) = 99%

: 99% -0.87.3.87:

23

 ' / '

'

: -

2
)

.
2:
. ?

. ?
: , .

O : .
E : )
.*0-
: .
: .
) (
. . . ) 100%- (.
. 5%-
) '(
) (
. E " :
" X"
"

.
: ) ... (.
 .E<1
 20%- .E<5
 , .
. ) , (:

H0

- H 1 ......

- ......

. - :

24

 ' / '

'

: -

.:

(1 -1) :' ( -1) X' (= df

(2 . 2
(3

(O E ) 2
) ( :
E

= 2

:
60 30% 140.
. ?
. ? " .5%
. '
'?
. .95%
:

.
: ) O (
..

30
140 = 42
100

"

"

30

72
50-30=20 :

)(30%

)(50%

98

30

)(70%

)(30%

140

60

)(100%

)(100%

128

70-50=20 :

200

: . 5%-
) (30% ).(50%

.
= 0.05 :
:

(1 .
(2 .E<1
(3 20%- .E<5

H0

- .

- H 1 .

25

 ' / '

'

: -

df = (2 1) (2 1) = 1

= 0.05

1 2 (0.05) = 3.841
(30 21.6) 2 (30 38.4) 2 (42 50.4) 2 (98 89.6) 2
+
+
+
= 7.2
21.6
38.4
50.4
89.6
:

H0

= 2

H0

H1

3.841<7.2 :

7.2

" 5% .

.
' : .
' :

H0

, .

: ' ' ,
.

.
= 0.05 :
:

0.05
= 0.025 Z (0.05) = 1.96
2

60
= 0.3
200

q = 0.7

0.3 0.7
200

P(0.23 p 0.36) = 95%

= 0.05

= p

0.3 1.96

: 98% 0.23.0.36-

:
)/ (
. ) :(O

"

"

12

23

)(26%

)(13%

)(8.7%

)(52.2%

)(100%

10

25

)(28%

)(16%

)(16%

)(40%

)(100%

13

22

48

26

3.841

 ' / '

'

: -

. ?
. ? " .5%
:

.
,
O- ) ( .
, . . .
: . 5%-
) (52.2% ).(40%

.
= 0.05 :
:

(1 .
(2 .E<1
(3 20%- E<5 :
) E E- :(

"

23 13
= 6.2
13

=E

23 13
= 6.2
13

12

=E

23 22
= 10.5
22

23

=E

25 13
= 6.7
13

"

=E

25 13
= 6.7
13

13

H0

10

=E

13

25 22
= 11.9
22

22

25

=E

48

- .

- H 1 .
:

df = (2 1) (3 1) = 2

22 (0.05) = 5.991

,0-
:

H0

27

 ' / '

'

: -

'
- -

2
2
) (

P
) (Z

'

2
Z
) (Z

S 2
T
) (T

d
) (T

'

S 2

,.. ,.. ,..  .. .

 .

) (Z

,..  .. "

,.. ,..  .. " ) (

CASIO FX85 . :

mode  2
=   shift  ac
M+ 

=  shift  1:
) (
=  shift  3.:

28

) (T

 ' / '

'

: -

(1 .0-
: . : X - -
. ,

H0

(2 37 Z .5-
. , 0- .
: . :

H0

(3 ' " 0.05 ' " .0.01 , '

.0-
: . : '

H0

(4 -
" 0-
0- - ".
: . :

H0

.
(5
.95%
.0.95
: - " .
95%- - - .

(6 ,
0- .
: . : , O=E .

H0

(7 .
":
, , ".
: . : . .

29

 ' / '

'

: -

(8 " .
: . : . ,
.
(9 99% 20
, , .
: . : - . S - = S -
. S - .

(10 40- ,90 30- 80

. ,
.
: . : .

30