TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).

2010

NGHIN CU XY DNG M HNH PHN LOI RC TI NGUN

TRONG TRNG HC TI THNH PH NNG
A STUDY ON THE DESIGN OF A MODEL FOR INITIAL SORTING OF RUBBISH
AT SCHOOLS IN DANANG CITY
Phng Khnh Chuyn, Ng Vn Thy Cm
Trng i hc S phm, i hc Nng
TM TT
Bi bo ny nghin cu xy dng m hnh phn loi rc ti ngun (PLRTN) trong
trng hc ph hp vi nhng iu kin thc t ti thnh ph Nng. Cc kt qu chnh bao
gm khi lng v thnh phn cht thi rn trong trng hc Nng, hin trng qun l v
thu gom rc trong trng hc, nh gi kin thc v nhn thc ca hc sinh v rc thi v
phn loi rc ti ngun. Bi bo cng thit k mt s hnh thc tuyn truyn da trn nhu
cu ca hc sinh nh a CD, t ri v cm nang v nh gi nh hng ca chng n kin
thc v nhn thc v hnh ng ca hc sinh. Da trn cc kt qu trn, bi bo xut m
hnh PLRTN trong trng hc.
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with a study on building a model for sorting rubbish initially in Danang
Citys schools, which is suitable to its practical conditions. The main results are concerned with
the volumes and components of school rubbish, current situations in collecting and controlling
solid wastes and the evaluation of students knowledge and awareness in rubbish and its initial
sorting. This research also presents some appropriate propaganda contents such as compact
disks, pamphlets, booklets and the assessment of their impacts on the students knowledge,
awareness and actions. With the studied results, a model for initial sorting of rubbish will be
suggested in this article.

1. t vn
Thnh ph Nng l thnh ph loi I trc thuc Trung ng ang trong qu
trnh th ha v cng nghip ha mnh m, mt mt gp phn ng k vo cng cuc
pht trin chung ca thnh ph, mt khc lm ny sinh nhiu vn v mi trng.
Mt trong nhng vn c quan tm hng u l qun l hp l lng cht thi rn
pht sinh. Hin nay gii php c khuyn khch l phn loi rc ti ngun nhm lm
to iu kin thun li cho nhng qu trnh x l rc thi tip theo. Ngun cht thi rn
pht sinh ti cc trng hc l mt trong nhng ngun thi ln thnh ph Nng.
Vic m bo mi trng hc ng sch p, v sinh l rt cn thit v nu trin khai
thnh cng vic phn loi rc trong trng hc s c sc lan ta cao trong cng ng v
nhn thc v hnh ng PLRTN cng nh rn luyn mt thi quen vn minh cho hc
sinh ngay t nhng cp hc tp s t c hiu qu v lu di. Chnh v vy bi bo
nghin cu a ra m hnh ph hp cho vic phn loi rc ti ngun trong trng
hc ti thnh ph Nng.
39

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

2. Mc tiu, ni dung v phng php nghin cu

2.1. Mc tiu nghin cu
- Nghin cu xy dng m hnh phn loi rc trong trng hc da trn nhng
phn tch thc t v rc thi, hin trng qun l, v nhn thc, kin thc ca hc sinh v
cc thc nghim nhm nh gi nh hng ca cc hnh thc tuyn truyn.
2.2. Ni dung nghin cu
-

Xc nh thnh phn, khi lng rc thi trong trng hc

iu tra kin thc v nhn thc ca hc sinh v rc thi v phn loi rc ti
ngun
Thit k cc phng tin tuyn truyn v rc thi v phn loi rc ti ngun da
trn kin hc sinh
nh gi hiu qu cc bin php tuyn truyn trong vic nng cao hiu bit,
nhn thc cng nh hnh ng ca hc sinh v phn loi rc ti ngun.
Xy dng m hnh phn loi rc ti ngun trong trng hc ph hp vi iu
kin thc t

2.3. Phng php nghin cu

2.3.1. Phng php thu thp v phn tch ti liu th cp
2.3.2. Phng php nh gi nhanh c s tham gia ca cng ng: phiu iu tra v
phng vn nhanh
2.3.3. Phng php chuyn gia
2.3.4. Phng php thc nghim
2.3.5. Phng php ng dng cc phn mm tin hc: Excel, Frontpage
2.3.6. Phng php thng k, x l s liu v phn tch, tng hp s liu
Nghin cu c tin hnh trong 3 trng hc ti thnh ph Nng: Trng
Tiu hc Ph ng, trng THCS Trng Vng, Trng THPT Phan Chu Trinh.
3. Kt qu nghin cu v bnh lun
3.1. Khi lng v thnh phn rc trong trng hc
Khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh trong trng hc ti Nng vo ma ma
v ma nng c s chnh lch ng k. Vo ma ma lng rc trung bnh t 35 kg
42,3 kg, vo ma nng lng rc trung bnh l 51,2 kg 64,2 kg, iu ny c th gii
thch do vo ma ma rc c cha mt lng ln nc do nc ma thm vo lm gia
tng khi lng v do khi lng l cy rng gia tng.
Kt qu iu tra t l khi lng cc thnh phn trong rc thi trng hc cho
thy lng rc v c tr v rc ti ch chim t l kh cao trong trng hc: bao nylon
(14,7%), hp sa (15,4%), hp xi (12,9%), chai nha (13,2%). Lng rc hu c bao
gm l cy v thc n tha chim t l cao hn trng cp I, II (thc n tha: 8,9
40

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

9,2%; l cy: 17,3 27,7%) so vi trng cp III (thc n tha: 5,6-13,4%; l cy: 9,4
10,2%) do c im trng cp I, II c nhiu cy xanh hn. T l ny tng cao hn
vo ma ma do gia tng lng nc ma v ma ma trng vo ma rng l ca cc
cy xanh trong trng.
3. Hin trng qun l v phng thc thu gom rc trong trng hc
- V h thng lu tr: mi lp hc c trang b mt thng rc bng nha v c
cc thng rc t trn sn trng. Tt c cc loi rc c chung vo cc thng 240l
t gc sn trng.
- V h thng thu gom vn chuyn: rc c thu gom hng ngy bng xe ba gc,
vn chuyn n trm trung chuyn Ng Gia T, t xe ti ln s vn chuyn v bi
rc Khnh Sn chn lp.
Vic thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc trng hc hin nay vn cn nhiu hn
ch nh tn km kinh ph, lng ph ti nguyn, gy kh khn cho vic x l, cha gn
vi mc tiu bo v mi trng
3.2. Kt qu iu tra kin thc, nhn thc ca hc sinh v rc thi v phn loi rc
ti ngun
3.2.1. Nhn thc, kin thc ca hc sinh v rc thi
Tin hnh iu tra bng phiu cu hi trn i tng hc sinh ba trng, kt
qu nh sau:
%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

78.1
64.5

61.9

35.5

38.1

21.9

Cp I

Cp II

Cp III

Hnh1. Hiu bit ca HS rc thi

, ti s dng

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

93

Cp I
42.4
25.1
3.3

9.8

Mt m quan
trng hc

28.527.6

19.321.6
0.8
nh hng n
sc khe

25.7

Cp II
Cp III

2.9
nhim mi
trng

Tt c

Hnh 2. Hiu bit ca HS v tc hi

Cc kt qu cho thy cp hc cao th kh nng nhn thc v tim nng s dng

ca rc thi tt hn, ln lt l 21,9%, 64,5% v 61,9% cc cp I, II v III. Cn lu
c bit n i tng hc sinh tiu hc trong nng cao nhn thc vi t l cho rng rc
l th b i chim n 78,1%. iu ny c lin quan n trnh v kin thc tng qut
ca hc sinh tiu hc cn rt non nt. Qua biu 3.2 c th thy hc sinh nhn thc
c tc hi ca rc thi nu khng c thu gom v x l hp l tuy ch mc nu
ring l tng tc hi ng thi c 64,3% hc sinh cp II, III c quan tm nht nh n
cng tc x l v qun l cht thi rn. Ring hc sinh cp I chn cu tr li tt c cc
tc hi vi t l cao nht nhng khi iu tra nh gi li khng nh kt qu th l
do cc em chn mt cch v thc do kin thc x hi cn km la tui ny.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

3.2.2. Nhn thc v kin thc ca hc sinh v phn loi rc ti ngun

Phn ln hc sinh u cha nghe (43.5 57,4% ) hoc khng (6.2 - 21.6%)
n chng trnh ny. Cc em bit n chng trnh t cc ngun thng tin ch yu l
tivi, radio, bo ch (chim 69.8%), internet (chim 13.4%), t b m (chim 6.6%) v t
nh trng (chim 10.2%). Tuy vy, hu ht nhng hc sinh ny u cha hiu v
PLRTN, mc ch ca phn loi rc v cch x l rc sau khi phn loi. Trong qu trnh
thit k v tuyn truyn cn b sung thm nhng kin thc ny cho hc sinh.
T l hc sinh bit c li ch ca chng trnh PLRTN tng i cao (chim
64.5% cp I, 71.2% cp II, 73.3% cp III), tuy nhin hc sinh tiu hc nhn thc
n gin hn v li ch ca PLRTN.
Qua tin hnh iu tra trong lp hc, kt qu cho thy s lng hc sinh phn
bit c hai loi rc chim t l thp, ch c 6% s hc sinh tiu hc, 18.5% s hc sinh
cp II, 29.3% s hc sinh cp III phn bit c. Cn phn ln s hc sinh c iu
tra khng hiu r v khng phn bit c hay cn nhm ln gia rc d phn hy v
kh phn hy sinh hc.
C 91.3% hc sinh cp I, 73.3% hc sinh cp II, 65% hc sinh cp III nhn thc
c li ch ca chng trnh ny nn rt thch v t nguyn tham gia m khng cn c
s bt buc. Mt s hc
100
sinh
khng
thch
90%
chng trnh ny v thi
47.4
80%
51.8
70%
67.
gian hc qu nhiu, cc
Khng phn bit c
6
60%
em cha bit r c
Cn nhm ln
50%
23.3
C th phn bit
40%
nhng li ch ca
29.7
30%
chng trnh nn cha
26.
20%
29.3
4
18.5
10%
mun tham gia, hay ch
6
0%
tham gia khi c s bt

buc ca nh trng.
Hnh 3. nh gi kh nng phn bit rc d
phn hy v rc kh phn hy ca hc sinh

Qu trnh nghin
cu tin hnh th im cho hc sinh phn loi rc thnh hai loi: rc d phn hy v
kh phn hy trong vng mt tun, kt qu hu ht cc em b rc ln ln, do hc sinh
vn cha hiu r v phn bit c hai loi rc. Kt qu ny trng khp vi vic nh
gi thng qua phiu iu tra.
3.3. Thit k phng tin tuyn truyn da trn kin hc sinh - nh gi hiu qu
nng cao nhn thc v kin thc cho hc sinh bng cc hnh thc ph hp,
chng ti tin hnh iu tra ba hnh thc tuyn truyn m hc sinh mong mun nht
l a CD chim 23%, t ri vi 15,4% v ti liu vi 19%. C khong 16% hc sinh
mong mun c tuyn truyn thng qua tt c cc hnh thc a ra. Do cn lu
thit k a dng cc hnh thc tuyn truyn s dng cc ti liu, t ri, CD kt hp vi
ph bin vo cc gi ngoi kha, lng ghp vo cc bi hc t hiu qu tt nht.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

Hu ht hc sinh u mun a CD, t ri, cm nang bao gm nhng ni dung

chnh: khi nim v rc thi, s thu gom, tc hi ca rc thi n mi trng,
PLRTN l g, cch phn loi rc, li ch v cch x l rc sau phn loi, trc nghim,
Cc tiu ch v hnh thc bao gm ngn gn, nhiu hnh nh, t ng d hiu, ni dung
phong ph hp dn, d s dng, hnh thc trnh by p.
Trong phm vi ca bi bo, cng vi kin thu thp t hc sinh, nghin cu
thit k mt a CD, mt t ri v mt cm nang v rc thi v PLRTN, sau s dng
tuyn truyn vi mu nghin cu v nh gi v tc ng ca chng ln nhn thc,
kin thc v hnh ng ca hc sinh. Kt qu cho thy, sau khi tuyn truyn, 100% hc
sinh nhn thc c rc thi khng phi l th b i hon ton, n c th ti s dng,
ti ch, t l hc sinh bit c tc hi ca rc thi nu khng c thu gom v x l
ng cch mt cch y tng ln, 57.6% cp II, 64.7% cp III. 89% s hc sinh
sau khi tuyn truyn hiu c cc khi nim, mc ch ca vic phn loi rc v
cch x l rc sau khi phn loi, li ch ca vic phn loi rc.
58.7% s hc sinh cp I, 66.5% s hc sinh cp II v 84.4 % s hc sinh cp III
phn bit c cc loi rc thi. Tuy nhin t l hc sinh tiu hc cha phn bit
c chim kh cao do nhn thc ca cc em cn n gin m thi gian tuyn truyn li
ngn, mun i tng ny hiu r v phn bit c cn phi c thi gian tuyn truyn
v hng dn nhiu hn.
Qua iu tra, cc em hiu r v thy c li ch khi tham gia thc hin phn
loi nn hu ht cc em u mun tham gia, khng nhng vy m cn tuyn truyn cho
ngi thn, bn b cng thc hin.
Tin hnh phn loi rc th im trong lp hc li mt t na, kt qu cho thy
hu ht hc sinh phn loi ng. i vi hc sinh cp I, trong nhng ngy u do
cha hiu r nn cc em vn cn nhm ln nhng nhng ngy sau cc em dn dn
phn loi ng.
nh gi cc thit k c ph hp, p ng yu cu v c hc sinh chp
nhn hay khng, tin hnh iu tra kin nh gi ca hc sinh. Kt qu, n 70% hc
sinh cho rng a CD p ng cc yu cu ca cc em v ni dung v hnh thc, gip
tip cn ngun thng tin v phn loi rc di nhiu hnh thc: game, ng link ti
nhiu website hay nhng on phim ngn... th v v hp dn.
89% hc sinh cho rng t ri p ng cc nhu cu, gip d nh, c nhiu
mu sc, hnh thc p, tin li. Tuy nhin, c 11% cho rng ni dung cn t, cha p
ng y nhu cu. i vi cm nang, hu ht cc bn u thch v d s dng, h tr
hc sinh khi cn bit v phn loi rc, y v b ch, c nhiu thng tin mi gip m
rng s hiu bit. Hnh thc trnh by p, logic, c hnh nh minh ha. i vi cp
Tiu hc, hnh thc m cc bn thch nht l a CD (39%), t ri (34%) trong khi i
vi hc sinh THCS THPT, hnh thc hiu qu nht l cm nang v d s dng nhng
li mang li cho cc bn nhiu kin thc, p ng nhu cu tm hiu ca cc bn.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

nh gi sn phm tuyn truyn thng qua nhn xt ca gio vin

a s cc gio vin u c n tng tt i vi cc sn phm tuyn truyn,
100% gio vin cho rng cc sn phm ny ph hp vi la tui hc sinh v nu c,
thy c s s dng, lng ghp vo cc bi hc.
i vi a CD, ni dung v hnh thc phong ph, trnh by r rng, logic, hnh
nh r nt, sinh ng v nhp iu gy hng th cho hc sinh, di hnh thc mt trang
web nn kh thn thin v ph hp vi la tui hc sinh. a CD c nhiu hnh nh,
phng s nn tc ng n thc v nng cao nhn thc ca hc sinh mt cch trc
quan, hiu qu nht, c bit l vi hc sinh tiu hc. Tuy nhin, nn xy dng a CD
theo hng t chc hi p cung cp thng tin, cn tng thm tr chi.
T ri c ni dung d hiu, mang tnh gio dc cao, trnh by tng mc r rng,
ngn gn, sc tch km theo hnh nh trc quan, sinh ng, rt tin li hc sinh d
quan st, s dng v ghi nh. t ri c th s dng c lu, khng b thm nc v
rch nn p nylon.
i vi cm nang, ni dung y , c tnh thuyt phc cao, nhiu thng tin
mi, trnh by mt cch chi tit, c th, khoa hc, nhiu s , hnh v gi tr tng
tng ca hc sinh. Tuy nhin, do c th cm nang nn nhiu ch, cung cp nhiu
thng tin, t hnh nh minh ha nn ph hp vi hc sinh THCS v THPT hn l hc
sinh tiu hc do nhn thc ca cc em cn n gin cha hiu ht c nhng ni dung
m cm nang mun truyn t. ph hp vi mi hc sinh th cn thm nhiu hnh
nh minh ha, tm tt li ni dung.
3.5. Xy dng m hnh phn loi rc ti ngun trong trng hc ti TP Nng
Rc thi trng hc
Tn tr v phn loi ti lp, trng

Rc kh phn hy sinh hc

Rc d phn hy sinh hc

Ch bin phn compost

Rc c th ti ch, ti
s dng

Cc thnh phn
cn li

Ngi thu mua

im trung chuyn

Bn cho cy trng trong trng

S ch
Hnh 4. M hnh PLR trong
trng hc
44

Ti s dng

C s ti ch

Bi chn lp hp v sinh

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

Chng ti tin hnh khi ton kinh ph cho m hnh s dng cho nh trng,
kt qu dao ng trong khong 3.388.000 - 3.398.000 ng, ng thi phn tch cc u
nhc im ca m hnh v xc nh vai tr ca cc nhm i tng tham gia qu trnh
qun l rc thi trong trng hc.
4. Kt lun
Bi bo ng dng c hiu qu cc cng c tuyn truyn nhm nng cao nhn
thc v s tham gia ca hc sinh vo phn loi rc ti ngun. M hnh a ra trong cc
trng hc gp phn gim lng cht thi rn, to thun li cho vic thu gom v x l
tip theo cng nh quan trng hn ht l to mt nn tng nhn thc tt cho hc sinh v
cng tc bo v mi trng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Trn Hiu Nhu, ng Quc Dng, Nguyn Th Kim Thi (2001), Qun l cht thi
rn. Tp 1: Cht thi rn th, NXB Xy dng.
[2] S Ti nguyn mi trng Tp H Ch Minh, Cng ty Mi trng th (2003),
Phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun-Tp HCM, Centema.
[3] Prof.Dr. Tran Hieu Nhue, Nguyen Quoc Cong (12/2003), The Pilot Study On The
Organic Waste Management For The Bai Chay Tourism Destination, Halong Bay
In Vietnam, Centre for Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas,
Hanoi.
[4] PGS. TS Nguyn Vn Lm - Trung tm t vn CNMT, Lin hip cc Hi KH&KT
Vit Nam, M hnh thu gom phn loi rc thi sinh hot ti ngun trn a bn
qun Hon Kim TP H Ni, truy cp t http://www.nea.gov.vn.

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