TylerDent

MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

Themusclesystemstructureiscomprisedofthreemajorcategorieswhichareskeletal,smooth,
andcardiacmuscles.Themusclescanbefurtherbrokendownintoavarietyofdifferentfibers
andcellstoapointofwhereitwouldconsistoftendons,fasci
a,filaments,musclefibersand
othersuchmuscleparts.Forallofthedifferentpartsandsectionsofthemusclesystemit
becomesalargeareaofresearchformostscientist.Someresearchersstudyonhowmuscle
injuriesoccurandhowtomaintainandhealawoundsustainedtothemuscles,liketheYale
UniversitySchoolofMedicine.Thestudentresearchersarelookingintodepletionof
circulatingMOsinCD11bdiphtheriatoxinreceptormiceatthetimeofinjurytotallyprevented
hi
muscleregeneration,whereasdepletionofintramuscularF4/80
MPsatlaterstagesreduced
thediameterofregeneratingfibers,(Inflammatorymonocytesrecruitedafterskeletalmuscle
injuryswitchintoantiinflammatorymacrophagestosupportmyogenesis.(n.d.).Retrieved
February6,2015,from
http://jem.rupress.org/content/204/5/1057.short
)Wh
ilesomeother

reseachersaretakingacloserlookandexaiminingthemusclestothefullatthesmallestlevels.
TheresearchersattheDepartmentofBiochemistryintheUniversityofWisconsin,Madison.
TheyarestudyingMusclecontraction[ofwhich]consistsofacyclicalinteractionbetween
myosinandactindrivenbytheconcomitanthydrolysisofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP).
(
Structureoftheactinmyosincomplexanditsimplicationsformusclecontraction.(n.d.).
RetrievedJanuary14,2015,from
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/261/5117/58.short
)While
inalabinJapan,scintistexplore
Thecompleteaminoacidsequenceofthereceptorfor
dihydropyridinecalciumchannelblockersfromrabbitskeletalmuscleispredictedbycloningand
sequenceanalysisofDNAcomplementarytoitsmessengerRNA.(TanabeT.(n.d.).Retrieved
January16,2015,from
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/3037387
)Asyoucanseetherehas
beenanabundenceofresearchonthemusclesystemindifferntmannersfrommuslestructureto
muscleinjuryrecovery.

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

http://www.thinglink.com/scene/612027653590876161
Top:Adrawingoftheskeletalmuscle
Bottom:alinktothelabeledversionofthesameskeletalmuscledrawing.
(figure1)

MuscleContractionisthenexttopicofchoicethatwasdoneinalab(refertofigure2and3)of
whichhadshowntheresultsofmusclecontraction.Thelabshowsthedifferentstepsofmuscle
contraction.Thosestepsare:
1. NeuromuscularControl
2. AChbindswiththesarcolemma.
3. MuscleFiberActionPotential
4. Ca++isreleasedfromthesarcoplasmicreticulum.
5. SlidingFilamentTheoryofContraction
6. Ca++isremovedfromthecytoplasm
7. [Tropomyosin]blockstheactinsite
(A.(n.d.).RetrievedJanuary16,2015,from
http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/apinotesjmusclecontraction.htm
)
Fromthesestepsshowninthelab,decipherablefromtherabbitmusclelabishowmuscle
contractionstartsandtheresultsofcontractioninmuscles.

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

http://www.thinglink.com/scene/612037448276377601
Top:relaxedformofsarcomereofaskeletalmuscle.
bottom:contractedformofsarcomereofaskeletal
muscle.
(figure2)

PictureofrabbitmuscleLab.
BeforeapplyingATP.1/6/15.
PhotoBy:TylerDent

Pictureofrabbitmusclelab.
AfterapplyingATP.1/6/15.
Photoby:TylerDent

(figure3.1)

(figure3.2)

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

lengthof
microfibers
beforeATP
solutions24

lengthof
Numerical
microfibersafter lengthchange
ATPsolution
24

percent
contraction

trial1(personal) 19mm

12mm

7mm

37%

trial2

15mm

12mm

3mm

20%

trial3

22mm

15mm

7mm

47%

trial4

18mm

11mm

7mm

39%

trial5

13mm

8mm

5mm

38%

Diameterbefore
ATP

DiameterAfter
ATP

numerical
percentDiameter
diameterchange change

trail1(personal) 7mm

14mm

7mm

100%

trial2

3mm

7mm

4mm

133%

trail3

4mm

6mm

2mm

50%

Inconclusion,thetherabbitmusclelabhadvariationsobservedinthediameterandlengthofthe
musclestrainsinafterweappliedtheATPtothemuscles.Thesevariationsskewedthedataby
leavingthelengthsanddiametersinnumericalform.Oncethedatahasbeenchanged,through
math,allthedatatopercentagesthechangeswereeasierseethechanges,thatwerestillaffected
byfactorssuchasthenumberoffibersandtheamountofATP,inthediametersandlengthsof
therabbitsmuscles.

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

Sadie

Tyler

Jose

10seconds

150.1N

260.1N

244.2N

2030seconds

93.3N

248.8N

198N

4050seconds

86.1N

159.6N

152.8N

6070seconds

91.8N

126.4N

204.4N

8090seconds

85N

134.4N

186.7N

ThetableaboveshowsthedatacollectedduringtheConstantgripstrengthlab.
Thetablebelowshowsthedatacollectedduringtherepetitivegripstrengthlab.

Sadie

Tyler

Jose

10seconds

153.9N

185.4N

218.4N

2030seconds

82.4N

262.5N

207.9N

4050seconds

104.5N

176N

168N

6070seconds

99.4N

200.4N

194N

8090seconds

86.3N

275.7N

328.1N

Therearethreedifferenttypesofmusclefibersconsistofslowoxidative,fast
oxidativeglycolytic,andfastglycolyticfibers,Eachofthemperformdifferenttasksandhave
theirownwayofproducingATPenergy.Theslowoxidativemusclefiberhasthesmallestfiber
diameterandthelowestforce,butduetoaerobicrespiration,theygetfatiguedslowerandneed
lowerstorageofglycogen.Thefastoxidativeglycolyticfibersareinbetweenthefastglycolytic
fibersandslowoxidativefibers,theirfiberdiameterandforcearebothintermediatecomparedto
theothertwoandhasamixcharacteristicsofbothfastglycolyticandslowoxidativefibers.The
fastglycolyticfibershavethegreatestfiberdiameterandforceoutput,butduetotherespiratory
functionhappeningthroughglycolysis,theFastglycolyticfibergetsfatiguedtheeasiest.

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

slowOxidative

fastoxidative
glycolytic

fastglycolytic

Fiberdiameter

smallest

intermediate

greatest

force

lowest

intermediate

greatest

Myosin

slow

fastest

fastest

contractionvelocity

slow

fast

fast

methodsofATP
generation

aerobicrespiration

both

glycolysis

glycogenstores

low

intermediate

high

capillaries

many

many

few

myoglobincontent

high

high

low

color

red

pink

white

Thetableaboveshowsthecharacteristicsofskeletalmusclefibertypes.

Theknowledgeofthemusclefibershelprunnersknowhowtostretchandwhichmusclestotrain
inordertoincreasethespeedandstaminaoftheirlegs.Longdistancerunnersforinstanceneed
totraintheirmuscleswithfastglycolysisfiberstoincreasetheirstamina,sothattheycanrun
longerandstayataconstantpaceduringalongdistancerun.Sprinterscouldknowthatthey
needtotrainandstrengthentheirslowoxidativefiberssothattheycanrunfasterandaccelerate
totheirmaxspeed.Thesprinterslearnproperbreathingtechniquessotheirmusclesobtainthe
properamountsofoxygenthroughaerobicrespiration.Thoughrunnersareonlyoneofthe
severalsportsgroupsthatmusclefibertypesareimportantto,theyaretheoneofwhichitisthe
clearesttoseehowitapplies.

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

Thoughthisexperimentquestionsaroseandthenexttestedquestionshallbe,Howdoesmental
encouragementhelpgeneratemoregripstrength?Toanswerthisquestion,anexperimentmust
besetupandtested.Thefirsttestshallbethebaselinetestofwhichwillbecomprisedofgrip
strengthtestedthroughasixtysecondtrialperiod.Thenextstepintheexperimentwillbethe
effectsofnegativeencouragementsuchas,Youcannotdoit,andgiveup.Thelaststage
willbetheeffectsofpositiveencouragementinthetestsuchas,youcandoit,andjustalittle
more.Thetestwillberepeatedforthethreetestsubjectsandthesamephasesshallberepeated
foreachoftheparticipants.

Sadie

Tyler

Mandi

Mr.Jones

10s

163.9

204

202.4

308.3

20s

156.4

105.8

108.7

325.5

30s

110

157.7

91.2

294.8

40s

124.5

110.9

115.9

322.4

50s

105.4

180.9

47.3

320.2

60end

104.9

227.4

95.1

238.3

Thetableaboveshowsthedatacollectedfromthegriplabwithpositive
encouragement.(T1)
Thetablebelowshowsthedatacollectedfromthegriplabwithnegative
encouragement.(T2)

Sadie

Tyler

Mandi

Mr.Jones

10s

214.9

177.9

209.6

331.4

20s

128.2

179.9

133.7

292

30s

103.9

120.5

101

207.7

40s

110

222.1

121.3

239.9

50s

140

132.5

82.5

214.4

60end

120.5

105

55

188.8

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

Sadie

Tyler

Mandi

Mr.Jones

10s

150.1

260.1

205.8

343

20s

93.3

248.8

127.9

212.5

30s

86.1

159.6

93.7

231.3

40s

91.8

126.4

85.9

213.8

50s

85

134.4

98.3

206.6

60s

93.4

142.1

95.7

216.9

Thetableaboveshowtheneutraldatacollectedfromtheforcegriplabwithno
encouragement.(T3)

Theaverage
changeisa
2.5%increase

Maximum
Neutralgrip
Strength

Maximum
Positivegrip
Strength

Changeingrip
data

Percentageof
change

Sadie

150.1

163.9

13.8

9.1%increase

Tyler

260.1

227.4

32.7

12.5%decrease

Mandi

205.8

202.4

3.4

1.6%decrease

Mr.Jones

343

325.5

17.5

5.1%decrease

Thetableaboveshowsthepercentchangeofpositiveencouragementongripstrength.(T4)
Thetablebelowshowsthepercentchangeofnegativeencouragementongrip
strength.(T5)

TylerDent
MuscleSystemLabReport
Anatomy

Average
Maximum
changeis
Neutralgrip
6.75%increase Strength

Maximum
Negativegrip
Strength

Changeingrip
Data

Percentageof
Change

Sadie

150.1

214.9

64.8

43.1%increase

Tyler

260.1

222.1

38

14.6%decrease

Mandi

205.8

209.6

3.8

1.8%increase

Mr.Jones

343

331.4

11.6

3.3%decrease

Inconclusion,thedatashowninthelabhelpsshowthatencouragementhelpsincreasegrip
strength,nomatterwhichtype,aslongasencouragementispresent.Thegripstrengthseemsto
tobeaffectedbythenegativeencouragementthemostbyshowinganaveragechangeof6.75%
increasing.Thepositiveencouragementshowsanaveragechangeof2.5%increase,asthisis
lowerthanthenegativeencouragement,thedatatableabove(T1).Mentalencouragementhelps
demonstratethedifferencebetweenpositiveandnegativestimuli.