GII PHP NO NG PH VI HIN TNG NC BIN DNG

TRONG QUN L PHT TRIN CC TH VEN BIN VIT NAM

TS.KTS. L Trng Bnh
Trng Khoa qun l th-Hc vin
Cn b QLXD&T-B XD.

Ngy 02/12/2008, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh

158/TTg ph duyt Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia ng ph vi bin i kh
hu (CTMTQG), xc nh nhim v ca ton h thng chnh tr, ton x
hi, cc cp, cc ngnh, cc t chc, mi ngi dn, l chun b cc gii php
ng ph vi nhng tc ng ca hin tng bin i kh hu i vi nc ta.
Trong lnh vc QHXD v pht trin th Vit nam, nhim v trn cn
c qun trit v khn trng t chc trin khai thc hin. Bi vit ny
xut mt s quan im v gii php ng ph vi hin tng nc bin dng
trong cng tc QHXD cc th ven bin.
1. Khi qut c im cc th ven bin
Khu vc ven bin v hi o nc ta tp trung phn ln cc th, im
dn c nong thn, khong 130 th cc loi trong tng s 750 th, h thng
c s h tng kinh t, k thut vi khong 90 cng bin, 2/3 tng s sn bay..
ca c nc. Ti y hi t nhng ti nguyn quan trng v c gi tr phc v
pht trin kinh t x hi: h thng cnh quan sinh thi t nhin hp dn ca trn
3.200km b bin, cc vnh, bi bin v hng ngn hn o, cc di sn thin
nhin, vn ho khu d tr sinh quyn th gii, cc h sinh thi vng ngp nc,
h sinh thi bin o,.. h thng di sn vn ho, lch s dy c gn vi truyn
thng dng nc v bo v t nc gm hng ngn di tch vn ho, l hi,
lch s, kin trc ngh thut, trong nhiu di sn c gi tr cp quc gia, quc
t ( hin c gn 1000 trong khong 3.800 di tch lch s vn ho c xp hng
quc gia, 4 di sn vn ho th gii c UNESCO cng nhn, cha k nhiu di
sn vn ho c xp hng cp a phng trn a bn 29 tnh, thnh ph
vng ven bin, hi o nc ta).
Trong thi gian qua, cc th khu vc ven bin v hi o v ang
pht trin mnh m v cht v lng; h thng c s h tng th, kt cu h
tng kinh t ang tng bc c pht trin v hon thin. Pht huy li th v
ti nguyn v v th ca khu vc bin o, nhiu th tr thnh trung tm
cng nghip, thng mi dch v ca vng, c nc v khu vc, tr thnh cu
ni quan trng gia Vit Nam vi th gii trn con ng hi nhp kinh t v
h thng th khu vc ven bin ng gp quan trng trong tin trnh pht
trin t nc theo hng cng nghip ho, hin i ho.

Cng tc qun l xy dng th tng bc c hon thin, nng cao

cht lng v hiu qu, gp phn qun l th pht trin bn vng. Ni dung
quy hoch xy dng th ang tng bc ph hp vi c th ca th ven
bin thng qua vic t chc phn khu chc nng, pht trin khng gian, xy
dng cc cng trnh h tng x hi, h tng k thut, cc khu gii tr, cng trnh
dch v du lch, khu cy xanh, bo v cnh quan ti nguyn mi trng th
v khu dn c.
2. Tn ti v thch thc
Trong qu trnh pht trin th, bn cnh nhng kt qu, thnh tu, ch
yu v u t, ang ny sinh nhng bt cp trong tin trnh pht trin ni chung
v qun l QHXD th ni ring, cng vi hu qu ca hin tng bin i
kh hu ton cu, trong vn nc bin dng, tin trnh th ho khu vc
ven bin nc ta phi i mt vi nhng thch thc ch yu sau:
2.1. V pht trin th:
Mt hin tng chung l ti nguyn pht trin nh t ai, cnh quan,
sinh thi mt s khu vc trng im pht trin th v cng nghip ven
bin ang b khai thc qu mc hoc cha bo m yu cu pht trin bn
vng. Cc hot ng xy dng v pht trin khu th mi, khu cng nghip,
c s h tng th, thm ch cc khu du lch ang theo hng khai thc ti a
qu t xy dng hin c, san lp vng ngp nc tng qu t u t xy
dng cc khu th mi, khu cng nghip, u mi h tng .. ang dn n s
xung cp, bin h cn bng sinh thi khu vc ven bin. Mt s d n ch
ch trng n mc ch kinh doanh t ai, bt ng sn, hoc cha thc s
quan tm n cc yu t bin i kh hu, c th l nc bin dng trong tng
lai. Mt s d n u t xy dng h tng k thut th c nguy c khng
bo m mc tiu d kin trc hin tng triu cng, nc bin dng ang
xay ra ngy mt nhiu hn. H lu ca tin trnh pht trin l cc khu
th, khu du lch, k c mt s th ven bin s phi hng chi hu qu kh
lng ca hin tng nc bin dng trong th k 21.
Cn tn ti thc trng thiu ng b trong cng tc quy hoch pht trin
gm QHPT cc ngnh, quy hoch s dng t ai vi quy hoch xy dng trn
a bn th c nc ni chung, trong c khu vc ven bin; tnh trng
chng cho trong khai thc v s dng ti nguyn sinh thi; cng tc qun l
quy hoch xy dng v quy hoch pht trin ngnh; s tn mn trong h thng
lut php v c ch, chnh sch qun l pht trin dn n tnh trng thiu cc
quy nh php lut, c ch, chnh sch ph hp vi c th pht trin th,
im dn c nng thn trong iu kin nc bin dng, s phi kt hp lin

ngnh, lin vng trong qun l u t xy dng cc cng trnh kinh t, x hi,
pht trin h tng th...
Mt bt cp khc trong cng tc lp Quy hoch pht trin cc th ni
chung, trong c quy hoch xy dng, quy hoch pht trin th khu vc
bin o, l bn cnh s chng cho v ni dung cha c gii php lng ghp
hiu qu, cht lng cc quy hoch pht trin, trong c quy hoch xy dng
nhn chung cn yu. Cc th ven bin c lp, ph duyt Quy hoch
chung, iu chnh quy hoch chung xy dng vi thi hn n nm 2020, mt
s th c thi hn quy hoch n nm 2030. Ni dung quy hoch xy dng
th cha d bo v c gii php ng ph cc bin ng khi hu, t chc
khng gian th gn vi bo v mi trng, cnh quan v ng ph nc bin
dng cho giai on lu di hn, bo m tnh trng tn ca tin trnh pht
trin th. Yu t ny cng c th hin m nht trong "iu chnh nh
hng Qui hoch tng th pht trin h thng th Vit Nam n nm 2025
v tm nhn n nm 2050", mi xc nh quan im ch o trong pht trin
th Vit Nam l pht trin th phi m bo n nh, bn vng v trng
tn, bo v mi trng, gi gn cn bng sinh thi..
2.2. Hin tng nc bin dng v hu qu i vi khu vc ven bin
Vit Nam:
Khi mc nc bin dng, hu qu l nhiu vng ven bin nc ta s b
ngp, b bin b xm thc, ch thy vn, thy lc trn tng a bn v trn
c ng bng s c nhng thay i, khin cho ng thi bi xi b sng, c
lao, cn bi, bi lng ph sa trn h thng sng chnh v vng ca sng cng
thay i. iu d dn n ton b h thng im dn c cng vi c s h
tng kinh t-x hi v cuc sng ca nhiu triu ngi khu vc ven bin b e
da nghim trng.
Theo d bo ca cc t chc khoa hc quc t v trong nc, Vit nam
l mt trong 5 nc trn th gii chu nh hng nng n nht ca hin tung
nc bin dng do bin i kh hu ton cu. Nu mc nc bin dng cao 1
mt th VN s mt 5% din tch t ai, 23% dn s s thiu t, 11% ngi
mt nh ca, gim 7% sn lng nng nghip v 10% thu nhp quc ni GDP.
Trong khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long l mt trong 3 vng ca c nc
b thit hi nht: 10 tnh vng BSCL s mt khong 38-39% din tch t khi
nc bin dng cao 1m gia th k XXI; vng duyn hi min Trung chu
tc ng bi hin tng b bin b xm thc, a mo tr nn ngy cng
khng n nh, s e do ca cc cn bo, cc trn l qut i vi h tng c
s th, im dn c ven bin (nh gi ca Trung tm quc t v Qun l
mi trng ICEM). Vn phng qun l iu tra ti nguyn bin v mi trng
(B Ti nguyn v Mi trng) d bo: Vit Nam mc nc bin s dng
3

cao t 3 n 15 cm nm 2010 v t 15 n 90 cm vo nm 2070; cc vng nh

hng nng nht gm a bn khu vc ven bin ng nam B v ng bng
sng Cu Long, khu vc ven bin Bc Trung B v ng bng sng Hng
(trong c cc tnh chu nh hng nht nh C Mau, Kin Giang, B RaVng Tu, Thanh Ha, Nam nh, Thi Bnh).
3. Mt s gii php
3.1. Trc ht cn qun trit quan im v phng chm t chc trin
khai cc gii php ng ph vi bin i kh hu c xc nh ti Quyt
nh s 158/TTg ngy 02/12/2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chng
trnh mc tiu quc gia ng ph vi bin i kh hu (CTMTQG), l: " vic
ng ph vi bin i kh hu l nhim v ca ton h thng chnh tr, ca ton
x hi, ca cc cp, cc ngnh, cc t chc, mi ngi dn, cn c tin hnh
vi s ng thun v quyt tm cao, t phm vi a phng, vng, quc gia n
ton cu; phi c thc hin trn nguyn tc pht trin bn vng, bo m
tnh h thng, tng hp, ngnh, lin ngnh, vng, lin vng, bnh ng v gii,
xa i, gim ngho; c trng tm, trng im; cn c gii php ng ph vi
nhng tc ng cp bch trc mt v nhng tc ng tim tng lu di; phi
c th hin trong cc chin lc, chng trnh, quy hoch, k hoch pht
trin ca cc ngnh, cc a phng, c th ch ha bng cc vn bn quy
phm php lut..".
3.2. Th hai, p dng cc nguyn tc v quan im pht trin th Vit
Nam xc nh ti " nh hng Qui hoch tng th pht trin h thng th
Vit Nam n nm 2020" v " iu chnh nh hng Qui hoch tng th
pht trin h thng th Vit Nam n nm 2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050",
trong ch trng cc nguyn tc:
i) Pht trin th phi m bo n nh, bn vng v trng tn, trn
c s t chc hp l mi sinh, s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin, tit kim
nng lng, bo v mi trng, gi gn cn bng sinh thi;
ii) T chc hp l mi sinh v bo v mi trng, m bo gi gn cn
bng sinh thi th, phng chng thin tai v cc s c cng ngh c th xy
ra;
iii) C cu quy hoch xy dng th hp l, ph hp vi iu kin t
nhin, quy lut pht trin kinh t x hi.
3.3. Th ba, trin khai mt s nhim v c nh ti Quyt nh
158/Q-TTg, trong tp trung vo nhng ni dung ch yu sau:
i) Trn c s p dng cc kt qu nghin cu ca cc ngnh lin quan,
nh gi mc , tnh cht v xu th bin i ca cc yu t v hin tng

nc bin dng khu vc ven bin; d bo cc kch bn v tc ng v nh

hng n QHXD v pht trin th, im dn c nng thn trong vng trn;
ii) Nghin cu xy dng c s khoa hc, phng php lun v hng
dn thc hin qun l QHXD v pht trin th, im dn c nng thn trong
iu kin bin i kh hu v nc bin dng, nhim v ny cn hon thnh
trong giai on 2010-2011 (theo Quyt nh 158);
iii) xut cc gii php ng ph bin i kh hu v nc bin dng
trong qun l QHXD v pht trin th, im dn c nng thn khu vc ven
bin Vit Nam, hon thnh trc 2015.
iv) Thc hin lp, ph duyt, iu chnh QHXD ( gm QHXD vng,
QHCXD, QHCT) h thng th, im dn c nng thn theo kch bn nc
bin dng.
3.4. Mt s gii php c th :
i) R sot li quy hoch XD cc th, im dn c nng thn, khu kinh
t c th v cc khu chc nng khc c nguy c nh hng bi bin dng ti
khu vc ven bin;
ii) Lp bn a hnh, hin trng v d bo cc vng th, im dn
c nng thn b nh hng do nc bin dng, gm bn a hnh, hin trng
vng th, im dn c nng thn nm trong khu vc nh hng;
iii) D bo, phn b, xc nh cc th, im dn c nng thn, h
thng cng trnh kt cu h tng vng b e da do bin dng;
iv) Nghin cu, d bo mt s ch tiu pht trin th, im dn c
nng thn trn a bn, xc nh ngun lc, ti nguyn c bit v t ai lm
c s iu chnh cc nh hng Quy hoch xy dng v pht trin cc th,
im dn c nng thn trn a bn trong iu kin nc bin dng;
v) xut cc nguyn tc, quan im, gii php i vi cng tc Quy
hoch xy dng v pht trin cc th, im dn c nng thn trn a bn
theo cc phng n mc nc bin dng;
vi) Xy dng, trnh cp thm quyn ph duyt K hoch hnh ng v
QHXD, TXD cc th, im dn c nng thn, h thng cng trnh kt cu
h tng khu vc BSCL theo Quyt nh 158/2008/Q-TTg ngy 02/12/2008
ca Th tng Chnh ph.
vii) Xy dng, iu chnh, hon thin quy trnh qun l QHXD, TXD,
cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut trong quy hoch, thit k, xy dng cc
th, im dn c nng thn ph hp vi iu kin nc bin dng.

viii) T chc thc hin cc kho bi dng, nng cao nng lc cc ch

th tham gia qun l, pht trin trn a bn v cng tc QHXD, TXD trong
iu kin bin i khi hu v nc bin dng.
4. Kt lun
Vic tm kim gii php ng ph vi bin i kh hu l nhim v ca
"ton h thng chnh tr, ca ton x hi, ca cc cp, cc ngnh, cc t chc,
mi ngi dn,.." nh c xc nh ti Quyt nh s 158/Q-TTg. i
vi cng tc QHXD v pht trin th, im dn c nng thn khu vc bin
o nc ta th nhim v xy dng gii php ng ph vi nc bin dng c
ngha quan trng v cp bch hn bao gi ht, cn c trin khai thc hin.
Nhm gp phn pht trin th nc ta n nh, bn vng v trng tn trong
th k 21 v tng lai xa hn na
L.T.B