TNG HP V PHN TCH CC THNG TIN HIN C V MI LIN H

NGHO I - MI TRNG V TM RA L HNG KIN THC CN

C U TIN V XY DNG K HOCH HOT NG CHO NGHIN
CU CHNH

Bo co I Ti liu phn tch

MI LIN H GIA NGHO I V MI

TRNG VIT NAM

Nhm khi ng

H Ni, thng 4/2007

LI CM N
Danh sch cc chuyn gia tham gia vit bo co ny
H v tn

Chuyn mn

T chc

Tin s David
Thomas

Phn tch chnh sch

Trung tm Nng Lm nghip th

gii ti Thi Lan

Tin s Hong Minh

H

Phng php bo v mi
trng v Ngho i

Trng i din Trung tm nng

lm nghip th gii ti Vit Nam

Tin s ng Nguyn
Anh

Gii v di dn

Vin X hi hc Vit Nam

Tin s Nguyn
Anh Tun

Kinh t nng thn

Trung tm chnh sch nng nghip

- B NN&PTNT

Tin s Bi Dng Th

Kinh t lm nghip v
mi trng

Trng i hc Nng lm Hu

Thc s Nguyn L
Hoa

Pht trin nng thn

Trung tm Chnh sch nng nghip

- B NN&PTNT

Thc s Phm Thu

Thy

Chnh sch mi trng

v qun l mi trng

Trung tm nng lm nghip th

gii ti Vit Nam

Thc s Roi Estvez

Prez

Mi trng v qun l
lm nghip

Trung tm nng lm nghip th

gii ti Vit Nam

Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc chuyn gia tin hnh nh gi, gm Tin s
Aron Becker, Tin s Nguyn Danh Sn, Tin s L Th Kim Dung v cc thnh vin
tham gia hi tho quc gia v nhng ng gp qu bu ca qu v cho bn d tho ny.
Chng ti cng nh gi cao s cng tc nhit tnh v kin ng gp qu bu
ca Tin s Paula Williams Chng trnh i tc h tr ngnh lm nghip, Thc s
Alison Clauson, Tin s Trn Quang C, Tin s Meine van Noordwijk v cc chuyn
gia Vit Nam tham gia phng vn v nhng kin thc v thng tin m qu v chia s
cho chng ti chng ti hon thin bo co ny. Bo co c dch t Ting Anh
sang Ting Vit bi Thc s Nguyn Chin Cng. Anh Trn Quc Thnh cng
cung cp cho chng ti bc nh trang u ca bo co.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n Tin s Nguyn Trung Thng, Thc s Kim Th
Thy Ngc, ng Nguyn Hong Minh v Ban qun l d n ca B TN&MT v nhng
h tr ca qu v trong qu trnh lm vic.

T VIT TT
5MHRP:

Chng trnh trng mi 5 triu ha rng

AASSREC:

y ban nghin cu khoa hc x hi Chu

ADB:

Ngn hng pht trin Chu

AusAID:

Chng trnh h tr nc ngoi ca Chnh ph c

CAP:

Trung tm chnh sch nng nghip

CBNRM:

Qun l TNTN da vo cng ng

CED:

X c bit kh khn

CEM:

U ban dn tc

CIFOR:

Trung tm nghin cu lm nghip th gii

CPRGS:

Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din

DANIDA:

T chc pht trin quc t ca an Mch

DFID:

V hp tc quc t

DoNRE:

S TN&MT

EIA:

nh gi tc ng mi trng

ESCAP:

U ban kinh t x hi ca Lin hip quc ti khu vc Chu Thi Bnh

Dng

EU:

Lin minh Chu u

FAO:

T chc Nng Lng Lin hip quc

FIPI:

Vin iu tra quy hoch rng

FLA:

Giao t lm nghip

FSIV:

Vin Khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam

GDP:

Tng sn phm quc ni

GoV:

Chnh ph Vit Nam

GSO:

Tng cc thng k

GOV:

Chnh ph

HEPR:

Xo i gim ngho

ICD:

V hp tc quc t

ICEM:

Trung tm qun l mi trng quc t

ICRAF:

Trung tm nng lm quc t (trung tm nghin cu nng lm quc t)

IDRC:

Trung tm nghin cu pht trin quc t

IFAD:

Qu pht trin nng nghip quc t

IFPRI:

Vin nghin cu chnh sch lng thc quc t

IIED:

Vin mi trng v pht trin quc t

IoS:

Vin x hi hc

IUCN:

T chc bo tn th gii

MARD:

B NN&PTNT

MDGs:

Mc tiu pht trin thin nin k

MoNRE:

B TN&MT

MoLISA:

B L, TB&XH

MOSTE:

B KH, CN&MT

MRDP:

Chng trnh pht trin nng thn

MPI:

B KH&T

NATCOM:

U ban quc gia v nng lng g

NCPFP:

y ban quc gia v dn s v k hoch ho gia nh

NFDS:

Chin lc pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam

NICs:

Cc nc cng nghip mi

NSEP:

Chin lc bo v mi trng

NTFPs:

Lm sn ngoi g

PELs:

Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng

PEP:

D n Ngho i v mi trng

PES:

Chi tr ph dch v mi trng

PPA:

nh gi ngho i c s tham gia

PRSP:

Ti liu chin lc xo i gim ngho

RUPES:

Thng cho ngi dn vng cao v dch v mi trng h mang li

SCA:

Hi ng khoa hc Chu

SEDS:

Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi giai on 2001- 2010

SFE:

Lm trng quc doanh

SIDA:

C quan pht trin quc t ca Thu in

SEA:

nh gi Chin lc mi trng

RWEDP:

Chng trnh pht trin nng lng g ti Chu

UN:

Lin hip quc

UNEP:

Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin hip quc

UNFPA:

Qu dn s lin hip quc

UNDP:

Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin hip quc

UNESCO:

T chc khoa hc v gio dc ca Lin hip quc

UNESCAP:

U ban x hi v kinh t ca Lin hip quc ti Chu v Thi Bnh

Dng

US EPA:

T chc bo v mi trng ca M

VAPEC:

Trung tm Chu Thi Bnh Dng ti H Ni

VASS:

Vin khoa hc x hi Vit Nam

VAST:

Vin khoa hc v cng ngh Vit Nam

VDR:

Bo co pht trin Vit Nam

WB:

Ngn hng th gii

WCED:

U ban pht trin v mi trng th gii

WWF:

Qu ng vt hoang d th gii

Mc lc
LI CM N................................................................................................................... 2
T VIT TT.................................................................................................................. 3
CHNG 1: GII THIU V THNG TIN C S .................................................... 8
A. Gii thiu .................................................................................................................. 8
B. Thng tin c s ........................................................................................................ 9
1. Tin trnh a ra khi nim v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng.......... 9
2. Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong bi cnh Vit Nam ................ 11
CHNG 2: PHNG PHP LUN.......................................................................... 13
A. nh ngha cc khi nim c bn............................................................................ 13
1. Mi trng.......................................................................................................... 13
2. Ngho i ........................................................................................................... 13
3. Chnh sch: ......................................................................................................... 14
4. Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng (PEL): ............................................. 17
B. Qu trnh v phng php nghin cu.................................................................... 17
1. Qu trnh nghin cu: ......................................................................................... 17
2. Phng php....................................................................................................... 17
CHNG 3: CC KT QU CHNH ........................................................................ 19
A. Cc chnh sch, chng trnh v d n quan trng v xo i gim ngho v mi
trng...................................................................................................... 19
1. Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi giai on 2001- 2010 (SEDS)................... 19
2. Cc chnh sch v chng trnh phc v xo i gim ngho ........................... 20
a. Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din (CPRGS)............. 20
b. Cc chng trnh quc gia v xo i gim ngho........................................ 21
c.D n xo b tn gc v thay th cy thuc phin.......................................... 22
3. Cc chnh sch v chng trnh v mi trng.................................................. 22
a. Chng trnh ngh s 21................................................................................. 22
b. Chin lc quc gia v bo v mi trng n nm 2010 v tm nhn n
nm 2020 ............................................................................................................ 23
4. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng (PELs) ....................... 24
B. Vn gii v dn di c c phn nh trong cc d n, chng trnh v chnh
sch ......................................................................................................... 25
1. Vn gii v dn di c th hin trong cc chnh sch ..................................... 25
2.Vn gii v di c trong cc d n v chng trnh quc gia.......................... 25
3. Tho lun ............................................................................................................ 26
C. Ti nguyn thin nhin v ngho i...................................................................... 28
1. Lm nghip ......................................................................................................... 29
a. Mi lin h gia ngho i v lm nghip trong chnh sch ......................... 29
(1). Chin lc pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam giai on 2006-2020.......... 29
(2). Lut bo v v pht trin rng ................................................................. 30
(3). Cc chnh sch khc................................................................................. 30
b. Cc chng trnh quc gia v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng..... 31
(1). Chng trnh bo tn rng v lm nghip ............................................... 31
(2). Cc chng trnh khc ............................................................................. 32
c. Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng th hin trong cc d n, chng
trnh quc gia ..................................................................................................... 32
d. Tho lun v cc vn ni cm trong mi lin h gia ngho i v mi
trng v l hng trong lm nghip................................................................... 34
(1). Cc chnh sch c xy dng tt nhng thc thi km........................... 34

Thiu gio dc cho ngi ngho (c bit v cc chng trnh, d n). ....... 34
(2). Quy hoch yu ......................................................................................... 35
(3). Qun l rng bn vng ............................................................................ 37
2. Qun l t ......................................................................................................... 38
a. Nhng thay i trong chnh sch t ai v nhng tc ng ca n n ngi
ngho .................................................................................................................. 38
b. Giao t - s tho hip gia mc tiu bo v mi trng v xo i gim
ngho .................................................................................................................. 39
c. Qun l da vo cng ng qun l t bn vng .................................... 40
d. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng v l hng trong cng
tc qun l t .................................................................................................... 41
3. Bin..................................................................................................................... 42
a. Chnh sch bin .............................................................................................. 42
(1). Lut thu sn............................................................................................ 43
(2). Chin lc pht trin kinh t bin v ven bin n nm 2020................. 43
(3). Cc chnh sch quan trng khc............................................................... 43
b. Cc chng trnh quc gia v bin................................................................. 44
c. Cc d n bin................................................................................................ 45
(1). D n Tng cng bo tn a dng sinh hc binVit Nam n nm
2020 .............................................................................................................. 45
(2). D n Sinh k bn vng trong v quanh khu vc bin c bo v do t
chc ti tr v B thu sn qun l. ............................................................... 45
(3). D n pht trin v bo v t ngp nc ven bin (2000-2005)............ 46
(4). Qun l tng hp vng ven bin (ICZM) ............................................... 46
d. Tho lun v mi lin h gia Ngho i v Mi trng .............................. 46
4. Nng lng ti to .............................................................................................. 48
a. Nng lng ti sinh cc chnh sch lin quan ............................................ 48
b. Cc chng trnh nng lng ti to ............................................................. 49
c. Cc d n nng lng ti to ......................................................................... 50
d. Tho lun v mi lin h ngho i v mi trng........................................ 52
D. nhim, nc sch, sc kho v h thng v sinh................................................ 53
1. nhim v ngho i......................................................................................... 54
a. Vn nhim c th hin trong cc chnh sch...................................... 54
b. Cc d n nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA)............................................ 55
c. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v nhim ..................................... 55
2. Nc sch, sc kho v v sinh mi trng....................................................... 57
a. Nc, sc kho v v sinh mi trng trong cc chnh sch......................... 57
b. Cc chng trnh quc gia ............................................................................. 58
c. Cc d n........................................................................................................ 58
d. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng................................ 59
CHNG 4. TNG HP V KHUYN NGH .......................................................... 61
A. L hng kin thc v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng (PEL)................ 61
B. Khuyn ngh nhng vn cn nghin cu thm................................................... 64
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 67
PH LC ....................................................................................................................... 74

CHNG 1: GII THIU V THNG TIN C S

A. Gii thiu
Ban i tc do Trung tm Nghin cu Nng Lm nghip Quc t (ICRAF),
Chng trnh khu vc ng Nam cng vi Vn phng ti Vit Nam ch tr h tr
k thut cho nghin cu v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong vng 10
thng, t thng 12/2006 n thng 11/2007. Tn ca nghin cu ny l H tr k thut
nhm m rng kin thc trn c s mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng thng qua
vic tin hnh 10 nghin cu im, nh gi cc chng trnh quc gia v xy dng
moo hnh chnh sch v u t.
PHN 1 (phn gii thiu) ca nghin cu c tn gi Phn tch v tng hp
thng tin hin c v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng v tm ra l hng kin
thc cng nh xy dng K hoch hot ng cho Nghin cu chnh. Mc tiu tng th
ca PHN 1 ca gi thu ny l hiu c kin thc lin quan n ngho i v mi
trng ti Vit Nam, c bit mc mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng c
tm hiu ra sao, c v mt hn lm khoa hc v trong mi trng chnh sch.
Cc mc tiu c th bao gm:
1. Tng hp v phn tch chi tit thng tin hin c v mi lin h gia ngho i v
mi trng Vit Nam.
2. Cung cp thng tin c s v gi thuyt cho cc nghin cu chuyn su ca 5 chuyn
v 10 nghin cu im theo yu cu ca gi thu.
3. Xy dng k hoch chi tit hn cho cc nghin cu im v chuyn , bao gm c
a im thc hin, cc chng trnh/d n c nh gi, cc u mi lin h quan
trng v phng php.
4. Thng nht c vi PEP v nhm nghin cu trong vic xy dng k hoch hot
ng cho cc nghin cu im, nh gi chng trnh/ d n v cc bc tip theo
cho Phn 3 v 4.
Cc hot ng trong phn m u bao gm nh gi ti liu, tho lun chi tit
vi cc bn c thc hin t thng 12/2006 n u thng 1/2007. Kt qu ca giai
on khi ng ny l 2 bo co:
(1) Bo co 1, tr li cc cu hi ca mc tiu 1 v 2 trn
(2) Bo co 2, tr li cc cu hi ca mc tiu 3 v 4.
C hai bo co ny u c chun b trong thng 1/2007 v sau c trnh
by ti hi tho quc gia t chc vo ngy 5 thng 1 ti Khch sn La Thnh, H Ni.
Hai bo co ny c hon thin ngay sau hi tho, trong c xem xt n kin
ng gp ca cc bn, cc cn b nh gi cng nh cng nhim v t ra cho giai
on khi ng (PHN 1). Kt qu ca hot ng phn tch v tng hp chuyn su
c trnh by trong Bo co 1.

B. Thng tin c s
1. Tin trnh a ra khi nim v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng
kin nhn xt chung cho rng ngho i l nguyn nhn chnh dn n tnh
trng suy thoi mi trng (dn chiu: Jalal, 1993; Duraiappah, 1996). V d: mt trong
nhng kt lun trong Bo co ca on nh gi Bruntland c xem l tn hiu ng
mng i vi hot ng bo v mi trng. Kt lun ny ni rt r l ngho i l
nguyn nhn chnh dn n cc vn v mi trng v ci thin mi trng ca cc
chng trnh v mi trng. Ngn hng th gii cng ng tnh vi kin ny khi a
ra bo co ca mnh vo nm 1992. Ngn hng th gii ni rng cc h gia nh ngho
phi kim sng tng ba khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin bng cch cht ph rng
ba bi lm cht t v khng c bin php no bo v t (bo co ngn hng th gii
1992). Cng v vn ny, Jalal (1993), gim c b phn v mi trng ca Ngn
hng pht trin Chu ni rng nhn chung vn suy thoi mi trng, tng dn s
nhanh v sn xut nh tr c mi lin h mt thit n nn ngho i ang honh hnh
ti cc quc gia Chu .
Khi bn v vn ny Nadkarni (2001) trong ti nghin cu v Trung Quc
ch ra rng cc quc gia ang pht trin v cc quc gia ngho ngi ngho sng da
trc tip vo mi trng ti nguyn thin nhin. Tuy nhin. ng a ra cu hi l khi
ngi ngho ang ngy cng lm tn hi n mi trng v gy ra cc thin tai th h
c chu trch nhim v nhng g h gy ra khng? Hay ni mt cch khc, cu hi c
t ra l liu ngi ngho sng da vo ti nguyn thin nhin c s dng ngun ti
nguyn ny mt cch bn vng khng? Ni tm li c nhiu quan im ng l ngho
i hay ngi ngho l nguyn nhn chnh dn n suy thoi mi trng v h khng
c t trong v th l phi s dng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch bn vng
(dn chiu Duraiappah, 1996; Prakash, 1997). T nguyn nhn suy thoi ny c th dn
n tnh trng ngho i trm trng v t hon tt ci gi l vng lun qun hay
cn gi l qu trnh By ngho.
Tuy nhin, Nadkarni bin minh rng bng cch nhn nhn vn trong mt thi
gian di chng ta c th d dng nhn ra Vng lun qun dng nh b sp hon
ton. Mt thc t l trc y khi t l ngho i cc nc ang pht trin rt cao
nhng mi trng khng b suy tho nhiu nh ngy nay. Ngy nay t l ngho gim
ng k nhng dng nh n khng ng gp nhiu cho vic hn ch suy thoi mi
trng. Cc nhn t khc cng cn c xem xt cn thn v chng c th ng vai tr
quan trng hn.
bin minh cho vic ngho i khng hon ton l nguyn nhn dn n suy
thoi mi trng, Nadkarni gii thch rng nu ngi dn cc quc gia ang pht
trin c mc sng nh ngi dn M v Chu u v vi li sng nh vy th cht lng
mi trng cng kh c th duy tr n nh. V d: mt quc gia th lng tiu th nhin
liu ho thch v vic thi kh cc bon ch yu l do ngi giu. Thm ch mc tiu th
nc ung bnh qun, vi ngun nc khan him, th ngi giu tiu th ln hn rt
nhiu. Ngi ngho khng cho php mnh s dng nc mt cch lng ph. Thm ch
nu ngun t ai ca x hi khan him th cc ng ch t khng th lm ch hng
nghn mu (Anh). Mt iu khng phi bn ci l suy thoi t lin quan n nhiu
ngi ch khng ch ngi ngho. Thm ch Nadkarni cn cho rng nu xt cc trng
hp nu trn th c th rt ra kt lun rng ngi ngho v ang ci thin mi
trng. ng l mt iu nc ci v ng ph phn.

Kim (2001) ng h quan im ny bng vic a ra dn chng trng hp ca

Hn Quc - mt quc gia cng nghip mi. ng ta nhn ra rng nn ngho i Hn
Quc gim rt nhiu trong vng 40 nm qua. Vn ngho i nh suy dinh dng
kinh nin v h thng v sinh km lun c xem l vn nn trc y Hn Quc.
Tuy nhin, x hi cng nghip mi ca Hn Quc li xut hin nhng vn nn mi
l ti phm thnh ph, tc nghn giao thng, gia nh khng ho thun v c bit l
tnh trng suy thoi mi trng. Vn mi trng Hn Quc xut hin t qu
trnh cng nghip ho, do tc ng th ho ch khng phi t nguyn nhn ngho
i.
V mt bn cht, ngho i khng hon ton dn n tnh trng suy thoi mi
trng (DFID, EC, UNDP, WB, 2002). Dn chng l mi lin h gia ngho i v mi
trng l rt phc tp v cn c phn tch su cho tng khu vc c th - n khng
n thun l mi lin h thng thng. nhiu ni, cc cng ty thng mi giu c v
cc c quan nh nc li l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra suy thoi mi trng do cht cy
ly mt bng, s dng thuc ho hc trong nng nghip, nhim ngun nc, i khi
cc nhm ngi c quyn trong x hi y ngi ngho vo sinh sng trong cc vng
t kh canh tc m h khng th lm g c bo tn v p dng cc bin php
ti sinh, tp qu s dng t v t lm cho mi trng khu vc ny b suy thoi
li cng lm vo tnh trng trm trng hn. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu v d cho thy
ngi ngho bo v mi trng v u t ci thin mi trng. Do vy, ngho i c
th i khi c lin quan n vn suy thoi mi trng nhng n khng hon ton l
nguyn nhn trc tip nh chng ta thng ngh (DFID, EC, UNDP, WB, 2002).
Trn c s xem xt cc quan im khc nhau v vn ny chng ta c th kt
lun nh sau (Hayes and Nadkarni, 2001; Kim, 2001; Jalal, 1993;etc.) mi lin h gia
ngho i v mi trng tp trung vo hai lung t tng. quc gia pht trin, dn s
c thu nhp thp tip xc vi cc cht gy nhim khng kh, cht thi, thc phm i
thiu v iu kin lm vic b nhim nhiu hn mc trung trnh (US EPA 1992). Cc
nh gi ngho i c s tham gia ca ngi dn gn y c tin hnh ti 14 quc gia
ang pht trin Chu , Chu Phi v M Latin cho bit nhn xt chung ca ngi
ngho l cht lng mi trng l nhn t quan trng nh hng n sc khe ca h,
kh nng kim sng, an ninh, cung cp nng lng v cht lng nh (Brocklesby v
Hinshelwood, 2001; DFID, EC, UNDP, v WB, 2002). Mi trng c nh hng ln
n ngi dn ngho. Ngi ngho thng sng da vo ti nguyn thin nhin v cc
dch v ca h sinh thi. Ngi ngho thfng chu nh hng nhiu nht t ngun
nc b nhim, nhim khng kh v cc cht ho hc c hm lng c t cao v
c bit h phi hng chu cc thm ho mi trng v vn do mi trng suy thoi
gy ra. Mt khc, nhiu quc gia km pht trin cn b lm vo tnh cnh ti t hn rt
nhiu m ngi dn ngho khng cn cch no khc phi s dng ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin trn mc cho php sng qua ngy; v do cuc sng b bn cng
ho nn mi trng cng b bn cng ho theo v lm cho cuc sng ngy cng kh
khn hn, khng c m bo (WCED 1987:27). Tm li, ngho i va l tc nhn
v nn nhn ca suy thoi mi trng.
Ngoi ra, mt bng chng l mi quan h gia ngho i v mi trng cc
nc khc nhau c c im khc nhau. Nm 2003, Dasgupta et al. tin hnh mt
nghin cu v Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng ti Cam Pu Chia v Cng ho
dn ch nhn dn Lo. Vi vic s dng 5 vn mi trng c bn: mt rng, si l
t, nhim khng kh trong nh v ngoi tri, ngun nc v h thng v sinh khng
an ton h tm ra mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong trng hp Cam Pu
Chia c hn ch vn mi trng cp h gia nh vi nhim khng kh trong

10

nh, ngun nc nhim v khng c tip cn h thng v sinh an ton. Tuy nhin,
nn ph rng, si l t v nhim khng kh ngoi tri khng c lin h nhiu n
vic phn b dn c ngho. Trong khi , mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng xt
trn phm vi rng c tm thy i vi trng hp ca Lo v tt c 5 vn mi
trng c xt trong mi tng quan vi ngho i v mt khng gian. Trong c hai
trng hp th phc li x hi ca ngi ngho s c tng cng thng qua vic lng
ghp gia chin lc xo i gim ngho v mi trng.
Ti Vit Nam, theo bo co nh gi chng trnh v chin lc ca ADB
(2005), cc phn tch gn y cho thy mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng Vit
Nam nh sau: (i) cc cng ng ngho thng tp trung ti cc khu vc c iu kin
mi trng cht lng thp, b suy thoi v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cn kit, gm:
khu vc min ni pha Bc, Ty Nguyn v ng bng sng Cu Long; (ii) cc cng
ng ngho ph thuc nhiu nht vo mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin - khong
70% ngi dn Vit Nam sng da vo t v do h b l thuc trc tip vo cht
lng v s lng ti nguyn thin nhin; (iii) cc cng ng ngho chu ri ro nhiu
nht t nhng tc ng nh hng n sc kho v sinh k mt khi cht lng mi
trng v s lng ti nguyn thin nhin suy gim. V vn ny, vic ci thin cht
lng mi trng di mi hnh thc u c tc ng tch cc n xo i gim ngho.
Ni tm li, c th nhn ra rng c 2 lung quan im v mi lin h gia ngho
i v mi trng, l (i) ngho i l nguyn nhn chnh dn n suy thoi mi
trng v (ii) ngho i khng gy tc ng xu n mi trng. Khng ai c th khng
nh (1) l ng hay sai v ph thuc vo tng iu kin c th. Tuy nhin, c th thy
mt iu l khi vn ngho i c ci thin s chc chn ci thin c cht lng
mi trng v ngc li. Tip cn ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v mt mi trng
khng nhim l iu kin tin quyt cho cng cuc xo i gim ngho lu di trong
khi xo i gim ngho c th phi qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi
trng mt cch bn vng. Trn phm vi rng, xo i gim ngho v bo v mi
trng cn c tin hnh hi ho t c pht trin bn vng.
2. Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong bi cnh Vit Nam
K t khi tin hnh i mi Vit Nam vo nm 1986 th Vit Nam t
c nhng thnh tu ng khch l v pht trin kinh t x hi, vn ho, i ngoi v
an ninh quc gia. GDP tng trn 2 ln trong khi lm pht gim xung mc 1 con s.
T l ngho i Vit Nam gim t 70% t l ngho i trong tng s dn vo gia
nhng nm 1980 xung cn 58% vo nm 1993, 37.4% nm 1998 v 29% trong nm
2002. C c t l ny l do tng trng kinh t vo u nhng nm 1990 (gim t 8
n 9%/1 nm) v mt phn l do thnh cng trong hot ng sn xut nng nghip k
t cui nhng nm 1980. Cng lc ng v Chnh ph cng quan tm n vn
bo v mi trng.
Trong khi Vit Nam ch trng n xo ngho i th nhng tc ng/nh hng
tch cc ca tng trng kinh t cha n c vi ton b ngi dn. Vn cn mt
lot nhng tr ngi, thch thc cn phi vt qua, c bit l mc tng trng khng
u gia cc vng. Theo mc chun ngho ca Vit Nam trong giai on t cui 2006
n 2010 (da vo thu nhp u ngi) th c khong 4,6 triu h ngho trong c nc
(chim 26,3% tng s dn). T l h ngho khu vc thnh th l 10%, vng ng
bng l 42% v min ni l 48%. Ngho i v cc hot ng gy nh hng xu n
mi trng s cn tip tc gia tng ti cc vng nng thn, min ni.
Ngho i v mi trng vn l vn cn phi tranh lun nhiu. Mt mt, c
mt s ngi cho rng ngho i trc ht phi c xo b trc khi chng ta xem xt

11

n vn mi trng. Mc khc, mt s cho rng suy thoi mi trng l nguyn nhn

chnh dn n ngho i (Hoven, 2006). t ra mt mc no th c hai mt ny
u ng. Ngy nay mc tiu chnh ca chng ta trong vn pht trin cng ng l
gim ngho. Hn na, c mt s quan im nht tr l mi trng l rt cn thit duy
tr cuc sng n nh. Vi quan im ny, mi trng thc cht l t trng cy nng
nghip; nc ung, phc v sinh hot hng ngy v cy trng; khng kh th v l
mt ni cung cp lng thc v dc phm. Do , mt iu rt d nhn thy l bo v
mi trng thc cht l bo v hot ng sn xut lng thc, sinh k bn vng v m
bo sc kho. Kt qu l, xo i gim ngho, tng trng kinh t v duy tr ti nguyn
mi trng phc v cuc sng c mi lin h mt thit ln nhau.
Mc d mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng c cp nhiu nm qua
nhng vic nhn ra nhng mi lin h ny khng dn n vic cn phi xem xt li cc
chng trnh mi trng v xo i gim ngho Vit Nam, cc chng trnh ny
cha c gn kt vi nhau v thm tr l c cc vn tri ngc nhau. C mt s
khi nim v mi trng v ngho i c bit n trc . Nhiu trong s ny t
ra kh c th thay i c, trong phi k n (1) ngho i v tng trng dn s l
nguyn nhn lm suy thoi mi trng; (2) xo ngho phi c thc hin trc tin
sau mi n ci thin cht lng mi trng; (3) bnh ng v bn vng mi trng
cng tin hnh song song; (4) u t vo mi trng ngi ngho tr nn ngho thm.
Mt s chnh sch cng v quan im ca cc bn lin quan tip tc cho rng
ngho i v suy thoi mi trng l mt vng tun hon khp kn (ht ngho i li
dn n mi trng suy thoi v ngc li) do vic tng dn s quyt nh. Vit Nam,
vic k hoch ho gia nh i vi cc dn tc thiu s thng ri vo tnh trng ny
(vng lun qun). Tuy nhin, phng thc ny li ang c xem l cch hiu ph bin
v sinh k ngi ngho v mi lin h phc tp vi mi trng.
Do , mc tiu ch yu ca ti liu ny l xc nh l hng kin thc v vn
ngho i v mi trng trong cc phng php, chng trnh, d n v chin lc
Vit Nam. y c coi l thng tin c bn cho tng nghin cu c th ca gi thu
tng th ny. bn thn ti liu ny l mt bc khi u tng cng mi lin h
gia ngho i v mi trng trong cng tc quy hoch v chnh sch ca Chnh ph.
Trn c s quan im (1) cc phng php ngho i c nh gi v thc
hin Vit Nam, (2) cc chin lc v chng trnh hin c Vit Nam lin quan n
xo i gim ngho v bo v mi trng, (3) cc s liu thng k ca Chnh ph v ti
liu (t cp trung ng v tnh) lin quan n ngho i v mi trng v (4) ti liu t
cc d n v chng trnh ti tr hot ng trong lnh vc xo i gim ngho v bo v
mi trng, ti liu ny nhm tm ra/pht hin s hiu bit/nhn thc hin nay v trong
thi gian ti v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng, trong ch trng n mi
lin h c gii thch cn k cng nh cc mi lin h cha c r rng nhng
cha c gii thch c th trong ti liu ny. Hn na, ti liu ny cng c gng tm ra
cc bi hc kinh nghim t cc phng php tip cn khc nhau hin c v s xut hin
cng nh cc l hng thng tin lm cn tr mi lin h c to ra gia cc thng s
ngho i v mi trng.

12

CHNG 2: PHNG PHP LUN

A. nh ngha cc khi nim c bn
Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong khun kh nghin cu ny s
dng cc nh ngha v ngho i v mi trng nh sau. Cn lu rng c rt nhiu
nh ngha nhng vn quan trng l phi t n trong bi cnh c th ca Vit Nam mt quc gia hin ang trong qu trnh chuyn i v hi nhp vi khu vc v ton cu.
1. Mi trng
UNESCAP nh ngha mi trng nh sau mi trng l sinh cung cp hng
ho (ti nguyn thin nhin) v cc dch v sinh thi c s dng trong sn xut nng
nghip, nng lng v cc u vo sn xut khc, tip nhn cht thi t hot ng kinh
t v hot ng ca con ngi v ti to, to v p cho con ngi (UNESCAP, 2003).
Mi trng c nh ngha trong Lut bo v mi trng (do Chnh ph ban
hnh nm 1993 v sa li nm 2005) gm nhn t vt cht do con ngi to ra v t
nhin xung quanh chng ta v tc ng n cuc sng, sn xut, s tn ti v pht trin
ca con ngi v cc sinh th sng. Theo lut th c mt s thut ng c nh ngha
nh sau:
Cc yu t cu thnh mi trng l cc yu t to nn mi trng nh: khng
kh, nc, t, m thanh, nh sng, ni, rng, sng, lc a, bin, h, cc sinh vt sng,
h thng sinh thi, khu vc dn c, khu bo tn thin nhin, phong cnh t nhin, cc
a danh ni ting, di tch lch s v cc hnh thc vt th khc.
Bo v mi trng gm cc hot ng bo v cho mt mi trng xanh, sch,
p, nng cao cht lng mi trng, m bo cn bng sinh thi, ngn chn v gii
quyt c cc tc ng ca con ngi v t nhin n mi trng, khai thc v s
dng hp l, mt cch c kinh t ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.
nhim mi trng l vic lm bin i ti sn ca mi trng, tc ng xu
v ph v cc tiu chun mi trng.
Suy thoi mi trng l vic gy tc ng xu n cc yu t cu thnh mi
trng c v mt lng v cht, tc ng xu n cuc sng con ngi v t nhin.
Mi trng c vai tr rt quan trng i vi cuc sng ca con ngi v cc
sinh vt khc cng nh s pht trin kinh t, vn ho v x hi ca mt nc, mt quc
gia v ton th nhn loi. nng cao hiu qu qun l nh nc v trch nhim ca
cc cp qun l, cc c quan nh nc, cc t chc kinh t x hi, cc lc lng v
trang nhn dn v cc c nhn trong vic bo v mi trng bo v sc kho con
ngi, m bo quyn li con ngi c sng trong mt mi trng khng b nhim
v v mc tiu pht trin bn vng ca quc gia cn ng gp vo vic bo v mi
trng khu vc v ton cu.
2. Ngho i
Ngho i l mt phm tr rt rng v nh ngha v ngho i c th c hiu
khng ch s tng thiu v mt vt cht. Ngho i, theo nh ngha ca Ngn hng th
gii l khng ch n thun l vn tng thiu vt cht m cn lin quan n ri ro,
tnh d b tn thng, vn x hi v cc c hi (WB, 20062). Ngho i hin ang
c tin hnh nh gi ti Vit Nam da vo khung sinh k bn vng. T chc pht

13

trin quc t ca c nh ngha ngho i v mt p ng nhng nhu cu c bn, trnh

nhim do c quyn cng dn v s tham gia, t do (AusAID, 2001).
Cc bin php xo i gim ngho da vo thu nhp c th l sai lm. Bin php
ny ch n thun tp trung vo vn thu nhp v iu s dn n vic xem nh
vn ngho i ch l mt chc nng ca tng trng kinh t. xc nh thnh tu
ca chng trnh trong vic xo i gim ngho, c mt s l do lin quan n t l
ngho i thc s cng nh cc bin php v qu trnh xo i gim ngho 1 . Cng nh
nhiu nc khc, vn ngho i Vit Nam t lu c xc nh da vo ch s
thu nhp v chi tiu. Trong khi cc mc ngho i l bin php ph hp xc nh
quyn ca c nhn v khu vc v l bin php so snh trn phm vi quc t th y
khng phi l cc ch s mnh v ngho i v n khng phi l cng v ph hp
phn tch ngho i trong qu trnh th ho. Cc mc ngho i c bn c th khng
l gii c ti sao ngi dn li ngho hoc cn lm g thot ngho.
Hot ng phn tch ny khng ch da vo nh ngha v tnh ton ca Chnh
ph v thiu lng thc m cn xem xt vn ngho i trn bnh din rng. mc
ngho i ca Chnh ph a ra chnh l t l chi tiu ti thiu cn thit tho mn
nhu cu c bn (nh: cht dinh dng, lng thc, nh , qun o) kim chng
cc c tnh ca ngho i. Mc ngho i ny cng cho php so snh t l ngho i
Vit Nam vo cc thi k khc nhau mt cch thng nht. cc chng trnh v chin
lc xo i gim ngho ca Vit Nam t c thnh cng ln trong vic gim t
l ngho trong nhng nm 1990. Vit Nam t c nhng thnh tu ng k trong
vic tng t l phc li x hi cho ngi dn (Ngn hng th gii, 1999, 2003). Nhng
thnh tu ny gp phn vo cng cuc ci cch kinh t theo nh hng th trng,
thu ht u t trc tip nc ngoi v t nng mc GDP bnh qun ln 3 ln trong
nhng nm gn y. iu ny lin quan n s hiu bit v mi lin h gia ngho i
v mi trng v t l tng GDP cao c th t c trn c s chi ph mi trng. Mt
ch s GDP ph hp s c s dng cng vi cc bin php xo i gim ngho.
3. Chnh sch:
Mt chnh sch c xem nh l mt quyt nh hoc mt lot cc quyt nh
v chng ta xy dng, thc hin chnh sch v chng ta c php lm iu .
Ging nh mt quyt nh th mt chnh sch bn thn n khng phi l mt bc thng
ip v cng khng phi ch l mt lot cc hot ng mc d vi quyt nh chng ta
c th xy dng thnh chnh sch ca mt c nhn hay mt t chc xut pht t mt bc
thng ip hay ch n gin l anh ta t lm ra n, hoc nu anh ta khng a ra bc
thng ip no hoc chng ta khng tin vo bc thng ip ca anh ta v anh ta ni mt
ng lm mt no. Tuy nhin, cng bng m ni chng ta c th khng nh rng mt
bc thng ip hoc mt lot cc hot ng l khng hon ton chnh xc v khng
phn nh c mt chnh sch ch thc (Sanford, 1987).
Ni mt cch khc, mt chnh sch khng ging nh mt quyt nh. Thut ng
chnh sch thng ch mt mc tiu di hi cho mt vn ln (nh: Hng dng
t). N khng phi l vic phn on cc vn lin quan. Tuy nhin, i khi chng ta
hiu chnh sch khng phi l mc tiu c nh hng m l tp hp cc phn hi cho
mt vn no c a ra. Trong phm vi cc hot ng pht trin ca chnh oh,
Cn lu rng ngng ngho v cc bin php tng t p dng i vi i ngho da vo thu nhp c
th l mt sai lm ln. Cc phng php ny lm cho khi xem xt n xo i gim ngho ta ch ngh n
n thun l vn thu nhp, t dn n vic n gin ho quan im cho rng xo i gim ngho
ch n thun l mt chc nng ca tng trng kinh t. iu ny cha tng thy cc quc gia trong
khu vc ng .
1

14

cc chnh ph xy dng chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh v d n v cc ni dung

ny (theo th t) mang tnh ngn hn, c th hn v mt nhiu thi gian hn so vi
trc y v tng ni dung mang tnh kh thi hn hot ng xy dng lut ni chung.
Trn c s chng ta c th nh ngha chnh sch nh l mt lot cc quyt nh
nhm hng ti mt mc tiu di hn hoc mt vn c th no . Cc quyt nh do
chnh ph ban hnh thng c th hin trong lut v c p dng trn ton quc
(ch khng ch mt vng, khu vc no ) (Sanford, 1987).
Vic phn bit c s khc nhau gia 3 chc nng ca chnh sch l rt hu
ch.
Trc ht l xy dng chnh sch t a ra hot ng xy dng cc quyt
nh lin quan v xy dng chnh sch v mt bn cht chnh l c quyn ca cc cn
b cao cp - lm th no h da vo tm quan trng ca chnh sch lin quan.
Th hai, thc hin chnh sch cc hot ng c tin hnh trin khai
quyt nh a ra.
Th 3 l phn tch chnh sch - vic xc nh cc chnh sch khc nhau v kim
nghim tc ng thc s ca cc chnh sch c la chn ny bit c mc
thnh cng so vi mc tiu ra. Xy dng chnh sch, thc thi chnh sch v phn tch
chnh sch c th cng do mt ngi tin hnh. Tuy nhin, cc quc gia pht trin th
vic thc thi v phn tch chnh sch l do cc nhm chuyn gia tin hnh. H t vn v
tip nhn hng dn t cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cp cao. Vic tch bch khi
nim c v xy dng chnh sch chnh l vic mt ai la chn chnh sch ny hoc
mt s cc chnh sch khc. Trong thc t, nu khng c nhiu s la chn th c th
cng khng c chnh sch no. Tuy nhin, khi cn nhc cc phng n la chn s gip
ta phn bit c tng phng n trn c s mc tiu m chnh sch ra bao gm c
mc tiu vt qua mt vn no pht sinh v la chn gia cc cng c khc
nhau nh: phng php v bng cch ny ta c th t c mc tiu ra. Cc mc
tiu v cng c v mt khi nim n va khc nhau nhng li thng nht gn kt vi
nhau xy dng mt chnh sch mc d mt vi tc gi (nh Thomson v Rayner,
1984) gii hn phm vi ca thut ng cng c chnh sch.
Cc mc tiu v cng c ch c th c gii thch mt cch d hiu nht bng
vic a ra v d. cc nh hoch nh chnh sch c th la chn mc tiu v cng c.
nhng phng n la chn ny khng phi l tt c, v d: mt ai khng mun t
c mt mc tiu m qun i cc mc tiu khc. mt khc, cc mc tiu khc nhau c
th v thng l xung t nhau. Nu cc nh hoch nh chnh sch c th chc chn
u l u tin ca h trong hng lot cc mc tiu chnh sch th rt d la chn cng c
ph hp t c mc tiu ny mt cch hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, cc
cuc tho lun v ni dung chnh sch ca cc nc ang pht trin v cc nc pht
trin thng khng phn bit c u l cng c v u l mc tiu hoc cc vn
m mt chnh sch a ra gii quyt. Vic m bo quyn li gia cc nhm ngi
khng c u tin thc s no v vn x hi, kinh t v thm ch l chnh tr nhng li
c hiu bit c th m bo c quyn c li ca h - c tc ng rt ln n ton x
hi v mt chnh sch c phng php tip cn r rng s trnh c c quyn c li
ny.
Vit Nam, Chnh ph thng xuyn ban hnh cc chnh sch di nhiu hnh
thc khc nhau nh: Lut, quyt nh, ngh nh, chin lc, chng trnh. Trong
khun kh bo co ny, p ng c mc tiu ra, chng ri la chn mt s lut,
chin lc, chng trnh v d n tiu biu ca Chnh ph lin quan n mi lin h
gia ngho i v mi trng nh gi. Cc ti liu ny l mt trong nhng chnh

15

sch quan trng nht ca Chnh ph, khng ch v mt ngho i v mi trng m cn

v cc kha cnh khc ca mt kinh t x hi.
V mt khi nim th lut c nh ngha nh l cc quy nh do Chnh ph
ban hnh thit lp v duy tr s tn ti ni chung mt cch c k lut. Ni chung, lut
c chia lm mt dng, gm: Lut tp qun (c xy dng trn c s phong tc tp
qun), lut ca cc quc gia, lut nh nc v lut dn s. 2 Chin lc c th c xem
l k hoch hnh ng di hn. N c xy dng t c mc tiu 3 . Chng trnh
c nh ngha nh l mt h thng cc d n hay dch v c xy dng nhm p
ng nhu cu x hi v l mt lot cc bc c tin hnh hay cc mc tiu c hon
tt 4 .
i vi trng hp ca Vit Nam v cng l trng hp ca nghin cu ny th
chin lc v chng trnh ca Chnh ph thng c bit n nh l chin lc v
chng trnh quc gia. Chng trnh quc gia chnh l tng th cc mc tiu, nhim v
v gii pht kinh t, x hi, cng ngh, mi trng, chnh sch v th ch, t chc
thc hin mt hoc nhiu mc tiu ca chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi trong mt
thi k nht nh no . 5 M chng trnh quc gia bao gm rt nhiu d n c thc
hin t c mc tiu ca chng trnh. Mt d n ca mt chng trnh quc gia
chnh l cc hot ng c thc hin t c mt hay nhiu mc tiu ca chng
trnh trn c s ngn sch v k hoch c phn b. S 1 di y cho thy s khc
nhau gia chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh v d n.
Biu 1. S khc bit gia lut, chin lc/chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh v d
n

Law
Lut
=======

Rule
lLut of
Game
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Degree
Ngh
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Circular
Thng t
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nh

Strategy/
Chin
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hoch
Policies
Chnh
sch
=======

20nm
years
20
10
years
10 nm
5 nm
years

3 nm
years
Orientation
nh
=======

Program
Chng trnh
2

hng
=======
(Policy Chngtrnh
Program
Project
Chng
trnh 1D
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National
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http://www.lectlaw.com/def/l009.htm
http://www.investorwords.com/4775/strategy.html
4
WordWeb
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Quyt nh 38/2000/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v cc chng trnh quc gia, ngy 24/32000
2

16

4. Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng (PEL):

Nh tho lun trn, c hai lung quan im khc nhau v mi lin h gia
ngho i v mi trng, l (i) ngho i l nguyn nhn chnh dn n suy thoi
mi trng v (ii) ngho i khng hon ton l nguyn nhn dn n suy thoi mi
trng. Mt iu d nhn thy l vic ci thin ngho i s c tc ng tch cc n
cht lng mi trng v ngc li. l iu khng phi bn ci. Vic tip cn ti
nguyn thin nhin v mt mi trng khng b nhim l iu kin tin quyt cho
chin lc xo i gim ngho di hn, trong khi xo i gim ngho l rt cn thit
qun l bn vng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. Trong nghin cu ny
chng ti khng a quan im v vn ny l ng hay sai. Mi lin h gia ngho
i v mi trng c nhn nh thng qua phn tch tc ng ca ngho i ti mi
trng v ngc li v thng qua vic kim nghim xem lm th no mi lin h
gia ngho i v mi trng c gii quyt cc cp khc nhau ti Vit Nam.

B. Qu trnh v phng php nghin cu

1. Qu trnh nghin cu:
Qu trnh tin hnh nghin cu ny chia lm 2 giai on: (i) nghin cu ti liu
v t vn ca chuyn gia, (ii) hi tho quc gia v (iii) tng hp kt qu v hon tt bo
co.
Nghin cu ti liu v tham vn chuyn gia: Vic nghin cu ti liu cho php
nhm cng ngh thng tin (IT) c c ci nhn su sc v kin thc lin quan n mi
trng v ngho i hin nay Vit Nam, v c bit l mi lin h gia ngho i v
mi trng c tm hiu nh th no, c v mt hn lm khoa hc v mi trng
chnh tr. Cc hot ng chnh trong giai on ny l nghin cu cc vn bn php quy
quan trng nht v mi trng, ngho i v cc chng trnh, d n lin quan (Ph lc
1), v tham vn vi chuyn gia - nhng ngi c kin thc chuyn mn v mi lin h
gia ngho i v mi trng ti Vit Nam v i thoi vi cc chuyn gia trong nc
v trong khun kh ban i tc v cc bn lin quan (Ph lc 2 v 3). Trong giai on
ny chng ti tm hiu mc hiu bit ca cc bn v cc qu trnh gia ngho i v
mi trng v nh gi nhng nhn xt v mi trng. Chng ti cng tin hnh xem
xt hnh thi v mc m cc vn mi trng hin ang c lng ghp trong hot
ng xo i gim ngho; tm ra l hng kin thc v thng tin cng nh phng php
tin hnh. Kt qu u ra ca Giai on 1 l mt d tho bo co.
Hi tho quc gia: T chc mt hi tho quc gia ti H Ni vi s tham gia
ca cc bn, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v chuyn gia. Ton b kt qu c c t
giai on 1 c trnh by vo cui hi tho.
Tng hp kt qu v hon tt bo co: Nhm IT t mt s nhm lm vic
tng hp thng tin, cc ni dung v kt qu t hi tho quc gia; chnh sa li Bo
co d tho trn c s cng nhim v, kin gp v gi ca cc thnh vin
tham d hi tho.
2. Phng php
Khung phn tch
Kim tra 5 chuyn ca mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng v mt
chnh sch v thc thi cc cp: trung ng v a phng (Biu 2). Cc mi tng
tc a chiu c tho lun v phn tch.

17

Biu 2. Khung phn tch

WTO
WTO

Macro-t
Economy
v m
Kinh

NRM
v ngho
NRM and
Poverty
i

SuyLand
thoi Lm
nghip
Forestry
degradation
Poverty
t ai vand
ngho
i

Chnh sch
Policy
Chng
trnh
National
programs/
/d
n
quc
gia
projects
D n
Provincial
projects
cp
tnh

Ngho
i v
Poverty
Povertyand
and
Environment
Environment
Mi
trng
Di c, Gender
gii
Migration,
vand
iPoverty
ngho

Sc kho
mi trng

Environment Health

Pollution
nhim
& &Poverty
ngho i

Sanitation
VSMT

Tc
ng Tc
Industrial
Agriculture
ng
Safe water
Impact
Impact
cng
nghip nng
nghip Nc sch

Issues
Cc vnonGaps
v
P and
E
lofhng
trong
linkage
mi lin kt P-E

Tp hp thng tin v s liu:

Ngun thng tin v cc bn lin quan tham gia phng vn (Ph lc 2 v 3) gm:

Cc b ngnh ph trch vn ngho i v mi trng (VD: B ti nguyn

mi trng, B Nng nghip v PTNT, B LTBXH).

Cc c quan ca Chnh ph hot ng nghin cu ngho i v mi trng

(Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, Trng i hc quc gia).

Ti liu, chng trnh v d n lm v chnh sch do cc nh ti tr cung cp

(Ngn hng th gii, UNDP, DANIDA, SIDA, ADB, DfID), tp trung vo thng
tin do Th vin nghin cu ca UNDP cung cp.

Cc t chc phi chnh ph hot ng trong lnh vc bo v mi trng v xo

i gim ngho

ng gp kin
K thut ny c s dng phn tch v tng hp s liu. Sau khi xc nh
vn lin quan n cc ch nghin cu nhm IT sau t tho lun v hi v a
ra bng chng ng h hoc ph nhn cc nhn nh a ra v mi lin h gia ngho
i v mi trng. Bng vic s dng bng ma trn tr li cc cu hi quan trng
trong khi tho lun gip nhm IT xem xt i xem xt li mt vn lin quan n
nhiu ch khc nhau mt cch d dng.

18

CHNG 3: CC KT QU CHNH
A. Cc chnh sch, chng trnh v d n quan trng v xo i gim ngho
v mi trng
1. Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi giai on 2001- 2010 (SEDS)
Mc tiu tng th ca Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi giai on 2001-2010
l a t nc thot khi tnh trng km pht trin, nng cao i sng vt cht, vn ho
x hi v tinh thn ca ngi dn; lm c s a t nc tin ln cng nghip ho
theo hng hin i vo nm 2020. Mc tiu ca Chin lc l m bo ngun nhn
lc, nng lc khoa hc, k thut, h tng c s, tim nng kinh t, an ninh c tng
cng, xy dng nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha v nng cao
v th ca Vit Nam trn trng quc t. Thng tin chi tit c th tham kho trong Ph
lc 1.6.
Chin lc ny nhm m bo rng n nm 2010, GDP s t nht tng gp hai
so vi nm 2000 v nng cao ch s pht trin con ngi mt cch n nh. Ngoi ra,
chin lc cn cp n nng lc cng ngh, khoa hc ng dng cng ngh mi
t tiu chun quc t v t vn ng pht trin mt s lnh vc, c bit l cng ngh
thng tin, sinh hc, cht liu mi v cng ngh t ng. H tng c s p ng nhu cu
pht trin kinh t x hi, an ninh quc gia to tin ln pha trc. Hn na, vai tr
ch o ca ngnh kinh t c tng cng, qun l cc lnh vc quan trng ca nn
kinh k; doanh nghip nh nc c c cu li cho ph hp hn v pht trin m
bo sn xut v kinh doanh t hiu qu. Ngnh kinh t nh nc, ngnh kinh t t nhn
v doanh nghip nh, ngnh kinh t t bn t nhn, ngnh kinh t t bn nh nc v
ngnh kinh t u t nc ngoi u pht trin mnh m v bn vng. cc t chc ca
nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha c hnh thnh v vn hnh
tt, c hiu qu.
Chin lc ny c cp n ngi dn tc thiu s. Ngoi vic t ra mc tiu
cho tng vng th chin lc cn cp n chnh sch cho ngi dn tc thiu s
ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca h c v mt vt cht ln tinh thn. Chin lc cng
xem xt n mc tiu thc hin chnh sch cho ngi dn tc thiu s, nh canh v
nh c bn vng cng nh ci thin cht lng cuc sng cho ng bo dn tc thiu
s. Cng ng dn tc thiu s sinh sng gn gi vi mi trng thin nhin nht, do
vy h cn c cp trong chin lc. H c mi lin h mt thit vi vn ngho
i v mi trng.
Thc t, chin lc tp trung vo cc mc tiu tng trng v pht trin kinh t
x hi nhm gip ngi dn tng thu nhp, ci thin i sng v thot ngho. Ch c
mt mi lin h duy nht vi vn mi trng c cp trong chin lc.
Trc ht, nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn t, nc v rng kt
hp vi bo v mi trng.
Bn cnh , cc mc tiu khc l nng cao nng lc v hiu qu ca ngnh
nh bt hi sn xa b; chuyn i c cu ngnh ngh v n nh hot ng nh bt
hi sn ven bin; nng cao nng lc ch bin v bo qun hng ho p ng nhu cu
th trng trong nc v xut khu v m rng, ci thin c s vt cht ngnh nh bt
c v dch v m vn bo v c mi trng nc, song, bin m bo nng lc ti
sn xut v pht trin ngun thu sn.
V mt ti nguyn rng, d kin tng che ph rng ln 43% v hon thnh
nhim v qun l rng v t lm nghip bn vng v lu di hng ti x hi ho

19

cng tc pht trin rng v p dng cc chnh sch m bo sinh k da vo rng ca

cng nhn lm nghip.
Ngoi ra cng c s kt hp gia lm nghip v nng nghip v thc hin cc
chnh sch nhm to thun li cho nh canh nh c gip n nh v ci thin i sng
ngi dn min ni.
2. Cc chnh sch v chng trnh phc v xo i gim ngho
a. Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din (CPRGS)
Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din do Chnh ph ban hnh
gm 6 hp phn. Mc tiu tng th ca Vit Nam giai on 2001-2010 l ci thin i
sng vt cht, tinh thn v vn ho x hi cho ngi dn, to tin cng nghip ho
v hin i ho t nc, xy dng mt quc gia giu mnh, x hi dn ch, cng bng,
vn minh v thit lp mt nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, bo
v v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin v vn ho dn tc cho th h sau (Xem chi tit
trong Ph lc 1.7.). Ngoi mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi v xo i gim ngho th
Chin lc ny cn tm ra mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng ng thi xy dng
k hoch hot ng gii quyt vn ny.
Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng c th hin trong Chin lc k
tng trng kinh t phi i i vi tin b x hi, bnh ng v bo v mi trng to
thm nhiu vic lm cho lc lng lao ng x hi ang ngy cng gia tng, nng cao
sc kho ngi dn, xo i, gim ngho v hn ch cc vn x hi mt cch kp
thi v hiu qu. Tng trng kinh t s to ng lc xo i gim ngho. Chin lc
cng cp n mi lin h hi ho gia pht trin kinh t x hi v bo v v ci thin
cht lng mi trng m bo rng mi ngi dn c sng trong mt mi trng
khng b nhim.
C th thy u tin ca Chin lc ny l xo i gim ngho. Do , hu ht
ni dung ca Chin lc u hng n mc tiu ny. Vai tr ca ngi ngho c
coi trng trong Chin lc. Thu nhp ca hu ht ngi dn ch mc trn ngng
ngho v rt d b ti ngho nu c thin tai, mt vic lm, m v gi nng sn bin
ng. Sc kho khng m bo, nn gio dc thp v iu kin v sinh km cng nh
suy thoi mi trng ang gy kh khn cho ngi ngho trong n lc ci thin tnh
hnh hin nay ca h thot ngho. Chin lc gi m nhng tin b ng k trong
cng tc xo i gim ngho: tng trng phi gn vi cc bin php mc tiu to iu
kin thun li cho ngi ngho c nhiu c hi ci thin i sng ca mnh; bn thn
ngi ngho phi t h n lc thot ngho. Xo i gim ngho khng ch n thun
l vn phn b li thu nhp di dng th ng m cn to ng c tng trng mt qu trnh m ngi ngho ch ng ci thin tnh hnh ca h thot ngho. ng
thi, xo i gim ngho khng phi l mt cch duy nht bng vic tng trng kinh t
to iu kin h tr ngi b thit thi m bn thn n l mt nhn t quan trng
to nn tng pht trin, to thm nhiu ngun v m bo tnh n nh trong qu trnh
pht trin kinh t.
Da vo Chin lc ta c th nhn ra mt iu l cn phi thu hp khong cch
pht trin x hi gia cc vng v nhm dn s, gim kh nng d b tn thng ca
ngi ngho v cc nhm b thit thi; to bnh ng gii v tin b ca ph n; m
rng mng li an ton x hi v bo v x hi; pht trin h thng phn ng nhanh c
hiu qu; m rng s tham gia v tng cng vai tr ca cc t chc x hi trong nc
v t chc phi chnh ph trong qu trnh xy dng v thc thi mng li an ton x hi.

20

Vic thc hin Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din c
xem l trng tm vi s phi hp ca cc c quan nh nc. H thng cc ch s gim
st nh gi Chin lc gm: ch s gim st v nh gi u vo, ch s gim st v
nh gi tnh hiu qu ca ngun lc u t vo chin lc; ch s nh gi tc ng
ca tng chng trnh hay chin lc ti ngi ngho v x hi ni chung. Cc ch s
ny s c pht trin nh sau: theo kha cnh thnh th hay nng thn, vng, a
phng, gii, thiu s. Cc B, Ngnh v a phng chu trch nhi, thu thp thng
tin gim st nh gi tu theo cp mnh qun l v c mt lng v cht. Cc t
chc nghin cu c lp (t chc phi chnh ph, cc vin, trng i hc) s t chc
thu thp kin ngi dn, thu thp v phn tch s liu nh gi iu kin, xu hng
tng trng v xo i gim ngho hin nay.
b. Cc chng trnh quc gia v xo i gim ngho
Nm 1998, Chnh ph a ra hai chng trnh quc gia v xo i gim ngho l
Xo i gim ngho (HEPR Quyt nh 133) v Cc x ngho min ni v vng su
vng xa thuc din c bit kh khn (PCED theo Quyt nh 135). C hai chng
trnh ny c xem l cc chng trnh quc gia v xo i gim ngho. B LTBXH
l c quan chu trch nhim t chc thc hin Quyt nh 133 v U ban dn tc min
ni chu trch nhim t chc thc hin Quyt nh 135. hai chng trnh ny u s
dng phng php tip cn a ngnh nhm ci thin ngun nc sinh hot, ci tin
cng tc gio dc, nng lc sn xut, kin thc vn ho x hi, h tng c s, giao
thng v truyn thng, o to cn b c s v tip cn ngun vn vay tn dng. Chnh
ph c th ho cc b, ngnh lin quan nh: B NN&PTNT, B GD&T, B Y t.

Quyt nh 133 c hiu lc t 1998-2000 v nay i tn thnh Quyt nh 143 p

dng cho giai on 2001-2005. Quyt nh ny p dng cho cc i tng l cng
ng ngho, vng min ni, bin gii, hi o, vng su xa v ho lnh trn c s
danh sch 1.715 x ngho thng k trn ton quc. Cc hp phn ca quyt nh
gm: hot ng khuyn lm to thu nhp thng qua hot ng nng lm nghip v
nui trng thu sn; xy dng nng lc cho cc x ngho v xo i gim ngho v
h tr cc dn tc thiu s sng trong iu kin c bit kh khn. Mc ch l lm
gim t l h ngho sng di mc chun ngho quc gia xung di 10% vo nm
2005. Ngn sch d kin thc hin Quyt nh 133 (Quyt nh 133/1998/QDTTg) l 10 t ng (tng ng khong 700 triu la M) v 22,6 t ng (tng
ng khong 1,7 t la M) cho quyt nh 143 (VNA, 4/11/2001, cited in
Morris et al., 2004).

Quyt nh 135 c hiu t 1998-2005. Quyt nh ny tp trung ch yu vo 1000

x min ni, vng su vng xa kh khn nht v th n c bit n nh l cc x
c bit kh khn (CEDs). Mc tiu ca Chng trnh l gim t l h di mc
chun ngho quc gia ca cc x c bit kh khn xung 25% vo nm 2005. T l
ny hin ny l 91% ti cc x thuc khu vc Ty Nguyn v 73% vi cc x thuc
khu vc pha Bc (theo bo co kho st v mc sng Vit Nam nm 1998). C rt
t thng tin v kt qu ca chng trnh ny. Thnh tu m chng trnh ny t
c c ng ti trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng - to thu nhp v ci
thin vn an ninh lng thc, sc kho, ng giao thng, che ph rng, cng
ngh trong nng nghip v chn nui (VNA, 4/11/2000: VNA, 19/4/2001; VNA,
27/12/2001). Tuy nhin, thng tin i chng cng ph phn chng trnh ny v t l
gii ngn thp, ngi dn cha nhn thc v chng trnh, cc d n b chng cho,
thu cng ty t vn khng c trnh chuyn mn v cui cng l cha p ng

21

c nhu cu thc s ca ngi ngho (VNA, 4/11/2000; VNA, 3/2/2001, VNA,

12/5/2001).
c.D n xo b tn gc v thay th cy thuc phin
D n ny do B NN&PTNT chu trch nhim chnh cng vi U ban dn tc
min ni, cc B, Ngnh lin quan v 10 tnh. Mc tiu ca chng trnh ny l xo b
vic trng cy thuc phin v h tr pht trin kinh t x hi thay th cy thuc
phin v vy c th duy tr vic khng trng cy thuc phin mt cch bn vng v t
ci thin i sng ngi dn.
Cc nhim v trn y tp trung ch yu cc x thuc khu vc Ty Nguyn,
khu vc min ni v vng su vng xa. lm c iu ny phi tin hnh mt s
vic nh: thay i chnh sch, nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh cho cc
x min ni v Ty Nguyn; o to cn b khuyn nng. ..
Chng trnh phn no t c mc tiu ra thay th cy thuc phin
bng cc cy nng nghip khc. Tuy nhin, vn sau thu hoch v th trng tiu th
nng sn cng nh vn mi trng cha c tnh n. Vn t ra y l mi
ch chuyn i c cu cy trng mang tnh hnh thc: trao quyn v li ko s tham gia
ca ngi ngho- vi t cch l i tc.
3. Cc chnh sch v chng trnh v mi trng
a. Chng trnh ngh s 21
Chng trnh ngh s 21, mc tiu tng th ca Chin lc Vit Nam cho pht
trin bn vng l to ra mt x hi m ngi dn c hng mt cuc sng y v
vn ho, vt cht v tinh thn, sng bnh ng, m bo hi ho gia con ngi v thin
nhin; vn pht trin l s kt hp hi ho, cht ch ca 3 yu t: Pht trin kinh t,
cng bng x hi v bo v mi trng (Xem Ph lc 1.1.).
V mt kinh t, mc tiu pht trin bn vng l t c mc tng trng kinh
t bn vng vi mt c cu kinh t ph hp, tho mn nhu cu ngi dn nng cao
cht lng cuc sng, trnh suy thoi v nh tr kinh t trong tng lai, c gng trnh
b n nn li hu qu xu cho th h con chu.
V mt x hi, mc tiu ca pht trin bn vng l t c kt qu cao trong
vic thc hin tin b v cng bng x hi; m bo ngi dn Vit Nam c cht
dinh dng trong ba n hng ngy v cht lng dch v y t c ci thin; c c hi
tip cn gio dc v vic lm; gim t l h ngho i; thu hp khong cch gia cc
tng lp trong x hi v nhm ngi; xo c t nn x hi; nng cao quyn v trch
nhim ca tng ngi dn v ton x hi; gi gn v pht huy bn sc vn ho a dng;
nng cao mc sng ngi dn c v vt cht ln tinh thn.
V mi trng, p dng cc bin php pht trin bn vng: khai thi hp l v
hiu qu ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, s dng hiu qu; ngn chn v kim sot c
nhim mi trng;; bo v mi trng sng; bo v cc khu vn quc gia, khu bo
tn v sinh quyn; bo tn a dng sinh hc; trnh c tnh trng suy thoi mi trng
v ci thin c iu kin mi trng.
Cc ch s ny bao qu cc vn nh ngho i, chnh lnh trong thu nhp v
tht nghip. N i din cho cc vn u tin ca cc nc v cng ng th gii. cc
ch s ny c s dng rng ri, c kim nghim v t l c hiu qu trong vic xy
dng cc mc ch v mc tiu pht trin. Hi ngh thng nh th gii v pht trin
x hi chp nhn mc tiu gim t l ngi ngho cc nc ang pht trin xung

22

cn mt na vo 2015. Chng trnh ngh s 21 a ra cc ch s v ngho i v mi

trng trong cc ch v x hi v mi trng mt cch r rng nhng thiu mi lin
h mt thit gia cc ch s ngho i v mi trng.
Chng trnh ngh s cung cp hng dn chi tit thc hin v tnh ton cc
ch s trn. Theo Chng trnh ngh s, GSO l c quan chu trch nhim chnh trong
vic qung b thng tin s liu thng k nn GSO ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
cung cp s liu s dng nh gi tin thc hin SEDP. Ngoi ra, B KH&T
cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng v gim st SEDP. Trong giai on
2006-2010 cc hi tho v SEDP c xy dng v gn kt vi B KH&T cng
vi cc B, Ngnh lin quan cng nh cc a phng. Ti liu ca Chng trnh ngh
s c hon tt v gi cho cc bn. Cc hot ng tip sau chng trnh ngh s s
c tin hnh m bo rg cc c quan, t chc quan trng tun th theo ni dung
kt lun Hi ngh.
Chng trnh ngh s cng quan tm n nhm dn tc thiu s khu vc Ty
Nguyn, Min ni pha Bc v Trung B. Ni dung nh sau: Khu vc min ni pha
Bc v Trung B s tp trung tng cng kinh t v chnh tr cho cc khu vc bin gii,
lnh o cc a phng cn thc hin nghim tc chnh sch v h tr dn tc thiu s
n nh i sng v nng cao cht lng cuc sng. i vi khu vc Ty Nguyn,
do c v tr chin lc v c thun li v t v ti nguyn thin nhin nn cn phi
mnh v kinh t, an ninh quc phng. Ngoi ra, khu vc ny cng cn phi t c t
l tng trng cao bng vic ng dng phng php thm canh cc loi cy xut khu;
tp trung vo cng nghip ch bin lng thc, cao su v c ph; xy dng h thng
ti tiu; pht trin cc nh my thu in va v ln; ci tin mng li giao thng v
tuyn ng ni vi nc bn Lo v Cam Pu Chia; thc hin tt cc chnh sch v dn
tc thiu s ci thin iu kin vt cht v tinh thn cho ngi dn.
b. Chin lc quc gia v bo v mi trng n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm
2020
Chin lc ny gm 2 phn: Phn 1 l nh gi mi trng trong nhng nm
gn y. Trn c s chin lc xy dng K hoch quc gia v mi trng v pht
trin bn vng giai on 1991-2000 v t t c nhng kt qu chnh ra. 10
nm qua, Vit Nam lm c nhng vic m cc nc khc tng lm trong cng
iu kin nh vy 20-30 nm trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. Nhn nh ny ch ra
thnh cng trong vic xc nh k hoch chin lc u tin v mi trng cho t
nc m trc y cha tng c. Qua thi gian, xy dng c mt h thng th ch
bo v mi trng c khun kh php l tng i tt v ph hp. Nhng kt qu ny
chnh l nhn t quyt nh quan trng v l iu kin tin quyt cho cc thi k tip
theo. Mt mt, cc thnh tu v qun l mi trng gip gim nhim v cc bin
c khc. Mt khc, n gip ci thin ng k cht lng mi trng. Mt s vn mi
trng c gii quyt thnh cng. che ph tng, h thng sinh thi phc v
cng tc bo tn v l mi trng sng ca cc loi ng thc vt qu hin c bo v
nghim ngt. Hin c nhiu doanh nghip v cc t chc u t ng dng cng ngh
thn thin vi mi trng, xy dng h tng x l cht thi v ci thin cht lng mi
trng.
n nm 2010, mi trng ca Vit Nam s gp phi mt s thch thc xut
pht t c hai pha ch quan v khch quan. gii quyt nhng thch thc ny v thc
hin thnh cng mc tiu bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng cn a ra quan
im hng dn cho phn hai ca Chin lc. Nhn chung, chin lc cho thy im
yu trong mi lin h vi ngho i, khng ch i vi nhm ngi ngho m cn c

23

nhm dn tc thiu s. Th vo chin lc thin v cc mc tiu lin quan n mi

trng. Hn na, dng nh mc tiu t ra cho giai on 2010 v 2020 l qu nhiu
trong khi li thiu hng dn o to ngi trc tip thc hin chin lc.
4. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng (PELs)
Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din - CPRGS
Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din nhn thy tm quan
trng ca mi trng i vi ngi ngho nhng c th nhng vn mi trng s
c lng ghp vi mc tiu xo i gim ngho nh th no th vn cn b ng v
cha chc chn. Chin lc xo i gim ngho v cc chng trnh quc gia v xo
i gim ngho gn nh khng cp n vn mi trng trong hot ng (a
ngnh) xo i gim ngho. Vi vic ch a ra ch s v che ph rng khng ch
khng cho xo i gim ngho m cn khng gii quyt c vn a dng sinh
hc rng v cc vn khc. Ngoi ra, cng cn hiu c th hn v vic lm th no
cc thnh tu kinh t cc mc khc nhau gn kt/lin h vi cc hnh thc s dng
rng, s ph thuc vo rng v cht lng rng khc nhau.
Thc t, xu hng ca ti nguyn rng l s kt hp gia kt qu ca vic chnh
quyn a phng, lm trng, dn di c v h gia nh, c bit l cc nhm dn tc t
ngi tng tc ln nhau (Ngn hng th gii 2006). Sunderlin (2005) gii thch cc
vn chnh nh tham nhng c th lm cho ngi ngho mt quyn m ng l h
phi c v hot ng gim st. Khi rt kh tm ra bin php cp quc gia v a
phng gip cng ng xy dng th ch v i tc tt hn vi ngi ngho.
SEDS
Mt mt, chin lc SEDS cp n tnh lin tc trong pht trin v hon thin
h thng bo v ngun nc bo v khi b kt tinh thnh mui, bo v ngun nc
sch v kim sot l lt, m bo an ton cho h thng mng mng ti tiu v h
thng thot nc phc v sn xut nng nghip (gm: cc cy cng nghip v thu sn)
v sinh k ca ngi nng dn. i vi cc khu vc lun b bo v l lt, cng vi vic
s dng cc bin php gim thiu thit hi do thin tai gy ra th cn khoanh vng dn
c v vng sn xut i ph vi iu kin t nhin.
Chng trnh ngh s 21
Trong chng trnh ngh s 21, c mt s ch s vn ch mang tnh hnh thc v
khng kh thi, do t nhiu cng tc ng n qu trnh xy dng v thc hin. V d:
lm th no gn kt tt hn ngi dn tc thiu s vo qu trnh xy dng hay lm
th no tng cng s tham gia ca ngi dn a phng vo cc chng trnh pht
trin thn, bn? i vi cc ch s x hi, cc ch s ny c a vo v c vai tr
quan trng. Tuy nhin, tnh chnh xc ca cc ch s ny li khng cao v mi ngi
hiu cc khi nim ny theo mt cch khc nhau. Cc ch s v mi trng t v s
lng v kh tnh ton cht lng. H thng s liu thng k ca Vit Nam khng ch
nhiu n cc ch s ny v thc t l ch mi trng khng c a vo trong
SNA t u. S liu v mi trng thng c thu thp thng qua cc cuc kho st
quy m nh, ti liu nghin cu, cc bin php tnh ton mc nhim ti cc trung
tm th, khu cng nghip. Kt qu l ch c rt t ch s mi trng c s liu cp
nht lin tc.
Chin lc quc gia v bo v mi trng n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020
Nhng hn ch chnh c xc nh khi nh gi cc chng trnh v chnh sch
v mi trng l: (i) s tham gia ca ngi ngho trong qu trnh xy dng chnh sch

24

mi trng cn rt yu; (ii) khng c s liu mang tnh nh lng cho php xc nh
chnh xc v y mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng c th c s dng
tc ng n qu trnh xy dng chnh sch mi trng mt cch c hiu qu; (iii) cc
chnh sch v mi trng mi ch nhn nhn vn ngho i trn gc l thuyt v
hn lm m cha c hot ng c th lng ghp vn ngho i vo cc d n v
chng trnh v mi trng, v (iv) khung gim st nh gi vn ngho i trong bi
cnh thc hin chnh sch mi trng cn yu, ngha l s liu v tc ng thc s ca
vic thc thi chnh sch mi trng i vi ngi ngho cn hn ch.

B. Vn gii v dn di c c phn nh trong cc d n, chng trnh v

chnh sch
1. Vn gii v dn di c th hin trong cc chnh sch
Nhn xt chung v ni dung nh gi v tng hp c trnh by trong phn ny
s cho thy rng mi quan h gia di c, ngho i v mi trng trong cc chnh sch
hin nay cha thc s c coi trng. Di c dng nh khng c nhc n trong cc
chnh sch v mi trng v ngho i. Vai tr ca vic di c trong cc chnh sch v
chin lc tm v m lin quan n mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng nh ni
trn, bao gm c CPRGS, SEDS, NSEP, hay chng trnh ngh s 21 rt t c
cp.
Ngoi ra, vic kim nghim v x l vn gii - mt vn xuyn sut trong
mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng cng cha c cp. Vn gii trong
nhng mi lin h ny cha c a vo trong cc chng trnh quc gia v chnh sch
hin nay v n tr thnh l hng kin thc ng k. mc d c th c nhng hot ng
v chng trnh v gii v ngho i, gii v mi trng nhng vic khng cp n
cc mi lin h ny lm hn ch n lc ca chng ta c c nhn nh c th v
tnh hnh hin nay. Hu ht cc d n lm nghin cu tp trung vo bnh ng gii, tng
cng vai tr ca ph n (trao quyn cho ph n), gii v ngho i, gii v mi trng
(Morris et al, 2004; UNESCAP, 2003; Kabeer v Tran, 2006). Cng ging nh vn di
c, vn gii cha c gii quyt c trong cc chnh sch pht trin.
2.Vn gii v di c trong cc d n v chng trnh quc gia
Vic phn b dn c theo khng gian pht trin c xem l phng thc ch
o Vit Nam. Chnh ph t lu quan tm n vic lm th no phn b ng
u dn c (Dang, 1999). Nhng n lc nhm kim sot hot ng di dn c tin
hnh t nhiu thp k nay. T l tng dn s thnh th mc cao c xem l bt li
cho cng tc quy hoch v pht trin n nh. Do , chnh sch ti phn b lao ng v
dn s ca Chnh ph c xy dng tc ng trc tip n hot ng di dn v tng
dn s thnh th, tp trung vo thc y hot ng di dn t nng thn n nng thn v
t thnh th v nng thn ch khng khuyn khch di dn t nng thn ra thnh th
(MOLISA, 1997). Di dn ko theo nhng thay i v dn s thnh th, c bit ti cc
thnh ph ln c kim sot cht ch bng cc chnh sch di dn v h thng ng
k h khu nhm kim sot s thay i dn s, c bit l dn nhp c t nng thn ln
thnh th. Vic di c t thnh th v nng thn v t nng thn n nng thn lun c
khuyn khch trnh ci c coi l th ho qu nhanh. 6 Kt qu l c nhiu chnh
sch v di c t nng thn n nng thn ra i thng qua cc chng trnh ti nh c
v rt t chnh sch v di c thnh th.

State jobs, and the family reunion migrations they occasioned, became the main route to urban life. In
practice, this system did not abolish spontaneous migration. It just made it expensive (Dang, 1999).

25

Mc d mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng c kim nghim trong

nghin cu (Ngn hng th gii, 2006; Nguyen v Steward, 2005), nhng cn hiu thm
v mi lin h gia di dn v suy thoi mi trng. Thch thc mi ca quc gia ang
trong qu trnh chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng v hi nhp thng mi th gii
lm cho tnh hnh s dng t tri php, khai thc rng v lm sn, ng vt hoang d
cng xu i. Trn bnh din rng hn th dn di c t pht, k c ph n v nam gii
ang sinh sng khu vc Ty Nguyn Vit Nam l do mi trng b hu hoi v nn
ph rng. thc cht, mi lin h cn phc tp hn rt nhiu v tnh trng cht ph rng
khng ch n thun li ko dn di c tham gia m cn c dn di c theo chng trnh
ca Chnh ph v ngi dn a phng. Trong bi cnh phn b cng vic/thu nhp,
t v lao ng theo khng gian khng ng u th c th khng c nhiu la chn
nhng li hon ton i nghch vi nn di dn v khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin.
Cc chng trnh v d n trng im lin quan n ti nh c cho ngi dn
min ni l nhm pht trin khu vc vng cao v phn b li lao ng cng nh dn s.
Thc ra, cc chnh sch ti nh c c xy dng v xem l c hi tt cho ngi
dn ti nh c thng qua vic ci thin cht lng cuc sng cho ngi dn ngho
nng thn ang sinh sng ti cc khu vc c mt dn c cao. Chnh sch da vo
nng nghip trong pht trin vng kinh t mi l mt chnh sch quan trng ca chnh
ph trong nhiu thp k qua. Tuy nhin, vic thiu c s h tng, dch v y t v trng
hc km, thu nhp thp v khng n nh tip tc lm cho ngi dn nhp c ri b
vng kinh t mi. Mc d chnh sch ti nh c c thc hin trong nhiu thp k
qua nhng qu trnh trin khai vn rt chm v cha t c mc tiu nh mong mun
(Desbarats, 1987; Do, 1998). Chnh ph u t rt nhiu vo cc chng trnh ti
nh c nhng lc no cng vy v ch no cng th cc chng trnh ny t ra khng
hiu qu v t c rt t thnh cng.
Kt hp vi chng trnh ph xanh t trng i ni trc (hay cn gi l
Chng trnh 327) v cc chng trnh, d n di dn n cc vng kinh t mi gp
phn vo cng cuc xo i gim ngho. Tuy nhin, n li to ra p lc v ti nguyn
t v ti nguyn thin nhin ti ni n nh khu vc Ty Nguyn, vng cao v ng
Nam. Vic s dng ti nguyn thin nhin v t lng ph thng gn vi vic thc thi
khng hiu qu cc chng trnh ny; khng quan tm nhiu n phong tc, tp qun
ca ngi dn tc thiu s v ngi dn a phng. Kt qu nh gi ti liu ca
chng ti cho thy cc chng trnh di dn t vng thp ln vng cao vi quy m ln
gy ra nhng nh hng tiu cc cho ngi dn v mi trng do nng lc qun l km
(ng Nguyn Anh, 2005). Theo s liu chnh thc (B NN&PTNT, 2001), trong s
1.410 x thc hin chng trnh ti nh c th ch c 733 x c th thc hin c
chng trnh ny v 677 x khng th lm c do khng c nng lc qun l. Hu ht
cc x ny l x ngho ca cc huyn min ni cao, vng su vng xa c a hnh phc
tp v khng c ng i li. ngi dn ti nh c phn ln l ngi dn tc thiu s
ngho v d b tn thng.
3. Tho lun
Cc chnh sch do Chnh ph xy dng v s dng nhm tc ng n hot ng
di dn l rt khc nhau v mt hiu qu v hiu qu chi ph (Weiner, 1975; Oberai,
1987). Cc chnh sch di dn c th c thc hin t c mc tiu phn b dn
s theo x hi. Ngc li, mt s cng c chnh sch c th c a ra m khng tnh
n vic n c ph hp vi mc ch ca ngi dn di c hay khng. Hu qu l, cc
chnh sch v m nhm to ra mt trn ti u v mt x hi gia dn s v ti nguyn
khng th ph hp v thm ch cn xung t vi nguyn vng ca ngi dn di c v
do n hn ch thnh cng ca cc chnh sch ny.

26

Cc qu trnh di dn Vit Nam nh nu trn y to ra nhng tr ngi

ln cho vic xy dng khung chnh sch pht trin t nc mt cch bn vng. N
khng hng n vic xy dng chnh sch kim sot di dn ph hp m xem xt vn
di dn l mt nhn t tch cc cho pht trin t nc. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca di dn
v sinh k mang tnh a vng trong xo i gim ngho cha c cp trong cc
chnh sch, chin lc v chng trnh quc gia hin nay v ngho i v mi trng.
Di dn l mt trong s cc c ch to iu kin cho ngi dn kim vic lm to thu
nhp hp l. Mc ch chnh ca ngi dn di c l kim tin h tr cc h dn nng
thn. Di dn cho php cc h dn nng thn linh hot hn trong vic phn b ngun lc
ca mnh. Cc khon tr cp cho ngi dn di c s gip h n nh cuc sng v t ph
thuc hn vo nng nghip, rng sinh k hng ngy. Di c cng gup to c hi cho
phu n c c vic lm ngoi vic gia nh v h c nhiu la chn v sng b ph
thuc. Ph n c c hi tm vic lm v c t do mt phn no , nu khng h
khng th hng th cuc sng do vn bt bnh ng gii.
Ti liu kt qu nghin cu Vit Nam cho thy phn ln dn di c c c hi
tng thu nhp. H kim c nhiu tin hn so vi ni c vi cng mt cng vic
(B LTBXH, 1997; Philip, 1998; Dang, 1999, 2005). Vic tng t l n ti khu vc di
dn t nng thn ra thnh th l mt thc t. s lao ng n tr v cha lp gia nh di
c ln thnh ph v cc khu cng nghip v ang tng nhanh (GSO & UNFPA,
2004). iu ny cho thy nhu cu lao ng n tr ti cc thnh ph ln, c bit trong
ngnh sn xut v dch v trong qu trnh cng nghip ho v chuyn dch t nng thn
ra thnh th Vit Nam. ng trn gc cung ng lao ng th vic di dn n cc
khu vc ny chnh l bin php ngi dn di c c th t c mt s hnh thi bin
i x hi ng thi to thm thu nhp cho chnh gia nh h.
Tuy nhin, c tho lun nh v cu hi lm th no chnh sch c th
khin hot ng di dn gip ch cho ngi ngho. Nn di dn t do (dn s khng qua
o to) t nng thn ln thnh ph xy ra Vit Nam khin phi a ra mt s gii
php chnh sch nhm hn ch tnh trng di dn ln cc thnh ph ln. Mc d nhng
bin php ny cha c thc thi hiu qu nhng c th do nhn bit c rng nn di
dn t nng thn ln thnh th ang ngy cng gia tng l khng th trnh khi nn n
l mi quan tm ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v quan chc Chnh ph. Mt
nghin cu v phn b hp l lc lng sn xut l c trng ni bt ca chnh sch
ti nh c ca Vit Nam hin nay (tham kho Nguyn, 1998; NCPFP, 2001).
V mt nguyn tc th cc chng trnh pht trin nng thn gii quyt vn
ngho i u lin quan n lun dn di c v dn di c l do ng lc kinh t gy ra.
Ti sao cc chnh sch pht trin nng thn li khng gy tc ng n hot ng di
dn? Ti sao n c tc ng khng nh mong i? Cc chnh sch ny sai im no?
lp lun c s ca hu ht cc chng trnh pht trin nng thn v c bit l cc
chng trnh hn ch di dn nng thn l ngi dn nng thn mun sng nng thn.
Ngoi ra ngi xy dng chng trnh gi nh rng nu ngi dn ngho nng thn c
thu nhp hp l v cc dch v h tr i km th rt c th h s thot c ngho v
xy dng c cuc sng kh gi. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta hi mt ngi nng dn
ngho bt c u trn t nc Vit Nam l lm nng dn c vt v khng th cu tr
li chc chn l c. Nng nghip l mt ngh y ri ro. Thu nhp v chi tiu do gi c
quyt nh v ngi nng dn khng th can thip c g vo qu trnh ny. H phi
vt v c tin mua ging, phn bn, nhin liu v cc u vo nng nghip khc ch
vi mt ngun thu nhp duy nht l nng sn lm ra v do vy h phi c gng tn
ti. Ngi dn ngho nng thn phi a ra nhiu phng n lm sao thnh vin
trong gia nh i lm vic ni khc. Giao thng thun tin v mng li x hi c

27

thit lp tt lm gim chi ph cho hot ng di c (ng Nguyn Anh, 1999; 2000).
Cc h gia nh ngho hn c th tham gia di c v dng s tin c c t vic di c
xo ngho.
Mt vn khc v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng lin quan n
thin tai v thm ho xy ra khu vc Chu v Vit Nam gy tc ng tiu cc
n ngi ngho, n khng ch lin quan n vic cn phi bo v thin nhin khi ph
hoi ca con ngi m cn bo v con ngi khi cc v thin tai. Mc d sau thin tai
ngi dn c cu tr nhng nhiu h tr nn ngho hoc ti ngho. Di c tr thnh
mt chin lc quan trng gip cc h gia nh ny thot ngho. Trong nhng nm
gn y, Chnh ph Vit Nam chuyn hng tp trung vo cc nh my thu in ti
Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Ho Bnh, Ngh An v cc tnh ca khu vc Ty Nguyn cng
vi vic di dn v ti nh c cho hng trm h dn a phng. Tuy nhin, s h dn
ny khng sng c trn vng ti nh c. Vn ny hin vn cha c gii quyt
tho ng, c v mt chnh sch v nghin cu v i hi phi c s kim tra tt ti d
n PEL.
Nhn v tng lai, tnh trng di dn l mt vn ln ca thay dn s lin
quan n tng trng kinh t nhanh v hin i ho Vit Nam. L ng lc chnh ca
thay i dn s, s chnh lch v thiu t s dn n vic phi phn b li dn s trn
quy m ln. Chnh ph cn a ra cc bin php chnh sch di dn p ng c nhu
cu ca th trng lao ng v gii quyt c mi lin h gia ngho i v mi
trng. Bnh ng gii trong vic tip cn ngun vn vay tn dng v cc ngun khc
cn phi pht trin bn vng, c v mt kinh t v mi trng. iu ny ph thuc nhiu
vo vn di dn v gii trong cc chnh sch v chng trnh quc gia v ngho i v
mi trng.

C. Ti nguyn thin nhin v ngho i

Trong phn ny chng ta s bn n mi lin h gia lm nghip, qun l t,
bin v nng lng ti sinh vi ngho i.
Trong khi che ph rng Vit Nam ni chung v ang tng dn trong
nhng nm gn y, t 28% nm 1990 n 37.6% th cht lng rng ang ngy cng
gim. Din tch rng c php tn kn gim gn nh 100% so vi 1 th k trc,
ch cn khong 13%. Trong nhiu trng hp, sinh k ca ngi ngho thng xut
hin ti cc khu vc gip ranh gia mc ch bo tn v pht trin. Vit Nam, khong
85% din tch rng phng h nm cc khu vc c t l ngho trung bnh v cao
(ICEM, 2003).
Suy thoi t c xem l kt qu ca vic qun l t khng bn vng cng
nh thm ho thin tai. Trung du v min ni l cc khu vc thng xut hin si l t,
t bc mu, trong khi khu vc ven bin v vng t thp li thng xy ra hn hn
v hoang mc ho, l lt, l t.
Vit Nam c ng b bin di 3,260 km v c din tch mt nc bin ln. Cc
h sinh thi ny l ngun cung cp lng thc v thu nhp t thu sn cho ngi dn
Vit Nam (SCA v MOSTE 2005). Hn 3 triu h dn kim sng t ngh nh bt thu
sn v cc hot ng lin quan. Tuy nhin, nhiu ngun li thu sn ven bin ang b e
do do khai thc qu mc (Bo co ca B Thu sn v t chc Danida nm 2005).
Vit Nam l nc sn xut v tiu th nng lng t. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam li c
ngun nng lng ri ro, gm nng lng t than , kh, than bn v thu in, nng
lng kh sinh hc. Nhin liu kh sinh hc nh g ci v cc sn phm tha t nng
nghip l ngun nnglng chnh ca ngi dn nng thn v bn thnh th. Nm 1994,

28

mc tiu th g ci l 423 PJ, chim khong 39% tng mc tiu th nng lng (FAO
RWEDP, 2007).
Mi quan h gia mi trng (lin quan n lm nghip, qun l t, bin v
nng lng ti sinh) v ngho i s c phn tch c th trong cc phn sau.
1. Lm nghip
Cc khu vc c t l ngho i cao tp trung khu vc pha Bc v Ty Nguyn
ch khng phi H Ni, cc khu th khc hay vng ven bin nhng chnh cc khu
vc ny li chim phn ln din tch rng ca c nc (Sunderlin, 2005). Ch duy nht
mt trng hp ngoi l l khu vc Ty Bc Vit Nam gip bin gii Trung Quc c
xp vo din cc khu vc c t l ngho i cao l khng c rng. y l khu vc c
tc trng rng nhanh trong thi gian gn y (Sunderlin, 2005). Nhiu h dn ngho
hin ang sng da vo ti nguyn rng. T nm 1993, khong cch gia t l h ngho
nht v giu c nht xut hin ti cc khu vc rng ni cao.
a. Mi lin h gia ngho i v lm nghip trong chnh sch
(1). Chin lc pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam giai on 2006-2020
Chin lc pht trin lm nghip quc gia ph duyt nm 201 th hin mi lin
h hi ho gia ngho i v mi trng. Chin lc ny tm ra cc nh hng quan
trng cho qun l ti nguyn rng bn vng v pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam giai
on 2001-2010. Chin lc p dng phng thc lm nghip da vo ngi dn v tp
trung vo (i) bo v rng; (ii) phc hi v pht trin rng; (iii) bo tn a dng sinh hc;
(iv) bo v cc loi ng, thc vt qu, him; (v) tng cng hot ng ch bin lm
sn quy m va v nh; (vi) ng gp vo cng cuc xo i gim ngho; (vii) ci
thin i sng ngi dn min ni; (viii) x hi ho ngh rng; v (ix) nng cao vai tr
v ng gp ca ngnh lm nghip cho pht trin kinh t x hi. Vi vic p dng
phng thc da vo ngi dn v a ngnh, chin lc ny ha hn s a c vn
ngho i vi bo v rng.
Chin lc pht trin lm nghip 2001 (NFDS, 2001-2010) c thay bng
Chin lc pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam (2006-2020) mi c Th tng Chnh
ph ban hnh. Thng tin chi tit xem trong Ph lc 1.4. Chin lc mi ny tp trung
vo 3 mc tiu c th l: pht trin kinh t, bo v mi trng v mc tiu x hi.
Mc d chin lc lm nghip c a vn bo v mi trng l u tin hnh
u nhng chin lc mi li a u tin hng u l tng ng gp ca ngnh lm
nghip cho pht trin kinh t v qua hy vng s gp phn to cng n vic lm v
xo i gim ngho. (Tuy nhin, K hoch pht trin kinh t x hi (SEDP, 2006-2010)
v k hoch 5 nm ca B NN&PTNT li cp n ng gp ca ngnh lm nghip
trc ht phc v bo v mi trng v ng gp nhiu hn ca ngnh nng nghip cho
pht trin kinh t.) (Williams, 2007).
Chin lc mi quan tm ng mc n vn v mi lin h gia ngho i
v mi trng. Ni dung trng tm nht ca chin lc l x hi ho ngnh lm nghip,
li ko s tham gia ca cc thnh phn kinh t v cc t chc x hi khc pht trin
ngnh lm nghip. nng cao thu nhp, xo i gim ngho v gim t l h ngho
trong khu vc c rng l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng c nu rt c th
trong chin lc. Chnh ph cn h tr ngi ngho v c bit l cc dn tc thiu s
ngho tham gia vo bo v v pht trin rng. Cn xy dng c ch hp ng khon
bo v rng theo hng nhng ai tham gia s c hng li t rng, k c dch v mi
trng.

29

(2). Lut bo v v pht trin rng

Lut a ra nh ngha lin quan n rng v pht trin rng, quy nh chi tit
phn loi rng; quyn ca nh nc v bo v v pht trin rng; giao rng cho cng
ng thng bn, gi rng, ng k quyn s dng rng, quyn s hu din tch rng
trng sn xut, thng k v kim k rng, gim st din bin ti nguyn rng v trch
nhim i vi vic bo v rng (xem Ph lc 1.8.).
Nhn chung, c th thy rng ni dung Lut ch phn ln tp trung vo bo v
mi trng. Tuy nhin, n cng cho thy mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng
nhng khng r rng. Ni dung chnh ca Lut ny l bo tn, th hin qua cc mt nh
bo v h sinh thi rng, ng thc vt rng, chng v phng chng chy rng Tuy
nhin, mt s phn quy nh hot ng khai thc v bun bn lm sn cng c tm
thy trong Lut. V phn ny, hot ng khai thc lm sn phi ph hp vi cc quy
nh qun l rng, khng lm tn hi n mc tiu bo tn rng v bo v cnh quan
rng cng nh cc quy nh khc. Ni dung chi tit gm: (i) Cho php khai thc cy
rng gy hoc cht, lm sn ngoi g, ngoi tr cc thc vt rng qu him, nguy
cp v ang c nguy c tuyt chng b cp khai thc v theo Quy nh ca Chnh ph
ban hnh c ch qun l v bo v cc loi ng thc vt rng qu, him v c nguy c
tuyt chng v danh mc cc loi ng, thc vt rng qu, ang b e do; (ii) cm sn
bt, by ng vt rng; (iii) vic khai thc v s dng rng sn xut phi m bo c
din tch rng, pht trin cc khu bo tn rng v cht lng rng v ph hp vi quy
ch qun l rng; (iv) cc c nhn c hnh vi ph hoi rng, lm chy rng v ti
nguyn rng, khai thc rng tri php, sn bn tri php, bt v giam gi ng vt rng
tri php, bun bn v vn chuyn lm sn tri php, khng tun th cc quy nh khc
trong lut v bo v v pht trin rng, da vo tnh cht v mc nghim trng ca
v vic, s x pht hnh chnh hoc truy t theo lut nh.
Do lut ch nhm mc ch ph v ngnh lm nghip nn ni dung hng dn
thc hin cc quy nh trong lut v bo v v pht trin rng tt c cc cp l rt r
rng v chi tit. Tuy nhin, n ch a ra nh hng thc hin cc cp ch khng o
to cho ngi thc thi. Theo ni dung hng dn ca Lut th B NN&PTNT s t chc
v hng dn thc hin k hoch pht trin v bo v rng quc gia; thanh tra v nh
gi tnh hnh thc hin k hoch bo v v pht trin rng ca cc tnh v thnh ph. U
ban nhn dn cc tnh v thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, y ban nhn dn huyn, th
x v thnh ph trc thuc tnh s t chc v hng dn thc hin k hoch bo v v
pht trin rng cho a phng mnh; thanh tra v nh gi tnh hnh thc hin k hoch
bo v v pht trin rng ca cp di. UBND x, phng, th trn s t chc v hng
dn thc hin k hoch bo v v pht trin rng ca a phng mnh.
Thng tin chi tit v Lut ny xin xem trn trang web:
www.vietnamforestry.org.vn
(3). Cc chnh sch khc
L mt phn quan trng ca bo v mi trng, Chnh ph cng b h thng
cc khu rng cn c bo v (rng phng h). nm 2002, h thng cc khu rng cn
c bo v gm: 17 vn quc gia, 60 khu d tr thin nhin v 18 khu bo tn phong
cnh (ICEM, 2003). Khu bo tn loi/mi trng sng c ban hnh theo Quyt nh
s 08 nm 2001. Tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c khu bo tn loi/mi trng sng no
c thit lp. H thng cc khu vc cn c bo v hin chim khong 2.123.354 ha,
v B NN&PTNT xut tng s lng im ln 109 khu vc v m rng din tch
ln 2.629.188 ha (ICEM, 2003).

30

b. Cc chng trnh quc gia v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng

(1). Chng trnh bo tn rng v lm nghip
Lin quan n mi lin h gia vic s dng ti nguyn thin nhin v ngho
i, hu ht cc chng trnh, d n tp trung vo cc lnh vc lm nghip v bo tn
rng, trong s c Chng trnh 327 - Ph xanh t trng i ni trc, Chng trnh
trng mi 5 triu ha rng l cc chng trnh hiu qu nht.
Chng trnh 327 ph xanh t trng i ni trc
Chng trnh 327 l chng trnh th im ln v trng rng c trin khai
trong giai on 1992-1996. Chng trnh t ra mc tiu thit lp din tch rng bo
v mi trng v ci thin sinh k ngi dn nng thn. Ni dung v mc ch ca
chng trnh c iu chnh li vo nm 1996. Vi vic iu chnh ny th cc hot
ng trng rng cng hng n mc ch bo v v thit lp din tch rng phng h
u ngun v ti sinh, phc hi rng c dng. thnh tu chnh m chng trnh ny t
c l:
Khon bo v rng 1,6 triu ha, li ko s tham gia ca trn 466.000 h;
Ti sinh t nhin t 299.000 ha
Trng mi c 397.000 ha.
Chng trnh trng mi 5 triu ha rng (5MHRP)
Sau Chng trnh 327 l Chng trnh trng mi 5 triu ha rng c ph duyt
nm 1998 v y vn c coi l chng trnh ch o ca ngnh lm nghip. Mc tiu
chng trnh t ra trc ht l thit lp 5 triu ha rng n nm 2010 tng che
ph rng t 28% nm 2945 ln 43% trn tng din tch t nhin ca Vit Nam. C mt
thay i ln v mc tiu ca Chng trnh l 1 triu ha rng phc hi ti sinh c thay
bng ti sinh t nhin. Trong 5 triu ha rng cng c khong 450.000 ha rng trng lm
sn ngoi g vi cc sn phm nh: qu, nha thng, du thc vt khc v tre na. Nm
2005, chng trnh c nh gi v iu chnh li cho ph hp hn.
Lin quan n cung cp t trng rng cng cn lu rng: (a) Quc hi nht
tr gim mc tiu trng rng n nm 2010 xung di 5 triu ha. V th n khng cn
l chng trnh 5 triu ha na; (b) vic phn loi li 3 phn hng rng nhm phn loi
li 3 triu ha rng phng h khng thc s quan trng thnh rng sn xut to iu
kin qun l bn vng nhm mang li li ch c v mt kinh t v mi trng. Chin
lc lm nghip mi tp trung vo qun l rng bn vng (Williams 2007)
Chng trnh 5 triu ha t ra nhiu mc tiu lin quan n:

Bo tn a dng sinh hc v bo v ti nguyn t v nc;

To ra cc vt liu mi cho ngnh cng nghip da vo rng tho mn nhu

cu trong nc v xut khu;

Gp phn pht trin n nh cho cc khu vc ni cao, c bit cc dn tc thiu

s v dn tc vng cao p dng phng thc du canh

H tr cc chng trnh quc gia v xo i gim ngho.

Chnh ph nhn thy mi lin h quan trng gia xo i gim ngho v bo

tn rng. V th n c th hin rt r trong cc chin lc v chng trnh quc gia.
Chng trnh trng mi 5 triu ha c gng gii quyt cc vn ny bng vic h tr
thc y qu trnh xo i gim ngho v pht trin vng cao thng qua cc chng

31

trnh to thu nhp da vo rng, ng ch l hp ng khon bo v rng v trng

rng cho Chng trnh 5 triu ha.
Do , Chng trnh trng mi 5 triu ha trc y c thit k nhm t c
mc tiu kinh t, x hi, mi trng, trong c c mc tiu xo i gim ngho. Tuy
nhin, qu trnh trin khai thc hin trc y cha c gim st tt nn kh nh gi
tc ng kinh t v x hi ca Chng trnh ny. Ch s che ph rng khng phi
l ch s ph hp nh gi tc ng mi trng, nh cht lng a dng sinh hc.
Tuy nhin, ch s ny li c s dng khi ni n Mc tiu pht trin thin nin k v,
trn phm vi quc gia, l K hoch pht trin kinh t x hi (SEDP, 2006-2010)
(Williams 2007).
Chng trnh 5 triu ha qu tham vng trong mc tiu to thu nhp t rng v
lm sn ngoi g. Nhng cu hi t ra i vi Chng trnh 5 triu ha l c s no
t ra mc tiu trng mi 5 triu ha rng. Din tch i ni trc ca Vit Nam thng
c xem l din tch dng trng rng. Din tch ny l din tch t b hoang khng
s dng nhng li rt quan trng i vi cc h thng lun canh v dng trng cc
loi lm sn ngoi g, c bit i vi cc cng ng ngho. Cc lm sn ngoi g ny
c th l ngun cung cp g ci, vt liu xy dng, lng thc, dc liu, thu nhp ph
rt quan trng, c bit khi thiu lng thc v b m.
Kinh nghim t d n lm sn ngoi g gia t chc IUCN v B NN&PTNT
cho thy cc hot ng thun ho lm sn ngoi g rt hu ch i vi cc gia nh giu
c c t, lao ng v vn nhng li to ra nguy c i vi cc h ngho, ph n v tr
em nhng ngi sng da vo cc ngun ny v qu trnh ti sinh t nhin rng phc
v hot ng thu hi lm sn ngoi g (Morris et al,. 2002).
(2). Cc chng trnh khc
C cc chng trnh quc gia khc nh PRGS v HEPR h tr mc tiu bo tn
mi trng. Tuy nhin, mi lin h gia cc chng trnh ny vi mc tiu bo tn mi
trng l rt phc tp. Mt thch thc na i vi Vit Nam l m bo cht lng
rng t nhin (c bit l a dng sinh hc loi v h sinh thi) v gii quyt cc vn
v tip cn ti nguyn rng v lm sn ca ngi ngho (Morris et al,. 2004).
c. Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng th hin trong cc d n, chng trnh
quc gia
S tham gia ca ngi ngho v ph n: Hn ch ca cc chng trnh trng
rng l cc cng ng ngho v b y ra ngoi x hi khng c tip cn rng v h
tr thnh ngi lm thu cho ngnh lm nghip. Cc chnh sch i vi khu rng c
bo v (v d: Rng c dng) thng cm khng cho ngi dn a phng tip cn
rng v khai thc lm sn, k c cp no v s dng hp l hoc tip cn ti
nguyn t rng. Cc chng trnh trng rng c th c tc ng ging nhau khi trng
trn din tch t nng nghip, t b hoang v t trng cy lm sn ngoi g quan
trng. Trong mt s trng hp, iu ny c th dn n xung t gia ch rng mi
(theo nh hp ng bo v rng) v cng ng a phng - hu ht l cc h ngho
sng da vo t rng. Mc d lm sn ngoi g c coi l mi lin h tt gia rng
v ngi ngho nhng kinh nghim quc t cho thy lm th no qu trnh thng
mi ho (khng cp n vn bnh ng v trao quyn cho cng ng) c th lm
gim n v khai thc LSNG cng nh gim quyn ca ngi ngho i vi ngun ti
nguyn t v rng (Neumann & Hirsch, 2000).

32

Vic ph n ngho b hn ch trong vic tip cn th trng LSNG l mi quan

tm c bit, c bit v cng lao ng ngy cng tng, cng ngh ngy cng tr nn
phc tp v trang thit b ch bin ngy cng tp trung hn (Neumann & Hirsch, 2000).
Mt khi nim quan trng cn c nhc n l s tham gia ca cng ng.
Vn ny hin nhin cn c nghin cu k i vi trng hp bo tn rng c
c s liu thng k tin cy v ci thin vic ra quyt nh ca a phng. Tuy
nhin, nng lc a phng trong vic s dng phng php ny cn phi c tng
cng thm v y l mt phn ca chng trnh o to v thng tin. Vic chuyn i
t k hoch s dng t tp trung sang k hoch s dng t theo vn v c s tham
gia l rt hu ch tng cng nng lc ra quyt nh ca cng ng a phng
ngho so vi cc bn cng tham gia. K hoch s dng t cng rt cn trnh c
tc ng ca mi trng. Cn cn bng gia vic xc nh cc im kim sot s dng
t trong lut t ai v vic trnh nhng nh hng chi tit trong s dng t m nh
ta vn thy hin nay m bn thn nhng hng dn ny li khng thng nht vi hot
ng ti a phng (WB, 2006).
Cn c s chuyn dch hot ng c c cc chng trnh qun l ti
nguyn tt hn, trong bao gm: ci cch qun l, quy hoch phi tp trung v ci tin
cc c ch chia s ngun li, p dng nhiu phng php tip cn trong qu trnh ra
quyt nh.
Cc dch v mi trng: Ngnh lm nghip c hai dch v chnh l: dch v
sn xut v dch v mi trng. Sn xut r rng l vn c lin quan trc tip n
xo i gim ngho nhng lm th no mi trng c th gip ngi ngho kim
sng th li l mt cu hi khc. Hin ti, cc nh ti tr quc t (IUCN, WWF,
Winrock International) v cc B (B TN&MT, B NN&PTNT) tin hnh cc hot
ng lin quan n chi tr ph dch v mi trng. Trong khi IUCN tp trung vo cc
cng c, cp v m v chnh sch th WWF tp trung vo th nghim cc nguyn tc
v m hnh di hin trng, Winrock lm vic v cc vn lin quan n ngi cung
cp dch v mi trng, xc nh nhu cu, k vng v ci m h c th cung cp, lm
th no khch hng tho mn c nhu cu ca h, cn khung php ch g, vn
th ch v cc ni dung h tr khc thc y mi lin h gia ngi mua v ngi
bn (xem Ph lc 4 bit thm thng tin chi tit). Tuy nhin, cc d n ny ch tp
trung vo mc tiu bo v mi trng m khng tnh n ngi ngho.
Nhiu cuc tho lun c tin hnh bn v c ch chi tr ph dch v mi
trng. Ni dung tho lun l liu nn chi tr hay thng v vn ny vn cn
ang tranh ci. Cn xy dng cc cng c mi trng trao quyn cho ngi ngi
trong qu trnh i thoi chnh sch. Mt v d in hnh ca mt d n cho thy vn
ny c th c tm thy trong d n thng cho ngi ngho vng cao v cc dch v
mi trng h mang li (RUPES). y l mt chng trnh khu vc do IFAD ti tr v
ICRAF iu phi. Mt ban iu hnh quc t gm cc t chc quc t nh WWF, IIED,
IUCN, Winrock International, CIFOR, v Ford Foundation c thnh lp. nhiu
nm nay, ICRAF lun ng vai tr ch o trong vic tin hnh cc hot ng nghin
cu RUPES ti n , Philipin, Nepal, Nam Trung Quc, Vit Nam, Lo, Indonexia v
Sri Lanka. Mi ngi tin tng rng cc d n nh RUPES, vi vic tp trung vo
thng cho ngi ngho nht trong s cc h ngho v dch v mi trng h mang li
(ES), c th l mi trng thun li thc y ngi ngho c th tc ng n chnh
sch. iu ny khin nhng ngi ngho nht trong s cc h ngho t ngi nhn h
tr th ng sang thnh ngi bo v mi trng ch ng. y s l mt lun gi mi
thi vo cc chng trnh xo i gim ngho ti Vit Nam.

33

Hot ng tin phong ging nh RUPES nh cp trn y cn c chi tit

v nng cm quy m trong cc h thng sinh thi x hi khc. Vic nh gi cc d n
tin phong ny v cc hot ng khc rt ra bi hc kinh nghim s rt hu ch cho
vic lp k hoch cc chng trnh trong tng lai bo v mi trng v ng thi
xo i gim ngho.
d. Tho lun v cc vn ni cm trong mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng
v l hng trong lm nghip
Kt qu nh gi ca chng ti cho thy vn cn xut hin l hng kin thc rt
ln v xo i gim ngho Vit Nam v v vn bo v mi trng v bo tn ti
nguyn thin nhin. mng kin thc lng ghp c hai vn ny cn rt hn ch. Xut
hin l hng kin thc/hiu bit v mi lin h gia ngho i v lm nghip cng nh
cch thc ho gii gia vn xo i gim ngho v bo v rng. C mt s nghin
cu quan trng v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng m cc nghin cu trong
thi gian ti cn gii quyt:
(1). Cc chnh sch c xy dng tt nhng thc thi km
Nh cp trn y v cc chnh sch, chng trnh v d n, Vit Nam
tm quan trng ca rng i vi i sng ngi dn ngho v cng cuc xo i gim
ngho c nh gi rt cao. Chnh ph v chnh quyn cc cp n lc rt nhiu
gii quyt mi lin h gia ngho i v rng, c gng hi ho gia xo i gim ngho
v bo v rng. Tuy nhin, c mt iu l qu trnh thc hin cc chnh sch ny cha
c trin khai theo ng k hoch ra. V d, Chng trnh 135 cho 1.100 x c
bit kh khn tp trung vo xy dng h tng c s (gm: h thng ti tiu ci to t
nng cao nng sut cy trng) v i sng ngi dn. Chng trnh trng mi 5 triu
ha c trin khai theo Quyt nh s 661 ban hnh nm 1998 tp trung vo bo v din
tch rng hin c v tng che ph rng ln 5 triu ha trong vng 10 nm ng thi
to thu nhp cho ngi dn.
Hn na, hiu ca ca vic thc hin cc chnh sch lin quan n lm nghip
vn cn l mt cu hi. mc d din tch rng c bo v tng cng nh che ph
rng tng nhng vic bo v cc din tch rng ny li thiu s quan tm ng mc ca
cc c quan chc nng (cc ban qun l), thiu vn v nng lc cn b yu. Vic qun
l din tch rng c bo v ngy cng tng lin quan (i) nng lc ca tnh nh th
no? (ii) hiu qu ca cc chng trnh, d n xo i gim ngho nh th no? Vn
ch nng lc ca cn b a phng trong vic qun l, thc thi cp c s cha p
ng c mc tiu ra. iu ny c th l do vic p dng phng thc qun l tp
trung, t chc thc hin yu km, cc khu sinh thi cha c quan tm ng mc v
ngi dn thiu hiu bit (v chng trnh).
T chc thc hin yu km
Chnh ph d tnh cc n v thc hin gm: cp huyn v cc lm trng quc
doanh, s dng sai mc ch trn 50% tng s tin u t vo chng trnh 327. C
th l trng hp ca tnh k Lk, ph bo v rng khng thanh ton thu, ph v trc
ngi dn cng cha tr cc khon ny (Sunderlin, 2005). Nguyen Thi Dzung,
(2006) a v d lm th no m lm trng Sng c th k hp ng bo v rng
vi cc c nhn trn din tch ni rng 992 ha. Thc t l nh vy, ton b khu vc
ny c giao cho cc h dn v ht kim lm K Sn trc cp giy chng
nhn quyn s dng t cho cc h dn.
Thiu gio dc cho ngi ngho (c bit v cc chng trnh, d n).

34

Duc Thuan (2005) nu ln cc vn quan trng nht v thiu gio dc lin

quan n vic thc thi khng hiu qu:
Cc nghin cu v th nghim v cc ging v cng ngh mi rt t c trin
khai xung cho ngi ngho. Vic la chn cc h xy dng m hnh trnh din
thng ch tp trung vo cc h kh gi. Vic nh gi nhu cu o to cho ngi
ngho cng cha nhiu. o to khng tp trung vo ngi ngho. T l h ngho tham
gia cc kho o to ngn hn thng thp. Ngi ngho thng l ngi dn tc thiu
s, h gp phi kh khn v ngn ng v phong tc trong vic tip cn cc dch v o
to v khuyn lm.
Gio dc cp c s l mt trong nhng hn ch nghim trng nht trong qu
trnh thc hin. Thm ch nu tt c cc h thng lm vic tt th ngi cui cng chnh
l ngi tip nhn v s hu thc s nhng kin thc ny. Thng tin v gio dc tt
chnh l nn tng c bn d c hiu theo cch no.
Thiu phng php ng dng ph hp
u l mt hn ch ca cc phng php hin ang c p dng nh gi
mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng Vit Nam? Liu khung DPSIR (ngi li
p lc thc hin/trnh by tc ng phn hi) c ph hp kim chng mi lin
h gia ngho i v mi trng trong bi cnh Vit Nam khng? Nu ng th cn h
tr nng lc g ng dng c khung ny?
Ngi ngho tip cn cc cng c s dng hin nay
V mt tip cn cc chng trnh (FLA, 5MHRP) th cn thiu trang thit b
cho ngi ngho. Nhn chung, dng nh ngi ngho cn thiu hiu bit v quyn v
ngha v c nu trong hp ng (MDRP 2000). Thng thng ngi ngho tham gia
c nhn ti liu khng chnh thng v khng chc chn v ranh gii din tch t
mnh lm v li ch h c c t vic qun l din tch (Sunderlin, 2005). iu ny
dn n hai hu qu sau: (i) mt quyn li. iu ny lm gim s nhit tnh v tham
gia ca mt s ngi trong hot ng trng rng v qun l rng; v mt i ngun thu
nhp (Sunderlin, 2005). (ii) Mt trong nhng kt qu khng mong i ca chng trnh
trng mi l ni rng khong cch gia h ngho v giu. Cc h giu c th lun sn
sng tham gia d n v t ca h c a th ph hp. Mt iu kh ph bin l cc h
c chn k hp ng bo v rng thng da trn mi quan h c nhn
(Sunderlin, 2005).
T vic thc hin cc chng trnh, d n cho ta thy ngi ngho nht khng
th tip cn ngun vn vay v vn tn dng. mt s a phng ngn hng thm ch
khng cho ngi ngho vay tin v h ngho nn khng th tr ng hn. iu ny xut
pht t hai l do nh c ng c Thun gii thch trn (2005); (i) theo lut
nh, cc h phi c k hoch nu mun vay vn ngn hng vi li sut u i trng
rng; (ii) dng tin cung cp cho vay tn dng vi li sut u i l t tin tit kim
nhn ri ca ngi khc. Mt khc, thi gian vay da vo chu k ma v. iu ny dn
n vic tin vay phi tr cho ngn hng trc khi thu hoch. Kt qu l s dng din
tch t rng cho thm canh khng hp l v th ngi dn b t hoang v khng c
tin trng rng (Duc Thuan, 2005).
(2). Quy hoch yu
Lm th no gii quyt mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong qu
trnh lp k hoch cp tnh v a phng? Cn nng lc nh th no lng ghp
hiu qu vn ngho i v mi trng vo pht trin ni chung trong tng cp lp k

35

hoch (cp x, huyn, tnh v trung ng)? Cn hng dn g c th lp k hoch

cho tng cp?
Cch tip cn t trn xung (k hoch ho tp trung)
C nhiu v d t cc a phng cho thy cch tip cn t trn xung trong cc
d n v chng trnh quc gia khng t kt qu nh mong i. V d: Chng
trnh 327 b ph bnh rt nhiu t cc t chc quc t, cc nh nghin cu trong nc v
mt vi cn b chnh ph v khng t c mc tiu ra, t c s tham gia ca ngi
dn trong qu trnh thc hin v thc y trng rng trn din tch t quan trng i
vi an ninh lng thc ca a phng (Sunderlin, 2005).
Mt s bo co ph bnh phng php tip cn m cc nh hoch nh chnh
sch v lp k hoch p dng cho ngnh lm nghip. mc d ma v ca cy rng cn
phi c k hoch di hi hn thu hoch cy nng nghip nhng vic quy hoch lm
nghip li thng s dng phng thc p dng trong nng nghip (Sunderlin, 2005).
nu xem xt ta thy y l cch tip cn t trn xung rt nguy him v n s gy tc
ng xu n qu trnh thc hin cc chng trnh v d n. l nhng v d v nhiu
lnh vc, c bit l lnh vc bo v rng, Lm th no m cch tip cn ny khin cho
d n khng thnh cng l do s khng am hiu tn tng vn . V d khu vc phng
h u ngun Sng ti x Thung Nai (huyn K Sn tnh Ho Bnh), theo s liu
thng k ca phng a chnh huyn th Thung Nai c 283 ha din tch rng sn xut t
nhin nhng khng mt cn b no ca huyn bit c con s ny. H khng bit xut
x cng nh a im ca khu rng ny. Lm phn khng r rng, quyn s dng t
lm nghip cha c chnh thc ho cng vi vic thiu c ch chia s ngun li hp
l l mi him ho i vi cng tc qun l ti nguyn thin nhin (Thi Dzung, 2006).
Cc khu vc sinh thi cha c tnh n
Nghin cu v c im a phng l c s xy dng chng trnh tt. K
hoch khuyn khch canh tch cc loi cy ly g c gi tr d kin trin khai nhng
khng th nghim thc t nhiu ln v tham vn vi nng dn. i khi hot ng canh
tc c pht ng m khng tham kho th trng dn n vic tha cung, thiu cu
(Sunderlin, 2005)
Tc gi cun sch Xo i gim ngho mang tnh a phng Vit Nam
(Hainsworth 1999) gii thch rng cc nh nghin cu tm ra cc c ch can thip hiu
qu nhng khng th a vo p dng nu vai tr v tm quan trng ca lm nghip
trong h sinh k nng thn khng c nh gi ng. Mt iu rt r rng l cc hnh
thc s liu ny v cc vng sinh thi nng nghip quan trng ca Vit Nam l rt hu
ch.
Lm th no t do ho thng mi c th tc ng n mi lin h gia ngho i v
mi trng, cc chin lc ca ngi ngho v tc ng ca n n mi trng?
Nhng thay i lin tc ca Chin lc dn n tnh trng d n khng trin
khai c cng nh d n thc hin khng thnh cng. Bn cnh , n cn lm cho h
thng hnh chnh tr thnh qu phc tp. Vn ny l hon ton logic v n cng xy
ra i vi chnh sch. chin lc pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam c thay i tr
khi t c mc tiu ra, chuyn t a u tin cao nht cho hot ng bo v mi
trng thnh tng cng ng gp ca ngnh lm nghip pht trin kinh t. y qu
l mt thay i ln. iu c ngha l trong vng cha n 10 nm (l khong thi
gian ngn i vi lm nghip) th cng tc qun l s dng t thay i. cng l
trng hp ca cc chnh sch th trng. Nh nhn dnh ca Thu Ba (2002:24), mt
vn cn tr vic pht trin lm nghip h gia nh l nhng thay i thng xuyn

36

ca chnh quyn a phng v mc tiu kinh t x hi v t lm thay i loi cy

trng. cp tnh, bo co cho thy nhng thay i trong s dng t lm nghip din ra
kh thng xuyn v iu ny lm cho cc h phi iu chnh li k hoch ca h
i ph vi nhng thay i khng c d bo trc. kt qu l, t b b hoang hoc
s dng vo mc ch khc (Sunderlin, 2005)
S cch ly
Rt c th vic bo v rng nhm mc ch mi trng c th gy ra nhng hu
qu xu cho ngi ngho - nhng ngi sinh sng khu vc t lu i nay? Vic
phn b li dn c hoc hot ng ca h gim p lc ln mi trng mt khu vc
nht nh c lm tng suy thoi mi trng khu vc mi hay khng? Cn hiu k hn
v a vn ngho i vo hot ng bo tn cc din tch cn c bo v.
Lm th no gii quyt vn ny l mt cu hi ln cn xem xt thn trng
nhiu kha cnh khc nhau. bo v din tch rng cho mc tiu bo v mi trng l
mt trong nhng mc tiu nhng c th gy ra hu qu xu cho ngi ngho - nhng
ngi sng khu vc ny t bao i nay liu c kh thi khng? V d: a ngi
sampan n nh c khu vc khc c th l mt bin php bo v mi trng v
ng thi gip h c c ch n nh. Tuy nhin, lm c vn ny th cn
phi to vic lm mi, nu khng h s quay tr li ch c v nh th mi n lc ca
chng ta s tr v con s khng. Vn ny cng xy ra ti cc vng m ca vn
quc gia theo nh kt qu nghin cu ti vng m Vn quc gia Tam o. Ti y
t sn xut ca cc h dn trong lng khng cn. Nghin cu hin trng ti vng m
Vn qu gia Ba B cho thy vic thit lp v rng Vn qu gia (nm 1995)
lm mt t canh tc ca cc h ngho ti y (Duc Thuan, 2005).
Also Rugendyke (2005) l gii ti sao, ni n mi lin h v p lc dn s
ln ti nguyn vn, Vn quc gia Cc Phng vic ti nh c cho mt s cng
ng ra khi khu vc vng m ca Vn li c thc hin tt vo nm 1986. Vo
cui nm 1990, 650 ngi thuc 6 thn c di ri ra khi khu vc thung lng trung
tm cng nh trng hp di ri 2 lng t sng Bi. Vo nm 1995, tng cng 233 h
c ti nh c thu c 800 ha t ci to. Cng c nhiu k hoch ti nh c
ngi dn sng trong khu vc vn quc gia.
Ngoi ra, qu trnh lm gim p lc ln mi trng c thc hin mt ni c
th lm tng suy thoi mi trng ni mi. Do , cn phi am hiu v a vn
ngho i vo hot ng bo tn din tch rng cn c bo v.
(3). Qun l rng bn vng
Tc ng lu di ca chng trnh bo v rng trn phng din ci thin dch
v mi trng hin cha c nh gi. Hu ht cc ti liu u tp trung ch yu vo
tc ng thu nhp ca hot ng bo v pht trin rng n ngi ngho. Thm ch nu
th nghim mt s m hnh qun l rng da vo cng ng th ch c mt s t c
nh gi v mt tc ng nh k v mi trng (Vu Huu Tuynh 2001, Bui Dung The et
al. 2004). Mt s v d t cc d n tnh c th c s dng tham kho nh m
hnh mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng ca cc d n thuc B NN&PTNT, tnh
Tha Thin Hu tp trung vo lm nghip cng ng, CRNRM (Thua Thien Hue). C
th tham kho cc d n khc nh d n Sida v B KH&T thc hin ti 5 tnh pha
Bc hay d n chia s - MRDP, IFAD, IUCN, WWF, Rupes/ICRAF-CIFOR, MONRE,
v nh gi rng do MOST ti tr do Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip trin khai. Cn tin
hnh nh gi li ch mi trng i vi ngi ngho t chng trnh qun l t v

37

bo v rng. Liu chi tr dch v mi trng (PES) c gip chng ta t c c hai

mc tiu: bo v mi trng v mi trng khng?
Ngoi ra, trong lut bo v v pht trin rng, cn lu n ni dung nh gi
rng v chi tr dch v mi trng. Lm th no s dng cc c ch h tr ngi
ngho cn cn b b nh.
Vit Nam, cng nh nhiu quc gia ang pht trin khc, ci thin sinh k t
c mt phn thng qua vic chuyn mc tiu che ph rng thnh cc mc tiu
khc. Nghin cu v rng v lm nghip cho thy tm quan trng ca sn phm g v
lm sn ngoi g i vi ngi dn, c bit l ngi ngho. C nhiu trng hp thnh
cng l do cng ng ngho vng cao tham gia tch cc vo cc d n trng rng v
khon bo v rng. "Ngnh lm nghip tham gia tch cc vo vic to cng n vic
lm v thu nhp cho ngi dn, c bit l cng ng dn tc thiu s (VD: tnh Bc
Kn, i vi cc h gn y c a vo danh sch ngho th thu nhp t hot ng
lm nghip ca h chim 32,8% tng thu nhp, trong khi cc h kh gi th t l ny
ch l 16,8% thu nhp t lm nghip; ti khu vc Ty Nguyn, thu nhp t lm nghip
ca cc h kh gi chim gn 40%, trong khi cc h ngho l 17%); hu ht nhu
cu g v g nhin liu trong nc c th c p ng."(Chin lc pht trin lm
nghip Vit Nam giai on 2006-2020).
Ti sao chng ta li mun gim din tch rng ci thin i sng ngi dn?
Cu tr li l c tnh lin tc tng phn ca bo tn rng v bo v rng v phc hi
rng u c th v cn ng gp vo vic duy tr v ci thin sinh k. Mt trong nhng
thch thc ln m cc nh hoch nh chnh sch gp phi l bit c lm th no
thy s khc bit gia hai loi hnh s dng ti nguyn v lm th no qun l ti
nguyn mt cch ti u nht. Cc iu kin m xo i gim ngho v bo tn ti
nguyn xung t ln nhau cng cn c xc nh. Mc tiu s l cc kt qu u ra
ny c th c gim thiu hoc trnh c v cc iu kin ci thin i sng vt
cht v mc tiu bo tn c xc nh. Do , cc kt qu u ra ny c th c nhn
rng.
2. Qun l t
Tnh hnh s dng t hin nay Vit Nam l chnh sch qun l t thay i
lin tc. T cho thy mt tch cc v tiu cc ca tnh hnh hin nay n mi trng
v ngho i v ni dung ny s c kim chng v phn tch k phn ny.
a. Nhng thay i trong chnh sch t ai v nhng tc ng ca n n ngi
ngho
Cng vi vic ban hnh Ngh quyt 10 thng 4/1998, t c chia li cho nng
dn t 10 n 15 nm sn xut nng nghip v trng cy hoa mu v canh tch n
nh lu di. Giao t c tin hnh trn c s phn chia bnh ng cc loi t khc
nhau (t cho sn lng cao v thp) cho cc h trong x. Phn chia u ngha l t
c phn trn c s nhu cu (thng c xc nh bng quy m h gia nh) v cng
c th l da vo nng lc lao ng (VD: s thnh vin trong gia nh n tui lao
ng). Mt c ca phng php ny l h nng dn tr thnh cc n v t ch trong
sn xut nng nghip. Sau khi tr thu nng nghip th cc h c hng ton b s
cn nng sn cn li v c t do bun bn trn th trng. Nhng thay i ny to
ng lc thc y cc h dn, c bit trong sn xut lng thc. Mt tri l trong thc
t, da vo quy m x v s a dng ca t sn xut, mt h c th c nhn nhiu
mnh nh (mi h c khong t 4 n 15 mnh rung nh vi tng din tch khong
0,23 ha) phn b ri rc trn ton x m khng mnh no lin mnh no (IFPRI 1996:

38

13). Vi kiu manh mn nh vy c nh hng tiu cc n hiu qu sn xut v sn

lng v do khng to ra nhiu thng d v cn tr vic trao i nng sn.
Lut t ai ban hnh nm 1993 v ln sa i cui cng l u thng 11/2004
(Ngn hng th gii, 2006) (Xem ph lc 1.2.). Nhng thay i chnh trong Lut l: (i)
cc h sn xut nng nghip c quyn s dng t lu di v n nh, 20 nm i vi
t trng cy ma v nh la v 50 nm i vi t trng cy cng nghip v rng; (ii)
giy chng nhn quyn s dng t - s c th c chuyn nhng, cm c, cho
thu, trao i v tha k. Thay i ny dn n tnh trng tch lu t gy tc ng
xu n ngi nng dn ngho. Cc bin c ny c th y ngi nng dn vo cnh n
nn v thng khin h phi cm c hoc bn i din tch t c cp. Cc h nng
dn ny sau li tham gia lc lng lao ng tht nghip ra thnh ph tm vic lm
hoc tr thnh ngi lm thu cho cc ng ch. Ngc li, cc ng ch ny s ngy
cng tr nn giu c v h tng gi cho thu t sn xut. H cng tng gi thu t khi
t c nhu cu thu cao, hoc gim gi u ra ca nng dn bng vic thanh ton trc
cho h. cc h nng dn ngho s ngy cng ngho v c th phi bn ht t cho n
khi h khng cn t bn.
b. Giao t - s tho hip gia mc tiu bo v mi trng v xo i gim ngho
Giao t lm nghip (FLA) l mt tiu hp phn quan trng ca chng trnh
giao t vi mc ch l khuyn khch bo v v phc hi din tch rng vng cao. L
do l v ngi dn quan tm nhiu hn n bo v v qun l rng nu h c quyn s
dng t rng (Sikor 2001:4-5). Vic giao t lm nghip c tin hnh vi vi
Chng trnh 327 ca Chnh ph trong 5 nm 1993 - 1998. Mt trong nhng trng im
ca Chng trnh 327 l bo v rng v mi trng. Phn ln din tch rng c dng
v rng phng h u chu s qun l ca cc lm trng quc doanh. Din tch ny
cn c k hp ng vi cng nhn lm trng v nng dn a phng qun l.
Chng trnh 327 k hp ng tr 50.000 cho 1 ha trong mt nm. T nm 1998 n
nay Chng trnh trng m 5 triu ha rng k tip chng trnh 327. t rng v rng
c giao cho cc t chc, h gia nh v c nhn. thi gian giao hoc cho thu t cho
cc t chc v giao t v rng cho cc h v c nhn l 50 nm hoc lu hn. Tin chi
tr cho vic bo v rng c dng v rng phng h khng qu 50.000/nm cho ton
b 5 nm. i vi cc hp ng gip ti sinh t nhin th khon ny khng qu 1 triu
g/ha v chia u trong 6 nm. Vic trng rng v chm sc rng mi l rt cn thit
v cc khu vc phng h u ngun th ngi chu trch nhim s c tr 2,5 triu
ng/ha.
Giao t lm nghip c th gip xo i gim ngho khng?
Thu nhp t hot ng bo v rng v trng rng khng l trng tm ca hat
ng sn xut nng nghip v sinh k ca cc h ngho vng cao (Nguyen Xuan
Nguyen et al. 1999, ADB, 2000). Do , Apel (2000:5) ch ra rng m hnh giao t
lm nghip c nh hng khng tt n pht trin lm nghip ti cc huyn vng cao
v n lm hng h thng qun l ti nguyn truyn thng. Thm vo , din tch t
cha s dng trong thc t thng l c ch ri nhng Chnh ph t khi bit c
thc trng ny (Nguyen Van San v Gilmour 1999:28). Hn na, ta cng bit c rng
cha to ra ng lc kinh t cho cc ch rng tham gia tch cc vo bo v v pht trin
rng (B NN&PTNT 2002). Ti tnh H Giang v Yn Bi, nhiu h c giao t
trng i ni trc nhng li khng nhn c dch v khuyn lm (t vn) v vic lm
th no trng cy ti cc khu vc ny (Hobley et al. 1998:12). Chng ta cng bit
rng nhng ngi c vn v c quan h tt kim sot hu ht cc hp ng ln trong

39

khi cc h ngho thng ch nhn c din tch nh hn rt nhiu hoc khng nhn
c g (L Trng Cc et al.1996:73).
Mt nghin cu ti 4 huyn min ni ca Qung Ninh cho tht nng lc yu
km ca cn b lm nghip v cch c x v li ca mt b phn cn b a phng
trong qu trnh giao t lm nghip dn n vic phn b khng ng u (Le Thi
Phi et al.2003:66). Kt qu l, nhng nng dn ngho thng c nhn din tch t
bc mu hoc xa. Theo Ngn hng th gii ti Vit Nam, t chc Oxfam Anh v
DFID (1999:8) cho bit din tch t trng cy lu nm ca cc h kh gi nhiu gp 6
ln so vi cc h ngho. Mt ti liu ca B NN&PTNT cho bit giao t c th lm
cch ly cc nhm ngi v c nhn d b tn thng bng vic khng tin hnh thng
lng v s dng t y l nn tng c bn m cc chnh sch trc kia da vo
xy dng, c bit gia cc cng ng dn tc thiu s sng ti cc vng cao
(MARD/ICD 2001:52).
c. Qun l da vo cng ng qun l t bn vng
Nhng thay i gn y trong Lut t ai do Quc hi thng qua thng
11/2003 v c hiu lc vo thng 7/2004 s cho php giao t cho cng ng dn c (k
c t lm nghip), khng ch giao cho h gia nh. iu ny c ngha l cng ng dn
c thn, lng c th c nhn din tch t ln ti cc khu vc vng su vng xa.
Qun l da vo cng ng l phng thc thng thy trong lm nghip.
Trong ngnh lm nghip th thay i ny cng vi quy ch mi v chia s li ch s
thit lp mt c s php l vng chc cho lm nghip cng ng Vit Nam. Lm
nghip cng ng d kin s tng cp thn v chia s li ch d kin s tng nhiu
hn cho cng ng. Vit Nam c c s php l cho lm nghip cng ng vo nm
2004.
Cc v d khc v qun l da vo cng ng c th c tm thy cc ngnh
khc. Mt s d n v qun l ti nguyn thin nhin tng hp do cc t chc phi chnh
ph quc t v trong nc ti tr c thc thi ti nhiu tnh thnh trong c nc v
y c xem l tn hiu tt ci thin cng tc bo v mi trng thng qua qun l
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin da vo cng ng v nng lm nghip bn vng
(CBNRM). Vic thit lp cc lng sinh thi l mt trong nhng hp phn quan trng
ca cc d n ny ci thin iu kin mi trng nhm tng nng lc sn xut v ci
thin sinh k ngi dn. Mt s v d v lng sinh thi c xy dng bi cc d n
mt s vng sinh thi Vit nam c gii thiu di y. Cc d n u nhm mc
tiu l xo i gim ngho, a dng sinh hc v pht trin bn vng
(http://www.equatorinitiative.net/files/2002-233_Nom_EcologicalEconomyInstitute_Vietnam.pdf)

Lng sinh thi vng i ni

Lng sinh thi vng i ni thuc huyn Ba V, H Ty, nhm gip ng bo

thiu s ngi Dao phc hi li cn bng sinh thi tng a dng sinh hc v
xa b canh tc nng ry, l nguyn nhn dn n ph rng ca vng quc
gia Ba V (d n CCFD,1993 1997).

Lng sinh thi vng i ni huyn Ba Tri, tnh H Ty, nhm gip ng bo
thiu s ngi Mng thay i t c canh che sang nng nghip sinh thi, vi
a dng ha cy con nng cao thu nhp cho cc h gia nh, v phc hi mi
trng (d n IUCN-H Lan, 1995 1998).

40

Lng sinh thi vng ct

T nm 2001, t thnh qu ca vic xy dng sau lng sinh thi vng sinh thi
ven bin Vnh Hoa, Triu Vn, Triu Phong, Qung Tr, UBND huyn Triu
Phong u t them kinh ph nhn kt qu t c ra din rng. D n
nhm gip cc h nng dn ngho sng vng ct ang b xa mc ho do nng
v gi bin, bng cch ci to mi trng nhm tng sn xut lng thc v kh
hu (d n ca b khoa hc v mi trng, 1993-1997).

Lng sinh thi vng cat tnh Qung Bnh, nhm gip ng dn y xy dng
vn gia nh ci to cnh quan v thc n hng ngy (d n Sida, 19961998)

Lng sinh thi vng ngp nc

D n Nam Sch, tnh Hi Dng ng bng song Hng (d n CCFD,

1998-2000).

D n vng xa mc ho v nhim mn ven bin huyn Tnh Gia, tinh Thanh

Hoa (d n CIDA, 1996-1999).

Ti m ph Tam Giang ca tnh Tha Thin Hu, mt nghin cu CBNRM do

IDRC Canada ti tr c tin hnh trong vng 10 nm. Ti y tnh trng khai thc
qu m v suy thoi ngun li thu sn lm cho i sng ngi dn tr nn kh
khn hn. V d, vic m rng mt nc nui trng thu sn khng theo quy hoch ti
m ph Tam Giang cng vi nhiu hnh thc giao v s dng din tch mt n v
t khc nhau nn lm gim ng k din tch mt nc ni chung v dng chy, e
do v ph hu mi trng m ph Tam Giang. Cc nhm h ngho khng cn c hi
tip cn din tch mt nc nui trng thu sn v ti nguyn thu sn t bao i
nay.
D n nghin cu CBNRM ti m ph Tam Giang ca tnh Tha Thin Hu
cho thy ci tin cng tc qun l trong bi cnh ny cn phi hiu c mi lin h
gia cc h sinh thi v x hi vi vic ci thin nng lc a phng v pht trin
hng ngho. Qun l ti nguyn thin nhin da vo cng ng (CBNRM) c thc
hin nhiu a phng v cho kt qu kh quan v cc mt nh lp k hoch a
phng, xy dng nng lc v pht trin i sng ngi dn.
d. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng v l hng trong cng tc
qun l t
Theo con s thng k, c nhiu chnh sch mi c xy dng gn y c th
thc y qu trnh xo i gim ngho thng qua giao t lm nghip. a ngi
nng dn thot ngho th bn thn hot ng giao t lm nghip l cha . Cn thit
lp li rng v ng thi to cng n vic lm v a dng ho c cu kinh t cho cc
vng min ni to thu nhp cho ngi dn t vic trng rng (Dao The Anh
1999:111). Vn giao t c th c tc ng ln n vic ci thin sinh k ngi dn
nng thn ch khi h c c hi tip cn vn vay tn dng v h tr k thut cho sn xut
nng lm nghip v bn thn h khng c nng lc ti chnh hoc thm ch khng c
tin (Vu Long et al 1996:19). Ngoi ra, cng cn ci tin cc hot ng khuyn khch
ngi dn (nh: thng qua h thng chia s ngun li) v th trn cho cc mt hng
lm sn. Tran Duc Vien (1999: 169) a ra trng hp l vic giao t lm nghip ch
c th c tc ng tch cc ti cc khu vc n nh lng thc. Nu vn ny l

41

ng th cn lng ghp tt hn vn giao t lm nghip vi cc chnh sch xo i

gim ngho khc.
Hn na, vi chnh sch t ai v hot ng giao t nh hin ny th chuyn
t ai c giao mt cch manh mn l kh trnh khi. Din tch t giao cho mt h
dn khc nhau gia cc a phng. Bnh qun mi h vng cao c nhn khong t 2
n 7 ha t nhng chia ra lm t 3 n 8 mnh nm ri rc (Bi Th Dng, 2003; L
Trng Cc, 2003). gii quyt vn ny gn y Chnh ph khuyn khch cc h
t tho thun vi nhau i rung. Kt qu d kin l mi h s t mnh hn v din
tch tng mnh rng hn. Lm th no vn ny s tc ng n ngi ngho l
mt cu hi cn c tr li. Cui cng l mi quan h hu c gia ngho i, chia t
manh mn v a im hoc mt ti nguyn rng. Vn ny phn ln ph thuc vo
cc cng ng dn c vng cao c t l h ngho ln. Vn ny c ch ra rng ngi
ngho thiu ngun ti nguyn thay th sinh k (i) hay khng v an ninh lng thc
ca h (ii)?
Qun l da vo cng ng nghe c v l cch ph hp qun l t bn vng.
Vn th ch v vic lm th no li ko s tham gia ca nhiu bn, lm th no
trao quyn cho ngi ngho trong qu trnh hip thng cc cp vn cn l cu hi.
Tuy nhin, vn ny cn c nghin cu thm. Bi hc c c t CBNRM ti m
ph Tam Giang cn c xem xt xc nh cc m hnh thc nghim ph hp.
Cu hi v vic cch qun l da vo cng ng s gip g cho cng tc bo v
mi trng t lu vn cha c l gii tho ng. iu ny c th l gii nu ta nhn
li trc khi khi cha c phng php gim st mi trng ph hp nh cp trung
phn 1.3.5.

3. Bin
Vng b bin Vit Nam i qua mt s khu sinh thi v a l khc nhau nn mc
a dng sinh hc rt phong ph. Do , ngun li hi sn v s rt quan trng i
vi sinh k ngi dn ven bin Vit Nam, n ng gp ng k cho nn kinh t quc
dn. Tuy nhin, ngun li thu sn, tnh a dng sinh hc v mi trng bin hin nay
ang mt cn bng, b tc ng hng ngy do ngi dn thiu kin thc (B Thu sn
2006). Trong khi sn lng nh bt thu sn ven bin ti a cho php t n
nh l khong 600.000 tn nhng thc t con s ny ln hn rt nhiu (Vietnam news
2005). Sn lng nh bt thc t cao hn sn lng nh bt cho php din ra hn
7 nm nay. Do , p lc ln ngun li thu sn l qu cao v iu ny c dn
chng bng con s thng k l sn lng nh bt/m lc gim t 0,6 tn nm 1994
xung cn di 0,4 tn nm 2004. Duy tr mi trng bin v ven bin tt l iu kin
tin quyt pht trin bn vng cc ngnh ny. Bo tn bin v pht trin kinh t bin
l hai vn ph thuc ln nhau i vi cc khu vc ven bin. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam
ang phi i mt vi mt s vn v mi trng bin v ven bin, trc ht xut pht
t hot ng ca con ngi. Nhng vn ny bao gm c hu hoi mi trng sng
ca cc loi sinh vt bin, gim sn lng nh bt, mt a dng sinh hc v nhim
ven bin (B Thu sn v t chc 2005).
a. Chnh sch bin
Cc chnh sch bin hin nay tp trung vo pht trin kinh t, pht trin bn
vng, nghin cu khoa hc, bo v mi trng, bo tn a dng sinh hc, qun l vng
bo v bin, qun l s lng v chng loi sinh vt bin, bo tn v qun l t ngp
nc ven bin, k hoch i ph vi nhng vn khn cp lin quan n trn du v
khung php l cho cc ngnh thu sn, giao thng bin, pht trin kh v du.

42

Lut bo v mi trng (xem chi tit ti Ph lc 1.5.) to ra mi trng thun

li bo v mi trng mt , trong c bo v mi trng bin. H thng cc tiu
chun mi trng c cng b v y c xem l c s php l xc nh trch
nhim v nhim v ca cc bn tham gia bo v mi trng.
(1). Lut thu sn
Lut thu sn ban hnh ngy 26 thng 11 nm 2003 hng dn chung v cc quy
nh v khai thc v bo v ngun thu sn (Xem ph lc 1.3.). Lut thu sn, cng nh
cc vn bn php quy khc di lut hin ang c p dng, cho thy ch quyn v
quyn t ch cng nh ngha v ca Vit Nam, nng lc khai thc, khm ph, bo tn
v qun l ngun sinh vt bin.
Thc t, hu ht ni dung ca Lut ny lin quan n mi trng. Tuy nhin,
mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng khng c cp nhiu trong Lut. Bo v
mi trng lin quan n thu sn c cp kh chi tit nhng li khng nhc n
mi lin h gia thu sn v ngho i, trong khi li c mt nhm h ngho sinh
sng ti cc khu vc ven bin v ph thuc vo hot ng nh bt thu sn.
Lut ny hng dn chi tit vic thc hin cc cp. Lut c nu ln vn
gio dc v o to k thut ngh thu sn nhng vn gio dc v o to lin quan
n mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng li cha c cp. Hn na, dng
nh c cc s liu thng k c nu trong Lut nhng cng khng thy lin h n
mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng v ch l danh sch cc loi ang c nguy
c b e do v vn k thut.
(2). Chin lc pht trin kinh t bin v ven bin n nm 2020
Mc tiu chnh ca chin lc ny l:

Tng trng kinh t bin, ci thin mi lin h x hi vi cc vn khc ca

bin

Thc y hot ng iu phi gia cc bn trong cng tc qun l hot ng

bin

Bo tn cc h thng sinh thi bin v ven bin quan trng

Ci tin khung quy nh hin nay a phng php tip cn a ngnh vo

Xc nh tnh bn vng trong chin lc pht trin;

Tin hnh xo i gim ngho cho cc cng ng dn c;

Lin kt pht trin kinh t vi an ninh quc phng v an ton cng nh cc li

ch chung ca quc gia.

Chin lc s to c s c cc hot ng can thip n ngnh nh bt hi sn

nh: c cu li h thng ng k tu nh c, a vo mt h thng gim st tu nh
c, khoanh vng cc khu vc nh bt c v chun b cho cc k hoch qun l hi sn
ngoi khi v nh nh bt c ven b (Vietnam News 2005).
(3). Cc chnh sch quan trng khc
Vit Nam cng chun b Chng trnh ngh s 21 ring cho mnh, tp trung
vo cc nh hng chin lc pht trin bn vng. Hin ti, giai on thc thi
Chng trnh ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam ang trong giai on th nghim v c trin
khai ti 6 tnh v 4 ngnh u tin, trong c ngnh thu sn. Ngoi ra, ban hnh mt
s vn bn php quy thc hin cc Lut nu trn nh: K hoch quc gia v mi

43

trng pht trin bn vng v Mi trng (2000), K hoch hnh ng v a dng sinh
hc (1995), Chin lc bo v mi trng (2010).
Nhn chung, lut vn c k h v lut vn thin v hng dn s dng v bo v
ngun li thu sn. Lut cha xem xt n mi lin h vi ngho i. Nu mi lin h
ny cha c cp trong lut th mc tiu m lut a ra c th khng c trin
khai hiu qu.
b. Cc chng trnh quc gia v bin
H thng quy hoch cc khu vc bin cn c bo v (MPAs) ca Vit Nam s
c xy dng trong thi gian ti. Bn cnh , vn bin ang l u tin cao ca
Chnh ph v ang nhn c nhiu h tr t cc nh ti tr (xem chi tit Biu 1).
Bng 1: Cc chng trnh quc gia c lit k theo thi gian.
Nm

19801985

Tin
Kin thc v hiu bit v cc khu vc bin cn c bo v Vit
Nam cn cha thu ht c s quan tm ca cc nh khoa hc bin thng
qua cc chng trnh quc gia v nghin cu khoa hc bin

19861990

Cc nh nghin cu khoa hc bin a ra danh sch cc im bo

tn ti cc khu vc c di san h ngm. Nm 1992, cac khu vc bin cn
c bo v ti Cn o v Ct B c nm trong danh sch cc khu vc
tiu biu cn c bo v ca th gii c nu ti Hi ngh Caracas (Hi
ngh bn v bo tn cc loi sng hoang d thng qua Gio dc)

19912000

K hoch quc gia v pht trin bn vng v mi trng (NPESD)

v k hoch hnh ng a dng sinh hc (BAP) c Th tng Chnh ph
thng qua nm 1991 v 1995, trong c a ra cc gii php nhm thit
lp v qun l MPA

19931994

H tr k thut T chc WWF cng vi cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam

n t Vin hi dng hc ti Hi Phng v Nha Trang tin hnh kho
st mt s di san h ngm nh gi s a dng sinh hc, s dng ti
nguyn v tim nng bo tn. Cc kt qu ny c s dng chun b
hp phn bin trong k hoch hnh ng v a dng sinh hc - BAP

19971998

19981999

Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam h tr Vin Hi dng

hc ti hi Phng v Nha Trang thc hin d n Kho st khoa hc
thit lp MPA ti Vit Nam. Thng qua vic nh gi thng tin hin c v
tin hnh thm cc cuc kho st, d n cho thng tin chi tit v a dng
sinh hc ca mi im v tim nng thit lp MPA
Di s ch o ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, Vin
Hi dng hc Hi Phng tin hnh d n Nghin cu lp k hoch h
thng MPA ca Vit Nam. Trn c s kt qu ca d n, nm 2000 B
trnh 15 im MPA tiu biu v quy ch qun l d tho ln Th tng
Chnh ph xem xt.
B Thu sn c Chnh ph ch o chun b Quy ch qun l v
quy hoch h thng MPA cho Vit Nam n nm 2010 theo Ngh nh s

44

2000

2001

111/CP-KG (02/2/2000). B chun b Quy ch ny v trnh Th tng

ph duyt ti Vn bn s 2863/TS-KHCN (29/9/2000)
B NN&PTNT cng vi T chc Birdlife International xy dng
cun sch thng k cc khu vc cn c bo v hin nay v xut cc
khu vc cn c bo v trong thi gian ti ca Vit Nam, gm 15 im
nh nu trn v thm mt s im khc ti cc khu vc ven bin v hi
o ca Vit Nam.

Ngun: B Thu sn v t chc Danida 2005.

C th thy danh sch trc y ch ch trng n vn k thut v khng

quan tm n mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng.
c. Cc d n bin
Nhiu d n c thit lp trong 5 nm qua, do cc nh ti tr v t chc phi
chnh ph quc t phi hp vi cc c quan Chnh ph thc hin. Cc d n c nh
gi di y l cc d n in hnh nht v n gii quyt vn lin quan n nhiu bn
khc nhau tham gia trong lnh vc pht trin bn vng.
(1). D n Tng cng bo tn a dng sinh hc binVit Nam n nm 2020
Mc tiu d n

Qun l v bo tn a dng sinh hc din tch bin thuc ch quyn ca Vit

Nam

Thit lp c s khoa hc v pht l tng cng cng tc qun l nh nc

Khai thc v s dng a dng sinh hc hiu qu

xut, thit lp v hon tt cc h thng lut v chnh sch

Cng c h thng t chc

Nng cao kin thc qun l v khoa hc cho cn b

H tr trang thit b k thut bo tn a dng sinh hc

Theo ni dung d n, vic s dng v qun l ngun li bin vn cn rt phc

tp v khng hp l v nh hng n nng lc pht trin kinh t bin. Cn tng cng
ci cch cng tc qun l, quy hoch v ph chun, xy dng lut v a dng sinh hc
v y l mt phn ca qu trnh pht trin bn vng kinh t bin. Bo v, ti sinh v
bo tn ti nguyn bin khng ch c bit quan trng i vi gi tr kinh t ca cc loi
sinh vt bin m cn lin quan n vn ho v khoa hc.
(2). D n Sinh k bn vng trong v quanh khu vc bin c bo v do t chc ti
tr v B thu sn qun l.
Mc tiu d n l bo v v phc hi cc loi c gi tr v tnh a dng sinh hc
ca n ti cc khu vc bin v ven bin Vit Nam khng xem xt n vn sinh k
ca cng ng ngho v d b tn thng.
D n ny cng s tip tc v m rng h tr ca an Mch gip Vit Nam
tip tc xy dng mng li cc khu vc bin cn c bo v (hin c 15 im). Cng
vic ny da vo mt h thng khung php l mnh cp quc gia v h thng qun l
hiu qu cp tnh v c s, trong nhu cu sinh k bn vng ca cc cng ng dn
c sinh sng trong v quanh khu vc MPA cn c cn nhc thn trng v h tr y
(B Thu sn v t chc Danida 2005). Hai im MPA lm im ti C Lao Chm

45

thuc tnh Qung Nam v Hn Mun ca tnh Khnh Ho s tip nhn c h tr v

mt trung tm o to MPA cp quc gia s c thit lp. Dn dn Trung tm ny
cng s ng vai tr t vn MPA cho cc tnh khc c MPA thuc mng li quc gia.
iu ny s to c hi nhn c h tr k thut t cc t chc quc t vo giai on
cui d n.
D n ny cng s xem xt n ngho i v cc vn an cho nh: sinh k
bn vng, cng bng gii v mi lin h mi trng.
(3). D n pht trin v bo v t ngp nc ven bin (2000-2005)
D n ny do Ngn hng th gii v Dania ti tr v B NN&PTNT thc hin
nhm phc hi cc din tch rng ngp mn ti vng h lu ng bng sng Cu Long
bo v ven bin v tng chc nng chm sc thu sn ca rng ngp mn. D n
khoanh vng ng ven bin vo mt khu gi l Khu c bo v nghim ngt (FPZ).
Ti khu vc ny cc hot ng kinh t hay sinh sng ca con ngi b cm trit
(ngoi tr hot ng thu thp cc sn phm ph) v mt khu vc gi l Vng m nhm
h tr hot ng bo tn, hot ng kinh t v sinh sng ca con ngi. D n cng tp
trung vo vic di ri cc h sng trong khu vc FPZ ra khu vc vng m v o to
cho h cng nh h tr k thut h c th n nh cuc sng ni mi v sinh k
n nh, bn vng hn. Cc gia nh ti nh c v mt s h khc sng trong vng m
k hp ng bo v rng ngp mn FPZ c thu nhp v y l mt ph n lc
ca Chnh ph li ko ngi dn tham gia vo bo tn rng. Rng ngp mn cng l
ni sinh sng quan trng ca nhiu loi ti mt s im hnh thnh nn mng li
MPA.
(4). Qun l tng hp vng ven bin (ICZM)
Qun l tng hp ven bin (ICM) l mt bin php mi. Mt bin php khc
hin ang c p dng ti Vit Nam do cc nh ti tr quc t h tr (B Thu sn v
t chc 2005). Cc d n ang trin khai h tr cng tc qun l tng ven bin Vit
Nam gm:
i. D n IMO/B TN&MT v ICZM ti Thnh ph Nng (2001-2003 v c k
hoch trin khai pha tip theo)
ii. D n NOAA/IUCN/B Thu sn: Khung pht trin ton din qun o ng Bc
vnh Thi Lan: Xy dng ng lc ICM ti cc khu vc ven bin Qung Ninh - Hi
Phng (2003-2006)
iii. D n H Lan/B TN&MT v ICM c tin hnh nghin cu im ti Nam nh,
Tha Thin Hu v B Ra Vng Tu (2001-2004).
iv. Nghin cu qun l ti nguyn thin nhin da vo cng ng (CBNRM) do
IDRC ca Canada ti tr c trin khai ti m ph Tam Giang ca tnh Tha
Thin Hu (1996-2006) cng l v d in hnh v vic lm th no tin hnh
lp k hoch c s tham gia trnh c tnh trng khai thc qu mc v suy
thoi ngun thu, hi sn t nh hng xu n sinh k (xem chi tit Phn II.3
trn).
d. Tho lun v mi lin h gia Ngho i v Mi trng
C mt mi lin h r rng gia thu sn, bin v ngho i. Cc cng ng
sng quan khu vc MPA l cc lng chi nh v hu ht h sng da vo hot ng
nh bt c. mc d c nhiu gia nh chi khng thuc din ngho nht (theo tiu
chun Vit Nam) nhng h li rt d b tn thng v h sng da vo ngun ti nguyn

46

bin ang cn kit v th hai l c th cng vic ca h khc so vi ngi sng trong
t lin hay th. Ngoi ra, khi gi c nhn chung tng do cung gim th xu th ny
khng th ko di thm (B Thu sn v t chc Danida 2005). Mc d cc h dn chi
ngho thng ni rng thu nhp ca h c ci thin trong 5 nm qua nhng h
phi i mt vi nguy c ri vo cnh ngho. Do , sinh k bn vng trong v quanh
MPA v cc h thng sinh thi o nh c mi lin h mt thit vi qun l bn vng
ngun ti nguyn bin, c bit l ngnh thu sn.
tng tranh lun rng pht trin bn vng cng nghip nh bt c phi da
vo vic bo v loi sinh vt bin v ven bin h thng sinh thi ny c kh nng to
ra sn phm mt cch bn vng. C mt s kin li cho rng, trn phng din cc
sinh vt c nguy c, th cn phi bo v cc qun th sinh vt sng xa b. Hn na,
m bo rng cc c th cha trng thnh c kh nng p ng v duy tr s lng
trong khu vc bo tn th cc khu vc c bo v phi ln v c thng vi nhau.
Tuy nhin, kh thc hin c iu ny v hn ch v mt kinh t khin kh c th to
ra c cc khu bo tn c quy m ln v trnh c xm hi ca dn chi v cc i
tng khc. iu ny ch c th thc hin c nu sinh k ca cng ng dn c b
nh hng, hu ht l ngi ngho, t c. Cn lu rng cc chnh sch bin hin
nay tp trung ch yu vo pht trin kinh t v anh ninh quc gia ch khng cp n
mi lin h gia pht trin, bo v v bo tn ti nguyn. (Nguyn Chu Hi v Hong
Nc Giao 2005). Cc phng n khc nhau c a ra c th gip gim tc ng do
nguyn nhn khng c thu nhp m khng cn tho hip gia li ch bo tn v thu
sn l rt quan trng t c mc tiu pht trin bn vng. Tuy nhin, cc phng n
ny cha c nghin cu v tho lun chi tit.
Mt mi quan tm khc l s ln mnh ca ngnh ng tu thng mi v du
lch c th l mi e do i vi ti nguyn bin bn vng. Tc ng c hc t hot
ng ng tu cng vi nhim bin do cht thi ca tu c th khng nhn thy c
ti thi im hin nay nhng Vit Nam hin khng c trang thit b thu gom cht thi t
hot ng cng bin. Tnh trng thi rc v nc thi ra bin l ph bin (B Thu sn
v t chc 2005). Ton b nc thi t hot ng ca nhn dn u c ra bin
khng qua x l v rc ang l vn nhc nhi. V d: gn bi bin th trn Hn Bin,
khu o chnh ca C Lao Chm MPA xut hin cht thi t nha (B Thu sn v
t chc Danida 2005).
Vn gii cng c th c xem l l do dn n i ngho v ngc li. Khi
cc h ngho phi b thm chi ph gi con n trng bng thuyn hoc h tr bn tr
hc thm hoc a ngi nh vo t lin khm bnh th b gi v ph n t hn b trai
v nam gii (B Thu sn v t chc Danida 2005). c bit ph n tr rt kh c c
hi hc cao v tm c vic lm tt nu vn ny cn lin quan n chi ph i vo t
lin (chi ph cao cng vi cc yu t x hi khc tc ng gin tip n h). Hu qu l,
nhiu ph n tr nh ph gip gia nh cng vic nh nh: an li, ch bin c, cho
gia sc, gia cm n. Trin vng lu di ca h c c mt vic lm vn cn rt m
mt.
C th nhn thy mt iu l cc chnh sch bin v thu sn khng c tnh bao
qut v n cha p ng c cc yu cu trn y. Nguyn Chu Hi v Hong Ngc
Giao (2005) cho rng Php lut v hot ng bin cn mang mn, mi ch da vo
ngnh v cha th hin cam kt quc t ca Vit Nam v pht trin bn vng bin.
Chng cha to ra c mt chnh sch bin tng hp v ton din trn c s khoa hc
v p ng cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng.

47

Hn ch ca lut l thiu iu phi trn phm vi quc gia, tnh v cng ng.
Nhng hn ch ny cng cho thy cn phi qun l bin v ven bin hiu qu, mang
tnh tng hp v c iu phi t trung ng. Cng tc quy hoch v xy dng chnh
sch thng c tin hnh t trn xung m khng c s tham gia ca cc bn
(Nguyn Chu Hi v Hong Ngc Giao 2005). Ngoi ra, n khng nh gi tc ng
v mt x hi. Vic thiu kinh nghim v chuyn mn v phn tch v xy dng chnh
sch ny sinh nhiu vn trong vn xy dng nng lc v cp nht thng tin.
Hiu bit v chnh sch bin tng hp trn gc chnh tr v x hi cn hn ch. Nhn
thc ca Chnh ph v ngi dn v pht trin bn vng bin v ven bin cng l mt
vn .
4. Nng lng ti to
Nng lng c mi lin h mt thit vi xo i gim ngho thng qua vic to
thu nhp cho h gia nh, sc khe, gio dc, gii v mi trng. Nng lng ti to l
mt trong nhng vn mi gn y c Chnh ph Vit Nam quan tm. c nhiu
hi tho bn v mi lin h gia xo i gim ngho v mi trng lin quan n nng
lng ti to. V th Chng ny s tm hiu v tnh hnh hin nay ca ngnh nng
lng ti to, nh gi cc chnh sch, chng trnh, d n lin quan nh gi mi
lin h gia nng lng ti sinh v mi quan h gia ngho i v mi trng (nu c
th). Hy vng rng, cc cuc tho lun trong phn ny s cho thy mt hn ch ca
khung php l v hot ng hin nay, nghin cu a ra khuyn ngh cho cc nghin
cu tip theo.
a. Nng lng ti sinh cc chnh sch lin quan
Lut in lc mi ca Vit Nam
Lut in lc mi ca Vit nam c hiu lc t ngy 1/7/2005 v y l lut u
tin c p dng qun l cc hot ng ca ngnh in lc Vit Nam. Lut in lc
c thng qua trn c s Chin lc pht trin in lc Vit Nam. Chin lc ny a
ra mc tiu kh tham vng v sn lng in n nm 2020. Lut nhm mc ch quy
nh v vic pht trin v a dng ho cc hnh thc u t vo ngnh in, khuyn
khch s dng in tit kim, bo v h tng li in qu gia v pht trin mt th
trng in cnh tranh.
Quy hoch pht trin in l vn u tin c cp trong Lut. Quy hoch
s c tin hnh cp quc gia v tnh. K hoch tng th s do B Cng nghip d
tho v Th tng ph duyt. K hoch tng th s tnh ton pht trin mng li in
trn phm vi ton quc trong vng 10 nm. UBND cc tnh cng s chun b k hoch 5
nm pht trin in ca tnh mnh da vo k hoch tng th. Cc k hoch 5 nm ny
ca tnh phi c UBND tnh ph duyt v trnh ln B Cng nghip. u t cho
ngnh in phi ph hp vi k hoch tng th, ng thi giy php sn xut in, kinh
doanh v phn phi in phi ph hp vi cc k hoch ny.
Mc tiu n nm 2005 s t mc tiu 44bn kWh. y l mc tiu c ra
trong k hoch 5 nm c Quc Hi kho IX thng quan thng 4/2001 v mc tiu ny
t c vo ngy 10/12/2004, hon thnh 1 nm trc k hoch (B Cng nghip,
ngy 14/12/2004, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer thng 4/2005). Tuy nhin, t
c mc tiu mi tham vng hn vo cui nm 2005 l 53bn kWh, 88-93 bn kWh vo
nm 2010 v 201-250bn kWh vo nm 2020 nh c a ra trong Chin lc pht
trin ngnh in ban hnh theo Quyt nh 176 ca Th tng ngy 5/10/2004 qu l
mt thch thc ln (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer thng 4/2005).

48

Thng nht vi ni dung Chin lc, Lut in lc a ra cc mc tiu chnh

sch v gi in nh sau:

Khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia u t pht trin in v thu li
hp l, s dng hiu qu ngun nng lng, s dng nng lng thn thin vi
mi trng v nng lng ti sinh gp phn pht trin kinh t x hi, c bit
vng nng thn, min ni v hi o;

Khuyn khch s dng hiu qu v tit kim ngun in;

Thc hin v dn dn gim v xo b ch gi bao cp gia cc nhm khch

hng

m bo quyn mua bn in trn th trng in ca cc thnh phn kinh t

h t quyt nh gi bn in trong khun kh cho php theo quy nh ca php
lut.

Th trng in Vit Nam s vn hnh theo nguyn tc sau:

m bo tip cn thng tin, bnh ng, cnh tranh lnh mnh v khng phn bit
khch hng s dng in;

Tn trng quyn ca ngi tham gia mua bn in chn ra i tng v hnh

thc mua bn cho ph hp, vi iu kin phi la chn ph hp vi quy nh
nh nc p dng cho tng giai on pht trin th trng c th;

Quy nh ca Nh nc m bo xy dng mt h thng in bn vng v an

ton v cung cp in hiu qu, n nh.

b. Cc chng trnh nng lng ti to

Chng trnh pht trin v s dng cc ngun nng lng phi truyn thng bt
u t nhng nm u thp k 80 (UNESCO 2007). Mt s chng trnh nng lng ti
to c thc hin nhiu cp v t c nhiu thnh tu ln (Xem Biu 1), rong
c chng trnh kh sinh hc cp gia nh v cng ng, h thng t nng bng
nng lng mt tri, h thng sy kh bng nng lng mt tri, bp un bng nng
lng mt tri, bm quang in dng nng lng mt tri, bm chy bng sc gi, sc
pin bng nng lng gi v my pht in c c tc ng tch cc n pht trin v li
sng ca nhiu h nng thn. Nhiu d n c xy dng dnh cho ph n v c
chnh ph n thc hin. Do , bn thn ph n tr thnh tc nhn lm thay i v
gim thiu s kh cc ca h v nhng tc ng xu n sc kho thng qua vic s
dng nhin liu khng khi hiu qu (UNESCO 2007).
Chnh ph Vit Nam giao cho Vin Khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam v Vin
Nng lng vi t cch l n v ch tr thc hin chng trnh pht trin nng lng
ti to. U ban quc gia v pht trin nng lng g cng vi Vin Khoa hc lm
nghip s thit lp mi lin h vi cc ngnh v t chc khc. Th k/thnh vin ca U
ban qu gia v nng lng g (NATCOM) cng vi Vin khoa hc lm nghip d
kin s ti thit lp NATCOM ph hp vi mc tiu RWEDP. D kin cc thnh vin
ca NTCOM gm: Vin khoa hc lm nghip (cng l i din cho B Lm nghip),
i din ca cc B, Vin nng lng, B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng, U ban
K hoch nh nc Trong thi im ny B lm nghip v B Nng nghip s hp
li thnh mt B v lm nhim v thc y hot ng hp tc.

49

Bng 1: Cc loi hnh nng lng ti to

Cc loi
hnh nng

HIN TRNG

lng ti
to

L mt trong nhng ngun nng lng ti to quan trng nht

Chng trnh xy hm kh sinh hc cho cng ng l mt chng trnh to

nng lng v ti s dng cht thi phn hu tng hp cung cp kh nhin
liu sch v v sinh phc v un nu ca ngi dn thn bn.

Hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nhm lm gim chi ph xy dng hm kh

sinh hc, gim chi ph duy tu bo dng n mc ti thiu, xy dng cc hm
kh sinh hc c quy m nh ph hp vi nng dn ngho v t mc chun
cho php.

Mt tri

Cng ngh in quan mt tri cho php to ra in trc tip t nh nng mt

tri v y l mt k thut s dng nng lng mt tri quan trng. Cng
ngh ny rt c tim nng v c bit ph hp vi cc khu vc vng su, xa
khng c iu kin mc in li quc gia.

Nng
lng sinh
khi

ngun nng lng ti to tim nng c s dng nh l nhin liu kh, lng,
rn. y l mt hot ng chnh to ra nng lng ca cc chng trnh pht
trin nng thn Vit Nam.

Thu in
nh

C kh nng cung cp nng lng cho cc khu vc vng su, xa v c bit l

cc khu vc i ni cao.

Vn cha c khai thc nhng d tnh rt c tim nng i vi ngi dn

tc thiu s.

Cc d n xy dng v th nghim da vo k thut mi s dng thu in

ang c trin khai.

Cc ngun
nng lng
tng hp

L s kt hp cc ngun nng lng t c ca a phng nh, nng lng

sinh hc, nng lng gi nhm lm cho lng bn tr nn t ch hn trong
vn nng lng.

Cc h thng ny da trn kho st mc tiu th, nhu cu nng lng v

ngun nng lng a phng ti mt khu vc c th c tnh n khng ch
nhu cu c bn ti thiu m cn c s vt cht ca x v tin n pht trin
cng ng mt cch tng th

Kh sinh
hc

Ngun: UNESCO.2007. Cc v d in hnh nht v Nng lng ti to ti Vit Nam

c. Cc d n nng lng ti to
Cc d n nng lng ti to nhm to iu kin tt nht gii quyt vn
gii, ngho i v mi trng mt cch tng hp. Cc d n ny nhn chung c thc
hin ti cc x ngho, s dng nng lng thn thin mi mi trng v ci thin
iu kin sng ca ph n. Tuy nhin trn thc t, mc d cc nhn t ny c a

50

vo ni dung n nhng cc mi quan h gia chng trong qu trnh thc hin d n

thng b ci nh v kh nh gi khi nh gi d n. Hu ht cc d n nng lng
nng thn c thc hin Vit Nam t lu l cc h thng thu in nh cho cc h
hoc cng ng s dng. Mc d n gp phn vo xo i gim ngho nhng li cha
thc s gim c p lc ln mi trng v cha r n c mang li li ch cho ph n
hay khng. Hu ht cc d n mang li cho cc h li ch l in thp sng v iu kin
i sng sinh hot c ci thin. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc d n cha gip lm gim
mc tiu th g nhin liu v thi gian kim ci ca ph n, ngoi tr mt s d n to
kh sinh hc phc v un nu.
C mt s d n nng lng nng thn l nhng v d tt chng ta nghin cu
tc ng v mi lin h qua li gia gii, mi trng v ngho i. Cc d n ny bao
gm:

Cng ngh phn hu sinh hc chi ph thp MEKARN gii thiu (Hp tc nghin
cu v cc h thng canh tc bn vng da vo vt nui ti cc x h lu sng
M Kng). Cng ngh ny l mt phn quan trng ca phng thc h thng
canh tc tng hp s dng phn bn vt nui v cc cht thi hu c khc sn
xut kh m tan phc v un nu v sn xut in. Cht thi sau khi x l phc
v cc mc ch trn cn c th c s dng lm phn bn thc n cho c. Ni
dung ny ca chng trnh t c c hai mt l bo tn mi trng v xo i
gim ngho.

Chng trnh kh sinh hc cho ngnh chn nui ti mt s tnh ca Vit Nam t
nm 2002-2005, gm: k Lk, Tha Thin Hu v Ph Th. D n c B
NN&PTNT v t chc SNV ca H Lan thc hin.

Trm in quang mt tri cung cp in cho x Trung Sn ca tnh Ph Th do

Phn vin Cng ngh nng lng H Ni thc hin.

Trm nng lng in quan mt tri cung cp in cho 50 h dn tc Dao ca

tnh Ph Th. D n do Phn vin cng ngh nng lng H Ni thc hin.

Trm thu in nh ti thn Thnh Cng x Vn Miu tnh Ph Th do B

ngoi giao Php v Hip hi Codev Php Vit Nam thc hin.

X nng lng mt tri 11.5-kWp ti Bun Chm v k Rng, huyn Ea leo

tnh k Lk. D n do NRW State ca Cng ho lin bang c (60%) v
Chnh ph Vit nam (40%) ti tr. D n c thc hin t nm 2002 vi tng
vn u t l US$240.000.

D n in kh ho nng thn s dng cc ngun nng lng ca a phng:

nng lng mt tri, thu in nh cho 487 h ca 9 x huyn Thng Sn tnh
Ph Th. D n cho Hip hi Codev Pht Vit Nam ti tr.

Tt nhin cn nhiu hot ng tiu biu khc nhngmt trong s c th k

n y l d n h nng dn tin hnh v sinh mi trng bng ng khi sinh hc v
sn xut phn bn hu c sinh hc t cht thi ng kh sinh hc (UNESCO 2007). M
hnh ny rt ph hp vi cc h nng dn chn nui gia sc gia cn v cc h vng i
ni. Sn phm thu c t hot ng ny rt thn thin vi mi trng ng thi to
thm thu nhp. T vic u t xy dng m hnh, ngi nng dn ang t h to ra mi
trng sng tt hn v to thm thu nhp sau 10 thng. Li ch t sn xut la c th
tng t 30-40% (nu c phn bn). Li ch ny cng xut pht t vic tng s lng
n vt nui v mi trng trong sch.

51

d. Tho lun v mi lin h ngho i v mi trng

Mi lin h gia nng lng v ngho i c th thy r t thc t. C ngi
ngho thnh th v nng thn u phi tr gi s dng nng lng cao v do h gp
kh khn trong vic tip cn nng lng. Vic khng c tip cn nhin liu mi v
in gy mt bnh ng gii v nu khng ph n phi mt nhiu thi gian cho cng
vic gia nh. Kt qu l, h s c th tham gia cc hot ng gio dc v x hi. Hn
na, do thiu tip cn nng lng c th gy ra nhiu vn v sc khe. Bnh tt c
th xut pht t nc ung cha un si v bnh h hp c th do nguyn nhn nhim
mi trng sng trong nh do s dng nhin liu v bp un truyn thng v chnh
nhng nguyn nhn ny gp phn vo lm tng bnh tr v t l t vong (UN 2005).
Thm vo , vic thiu in ti cc trung tm y t, in thp sng ban m v nhng
kh khn hng ngy do vic khng c in v thi gian cng sc b ra i kim ci c
th gy tc ng xu n cc dch v x hi c bn dnh cho ngi ngho. Thc t cho
thy rng nu ngi ngho c th tip cn in th h c th c hng cc dch v y
t cng v dch v chm sc sc kho.
to thu nhp th ngi ngho phi tip cn c mi nng lng. Tuy nhin,
hu ht cc ti liu nghin cu cho thy nhu cu ca ngi ngho cha c p ng
vi tnh trng cung cp nng lng nh hin nay. Theo bo co ca UN (2005) th thch
thc ca cc nc ang pht trin trong c Vit Nam ci thin cc dch v nng
lng cho ngi ngho gm:

To c hi tip cn cc dch v nng lng cho ngi ngho thng qua h tr

pht trin tng th.

Tng cng/ci tin vic cung cp v tiu th nng lng thn thin vi mi
trng.

Huy ng ngun lc ti chnh m rng u t v dch v nng lng.

Gn kt quy hoch nng lng vi mc tiu v u tin ca cc ngnh khc v

m bo cam kt chnh tr qun l tt ngnh nng lng mt tri.

Qua cho thy nhiu chin lc nng lng ton din c u tin cho
ngi ngho h c th tip cn c. L do chnh, trong c c s dng cng, l
khng hiu qu v cc cng ty t nhn khng thy li ch ca mnh khi phc v cc
nhm i tng ny v h c thu nhp thp. Lut in lc quy nh gi in c a ra
khng tnh n nhm i tng khch hng. Cc dch v chi ph thp cn c cp
n trong cc chnh sch p ng nhu cu nng lng ca ngi ngho.
UN (2005) kin ngh l cc chnh sch v chng trnh l rt cn thit thc
y v m rng pht trin v ng dng cc cng ngh sn xut v s dng nng lng
thn thin vi mi trng, trong c cng ngh cc bon. i vi Vit Nam hin ny
th nng lng ti to c th l ngun nng lng tim nng v nhng l do sau:
Trc ht, c nhiu hi tho v vn liu in c phi l ngun nng lng
quan trng nht i vi ngi ngho khng. Theo UNDP (2005) th in v nhin liu
c th sn xut cc dch v nng lng khc nhau v n c nhng im mnh ring ca
n. Trong khi in rt cn cho hot ng giao tip trong thi i ngy nay, h tr cng
nghip hin i v cung cp cc dch v cng nh thp sng, gio dc, chm sc sc
kho, nhin liu cho c ngi gio v ngho th Vit Nam cho thy in v nhin liu
quan trng nh nhau i vi ngi ngho. Tuy nhin, do thu nhp thp nn nhn ngun
nng lng ny cha p ng c nhu cu ca h. Nng lng ti to c nhng im
mnh l to thu nhp thm v nng lng cho ngi ngho v Vit Nam c cc nh my

52

nng lng. Vn l ch, sn xut nng lng ti to ci thin i sng ngi

ngho, cn u t tin v cng ngh. Cu hi t ra l cn tin hnh nghin cu tm
ra cc m hnh hiu qu nht. Vic th nghim cc m hnh khc nhau v nh gi tc
ng ca tng m hnh i vi ngi ngho, c bit l ph n, l rt cn thit.
Th hai l, sn xut nng lng, phn b v tiu th nng lng gy ra nhiu tc
ng xu n mi trng nh: nhim khng kh, suy thoi t, t, nc b axt ho
v thay i kh hu. Cc h thng nng lng sch hn l rt cn thit gii quyt
nhng tc ng tiu cc ny v gp phn n nh mi trng (UN 2005). Tng cng
chc nng mi trng t hot ng cung cp v tiu th nng lng s gip ngi
ngho nhiu hn do ngi ngho l ngi chu nhiu tc ng nht khi mi trng suy
thoi. Nng lng ti to vi ngun u vo ch yu t cc yu t t nhin nn c th
gip lm gim tc ng tiu cc n mi trng.
Mt l hng hin cha c cp trong hu ht cc ti liu nghin cu l nng
lng ti to s khng c tc ng tch cc n sinh k v thu nhp ngi dn thnh th.
Ngi ngho thnh th s dng phn trm thu nhp ca mnh nhiu hn so vi cc h
kh gi mua nng lng v thu nhp ca h thng khng n nh v kh on trc,
thu nhp thp v in h dng tiu th nhiu in hn (UN 2005). Khc vi ngi
ngho nng thn, ngi ngho thnh th khng c c hi tip cn cc yu t t nhin,
do vic sn xut nng lng ti to p ng nhu cu ca h l khng thc t.

D. nhim, nc sch, sc kho v h thng v sinh

Hin c khong mt na dn s th gii (tng s dn hin nay trn th gii l 6
t ngi) sng thnh ph v n nm 2030 dn s th gii d on s tng ln 8 t,
trong 60% sng thnh th (Anh et al., 2004). Qu trnh th ho v cng nghip
ho din ra nhanh ti cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam , trong c Vit Nam,
trong nhng thp k gn y gy ra nhng vn v mi trng.
Ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam ng gp vo GDP t 36,7% nm 2000 ln 40%
nm 2003 (ADB, 2005). c bit, s pht trin ca cc khu v cm cng nghip gup
tng thu nhp v xo i gim ngho cho ngi dn nhng mt khc n li gp phn
lm suy thoi mi trng nh: gy ting n, nhim nc, khng kh v (tiu chun
cng ngh thp; (ii) gim st v thc hin tiu chun mi trng km; (iii) qun l
khng hp l v hiu qu, mt s ni khng quan tm n vn mi trng; (iv) thiu
h thng chnh sch tng cng hot ng iu phi gia xo i gim ngho v cc
bn tham gia bo v mi trng v (v) thiu cn b c nng lc v qun l mi trng,
c bit cp c s. Cht lng khng kh c xem l b suy thoi nghim trng ti
cc thnh ph v khu cng nghip trn ton lnh th Vit Nam (S 3). Nguyn nhn
gy nhim chnh l do bi (theo tnh ton t h thng gim st Tng s ht bi c
trong khng kh - TSP) hin cao hn t 1-5 ln mc chun cho php.
th ho lun lm tng lng vn chuyn lng thc t nng thn ln thnh
th v do to ra nhiu cht thi cho thnh ph (Shuiwang et al., 2000). Mt nguyn
nhn su xa ca vn mi trng ti cc thnh ph l qun l cht thi th km
(Jianming & Huang, 2000). Mt l do khc l thm canh ho nng nghip vi vic
chuyn t cc h thng sn xut da ch yu vo go thnh da ch yu vo rau
(Richter & Roelcke, 2000). S dng khng hp l phn bn trong qu trnh sn xut rau
thm canh cng l nguyn nhn gy ra bc mu cho t do si mn, ra tri, bay hi v
nhng tc ng xu ny c th gy ra cc vn v mi trng (Hoang Fagerstrom et
al., 2005). Vic s dng qu mc thuc tr su v cc ho cht nng nghip khc
lm hu hoi t canh tc, nhim ngun n v mt a dng sinh hc.

53

Hn na, phn ln cht thi rn v bi rc thi c x l v vn hnh km. Vn

mi trng v x hi lin quan n cc bi rc thi Vit Nam, trong c vn
sc kho va an ton l rt ng bo ng vi ngi nht rc - h lm vic ti cc bi rc
v thng b y ra ngoi x hi, thuc nhm b thiu thi v con s ny phn ln l
ph n v tr em (ADB, 2005). Hu qu l ngun cung cp nc sch v h thng v
sinh mi trng vn cn l thch thc ln. Vit Nam, theo bo co th ch khong 2830% dn s nng thn c s dng nh x v sinh nhng ch 40% c s dng nc
sch. Phong tc lc hu vn cn tn ti nhiu a phng v iu ny cng gp phn
vo lm nhim mi trng v suy thoi mi trng (NSEP, 2003).
Do , mc ch ca Chng ny l nh gi cc chnh sch, chng trnh v d
n quan trng lin quan n sc kho v nhim mi trng c phn nh trn 3 gc
: nhim nc, cng nghip v nng nghip thy mi lin h gia chng vi xo
i gim ngho thng qua nc, sc kho v h thng v sinh
S 3. Nguyn nhn v tc ng ca nhim cng nghip
Cc nh
my, xe c

Nh my
nng
lng

Bi rc c vn
hnh v duy tr km

Nhin
liu kh
sinh hc

Thi cht
thi rn

NHIM CNG NGHIP (TING N, NHIM KHNG KH V NC)

nhim mnh nc ngm v nc bn mt do thm thu, pht tn vo cc

cht gy nhim khng kh v vn mi, su b, sc kho t cc loi kh v
cht thi, cc bnh ly truyn v bi, ting n.

1. nhim v ngho i
a. Vn nhim c th hin trong cc chnh sch
Chin lc quc gia v pht trin kinh t x hi giai on 2001- 2010
(SEDS), t ra nhim v gim thiu mc nhim, trnh khng b suy thoi v ci
thin cht lng mi trng ch r mi lin h n sc kho mi trng. Tuy nhin,
nhng n lc trong cc lnh vc ny mi ch ang trong giai on u. Chin lc
dng nh cha cp n tc ng nhim t cc khu cng nghip v lng ngh.
Chin lc ch cp n mc tiu cn t c ch khng ni n vn o to hay
nh hng do cc mc tiu v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng c th
c thc hin tt trn thc t. Mi quan h v tho hip gia pht trin kinh t v cht
lng mi trng cha c th hin r trong chin lc ny. Vic thc thi cc quy
nh v nhim nhn chung khng cht ch v do khng ngun lc v vt lc
thc hin, c bit cp tnh. Nhn thc c iu ny SEDP a ra chng trnh pht
trin th ch v mc tiu tng cng nng lc cc c qun qun l nh nc v mi
trng cc cp, o to cn b tham gia bo v mi trng cc cp, thit lp cc t
chc qun l mi trng ti cc b, ngnh (Trang 95 ca SEDS).

54

Mc d thnh cng bc u t c trong vic thit lp khung hot ng bo

v mi trng cho Vit Nam nhng Chin lc bo v mi trng n nm 2010 v
tm nhn n nm 2020 vn cn nhiu vic phi lm lin quan n qun l mi trng.
Khung php l cha hon chnh. Cc lut quan trng nh lut v khng kh sch, an
ton ho cht v a dng sinh hc khng c trong khi cc hng dn thc hin cc
lut khc cha ban hnh. h thng cc c quan qun l mi trng cha tng xng.
Cn b qun l mi trng cha v s lng v yu v nng lc. Phn cng nhim
v v trch nhim cha r rng, cn chng cho v k h trong qun l nh nc v
mi trng. Cc vn khc nh nhn thc ca nhn dn v bo v mi trng cn
km; u t cho bo v mi trng cn cha thch ng, cha hiu qu v cn dn tri;
vic p dng cc cng c kinh t ang c a vo hot ng bo v mi trng.
Nhng im yu ny cng vi cht lng mi trng ngy mt suy gim ang l thch
thc ln i vi cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi gian ti.
Vic xy dng cc chnh sch v cng c kim sot v ngn chn nhim cng
nghp cng l mt phn trong chin lc ca Chnh ph. Lut bo v mi trng sa
i l khung php l cho c ch tin bi thng do gy nhim, p dng hnh pht
i vi cc ngnh cng nghip gy nhim nghim trng v vic s dng khen thng
khuyn khch s dng k thut sn xut sch. Trong thc t, Chnh ph nhm mc
tiu duy tr hot ng bo v mi trng vo cc k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi
t c mc tiu pht trin bn vng, ci tin cng tc lp k hoch v bo v mi
trng (trang 95). lm c vic ny khng ch n thun l tin hnh nh gi tc
ng mi trng cp d n.
b. Cc d n nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA)
Mt s d n tnh do cc nh ti tr quc t ti tr cho ta bi hc kinh nghim v
s tham gia ca ngi ngho c th k ra y gm:

nh gi mi trng mt cch chin lc trong k hoch pht trin kinh t

x hi c thc hin ti huyn i T tnh Thi Nguyn. y l d n th
im do GTZ thc hin. D n tp trung vo xy dng m hnh p dng
rng ri trong c nc. Trong v d ny ngi ngho c tham gia vo xy
dng chnh sch mi trng.

nh gi tc ng mi trng d n thu in do Chnh ph Vit Nam v

ADB (nh ti tr) thc hin. D n Sn La l mt d n h tng c s ln c
tc ng ln n i sng cng ng ngho c v mt ti nh c v thay i
tip cn ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Ngoi ra, d n cn cho php chng
ta kim chng phng thc m Chnh ph Vit Nam v nh ti tr p dng
li ko s tham gia ca ngi nghp vo qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi
trng v thc hin kt qu nh gi tc ng mi trng. y l d n in
hnh trong cc d n v thu in c Chnh ph Vit Nam v cc nh ti
tr thc hin ti khu vc c nhiu ng bo dn tc min ni.

Qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng c tin hnh ti khu cng nghip

thnh ph Vit Tr. y l v d in hnh trong cc khu cng nghip hin
ang c trin khai trn ton thnh l Vit nam m c t l cng ng
ngho sinh sng cao.

c. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v nhim

Ci tin quy ch qun l mi trng c th t c tc ng v mi trng v
ngho i nu cc hot ng tp trung vo lm gim tc ng nhim cng nghip n

55

sc kho ca nhm c thu nhp thp. Sc kho mi trng trong mi quan h vi

nhim cng nghip c lin quan nhiu n vn chnh sch cho nhm c thu nhp
thp hn l xo i gim ngho. Cn ci tin khung php l v cng tin hnh bin php
cho c khu vc cng nghip v khu dn c. Hin ti, nhng thch thc ln v Vit Nam
ang gp phi trong bi cnh cng nghip ngh th cng ang pht trin cng tng t
nh nhng thch thc m Trung Quc v Hn Quc v ang gp phi trong qu trnh
pht trin cc doanh nghip nh.
Vn nhim t cng nghip ngh th cng: Tc ng ca cng nghip
ngh th cng trong v quanh vng ng bng sng Hng n sc kho ngi ngho
cn c quan tm kp thi (Ngn hng th gii, 2006). Vic pht trin t khng c
kim sot ca cc doanh nghip cng nghip va v nh s gy ra nhim nng n.
ngn chn tnh trng pht trin trn lan nh hin ny s cn p dng nhiu bin php
cng mt lc. Trc ht, khung quy nh ca nh n v cng nghip ngh th cng
cn c ban hnh v p dng. Th hai l c ch hin i ho trang thit b sn xut v
s dng cng ngh tin tin cn c p dng. Cn quan tm n tc ng ca cc hot
ng ny n cc nhm x hi c thu nhp thp trong mi thi im. trong khi vic
kim sot nhim nc thi t cng nghip ngh th cng l u tin s mt th chng
ta cng cn ch n cc x v khu vc ln cn b nh hng n ngun nc ging
o. Vic gim st cht lng nc ging o cn c m rng v cn trin khai cc
chng trnh cung cp nc snh cho ngi dn a phng, c bit l ngi ngho.
nhim l c im ni bt ca cc lng ngh v y vn mi trng ang
rt c quan tm. nhim cng nghip
Nghin cu im ti x Chi Dao tnh Thi
trong nhiu trng hp gy tc ng xu
Bnh
n mi ngi, c giu v ngho nhng
ngi ngho c t phng n i phi vi
tc ng t nhim hn. Khng cn nghi X Chi Dao l x chuyn lm ti ch pin
ch, c h ngho khng lm ngh v h giu
ng g chng ta ch c chn mt trong lm ngh u b nh hng nghim trng t
hai, gia xo i gim ngho v cht lng cc ngun nhim khc nhau. Cc h lm
mi trng trong thp k qua, c bit i ngh (ch c 25 h trong tng s 500 h)
vi khu vc t nhn. Ngi ngho thnh sng v lm vic ngay cnh ngun nc b
th khng tham gia nhiu vo cc ngnh nhim. Nc thi y o c c ch
cng nghip c nguy c v bnh ngh cao hn 15 ln mc chun cho php v
nghip cao v lin quan n nhim, c c thi ra ao hoc khu t cnh nh.
bit ngnh cng nghip c quy m nh. Ngi ngho trong x thng c cc h
ngi gi v tr em l nhng i tng d lm ngh thu t v thu gom ch ph
b tc ng n sc kho nht do nhim thi v do h b nh hng trc tip t
gy ra - ch yu tp trung vo cc h cc cht c thi ra. Ch c trong khng kh
ti thn Chi Dao o c khong 4.600 ln
ngho ti cc khu th mi. cc thnh
so vi mc chun cho php (Ti v cng
ph ln, ngi ngho sng ti cc khu vc
s 2006)
b nhim cng nghip nhiu hn v c
nguy c nh hng n sc kho v thm
ho thin tai nhiu hn.
L hng: C ch th ch v h t hin nay ca Chnh ph p dng cho cc lng
ngh th cng vn cn yu. Hiu qu iu phi gia cc ban ngnh a phng nh S
NN&PTNT, S TN&MT, S KH&CN trong vic hng dn v gim st qu trnh pht
trin lng ngh cn yu.
Cc mi lin quan khc cha c tho lun trn cc din n bao gm: Lm th
np bo v mi trng c th c a vo trong quy hoch pht trin lng ngh?
H tng c s c cn c xy dng trc khi tin hnh hot ng lng ngh khng?

56

mc thu nhp hoc tnh lu vn no th ngi lm ngh c th bt u p dng phng

thc bn vng? C ch th ch hin nay l g v Chnh ph h tr g cho cc lng ngh?
Hot ng iu phi gia cc c quan nh S NN&PTNT, S TN&MT, S KH&CN
trong vic hng dn v gim st pht trin lng ngh l g?
nhim t hot ng nng nghip: Vic s dng thuc tr su tr thnh
ph bin Vit Nam, c cc tnh ngho. Theo bo co ca Ngn hng th gii nm
2006 th c 3 l do chnh gii thch s khc bit gia cc nhm c thu nhp khc nhau
v vic s dng thuc tr su cn c lu trong qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch.
Trc ht l s a dng phong ph cho thy s tng quan vi cc nhm thu nhp. y
l bng chng st thc v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong vic s dng
thuc tr su. Th hai l nhiu s khc bit c th c xu hng ra tng. Do cc h giu
c th ngy cng trnh khng s dng thuc tr su c nhiu c t nn h c th vn
tip tc tip xc trc tip vi cc loi thuc tr su ny. Th ba l c h giu v ngho
u c nguy c b nh hng n sc kho trong mt mi trng m din tch trng la
l ch yu. nhim b truyn nhim d khuch tn c th l vn ln i vi nhng
ai sng trong mi trng ny.
Kt qu nghin cu ca Ngn hng th gii cng ch ra rng chnh sch hn ch
vic s dng thuc tr su c nhiu c t l mt chnh sch hay v c tc ng tch cc
tng th n c ngho i v mi trng. Tuy nhin, chnh sch ny c th ch xem xt
n nhng vn cho ngi ngho. Nhng nng dn ngho d kin s tham gia t hn
trong hot ng nng nghip tr khi h c hng mt chnh sch hp l. Trnh
gio dc cao v kh nng tip cn thng tin tt c th l c hi to ra cc chng trnh
thng tin v s dng thuc tr su. Nhng bc thng ip ny c th gip h thay i
thi v hnh vi khi s dng thuc tr su.
So vi cc gia nh kh gi th ngi ngho thng tip xc nhiu hn vi thuc
tr su. iu ny c phi l do h khng c s la chn no khc? (i) khng c trang
thit b an ton (ii), ngi ngho tham gia vic ng nhiu hn (iii) hay ngi ngho
cng nhn thc nh ngi giu v vn s dng thuc tr su nhng h thiu thng
tin ci c th gip h trnh c nhng mi nguy him?
2. Nc sch, sc kho v v sinh mi trng
a. Nc, sc kho v v sinh mi trng trong cc chnh sch
Chin lc ti nguyn nc: n nm 2020
Chin lc ny c Th tng ph duyt trc khi c SEDP. Vn kin ny
l mt bc t ph trong vic thit lp mt khung chnh sch tng th qun l v s
dng bn vng ngun nc. Phin bn lc u ni dung ny cp n cc vn nh
cc nguyn tc, nhim v v bin php thc hin. Chin lc a ra danh sch 18 khu
vc u tin tin hnh trin khai, giao trch nhim cho cc B cho ton b giai on
2006-2010 (VDR, 2007). Vn c bn hn l Chin lc ti nguyn nc c s thay
i c bn v phng php qun l v ti chnh linquan n nc. Vic xem nc nh
l mt sn phm kinh t to c hi u t nhiu hn cho ngnh ny v thay th cc
bin php hnh chnh hin nay.
Chin lc b sung thm c s php l cho Ngh nh Cp php nc c
ban hnh trc vo nm 2004. Ngh nh ny l cng c quan trng nht tnh n
thi im ny v vn qun l ngun nc tng hp, quy hoch vng h lu sng v
cc hot ng khc. Ngh nh l c s php l cho cc t chc v c nhn khai thc v
s dng ngun nc. c bit, n cp n quyn hp php cung cp nc cho mt
s ni nht nh cho mc ch c th no trong iu kin c th. Tuy nhin, vn cn

57

l hng th ch rt quan trng trong Ngh nh ny, c bit trong cng tc qun l
ngun nc tng hp. Mi lin h sinh thi gia qun l v pht trin cht thi t nc
v t cng cha c gii quyt hp l.
b. Cc chng trnh quc gia
Cc chng trnh cung cp nc snh v v sinh nng thn
Chng trnh ny c thc hin di s gim st ca B NN&PTNT. Chng
trnh cung cp nc sch nng thn t ra cc mc tiu sau: (i) nh gi t nht 60 lt
nc sch/ngy theo tiu chun quc gia, nh x v sinh v v sinh c nhn, gi v sinh
mi trng thn v x cho tt c cc x n nm 2020. (ii) nh gi t nht 60 lt nc
sch/ngy theo tiu chun quc gia v nh gi 70% nh x v sinh v v sinh c nhn
cho ton b ngi dn n nm 2010. (iii) nc sch v nh x v sinh cho tt c cc
nh tr mu gio, trng hc v cc c s gio dc khc.
Chng trnh huy ng c 1200 t ng v xy dng c 65.000 trm
cung cp nc sch (trong c 1000 trm nc sch cng cng) cung cp nc sch
cho khong 6 triu ngi. kt qu ny gip tng t l h c c hi tip cn ngun
nc sch ln 42% nm 2000 t mc 38% nm 1998 (tng ng vi mc tng hng
nm l 5%). Vn ngn sch nh nc v t cc t chc qu t c huuy ng cho cc
x c bit kh khn vng cao, min ni v hi o. Do , cc khu vc ny c tc
tng trng hng nm tng t 12-16%. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu m hnh th nghim v
v sinh mi trng, tuyn truyn v gio dc v bo v v phng nga nhim cnh
quan a phng cng c tin hnh. Nhiu m hnh cng ngh mi v cung cp
nc sch v h thng v sinh c a ra v t chc nhiu kho hc cho cn b
trc tip thc hin d n. Nm 2000, khong 20% s h (chim 2,8 triu h) s dng
nh x v sinh v 15% chung tri p ng tiu chun v sinh.
c. Cc d n
Trong nhng bi hc c c gn y ti H Tnh, k Lk v Ph Th, thng qua
chin lc nc sch v v sinh nng thn, cng nh cc chng trnh tng cng sc
kho th v ven v chng trnh cung cp nc sch v v sinh do cc nh ti tr
quc t h tr, nhng bi hc sau cn c lu tm:

Ci thin sc kho cn hi ho c phng thc truyn thng v hin i t

hiu qu v to ra nhng thay i trong hnh vi chm sc sc kho. Phng
php PHAST (chuyn i h thng v sinh v v sinh c s tham gia) gii thiu
phng php cn tham gia nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng cng nh cc
phng php lp k hoch mc tiu v hot ng sc kho ca cng ng
(WHO 1998). Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu bi hc kinh nghim t hot ng tip th
x hi. Cho n ny Phng php ny c s dng l phng php chnh
trong u tranh vi t nn HIV/AIDS. Phng php ny xem xt c nhng ro
cn v c ch khuyn khch thay i hnh vi v cc im c th truyn thng
hiu qu vic thay i hnh vi ca cc c nhn, h gia nh v cng ng
(McKenzie v Smith 1999). Thay i din ra chm tng bc mt l mt
phng php ph bin ln k hoch cuc hp Vit Nam v iu ny hon
ton ng v mt duy tr phong tc tp qu c gi tr. Tuy nhin, bo v mi
trng v xo i gim ngho khng th ch n th h sau to ra s thay
i.

Cc cng ng phi tip cn cng ngh ph hp (c v mt ti chnh v k

thut) cung cp nc sch v h thng v sinh

58

Cc h gia nh thm ch c h ngho cng phi tip cn ngun vn vay tn

dng u t vo h tng c s ca gia nh mnh v cng ng. Cc chng
trnh cho vay c thc hin cc a phng trn c nc thng qua Hi ph
n v cc t chc khc cng vi cc c ch tn dng cng ng khng chnh
thc cho thy thnh cng trong vc ci thin trang thit b cung cp nc
sch v h thng v sinh

S tham gia ca ngi dn cn phi l nn tng, l c s cho lp k hoch v

thc hin, trong c c s tham gia ca ph n. Vit Nam chng ta bit rng
s tham gia ca cc t chc x hi l mt cch lm c vic ny.

Vn sc kho, nc v h thng v sinh l nhng vn lin quan n mi

trng khng khng tn ti c lp m phi c a vo trong vn pht
trin, trong c thc y hp tc v cng tc gia cc c quan v xy dng c
ch tham vn v lp k hoch a phng.

d. Tho lun v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng

Vit nam c ngun nc phong ph. Tuy nhin, p ng c nhng nhu cu
khc nhau ca nng thn v thnh th li l mt vn kh hin nay. Nhu cu nc
cung cp cho cc nh my thu in, ti tiu, thng ngun v h lu thng xung t
nhau vo ma khng. nhim t ngun nc thi cha qua x l, cht thi rn ti cc
khu cng nghip v ti nh c cng ang tc ng n cht lng ngun nc. Mt
lot cc ri ro/nguy c lin quan n nc, t bo nhit i n hn hn, ang to ra
gnh nng i vi ngi ngho. gii quyt c nhng thch thc ny cn phi c
s kt hp gia c ch tr trng v chnh sch pht trin hp l.
Ging nh chng trnh 135, Chng trnh quc gia v cung cp nc sch v
v sinh ang i mt vi vn khng t c mc tiu ra. Cc chnh sch hp l
c th d dng t ra u tin trong vic cung cp nc an ton v h thng v sinh c
bn cho tt c nhng ai cha c hng dch v ny. C ch hng ti cc thn ngho
trong tng s cc thn ny l mt vn . ci thin ngun nc sch v h thng v
sinh ti cc khu vc c che ph rng thp cn c s phi hp cht ch gia cc ban
ngnh chu trch nhim v h tng c s, dch v y t v cc t chc lm v thng tin v
gio dc v mt s trng hp l cc t chc lm v vn dn tc thiu s (Ngn hng
th gii, 2006)
C th trong lnh vc cung cp nc sch v h thng v sinh c c bi hc
kinh nghim v pht trin nhng vn bn vng v nhu cu cn gii quyt vn
ngho i v gii vn cn phi bn. Nhng tht bi ca cc d n pht trin v bi hc
kinh nghim v s tham gia xut pht t n lc cung cp nc sch cho cng ng
khng qua tham vn vi a phng, tham vn v vn qun l, vn hnh v cng
ngh (Kumar 2000). Nhiu cng c hin ang s dng c c l t nhng bi hc kinh
nghim t vn n v gn y l t cc chng trnh nc sch v h thng v
sinh. nhiu a phng v c bit l Vit Nam th h thng v sinh c cc nh
ti tr tp trung vo nh x. Tuy nhin, n khng ch dng li m cn bao hm vn
v sinh mi trng, trong c th bao gm c qun l cht thi v trnh cc tc
nhn gy nhim.
Trong khi cc mi lin h ny c th bn thn n l bng chng nhng rt kh
tm thy mt chng trnh cung cp nc sch v h thng v sinh c thc hin gn
y Vit Nam khng gii quyt vn ngho i, cng ngh, gii v sc kho.
Nghin cu im v cc nghin cu ny cn tp trung vo lm th no gii quyt
c nhng mi lin h ny v tm ra ro cn v l hng gii quyt chng. Cc cng

59

ng ngho nht vn d b tn thng nht t vic hng li t d n v h khng phi

l i tng hng li, trong khi h khng c tim lc kinh t mua cng ngh hay
khi cc c ch ti chnh cn qu cng nhc. Cc vn ny sinh, v d ti cc khu ven
ni c th khng c c hi s dng nc my hay cc h thng cp thot nc tt
hoc ni qu ng dn v cc to nh cao tng gy cn tr n vic xy nh x. Tng
t nh vy, cc h gia nh c th chi tr tin nc sinh hot nhng h khng th ng
gp vo xy dng h thng ng ng dn nc.
Bn l hng kin thc chnh c th tm thy t cc chnh sch, chng trnh v
d n hin ny l: Trc ht, l s mt cn bng trong vic tip cn ngun nc an ton
v h thng v sinh Vit Nam v (i) u t t vo nc sch v h thng v sinh, v
(ii) qun l km. Mt s vng t thp ngi ngho s dng ngun nc ging o hay
ngun nc b mt b tc ng do ngun nc sinh hot b nhim. Tuy nhin, cu hi
t ra l bao nhiu phn trm l do h tng c s km? Do gi cao? Hay thu nhp thp?
v cc vn ny hin cha c gii thch tho ng trong cc nghin cu hin nay.
Th hai l vai tr ca tnh cch sc tc l nguyn nhn gy bnh tt lin quan
n nc v h thng v sinh l rt r nhng cha c gii thch y . Khng c
thng tin v bnh v cc bin php v sinh, khng c kin thc v bnh v nguyn nhn
ca n v cha n lc iu tr bnh v tin hnh cc bin php v sinh. y l nhng l
hng cha c gii quyt trong cc ti liu.
Th 3 l cc chng trnh nc sch v v sinh ang i mt vi vn khng
t c mc tiu ra. Cnh tranh tip cn cc dch v tt ny sinh gia ngi giu
v ngho hoc gia cc cng ng khng c nng lc ti chnh. Chng trnh 135 tp
trung vo cp x. Lm th no cc thn ngho nm trong s cc x ny l i tng
c hng li nhiu nht t chng trnh?
Cui cng, cc gii php hng ngho cho vn nhim nc ging s cn c
can thip v mt k thut. nhim do con ngi v hot ng sinh hot ca ngi dn
a phng c th c gii quyt thng qua ci tin cng tc qun l cht thi. Tuy
nhin, vn khng dng li m li gp phi vn do nguyn nhn khuch tn
nhim cng nghip v nng nghip. Lm th no chng ta c th m bo rng ngi
ngho c th tip cn cc gii php thay th ngun nc ging o?

60

CHNG 4. TNG HP V KHUYN NGH

A. L hng kin thc v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng (PEL)
Hiu c mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng v hi ho mi quan h ny
trong pht trin chnh sch v thc thi chnh sch l rt quan trng v nhng l do c
nhiu tc gi a ra, nh: (i) bo v mi trng c hiu theo ng ngha ca n l
bo v sn xut lng thc, duy tr sinh k n nh v bo v sc kho. Do , xo i
gim ngho, tng trng kinh t v duy tr cc ngun mi trng h tr cuc sng c
mi lin h mt thit vi nhau; (ii) ci thin iu kin cuc sng cho ngi ngho chc
chn s ci thin cht lng mi trng v ngc li. Vn ny rt r rng khng phi
bn ci. (iii) Tip cn ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v mt mi trng trong sch l
iu kin tin quyt xo i gim ngho lu di g thi xo i gim ngho l rt
cn thit qun l bn vng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. trn phng
din rng, xo i gim ngho v bo v mi trng cn c tin hnh hi ho t
c mc tiu pht trin bn vng. mc d mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng
c xc nh t lu nhng s tn ti ca mi lin h ny cha c a vo cc
chng trnh mi trng v xo i gim ngho Vit Nam theo ng ngha ca n.
Mi lin h ny trong cc chng trnh hin nay cha gn kt vi nhau v hu qu l
to ra s xung t. Do , mc tiu chnh ca ti liu ny l tm ra l hng kin thc v
mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong cc phng php, chng trnh, d n
v chin lc ca Vit Nam. y l ni dung c bn cho cc nghin cu (k hoch tin
hnh nghin cu c nu trong Bo co 2) v bn thn n l bc t ph tng
cng mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong quy hoch v chnh sch ca
Chnh ph.
1. L hng trong mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng cp chnh sch:
a. Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng t c cp trong cc chng trnh v chnh
sch chng ti tin hnh nghin cu.

Cc chnh sch xy dng theo nh hng mi trng ch mi nu vn ngho

i trn phng din l thuyt v hn lm ch cha c hnh ng c th ngho i
c a vo trong cc chng trnh v d n mi trng. V d, Chin lc pht trin
kinh t x hi giai on 2001- 2010 (SEDS) nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vn mi
trng v sinh k ngi nng dn nhng cha ni c th i tng l ngi ngho.
Trong Chng trnh ngh s 21, cc ch s v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng
ch cp mc a ra khi nim. Cc ch s mi trng cn hn ch v s lng
v km v cht lng. Cc chnh sch c xy dng hng vo ngi ngho cng rt
t cp n vn mi trng. V d: Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho
ton din nhn mnh tm quan trng ca mi trng i vi ngi ngho nhng c th
lm th no nhng quan tm ny phc v xo i gim ngho th vn cn m h v
cha chc chn. Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din v cc chng
trnh quc gia v xo i gim ngho hu nh cha cp n vn mi trng trong
xo i gim ngho.
Cc chin lc sinh k ngi dn v ngho i v mi trng t nhin gn kt
mt thit vi nhau c v mt khng gian v thi gian. Mt trong s cc mi lin ht ny
l vn khng gian. Vn ny c th o c bng vic tin hnh kho st h gia
nh v s dng k thut vin thm v lp bn s dng h thng thng tin a l. Tuy
nhin, c cc mi lin kt khc li rt kh quan st. Phng php kho st nh Kho st
mc sng ca Ngn hng th gii t ra rt hiu qu trong vic nhn bit c t l
ngho ti mt thi im c th nhng trn phng din rng n khng th mang li

61

thng tin v ngho i mt cch y , v d nh: tnh d b tn thng v qu trnh

y ra ngoi l x hi hoc cc qu trnh c tnh ng v di hn cho thy xu hng
trong ngho i v thnh vng qua c mt thi k. L hng pht hin t nhng chnh
sch trn y c th gii thch nh sau: (i) cha c ting ni ca ngi ngho trong
cc chnh sch mi trng v pht trin, v; (ii) thiu s liu thng k v s liu
khng gian. Cc nhn t ny chc chn khng th xc nh c y mi lin h
gia ngho i v mi trng c th c s dng tc ng n xy qu trnh dng
chnh sch v mi trng mt cch hiu qu.
(1). im yu trong vn lin ngnh
L do khng c ting ni ca ngi ngho trong chnh sch mi trng c th
c khng nh bng xung t gia cch tip cn ngnh trong h thng chnh sch v
qun l ca nh nc v cc chin lc a ngnh cho ngi ngho. Mt thc t l cc
chng trnh v d n ny khng cn nhc mt cch y , ch tp trung vo mt kha
cnh nh ca mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng m khng tnh n cc yu t
tc ng khc nh: sc kho, gio dc v cc dch v x hi khc. c mt vi gii
php cha hon thin c a ra v tho lun khi trin khai d n. Tng t, Tng
t, nhn t gii v di tr v di c t do c xem l nhng vn quan trng ca cc
chin lc xo i gim ngho nhng cha c nu trong chnh sch, cc chin lc
v chng trnh quc gia. iu ny dn n hiu sai nguyn nhn dn n suy thoi mi
trng v do a ra cc gii php sai lch. Vic li cho dn di c t pht din ra
trn din rng xy ra Ty Nguyn Vit Nam l nguyn nhn hu hoi mi trng v
nn ph rng l mt v d in hnh. Bng chng l mi quan h tr nn phc tp hn
khi nn ph rng khng ch n thun li ko nhiu ngi dn di c tham gia m cn c
ngi dn di c hp php v ngi dn a phng.
(2). Thiu s liu v tnh thng nht gia cc cp c tho lun trong bo co ny:
(i) Cc ch s mi trng cn hn ch v s lng v km v cht lng. H thng
thng k ca Vit Nam khng ch trng nhiu n cc ch s ny do thc t l ch
mi trng cha c a vo H thng k ton quc gia (SNA) ngay t u. S liu
mi trng thng c thu thp thng qua cc cuc kho st nh, ti liu nghin cu
v cc bin php tnh ton ch s nhim c thc hin ti cc th v khu cng
nghip. kt qu l, c rt t ch s mi trng c s liu thng k y trong mt
khong thi gian di; (ii) khung gim st v nh gi ngho i thc hin chnh
sch mi trng cn yu, ngha l s liu thc t v tc ng ca vic thc thi chnh
sch mi trng hin c cn rt hn ch. V d: ch s dng che ph rng lm
ch s khng ch khng nh gi ng gp vo xo i gim ngho m cn khng
xem xt vn a dng sinh hc rng v cc vn khc. Ngoi ra, cn hiu c
th, chi tit hn v vic lm th no cc nh mc kinh t khc nhau gn vi cc loi
hnh s dng rng khc nhau, s ph thuc v cht lng.
b. L hng trong mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng cp thc hin
Chng ta tin tng rng mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng cp thc
hin s c nh gi v tho lun theo tng khu sinh thi nng nghip v bi cnh
nng thn v thnh th. Chin lc ny s thc y vic gn kt gia li ch quc gia
c th hin thng qua cc chnh sch, chng trnh, d n vi mi quan tm ca a
phng, c bit mi quan tm ca ngi ngho nng thn.
(1). L hng v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng ti cc khu vc nng thn
trung du v min ni
Trong bi cnh ny, mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng dng nh tp

62

trung vo xo i gim nghip trong mi lin h vi qun l t lm nghip, k c trng

rng v giao t lm nghip. Chnh ph c nhiu n lc gii quyt mi lin h
gia ngho i v rng cc cp nhm c gng hi ho gia bo v rng v xo i
gim ngho. Nghin cu a ra bi hc kinh nghim t cc chnh sch, chng trnh v
d n v lm nghip hng ti ngi ngho Vit Nam. C hai c hi c xc nh
l: (i) nh gi rng v chi tr dch v mi trng (ES) c nu trong chnh sch. Vic
xy dng c ch h tr ngi ngho thng qua dch v mi trng h mang li hin
ang c trin khai. (ii) Qun l rng da vo cng ng (CBFM) c trin khai do
c c nhn thc gn y v cng ng l mt thc th php l trong hng dng
t lm nghip. mc d vy vn cn c mt vi l hng cn c quan tm hn trong
lm nghip nh: (i) ngi ngho t c c hi tip cn cc dch v o to v khuyn lm
do ro cn ngn ng v phong tc tp qun. Ngi ngho y l ngi dn tc thiu
s; (ii) s thay i trong s dng t lm nghip do nh hng t t do ho thng mi
din ra kh thng xuyn v n lm cho cc h ngho khng kp iu chnh k hoch
sn xut ca h i ph vi nhng thay i khng c d bo trc; (iii) ngi
ngho b y ra ngoi l, c cc khu c bo v, vng m v vn quc gia, trong
c c ti nh c.
(2). L hng v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng ti khu vc t thp
Vn t manh mn l kt qu ca chnh sch giao t l nhng vn ni
cm ti cc khu vc nng thn sn xut nng nghip v n hn ch cc nhn t khng
ph hp vi sn xut nng nghip. i ph vi vn ny, gn y Chnh ph
khuyn khch trao i rung gia cc h. iu ny s tc ng nh th no n ngi
ngi vn cn l cu hi cn c gii p.
Mt vn khc cng rt quan trng i vi cc khu vc ven bin t thp l
mi lin h gia ngh c, bin v ngho i. Cn lu rng cc chnh sch bin hin
nay tp trung ch yu vo pht trin kinh t v an ninh quc phng ch khng cp
mi lin h qua li ln nhau gia pht trin, bo v mi trng v bo tn ti nguyn.
Cc phng n la chn khc nhau c th gip lm gim tc ng do mt thu nhp m
khng c s tho hip v li ch gia bo tn v ngh c l rt quan trng t c
pht trin bn vng nhng li cha c nghin cu v tho lun rng ri. Mi quan
tm khc cng cn c xem xt l s ln mnh ca ngnh du lch v ng tu thng
mi c th l mi him ho qun l bn vng ngun ti nguyn bin. Nhng hn ch
ca lut cng l do thiu iu phi gia cc cp, t trung ng xung a phng.
Nhng hn ch ny cng khng nh nhu cu qun l bin v ven bin hiu qu cn
c lng ghp v iu phi tp trung.
(3). L hng ca mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng ti cc khu th v ven .
Mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng tp trung nghin cu phn ny l v mi
quan h gia nhim nng nghip v cng nghip, h thng v sinh v sc kho ca
cc nhm c thu nhp thp. Hin ti, sc kho mi trng trong mi tng quan vi
nhim cng nghip lin quan nhiu hn n chnh sch i vi ngi c thu nhp thp
hn l vn xo i gim ngho. Chnh ph khuyn khch pht trin cc lng ngh th
cng v xem y l gii php hiu qu ci thin i sng ngi dn nng thn, trong
c ngi ngho. Tuy nhin, nhiu vn cha c tho lun trn cc din n,
nh: Lm th no bo v mi trng c th c a vo trong quy hoch pht trin
lng ngh? mc thu nhp no hot ng sn xut ca lng ngh c th bt u hot
ng bn vng? B NN&PTNT, B KH&CN v B TN&MT tin hnh nhng hot
ng iu phi no hng dn v gim st s pht trin ca cc lng ngh?

63

Kt qu nghin cu ca Ngn hng th gii cng ch ra rng cc chnh sch gim

s dng thuc tr su c nhiu c t l mt chnh sch hay c tc ng tch cc tng
th n ngho i v mi trng. Ngi ngho tip xc vi thuc tr su nhiu hn
ngi giu. Vn ny l do nguyn nhn g? (i) khng c la chn khc?; (ii) khng
c trang thit b an ton; (iii) ngi ngho tham gia cng vic ng ng nhiu hn? Hay
ngi ngho cng thc c mi nguy him ca vic s dng thuc tr su nh ngi
giu nhng h thiu thng tin c th gip h trnh c nhng mi nguy him ny?
Qun l cht thi th km cng c xem l nguyn nhn gy ra cc vn
v mi trng v sc kho nghim trng. nhim t cc cht thi rn v cht
thi khng qua x l ang tng nhanh ti cc khu cng nghip v khu th mi
cng ang nh hng n cht lng ngun nc. Ngi ngho gp phi mt vn
ln l khng c cng bng trong tip cn ngun nc sch v h thng v
sinh. Rt nhiu h ngho vng thp s dng nc ging o hoc nc b mt b
nh hng do nhim ngun nc. Tuy nhin, cu hi t ra l cc vn lin
quan nh (i) do h tng c s nng thn km? (ii) gi cao? (iii) thu nhp thp? cha
c tr li hoc cp trong cc nghin cu hin nay; thiu thng tin v bnh tt, cc
bin php v sinh, thi kin th v bnh v nguyn nhn gy bnh v khng iu tr
bnh v tin hnh cc bin php v sinh. Nhng l hng ny cha c cp trong cc
ti liu.
(4). L hng ca mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng trong vn ngho i v
nng lng
Nh cp trn, khng c nhiu chin lc nng lng tng th u tin ngi
ngho c tip cn cc dch v ny. Nguyn nhn l s hu cng, khng v cc
cng ty t nhn khng thy li ch khi phc v nhng nhm i tng ny do h c thu
nhp thp. Mt l hng cha c cp trong hu ht cc nghin cu v ti liu l
nng lng ti to s hu nh khng c tc ng tch cc n sinh k v thu nhp ngi
ngho thnh th. Ngi ngho thnh th s dng t l % khon thu nhp ca mnh tr
ph s dng nng lng nhiu hn % khon thu nhp m ngi giu b ra v ngi
ngho c thu nhp thp v khng n nh v h thng s dng vt dng khng tit
kim in (UN 2005). Khc vi ngi ngho nng thn, ngi ngho thnh th khng
c c hi tip cn cc y t t nhin, do vic sn xut nng lng ti to p ng
nhu cu ca h l khng hin thc.

B. Khuyn ngh nhng vn cn nghin cu thm

Kt qu nh gi nghin cu ny cho thy ngi ngho b nh hng t mi
trng b suy thoi v tc ng mi trng ca cc ngnh khc nhau c th gy tc
ng rng ln hn so vi tc ng gy ra ti a phng. Do , cn hiu r v tc ng
bn trong v bn ngoi ca qun l mi trng i vi ngi ngho. Hn na, cc
nghin cu cng ch ra rng mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng l mi lin h
gin tip gy ra do cc yu t kinh t x hi v th ch. a vn mi trng vo
trong ni dung chnh sch xo i gim ngho hin nay v ngc li cn hiu r hn
nhng mi lin h ny.
Cu hi t ra cn c nghin cu thm sau giai on khi ng ny l:

C nhng xung t no xy ra gia bo v mi trng v xo i gim ngho?

Chng ta c th tho hip gia vn bo v mi trng v xo i gim ngho

khng?

Sinh k ca ngi ngho c th c ci thin trong khi mi trng vn c

64

bo v khng?
Gi nh ca chng ta l rt ra c bi hc kinh nghim v mi lin h. Chun
b k hoch chi tit tin hnh nghin cu nhm kim chng cc gi thuyt c trnh
by trong Bo co 2.
Mt s khu vc u tin tin hnh nghin cu im c xc nh giai on
trc ca d n PEP v c nu trong cng nhim v. Cc u tin do PEP xc
nh trc ph hp vi cc l hng trong mi quan h gia ngho i v mi trng
c pht hin c tng hp. Cc nghin cu tip theo bao gm:
Hiu c ting ni ca ngi ngho trong mi lin h gia ngho i v mi
trng c a ra trong phn II ca cng nhim v.
5 nhm ch c nu trong Phn III ca cng nhim v v c cp
di y:
Vn sc kho, cung cp nc sch v h thng v sinh (hai ni dung sau c
nh hng rt ln n ni dung trc ) v lm th no nhng vn ny
c lin h vi vn ngho i v mi trng.
Vn trao quyn cho ngi ngho trong khun kh lut php cho php, c
bit l nhu cu ci thin hot ng nh gi tc ng mi trng v a ra chin
lc cho ngi ngho.
Ci thin mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin cho ngi ngho nh th no
tng thu nhp v xo i gim ngho. Cn c nghin cu su hn v tc ng
ca quyt nh 134/Q-CP v h tr t , nh , t sn xut v nc sinh
hot cho ng bo dn tc thiu s.
Lm th no vic s dng ti nguyn nng lng ti to c th va ci thin
mi trng v xo i gim ngho.
Nhm vn an cho ca cc nghin cu im gm 2 phn gii v di dn. Ni
dung ny bao gm c mt s vn thng thy trong cc nghin cu im. Kt
qu t nhm hot ng ny cn tham kho thm thng tin t cc nghin cu
chuyn khc mc d chng cng c th cn iu tra c th (c bit i vi
trng hp di dn ln min ni).
Nh thng nht trong cng nhim v, cc hot ng c tin hnh trong
tng nghin cu chuyn gm xc nh v nh gi cc d n hoc chng trnh lin
quan n ch trng tm lm r mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng (xem
danh sch cc d n c thc hin cho mc ch ny trong Biu 2). Mc ch l tm
ra nhng hn ch trong qu trnh trin khai d n, chng trnh ( cp chnh sch v
thc hin), cc v d v vic lm th no vt qua c nhng hn ch ny v bi
hc kinh nghim rt ra t c thnh cng v tht bi ca cc chng trnh v d n.
Bng 2. Mt s hot ng thnh cng c th s dng lm bi hc kinh nghim.
Ch

Tn d n/nh ti tr

Cch tip cn

Lm nghip v ngho
i

Qun l rng da vo Phng php cng tham gia v

cng ng Vit Nam trao quyn cho ngi dn a
do ADB ti tr
phng trong qun l ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin

65

To thu nhp

IRC Canada ti tr Qun l ti nguyn thin nhin

qun l ven bin, thc da vo cng ng
hin ti Tha Thin Hu
Lng sinh thi vng
ct huyn Triu Phong,
Qung Tri.

Chi tr ph dch v RUPES

mi trng

C ch hng li v chi tr cho

cng tc qun l ti nguyn thin
nhin

Bin vi ngho i

WWF

Qun l a dng sinh hc da

vo cng ng

Nng lng ti to

MEKARN

Cng ngh hng vo ngi

ngho

Nc v h thng v D n DANIDA
sinh

Trao quyn cho ngi dn a

phng

EIA

S tham gia ca ngi dn a

phng

ADB v GTZ

Di c v ngho i DfID, IIED v VAPEC

Vit Nam

Sinh k nhiu ni

Chnh sch di dn ti D n s dng vn ngn Chnh sch di dn tng hp

cc khu vc min ni
sch Nh nc
ci thin i sng ngi dn a
phng.
Cc phng php p dng cho tng nghin cu im s khc nhau mt kha
cnh no y v c th hoc khng th c tin hnh song song (C tnh s tin hnh
nhiu nghin cu nhng khc huyn). D n s th nghim cc m hnh v mi lin h
gia ngho i v mi trng ti hai tnh c la chn (H Tnh v H Ty). Tuy
nhin, cc nghin cu im c lp k hoch rt ra bi hc kinh nghim trn phm
vi c nc, ng thi khm ph cc vn lin quan, cc gii php v bi hc kinh
nghim (xem Bo co 2). Thng tin chi tit ca tng phng php c p dng cho
cc nghin cu im c trnh by trong Bo co 2 v y l mt phn ca k hoch
hot ng tng th - k hoch ny l kt qu u ra ca giai an khi ng ny (PHN
1).
D kin cc nghin cu im s do t vn trong nc c nhiu kinh nghim lm
vic hin trng tin hnh vi h tr ca cc t chc phi chnh ph trong nc v cc
S TN&MT. Hai nghin cu im nghin cu mt lot cc vn nh sc kho, nc
v h thng v sinh, to thu nhp v qun l da vo ti nguyn thin nhin cng c
ln k hoch o to cn b a phng tham gia nhm ti a nng lc thu thp s
liu.

66

TI LIU THAM KHO

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73

PH LC
Ph lc 1. Vn bn php quy
1. Chng trnh ngh s 21
Chng trnh ngh s 21 do Lin hip quc ban hnh ngy 14/6/1992 ti Rio de
Janerio, Brazil v c trn 178 chnh ph thng qua
Chng trnh ngh s 21 a ra hng dn chung v mc tiu pht trin bn
vng ca Vit Nam, l: thit lp mt x hi ngi dn c hng cuc sng sung
tc c v vt cht ln vn ho tinh thn, sng bnh ng v ho thun ln nhau, m bo
hi ho gia con ngi v thin nhin; pht trin l s kt hp hi ho, theo t l v cht
ch gia 3 mt: pht trin kinh t, cng bng x hi v bo v mi trng.
V mt kinh t, mc tiu pht trin bn vng l t c mc tng trng kinh
t bn vng vi mt c cu kinh t ph hp, tho mn nhu cu ngi dn nng cao
cht lng cuc sng, trnh suy thoi v nh tr kinh t trong tng lai, c gng trnh
b n nn li hu qu xu cho th h con chu.
V mt x hi, mc tiu ca pht trin bn vng l t c kt qu cao trong
vic thc hin tin b v cng bng x hi; m bo ngi dn Vit Nam c cht
dinh dng trong ba n hng ngy v cht lng dch v y t c ci thin; c c hi
tip cn gio dc v vic lm; gim t l h ngho i; thu hp khong cch gia cc
tng lp trong x hi v nhm ngi; xo c t nn x hi; nng cao quyn v trch
nhim ca tng ngi dn v ton x hi; gi gn v pht huy bn sc vn ho a dng;
nng cao mc sng ngi dn c v vt cht ln tinh thn.
V mi trng, p dng cc bin php pht trin bn vng: khai thi hp l v
hiu qu ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, s dng hiu qu; ngn chn v kim sot c
nhim mi trng;; bo v mi trng sng; bo v cc khu vn quc gia, khu bo
tn v sinh quyn; bo tn a dng sinh hc; trnh c tnh trng suy thoi mi trng
v ci thin c iu kin mi trng.
Cc ch s theo Chng trnh ngh s 21
Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Ch nh

Ni dung

Bnh ng: Bnh ng

x hi l mt trong
nhng nguyn tc c
bn ca pht trin bn
vng, trong con
ngi v iu kin
cuc sng ca h l ni
dung trng tm. Bnh
ng ni ln mc
cng bng/v t v
ngun ti nguyn no

Ngho i: cc ch s bao qut cc vn ca

ngho i, khng cng bng trong thu nhp
v tht nghip. Cc vn ny i din cho
cc vn u tin ca cc quc gia v cng
ng th gii. Cc ch s c s dng rng
ri, l cc bin php qua kim nghim v
t ra c hiu qu trong vic xy dng mc
tiu pht trin. Hi ngh thng nh th gii
v pht trin x hi a muc tiu gim t l
dn s sng mc qu ngho ti cc quc gia
ang pht trin xung cn 1/2 n nm 2015.

74

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21
Vn x
hi

Ch nh

Ni dung

c phn b, c hi
v quyt nh a ra.
N cng bao gm c c
hi vic lm v tip cn
cc dch v x hi nh:
gio dc, y t v lut
php. Nhng ni dung
quan trng ny ln
quan n thnh tu ca
cng bng x hi nh:
xo i ngo, vic l v
phn b thu nhp; gii,
vn dn tc v tui;
tip cn ngun ti
chnh v ti nguyn
thin nhin v cc c
hi mang tnh a h.

Bnh ng gii: Hi ngh th gii ln th 4 v

ph n ku gi xo b phn bit i x trong
vn vic lm. Mc tiu chung l thc y
t c sinh k bn vng v bo m cho
ph n v nam gii

75

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Ch nh

Sc kho

Ni dung

Sc kho v pht trin bn vng c quan h

mt thit vi nhau. Cung cp nc sch v h
thng v sinh, dinh dng v cung cp
lng thc an ton, cc iu kin sng khng
b nhim, kim sot bnh tt v tip cn cc
dch v y t - tt c nhm gp phn cho dn
s kho mnh. Pht trin khng th t c
hoc bn vng nu t l dn b mc bnh v
khng c tip cn cc dch v chm sc sc
kho cao. Trong thc t, tng trng v pht
trin kinh t c th gp phn ci thin sc
kho ngi dn v mang li dch v chm sc
sc kho tt hn. Mt mi trng trong sch
l rt quan trng i vi sc kho v i sng
ngi dn. Tng trng kinh t khng n nh
cng vi mc tiu th ti nguyn thin nhin
khng hp l s dn n suy thoi mi trng
v tc ng n sc kho con ngi.
Pht trin th nhanh c th b xa nng lc
bo v mi trng v cung cp cc dch v
chm sc y t ca x hi. nhim nc v
khng kh ti cc khu th l nguyn nhn
gy bnh tt v t vong. Cc ch s quan
trng (t No5 n No12) c th s dng
tnh ton tin pht trin ca quc gia v
mc tiu sc kho. Cng cn lu rng, cc
ch s thuc cc ch khc ni v cc vn
c lin quan cht ch n sc kho con
ngi. Cc ch s ny l s s tp cht trong
khng kh o c ti cc khu th, din
tch m2/ngi v s dng thuc tr su trong
sn xut nng nghip.

76

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Ch nh

Gio dc (ch s t
No13 n No15)

Ni dung

Gio dc l qu trnh lu di v l iu kin

tin quyt c bn t c pht trin bn
vng. Lnh vc ny lin quan n cc lnh
vc khc ca Chng trnh ngh s 21, hin
ang l vn ni cm p ng nhu cu c
bn ca con ngi v t c bnh ng, xy
dng nng lc, tip cn thng tin v tng
cng tim nng khoa hc. Gio dc c
xem l phng tin thay i vn tiu th
v sn xut mang tnh bn vng hn.
Trong khun kh CSD, ch gio dc mang
li cc ch s quan trng tnh ton mc
gio dc t c v trnh vn ho. y l
hai ni dung lin quan n chnh sch quan
trng ca cc quc gia v gio dc c s.

Nh (ch s No16)

Nh hp l l mt trong nhng hp phn

cn thit pht trin bn vng. Kh nng c
mt ch hp l gp phn vo iu kin sng
an ton hn, cng bng hn v ch trong
sch hn. iu kin sng ngho nn gn vi
ngho i, v gia c, sc kho km, t nn x
hi, gia nh khng ho thun v d tan v,
bo lc, suy thoi mi trng v mc
nhim gia tng (kh nng min dch km).
nh gi iu kin ch v iu kin
sng, cc ch s quan trng CSD s dng din
tch m2/ngi l mt bin php hu hin
nh gi tin lin quan n cht lng nh
.

An ninh (ch s No17)

X hi vn minh c ch dn ch v qun l
tt trn c s cng bng l iu kin cn thit
bm m an ton, n nh x hi, ho bnh,
nhn quyn v pht trin bn vng mt cch
n nh. Mt x hi an ton v n nh l cn
thit h tr mc tiu xo i gim ngho,
u t kinh t, bo v mi trng, cn bng
gii, hp tc v sinh k bn vng

77

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Vn
kinh t

Ch nh

Ni dung

Dn s (ch s No18 v
No19)

Dn s l mt ch s quan trng ca pht trin

bn vng, t cc nh hoch nh chnh
sch xem xt n mi lin h gia con ngi,
ti nguyn, mi trng v pht trin. Thay i
dn s l mt du hiu quan trng khi cc
quc gia ang n lc gim t l ngho, t
c tin pht trin kinh t, ci thin bo
v mi trng v tin n s dng v sn xut
bn vng hn. T l sinh n nh c th c tc
ng tch cc n cht lng cuc sng.
th ho tr thnh mt xu th ch o tc
ng n tng trng dn s v di dn c th
lm cho iu kin sng khng an ton v tng
p lc ln mi trng, c bit l cc khu sinh
thi. Nghin cu v cc iu kin sng tt
hn ti cc khu th phn nh tnh trng tht
nghip v thiu vic lm nng thn; thiu
cc dch v x hi; tnht trng thit t canh
tc; thin tai, c bit l hn hn; tnh trng
bt n x hi. Cc khu th ang ngy cng
gia tng nhng khng an ton v thiu cc
dch v c bn.

C cu kinh t (ch s
t No39 - No47)

Thng mi v u t l cc nhn t quan

trng ca tng trng kinh t v pht trin bn
vng. Tng cng tip cn th trng, chuyn
vn v chuyn giao cng ngh v thot n l
cc vn quan trng gip cc quc gia
ang pht trin t c mc tiu pht trin
bn vng. Ngho i, khai thc ti nguyn
thin nhin, tiu th v sn xut c quan h
mt thit vi tng trng kinh t v cc yu
cu tng trng kinh t. Rt kh m bo
rng tng trng kinh t khng dn n mt
bnh ng x hi v suy thoi mi trng.
GDP bnh qun l mt bin php c bn ca
tng trng kinh t trong khi t l % u
t vo GDP cho thy kh nng ti chnh
thc y pht trin kinh t. Cn cn thng i
trong hng ho v dch v cho thy tnh m
v d b tn thng ca mt nn kinh t.
Ghnh nng n nn hn ch kh nng trin
khai cc u tin mi trng v kinh t x hi
t c pht trin bn vng ca mt quc

78

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Ch nh

Ni dung

gia. Cam kt ODA l mt bin php gip mt

quc gia trong cng ng quc t trong khi
chuyn vn ODA cho thy lng tin ca cc
nh ti tr vo quc gia .
Tiu th v sn xut
(cc ch s t No48 n
No52)

Tiu th v sn xut khng bn vng, c bit

ti cc nc pht trin, l nguyn nhn chnh
lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v
hu hoi mi trng ton cu. Mt iu d
nhn thy l tri t khng th h tr mc tiu
th ca cc nc cng nghip trn phm vi
ton cu. Hn na, mc tiu th cao nh th
s tc ng n cc phng n tiu th v sn
xut ca cc quc gia ang pht trin hin ti
v trong tng lai.
Chuyn sang phong cch sng bn vng l rt
cn thit iu phi tt hn gia cc quc
gia v n lc ca cc chnh ph, cc nh sn
xut v ngi tiu dng. iu ny cn tp
trung vo vic gim mc tiu th nguyn liu
nhng tng cng ci tin cng ngh; cn c
cc cam kt mnh hn gii quyt nhu cu
ca ngi ngho; v xem xt nguyn nhn
ca cc chi ph mi trng v x hi cn c
xem l trng tm ca cc h thng kinh t.
Rt kh t c thay i ny v hnh vi v
lng tin hin nay l xut pht t tng c
nhn.
Mt vi ch s quan trng nh mc tiu th
nng lng hng nm/ngi c kim chng
k cng v thng c s dng cp quc
gia. Ch s s dng nng lng tnh n cc
vn sau: (1) s dng nng lng trong cc
ngnh thng mi v dch v, (2) s dng
nng lng trong giao thng, (3) s dng
nng lng vo nhu cu ca cng dn, (4) s
dng nng lng cho nhu cu sn xut v (5)
s dng nng lng theo GDP bnh qun u
ngi

Vn mi
trng

Khng kh/kh quyn

(cc ch s t No 20 No22)

Vn khng kh (gm: thay i kh hu, mt

zn tng bnh lu, axit ho, cht lng
khng kh ti cc khu th v vn tng
i lu) l nguyn nhn trc tip gy tc ng

79

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Ch nh

Ni dung

n sc kho con ngi, a dng sinh hc, h

sinh thi v mt mt v kinh t. Nhiu tc
ng ko di v din ra trn din rng v
li hu qua sau ny.
CSD lin quan n kh quyn gm 3 ch s:
kh thi nh knh; tiu th cc cht hu hoi
tng zn v cc cht gy nhim trong
khng kh ti cc khu th. y l nhng
bin php chnh. vn l ch khi no cn
can thip chnh sch pht trin bn vng.
Ba ch s ny c mi lin h mt thit vi cc
ch khc trong khung ch s; v d: t
(t lm nghip v t th) v tiu th, sn
xut (s dng nng lng v vn chuyn/giao
thng).
Vn mi
trng

t (cc ch s t No25
- No29)

Khi nim t khng ch v mt khng gian

v a l m cn ti nguyn thin nhin nhL
t nng nghip, khong sn, nc, ng,
thc vt. Vic s dng khng ng ngun ti
nguyn t s c nh hng rt ln n cc
ngun ti nguyn ny cng nh khng kh/kh
quyn v h sinh thi bin. t ang tr thnh
mt ngun ti nguyn khan him, c bit t
nng nghip c th canh tc tt v bo tn h
sinh thi. Vic tng mc s dng t sai
mc ch v gim din tch rng s gy ra hu
qu nghim trng, v d: nng ton cu v
ph v chu trnh nit ton cu e do n tnh
n nh v kh nng phc hi ca h sinh thi.

Mi trng

i dng, bin v b
bin (cc ch s t No
30 n No32)

Cc ch s quan trng ca CSD gm 3 ch s

thuc cc tiu chuyn v khu vc ven bin
v ngh c phm vi quc gia v trong kh
nng ca hu ht cc nc. cc ch s v tng
dn s sinh sng ti cc khu vc ven bin v
o tp trung ti cc khu vc ven bin l p
lc i vi ti nguyn ven bin, c bit t
cc hot ng trong t lin. Ch s nh bt
hng nm cc loi chnh l ch s quan trng
trong s liu l hon ton c th thu thp
c tnh ton mc ca hot ng nh
c.

80

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Ch nh

Ni dung

Vn mi
trng

Nc ngt/sinh hot
(cc ch s t No33 n
No35)

Nc ngt l rt cn thit i vi cuc sng

con ngi, h sinh thi v pht trin kinh t.
Mi ni cn nc ngt, t cuc sng con
ngi, sn xut lng thc, ngh c, cng
nghip, thu in, hng hi v ti sinh.
Cc ch s nc ngt trong b ch s gm hai
yu t quan trng l: cht lng v s
lng. Vic cn kit ngun nc cho thy nhu
cu v nc ca mt quc gia v tnh trng
thiu nc. Nhu cu xy ca cc h sinh thi
cho thy 2 kha cnh, l sc kho ca h
sinh thi v sc kho con ngi. 3 ch s ny
l rt quan trng i vi vn chnh sch v
l cng c quan trng cp quc gia.

Vn mi
trng

a dng sinh hc (cc

ch s t No36
No38)

a dng sinh hc khng ch ni n tnh a

dng loi m cn s phong ph ca gen v s
lng phong ph ca loi, mi trng sng v
h sinh thi. a dng sinh hc gen, loi v h
sinh thi l cc sn phm v dch v quan
trng cho cuc sng sung tc ca con ngi.
Bo tn a dng sinh hc gip m bo tri
t s m ng chc nng ca mnh l duy
tr mi trng sinh thi t nhin v tho mn
nhu cu ca tt c cc sinh th sng. S thay
i, mt mt v suy thoi lin quan n a
dng sinh hc c th nh hng nghim trng
n kinh t, vn ho v o c, sinh thi.
Trn 40% kinh t th gii v khong 80% nhu
cu ca ngi ngho trn th gii ph thuc
vo s a dng sinh hc.
Cc ch s v a dng sinh hc c la chn
cho thy phm vi ca cc h sinh thi quan
trng c la chn, s phong ph loi v %
cc din tch c bo v trong tng din tch.

Vn th
ch

Khung th ch (cc ch
s No53 v No54)

Cc cng c chnh sch v php lut hp l l

mt mi trng tt pht trin bn vng.
Vic hi ho cc yu t x hi, kinh t v mi
trng l rt quan trng trong khung th ch.

81

Ch
ca
chng
trnh ngh
s 21

Ch nh

Ni dung

Vic thc hin cc chin lc pht trin bn

vng v cng c quc t s gp phn ci
thin iu kin mi trng v kinh t x hi
v gip gim xung t gia cc quc gia
Cc ch s quan trng nm trong khu th ch
cho thy s sn sng ca mt quc gia v cam
kt chuyn t cch tip cn phn on sang
tip cn dng chnh th lun, v d tin n
qu trnh pht trin bn vng. Cc quc gia
th nghim gi a ra 2 ch s, chin lc
pht trin bn vng v thc hin cc cam kt
quc t phn tch cc vn ln ca cc
quyt nh v cng c quc t. C hai ch s
ny rt d xy dng v chng cho thy cc
hot ng th ch cn c tin hnh h
tr pht trin bn vng mt cch ton din.
Nng lc th ch (cc
ch s t No55 No58)

t c pht trin bn vng, mt quc

gia cn phi giu tim nng con ngi v ti
nguyn. Tim nng ca mt nc c th c
o bng k nng ca ngun nhn lc, mc
pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh, c cu t
chc, nng lc th ch v ngun ti nguyn
thin nhin. Nng lc th ch lm cho cng
tc lp k hoch, thc thi v gim st tr nn
tt hn trong qu trnh pht trin bn vng.
Nng lc tt hn s gip ci thin k nng
ca cng ng v nng lc gii quyt cc vn
ni cm; nh gi cc chnh sch v
phng php tip cn; nhn bit c chnh
xc cc mt hn ch.

2. Lut t ai
Lut t ai c Quc hi ban hnh nm 1993. Lut quy nh vic qun l v
s dng t, quyn v trch nhim ca ngi s dng t. Ni dung Lut gm:
Chng I: Quy nh chung
Chng II: Qun l nh nc v t
Chng III: Quy nh vic s dng cc loi t
Chng IV: Quyn v trch nhim ca ngi s dng t
Chng V: Quy nh vic thu t ca cc c nhn v t chc quc t
Chng VI: Quy nh v x l vi phm

82

Chng VII: Quy nh vic thc hin

3. Lut thu sn
Lut thu sn do Quc hi ban hnh ngy 26/11/2003 gm nhng ni dung chnh sau:
Chng I: Nhng quy nh chung
Chng II: Bo v v pht trin ngun li thu sn
Chng III: Khai thc thu sn
Chng IV: Nui trng thu sn
Chng V: Thuyn v cc dch v khc phc v hot ng nh bt c
Chng VI: Ch bin, bun bn, xut v nhp khu c
Chng VII: Hp tc quc t trong hot ng thu sn
Chng VIII: Qun l nh nc v hot ng thu sn
Chng IX: Pht v khen thng
Chng X: Quy nh vic thc hin
4. Chin lc pht trin lm nghip Vit Nam 2006 - 2020
(Do Th tng ban hnh v km theo Quyt nh s 18/2007/QD-TTg, ngy 5/2/2007)
Chin lc lm nghip Vit Nam giai on 2006 2020 l cn thit, l c s
nh hng pht trin ngnh mt cch lu di. Chin lc c xy dng trn c s
Chin lc c, giai on 2001 2010 c B NN&PTNT ph duyt v khung Chng
trnh h tr ngnh lm nghip (FSSP) v a thm mt s im v nh hng mi p
ng yu cu ca qu trnh ci cch, hi nhp kinh t quc t v pht trin bn vng. Ni
dung ca Chin lc gm 8 phn:
Phn 1: Tnh hnh hin nay ca ngnh lm nghip
Phn 2: Bi cnh v k hoch pht trin
Phn 3: Quan im, mc tiu v nh hng pht trin
Phn 4: Gii php thc hin
Phn 5: Cc chng trnh
Phn 6: Thc hin
Phn 7: Gim st v nh gi
Phn 8: D kin nhu cu ti chnh v cc ngun
Ni dung quan trng ca Chin lc l phn 3 v 5 c cp chi tit di y.
Phn 3: Quan im, mc tiu v nh hng pht trin
I. Quan im pht trin
1. Pht trin lm nghip ng b t qun l, bo v, pht trin, s dng hp l ti
nguyn, t trng rng, ci to rng n khai thc ch bin lm sn, dch v mi
trng, du lch sinh thi (nh quan nh ngha v lm nghip c trnh
by trong phn M u)
2. Pht trin lm nghip phi ng gp ngy cng tng vo tng trng kinh t, xo
i, gim ngho v bo v mi trng.

83

3. Qun l, s dng v pht trin rng bn vng l nn tng cho pht trin lm
nghip.
4. Pht trin lm nghip phi trn c s y nhanh v lm su sc hn ch trng
x hi ha ngh rng, thu ht cc ngun lc u t cho bo v v pht trin
rng.
II. Mc tiu v nhim v n nm 2020
1. Mc tiu

Thit lp, qun l, bo v, pht trin v s dng bn vng 16,24 triu ha t

c quy hoch cho lm nghip; nng t l t c rng ln 42 - 43% vo nm
2010 v 47% vo nm 2020; m bo c s tham gia rng ri hn ca cc thnh
phn kinh t v t chc x hi vo cc hot ng lm nghip nhm ng gp
ngy cng tng vo qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi, bo v mi trng sinh
thi, bo tn a dng sinh hc, cung cp cc dch v mi trng, xa i gim
ngho, nng cao mc sng cho ngi dn nng thn min ni v gp phn gi
vng an ninh quc phng.

2. Nhim v
a) Nhim v kinh t

Thit lp, qun l, bo v, pht trin v s dng bn vng 3 loi rng. Qun l tt
rng t nhin hin c, gia tng din tch v nng sut rng trng, tng cng cc
hot ng nng lm kt hp v s dng c hiu qu cc din tch t trng i
trc ph hp cho pht trin lm nghip. Sn xut, ch bin g v lm sn ngoi g
c tnh cnh tranh v bn vng p ng v c bn nhu cu ni a v tham gia
xut khu cc sn phm g v lm sn khc.

b) Nhim v x hi

Ci thin sinh k ca ngi lm ngh rng thng qua x hi ho v a dng ho

cc hot ng lm nghip; to cng n vic lm, nng cao nhn thc, nng lc
v mc sng ca ngi dn; c bit ch ng bo cc dn tc t ngi, cc h
ngho v ph n vng su, vng xa tng bc to cho ngi dn lm ngh
rng c th sng c bng ngh rng, gp phn xo i, gim ngho v gi
vng an ninh quc phng; cc nhim v c th l:

To thm 2 triu vic lm mi trong lm nghip (bao gm c khu vc ch bin

g, lm sn ngoi g v cc lng ngh th cng m ngh).

Tng thu nhp, gp phn xo i v gim 70% s h ngho trong cc vng lm

nghip trng im;

Hon thnh giao, cho thu rng v t lm nghip cho cc t chc, doanh
nghip, h gia nh, c nhn, cng ng trc nm 2010.

c) Nhim v mi trng

Bo v rng, bo tn thin nhin v a dng sinh hc nhm thc hin c hiu

qu chc nng phng h ca ngnh lm nghip l: Phng h u ngun, phng
h ven bin, phng h mi trng th, gim nh thin tai, chng xi mn, gi
ngun nc, bo v mi trng sng; to ngun thu cho ngnh lm nghip t
cc dch v mi trng (ph mi trng, th trng kh thi CO2, du lch sinh
thi, du lch vn ho, ngh dng) ng gp cho nn kinh t t nc.

84

Nng che ph rng ln 42 - 43 % vo nm 2010 v ln 47% vo nm 2020;

n nm 2010 trng 0,25 triu ha rng phng h v rng c dng;

Gim thiu n mc thp nht cc v vi phm vo rng. Hn ch canh tc

nng ry trn t lm nghip.

Phn 5: Cc chng trnh

Nhng mc tiu v nh hng ca Chin lc pht trin lm nghip s c
thc hin thng qua cc chng trnh sau y.
I. Chng trnh qun l v pht trin rng bn vng
1. Mc tiu

Qun l, pht trin v s dng rng bn vng, c hiu qu nhm p ng v c

bn nhu cu lm sn cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu, ng gp vo tng
trng kinh t quc dn, n nh x hi, c bit ti khu vc cc dn tc t ngi
v min ni, ng thi bo m vai tr phng h, bo tn a dng sinh hc v
cung cp cc dch v mi trng, gp phn pht trin bn vng quc gia.

2. Nhim v

Thit lp lm phn quc gia n nh cho 3 loi rng, lp bn v cm mc trn

thc a, trong qun l bn vng v hiu qu ton b din tch rng sn xut
n nh 3,63 triu ha rng t nhin 4,15 triu ha rng trng (bao gm rng trng
nguyn liu cng nghip, lm sn ngoi g v cc loi rng trng khc);

Tt c rng v t lm nghip c giao, cho thu cho cc ch qun l trc

nm 2010.

Xy dng v thc hin k hoch qun l rng v tng cng nng lc cho cc
ch rng nh: cc cng ty lm nghip, hp tc x, cng ng, doanh nghip c
vn u t nc ngoi.

Sn xut g n nh t rng t nhin, rng trng v cy trng phn tn, n nm

2010 t 9,7 triu m3 g/nm v n nm 2020 t 20 - 24 triu m3/nm (trong
c 10 triu m3 g ln) v pht trin lm sn ngoi g nhm p ng phn ln
nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu;

Cung cp g nh cho ch bin bt giy: n nm 2010 l 3,4 triu m3;

nm 2020 l 8,3 triu m3;

Nng cao nng sut v cht lng rng trng trung bnh t 15 m3 g/ha/nm
trn c s thc hin Chin lc ging cy lm nghip giai on 2006 - 2020.

Lm giu 0,5 triu ha rng ngho kit gp phn nng cao cht lng rng t
nhin.

Trng rng mi n nm 2010 t 1,0 triu ha (trong trng rng sn xut t

0,75 triu ha, rng phng h v rng c dng trng mi 0,25 triu ha) v 1,5
triu ha cho giai on sau; trng li rng sau khai thc t 0,3 triu ha/nm.

Trng cy phn tn 200 triu cy/nm tng ng vi 100.000 ha rng phc

v nhu cu g gia dng v g ci cc a phng.

Kim k rng theo nh k; cng c v cp nht c s d liu ti nguyn rng

v kinh t x hi lin quan.

85

100% cc n v sn xut kinh doanh xy dng, thc hin v gim st, nh gi

phng n iu ch rng.

C t nht 30% din tch rng sn xut c cp chng ch qun l rng bn

vng n nm 2020.

u t trang thit b hin i ho cng tc qun l rng.

II. Chng trnh bo v rng, bo tn a dng sinh hc v pht trin cc dch v mi

trng.
1. Mc tiu

Bo v rng v bo tn a dng sinh hc (DSH) mt cch c hiu qu, c s

tham gia tch cc ca cng ng dn c a phng v tng cng ng gp ca
cc dch v mi trng t rng.

2. Nhim v
a) Bo v rng (Phng h, c dng v sn xut)

Bo v c hiu qu 16,24 triu ha din tch rng v t lm nghip;

100% cc vn bn quy nh v bo v rng c tuyn truyn ph bin n cc

ch rng v ngi dn trong vng;

Nh nc tip tc giao khon bo v 1,5 triu ha rng phng h v c dng n

nm 2010.

Gim 80% s v vi phm php lut v bo v v pht trin rng;

100% cc ch rng, thn, x c rng c lc lng bo v rng. 100% cn b

kim lm a bn x v lc lng bo v rng c o to nng cao nng lc;

u t c s h tng, trang thit b, chi ph hot ng cho bo v, phng chy,

cha chy v phng tr su bnh hi rng.

b) Qun l h thng rng phng h v rng c dng

Xy dng v cng c h thng rng phng h (u ngun, ven bin v mi

trng th) vi tng din tch khong 5,68 triu ha v h thng rng c dng
vi tng din tch khng qu 2,16 triu ha;

100% khu rng phng h v rng c dng c ch qun l (t chc nh nc, t

nhn hoc cng ng) v c quy hoch, k hoch bo v v pht trin rng
trung, di hn; n nm 2010

Tip tc th nghim v nhn rng hnh thc qun l rng cng ng v cc hnh
thc khc (cng ng qun l, cng ty c phn, hp tc x, lin doanh lin
kt...).

c) Cc dch v mi trng

Nghin cu nh gi cc dch v mi trng ca rng nh bo v ngun nc,

chng xi mn t, chng bi t, hp th CO2, du lch sinh thi...; xy dng c
ch chi tr cho cc dch v mi trng trong giai on 2006 - 2010;

n nm 2007, xy dng v trin khai hot ng Qu bo v v pht trin rng.

III. Chng trnh ch bin v thng mi lm sn

1. Mc tiu

86

Sn xut cc sn phm c kh nng cnh tranh quc t ch yu da vo ngun

g v lm sn ngoi g ni a bn vng; p dng cng ngh tin tin v thn
thin vi mi trng nhm p ng v c bn cc nhu cu tiu dng trong nc
v xut khu; xy dng cng nghip ch bin lm sn tr thnh mi nhn kinh t
ca ngnh Lm nghip.

2. Nhim v

T chc li ngnh cng nghip ch bin g v lm sn ngoi g cn i gia

nng lc sn xut v ngun cung cp nguyn liu n nh.

Tng cng nng lc sn xut cng nghip ch bin lm sn p ng c bn

cc nhu cu trong nc v xut khu.

n nm 2020, lm sn ngoi g tr thnh mt trong cc ngnh hng sn xut

chnh, chim trn 20% tng gi tr sn xut lm nghip, gi tr lm sn ngoi g
xut khu tng bnh qun 15- 20%; thu ht 1,5 triu lao ng v thu nhp t lm
sn ngoi g chim 15 - 20% trong kinh t h gia nh nng thn.

IV. Chng trnh nghin cu, gio dc, o to v khuyn lm (RETE)

1. Mc tiu

Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu ca cc hot ng nghin cu, gio dc, o
to v khuyn lm nhm pht trin ngun nhn lc c cht lng cao cho ngnh
Lm nghip. Ly khoa hc cng ngh lm ng lc cho pht trin ngnh, gn
nghin cu, o to vi sn xut v th trng nhm nng cao cc ng gp vo
tng trng kinh t lm nghip, bo v mi trng v ci thin mc sng cho
nhng ngi dn lm ngh rng.

2. Nhim v
a) Nghin cu

Tp trung nghin cu mt s lnh vc mi nhn nh cng ngh sinh hc, cng

ngh tnh ch lm sn ngoi g, trng rng cao sn, nng lm kt hp v ci to
rng t nhin ngho kit;

Ci tin cng ngh v trang thit b cho cng nghip ch bin lm sn tng
nng lc cnh tranh, p ng yu cu hi nhp kinh t quc t;

Nghin cu c s khoa hc v thc tin xy dng cc chnh sch c tnh t

ph trong ngnh Lm nghip (sn xut c li nhun cao, x hi ho, pht trin
lm sn ngoi g, nh gi dch v mi trng, thu ht vn khu vc t nhn
trong v ngoi nc...)

b) Gio dc v o to

o to chnh quy bnh qun mi nm khong 5.000 sinh vin hc sinh trong
cc trng ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, ch o to nng cao
cho cc cn b ch cht;

o to ngh cho 50% nng dn lm ngh rng v khu vc cc lng ngh ch

bin lm sn;

T nm 2008, a gio dc bo v mi trng v rng vo ging dy trong tt

c cc trng hc ph thng;

87

80% cn b qun l rng a phng c o to v iu tra rng v xy

dng, thc thi k hoch qun l bo v rng;

Nng cao nng lc cho i ng cn b ging dy v trang thit b c bn cho cc

vin, trng lm nghip;

Hon thin v cp nht cc chng trnh, gio trnh o to p ng yu cu

i mi v hi nhp kinh t quc t;

Tng cng lin kt gia h thng o to lm nghip vi h thng khuyn lm.

n nm 2020 c t 1 n 2 trng o to lm nghip t chun quc t.

c) Khuyn lm

Nng cao trnh chuyn mn v qun l, bo v rng cho 80% h nng dn;

Thu ht 50% thnh phn kinh t khu vc t nhn v cc t chc on th tham

gia cc hot ng khuyn lm;

B tr t nht 1 cn b khuyn lm chuyn trch hoc kim nhim cho mi x

nhiu rng; pht trin v tng cng nng lc cho h thng khuyn lm t
nguyn;

Ci tin v cp nht ni dung, phng php khuyn lm ph hp vi trnh

ca nng dn, c bit cc h ngho v dn tc t ngi;

Xy dng mi lin kt gia h thng khuyn lm v o to vi cc ch rng v

doanh nghip ch bin lm sn.

V. Chng trnh i mi th ch, chnh sch, lp k hoch v gim st ngnh lm

nghip
1. Mc tiu

To mi trng php l thun li cho cc hot ng lm nghip theo nh

hng th trng v hi nhp quc t, c s tham gia rng ri ca khu vc h
gia nh, cng ng v t nhn; kin ton h thng t chc ng thi i mi
cng tc lp k hoch v gim st ngnh lm nghip.

2. Nhim v
a) Xy dng v cp nht h thng chnh sch, php lut v th ch lm nghip theo
hng phn cp nhiu hn cho a phng v pht trin lm nghip bn vng
theo nh hng th trng v x hi ha ngh rng.
b) Xy dng c ch chnh sch to ng lc thc y cc thnh phn kinh t tham
gia bo v v pht trin rng, khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh t trong, ngoi
nc tham gia u t kinh doanh pht trin kinh t lm nghip.
c) T chc li v nng cao hiu lc ca h thng qun l nh nc v lm nghip
theo hng thng nht chc nng qun l, bo v, s dng v pht trin rng;
lm r chc nng, nhim v ca t chc lm nghip cc cp v a dng ho cc
loi hnh dch v lm nghip.
d) T chc mt s cng ty lm nghip nh nc hot ng theo c ch th trng
ti nhng vng lm nghip xa xi kh khn m cc thnh phn kinh t ngoi
quc doanh cha sn sng u t; thc hin c phn ho cc doanh nghip sn
xut lm nghip v ch bin lm sn ca nh nc ang hot ng km hiu
qu.

88

e) Xy dng, thc hin v m rng cc hnh thc qun l bo v rng cng ng.
f) Thit lp h thng khuyn lm nh nc cc cp v c c ch h tr t chc
khuyn lm t nguyn cho thn, x c rng.
g) Xy dng cc n v chuyn trch v gim st, nh gi gn vi vic kin ton
h thng lp k hoch lm nghip cc cp.
5. Lut bo v mi trng
Lut do Quc hi ban hnh ngy 29/11/2005. Lut tp trung vo cc hot ng,
chnh sch v bin php bo v mi trng v ngun lc bo v mi trng, quyn
v ngha v ca cc t chc, h gia nh, c nhn tham gia bo v mi trng.
i tng p dng:

Mi t chc, h gia nh v c nhn sng trong v ngoi nc, cc t chc, c

nhn nc ngoi ang sinh sng trn lnh th Vit Nam.

Quy nh bo v mi trng:

Bo v mi trng phi gn vi pht trin kinh t v m bo tin b x hi, bo

v mi trng phi ph hp vi bo v mi trng cp vng v ton quc.

Bo v mi trng l mt cng vic ca ton x hi, quyn v ngha v ca cc

t chc, n v, h gia nh v c nhn.

Cc hot ng bo v mi trng phi thng xuyn, ngn chn phi i i vi

chng nhim, suy thoi v ci thin cht lng mi trng.

Bo v mi trng phi ph hp vi cc quy nh v c im t nhin, vn

ho, lch s v mc pht trin kinh t ca quc gia trong tng thi k.

Cc t chc, h gia nh v c nhn gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng phi chu

trch nhim n b theo Lut.

6. Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi quc gia giai on 2001- 2010

Mc tiu tng th ca Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi quc gia giai on
2001-2010 l a t nc tin ln pht trin, ci thin i sng vn ho, tinh thn v
vt cht ca ngi dn; to a t nc tin ln cng nghip ho theo hng
hin i n nm 2020 v c bn. Chin lc nhm m bo ngun nhn lc, nng lc
khoa hc k thut, h tng c s, tin nng kinh t, an ninh quc phng c tng
cng; Cc n v hot ng trong nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch
ngha c thit lp v c bn v nng cao v th ca t nc trn trng quc t.
C th, chin lc nhm m bo rng n nm 2010, GDP s t nht tng gp 2
ln so vi nm 2000 v tng ch s pht trin con ngi (HDI). Bn cnh , chin lc
cng cp n nng cao nng lc khoa hc k thut ng dng thnh tu khoa hc
mi tin dn n tiu chun quc t v t n lc pht trin mt s lnh vc, c bit l
cng ngh thng tin, sinh hc, vt liu mi v t ng ho. h tng c s p ng pht
trin kinh t x hi, anh ninh quc phng v to ra bc ngot. Hn na, vai tr ch o
ca kinh t nh nc c tng cng, qun l cc ngnh trng im ca nn kinh t;
doanh nghip t nhn c c cu li v pht trin m bo hiu qu sn xut v kinh
doanh. Kinh t tp th, kinh t t nhn v kinh t h, kinh t t bn t nhn v kinh t
c vn u t nc ngoi pht trin rc r v lu di. Cc n v ca nn kinh t theo
nh hng x hi ch ngha c thit lp mt cch c bn v vn hnh tt, c hiu
qu.

89

7. Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din

Chin lc tng trng v xo i gim ngho ton din c Chnh ph ban
hnh gm 6 phn. Mc tiu tng th ca Vit Nam giai on 2001-2010 l nng cao i
sng vn ho, vt cht v tinh thn ca ngi dn, to a t nc i ln cng
nghip ho v hin i ho, dn giu, nc mnh v x hi cng bng, dn ch, vn
minh, thit lp th ch ca mt nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha,
bo v v bo tn ti nguyn quc gia v bn sc vn ho dn tc cho th h mai sau.
Cng vi mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi v xo i gim ngho, chin lc cn
cp mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng v xy dng k hoch hnh ng gii
quyt vn ny.
Theo ni dung chin lc, rt cn thu hp khong cch x hi gia cc vng v
nhm dn s, gim cc mt hn ch ca ngi ngho v cc nhm sng trong iu kin
kh khn; nhn thc vn bnh ng gii v tin b ph n; n nh v nng cao i
sng ngi dn tc thiu s; m rng mng li an ton x hi v bo v x hi v pht
trin mt h thng phn ng nhanh; m rng s tham gia v tng cng vai tr ca cc
t chc x hi trong nc, cc t chc phi chnh ph trong qu trnh xy dng v thc
thi mng li an ton x hi.
8. Lut bo v v pht trin rng
Lut a ra cc nh ngha lin quan n rng v pht trin rng v cc cc quy
nh chi tit v phn loi rng; quyn ca nh nc v bo v v pht trin rng, giao
rng cho cng ng thn bn, gi rng, ng k quyn s dng rng, quyn s hu
rng sn xut l rng trng; thng k v kim k rng, gim st din bin ti nguyn
rng v trch nhim bo v rng
Ni dung chnh l bo v h sinh thi rng, ng vt, thc vt rng, phng
chng chy rng Mt s ni dung quy nh khai thc v bun bn lm sn. theo ,
vic khai thc lm sn phi tun th cc quy nh v qun l rng, khng gy tc ng
xu n mc tiu bo tn rng v bo v phong cnh rng v ph hp vi cc quy nh
sau. Trong , cho php khai thc cy cht v cy , lm sn ngoi g, ngoi tr cc
loi cy rng qu, him v ang b e do b cm khai thc theo quy nh ca Chnh
ph v ch qun l v bo v ng, thc vt rng qu, him, ang b e do v danh
mc cc loi ng, thc vt rng qu, him v ang b e do. Bn cnh , vic sn,
bt v by ng vt rng cng b cm. Lut nhn mnh vn khai thc v s dng
rng sn xut phi m bo duy tr din tch rng, pht trin tr lng rng v cht
lng rng v ph hp vi qun l rng. cc c nhn ph hoi rng, t rng hay lm
h hi ti nguyn rng, khai thc rng tri php, sn, bt v nht ng vt rng tri
php; mua bn, kinh doanh hoc vn chuyn lm sn hoc khng tun th cc quy nh
ca lut v bo v v pht trin rng s b x pht hnh chnh hoc truy cu trch nhim
hnh s theo lut nh tu thuc vo tnh cht v mc nghim trng ca s vic.

90

Ph lc 2. Danh sch ngi c phng vn v mi lin h gia ngho i

v mi trng
Tn
Gio s L Trng Cc

T chc

Chuyn mn

Chc v

Khoa Khoa hc mi Sinh thi con Ging vin

trng, trng Khoa ngi
hc t nhin H Ni

Tin s Nguyn Trung B TN&MT

Thng

Nghin
cu
vin cao cp

Kim Th Thu Ngc

Chuyn
vin
nghin cu v
truyn thng

B TN&MT

Gio s Ng c Vin vn ho dn gian

Thnh
V Thnh Sn

Vn ho

Trung tm nghin cu a l
ti nguyn thin nhin
v mi trng (CRES),
Trng i hc quc
gia

Thc s Nguyn Minh V Hp tc quc t - Kinh t

Tin
B NN&PTNT

Nghin
cu
vin cao cp
Ph gim c

Trng phng

Thc s Nguyn Ngc Trung tm chnh sch Kinh t nng Ph gim c

Qu
nng nghip - B nghip
NN&PTNT

91

Ph lc 3. Danh sch cc chuyn gia trong nc v quc t tham gia i

thoi v mi lin h gia ngho i v mi trng ti cc chng trnh v d
n do quc t v Vit Nam ti tr
a ch

Chng trnh/d n

Tin s Meine van

Noordwijk

Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang

Barang, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Chng trnh vng RUPES

ti Chu do IFAD ti tr

Tin s Minh Ha
Hoang

ICRAF/CIFOR

D n Rupes Vietnam do
IFAD v SIDA ti tr; d n
MEKARN H Ni v kh
sinh hc

Tin s ng Nguyn
Anh

Vietnams Asia-Pacific Center

Tin s Ann
Elizabeth Killen

Carl Bro Vietnam

Thc s Alison
Clausen

Carl Bro Vietnam

23, Ng 193, ng Tin ng,
H ni

D n EIA do ADB ti tr

Tin s Terry
Sunderland

CIFOR Global Office in Bogor,

Indonesia

Qun l rng cng ng

Chuyn gia/chuyn
vin

Phng 302, 17T5- Trung Ho

Nhn chnh, H Ni

54/12, Dao Tan street, Ba Dinh,

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

23, Ng 193, ng Tin ng,

H ni

D n v chnh sch di c
trong pht trin kinh t x hi
cc khu vc min ni do
Chnh ph ti tr
D n nc, sc kho v h
thng v sinh do DANIDA
ti tr

International NGO
Tin s Trng Vn
Tuyn

Tin s Ludovic
Lacrosse &
Tin s Trn Quang
C

HUAF
102 Phng H ng, Tp.Hu,
Vietnam
Carl Bro Vietnam
23, Ng 193, ng Tin ng,
H ni

D n nghin ncu CBNRM

ti m ph Tam Giang ti
tnh Tha Thin Hu
Cc d n v nng lng ti
to

92

Ph lc 4. Rupes Vit Nam bi hc kinh nghim 7

i vi cc t chc quc t tham gia lm vic ti Vit Nam nh ICRAF, IUCN,
CIFOR, Winrock International, th khi nim Rupes (Hng li t dch v mi trng)
v PES (Chi tr ph dch v mi trng) c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau. Ch c duy
nht WWF ch trng n PES. IUCN v Winrock International dng nh khng c s
phn bit gia Rupes v PES. Cn i vi ICRAF SEA, chng ti ch trng n n lc
ca chng ti cho Rupes. Khi nim Rupes y c nu chi tit trong phn 2.2.
1. Cc hot ng khen thng ca ICRAF-CIFOR v cc i tc ti Vit Nam
Trong giai on 2002-2005, mt ban i tc gm ICRAF v CIFOR v mt vi
t chc trong nc khc tin hnh mt s nghin cu tin nhgi, phng vn cc
bn lin quan. Hot ng ny c a ra tho lun ti hi tho vi cc bn t chc
ti Tha Thin Hu ngy 3-4/12/2004. Sau hi tho vi cc bn ti Tha Thin Hu
thng 12/2004 t chc mt s hi tho nh ti Vin Khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam
v tng hnh dinh ca CIFOR-ICRAF SEA ti Bogor, Indonesia a ra cc hot
ng c th cho Rupes Vit Nam. Ni dung ny c xy dng thnh xut d n
trnh Qu u thc cho ngnh Lm nghip (TFF) do Vn phng iu phi Chng trnh
h tr ngnh lm nghip (FSSP CO) qun l thng 11/2005 ( y gi l xut TFF).
Cc bn tham gia gm: Cc kim lm, Cc lm nghip, Trng i hc nng lm Hu,
IUCN v WWF, GEF ca B TN&MT cho kin v tng d n ti cuc hp
c t chc vo ngy 20/12/2004 ti Vin Khoa hc lm nghip cng nh mt s cuc
hp khng chnh thc khc gia t cng tc vi cc bn tham gia.
2. Khi nim Rupes do ICRAF SEA a ra 8
c im th trng c nh ngha l thc t, c tnh t nguyn v c iu
kin. nh hng ca chng n ngho i an xen ln nhau. Nhiu vn mi trng
v mc khan him dch v sinh thi gia tng l do khng c th trng. S chm
ch v mt thi gian, nguyn nhn - kt qu phc tp v nhiu quyn v ngha v trong
vn mi trng lm cho cc vn lin quan n dch v trong qu trnh ra quyt
nh tp trung vo cc hnh ho c th trng. Cn kt hp g gia c im v vn
thiu th trng to ra c ch hiu qu, bn vng v cng bng v t trnh suy
thoi mi trng? Cc c ch da vo th trng v hng ngho c kh thi khng?
Chng ti a ra xc nh cc c hi i bn cng c li gia ngi hng
li t dch v mi trng v ngi qun l ti nguyn tc ng ln nhau nhm to ra
quy ch p dng cho vn mi trng. Chng ti kt hp gia nguyn tc v ni dung
ca thuyt phc li x hi, phng php qun l ti nguyn thin nhin tng hp v
kinh t th ch t c khung tiu ch v ch s chung cng nh lm r phng
php a bn (8 bn nh c xc nh t trc) v nhng thch thc trong xo i
gim ngho thng qua c ch bi hon v khen thng.
Tiu ch lin quan n hiu qu, hiu sut v tnh bn vng ca c ch hng li
c a ra lin quan n cc cu hi sau:
(1) Vic hng li c thc t khng?
(2) H s t nguyn?
(3) p dng iu kin no?
Tiu ch v vn cng bng lin quan n 3 cu hi sau:
7
8

c trch t Bo co ca ICRAF ti Vit Nam v d n Rupes do IFAD v ICRAF ti tr.

Ni dung ny c Meine van Noordwijk d tho trnh by ti Hi tho Lo thng 12/2006.

93

(1) Ngho i c lin quan n dch v mi trng khng?

(2) Ai s b loi ra?
(3) Bn hng li c phi l ngi ngho khng?
3. cp a phng t chc cc nghin cu im v tt c cc loi hnh dch v
mi trng
3.1. Phong cnh v du lch sinh thi
T gc ca IUCN, phong cnh cn c lu tm hn Vit Nam v a hnh
cng nh kh hu to cho Vit Nam c mt phong cnh tuyt p v c nhiu tim nng
pht trin chi tr ph dch v mi trng. V d v m hnh c ch ci thin h thng
hng li cho cng ng t dch v mi trng i tc ICRAF-CIFOR ti vit Nam ln
k hoch. Mt m hnh v h thng hng li cho cng ng v dch v phng h u
ngun v phong cnh s c th nghim ti Sui Voi ca huyn Ph Lc. Ngi
mua/ngi ng h cc dch v mi trng l hot ng du lch da vo thin nhin 9 .
WWF cng quan tm n vic th nghim cc hot ng chi tr ph dch v mi
trng v v p phong cnh mang li, c bit l du lch sinh thi bin Vit Nam.
Mt s d n sinh thi bin c tin hnh ti Ph Quc, C Lao Chm v Cn o
nhm khm ph c hi thu li t dch v mi trng trong khu vc 10 . Hai d n chi tr
dch v mi trng c ph duyt gn y v phong cnh l Du lch da vo cng
ng v bo tn a dng sinh hc bin v ven bin v s dng bn vng ti Cn o
d kin s th nghim cc m hnh v c ch chi tr do cng ty nc gii kht ti h lu
sng Hng thanh ton cho hot ng bo v a dng sinh hc ti khu vc thng
ngun (khng r ai l ngi bn, cng ng, nng dn hay doanh nghip t nhn) v
nhng ngi s dng khc nhau tr cho qun l bn vng thng qua mt qu u thc 11 .
3.2. Chc nng phng h u ngun
IUCN cng cho rng phng h u ngun c tim nng ln giai on ny ti
Chu . Cn xem xt c hai kha cnh: cht lng v s lng nc v ph thu c t
dch v ny c th khng em tr li cho ngi cung cp m c s dng vo mc
ch khc - dch v lu di. Mt v d v i tc ICRAF-CIFOR ti Vit Nam v m
hnh thanh ton ph dch v mi trng cho cng ng tham gia cung cp nc sch cho
cc nh my thu in v cc nh my s c th nghim ti khu vc ca d n hnh
lang xanh (VD: H T Trch v sng Hng thuc tnh Tha Thin Hu). Mt s h
thng khuyn khch lin quan n qun l v tip th sn phm g v lm sn ngoi g
c ln k hoch th nghim ti huyn A Li ca tnh Tha Thin Hu. y c
xem l li ch t chc nng phng h u ngun.
WWF cng ang thc hin 3 d n th nghim cc m hnh thanh ton ph
dch v mi trng cho chc nng phng h u ngun, bao gm:
(i) D n Thanh ton tin nc dc h lu sng ng Nai. D n ny kim tra c ch
thanh ton m ngi hng li ti khu vc h lu tr cho dch v bo v thng lu.
Ngi mua v ngi bn ang c xc nh.

V d ny c a ra trong xut ca ICRAF-CIFOR-FSIV gi TFF nm 2005.

Thng tin ny c thu thp thng qua qu trnh tham vn vi Richard McNelly ang lm vic cho t
chc WWF Vit Nam
11
Bi trnh by ca WWF ti Hi tho v PES a PES vo Lut a dng sinh hc
10

94

(ii) D n thanh ton tin bo v rng thng lu sng Thu Bn. D n ny s kim
tra vic thanh ton cho dch v bo v u ngun ca cc cng ty xy p m khng thu
li. Cn cha r lm th no s tin ph thu c s c s dng nh th no.
(iii) D n H tr ti chnh bn vng cho Vn quc gia Bch M. D n ny th
nghim nhiu m hnh ngi s dng t v cc hng li khc t d n ng gp vo
Qu u thc ca vn quc gia Bch M4.
Mc d lm vic ti lu vc sng ng Nai nhng khc vi WWF, JDR 3rd
Chng trnh hc bng ti Vit Nam tp trung vo tc ng ca giao t lm nghip v
y c xem nh mt c ch khen thng cho hot ng bo v rng, thnh tu, hn
ch v li ch n sinh k ca ngi dn a phng ti 6 thn (Lc Lm, Lc Ph,
Quc Oai, An Nhn, Ph L v Vnh An) 12 . Nghin cu cho thy c ch khen
thng cho ngi ngho v bo v u ngun v m bo li ch cho ngi hng li
ti h lu l khng tng xng vi dch v h mang li. Kt lun rng c rt nhiu khc
hng tim nng s c xem xt n to ra mt c ch thanh ton bn vng v hiu
qu hn. iu ny ph hp vi nhng g m CIFOR v ICRAF nghin cu7,8 .
3.3. a dng sinh hc
i tc ICRAF-CIFOR-WWF ti tnh Tha Thin Hu tho lun v vic lm
th no xc nh ngi mua/ngi h tr bo tn quc t tim nng trong khun kh
d n hnh lang xanh cho bo v a dng sinh hc loi Saola 13 .
WWF hin ang tin hnh 3 d n kim tra cc phng php tip cn thanh
ton ph dch v mi trng, trong gm: (i) khuyn khch trng v pht trin th
trng cho din tch trng da bng vic to iu kin thun li bn sn phm cho
ngi nng dn trng da ti tnh Lm ng; (ii) ngi s dng cui cng tr tin cho
vic qun l bn vng khi mua cc sn phm ng nghip c chng ch v khch hng
tr cho nhn hiu sinh hc ti Ph Quc v Bn Tre v (iii) ngi s dng cui cng tr
cho vic qun l bn vng khi mua cc sn phm g v lm sn c chng ch v khch
hng tr cho nhn hiu sinh hc quy m quc gia (FSC hoc CoC). Do cc d n ny
vn cn trong giai on u trin khai nn bi hc kinh nghim ch c th c trong
nhng nm tip theo. WWF cng ang xy dng mt d n mi v dch v a dng sinh
hc thit lp mt c ch i tc cho cc khch sn v cng ty du lch pht trin du
lch sinh thi ti o Ph Quc4.
3.4. Hp th kh cc bon
Vin khoa hc lm nghip v Cc lm nghip ca ang lm vic v c ch pht
trin sch. y l mt c ch thc y hot ng trng rng. Cc hot ng xy dng
nng lc v c ch pht trin sch do SNV iu phi 14
4. cp chnh sch
Nh thng nht vi i tc ICRAF-CIFOR, thng qua cc nghin cu
tin hnh 15 , IUCN cng ch ra nhng hn ch khi thit lp v thc hin PES l thiu

12

Tr cho dch v bo v u ngun: Nghin cu im ti thng ngun song ng Nai (d tho bo

co ln 1) do Nhm cng tc PES Vit Nam ca Chng trnh hc bng ln th 3 Winrock International
JDR tin hnh.
13
Ly t xut d n TFF (xem phn 2.1).
14
Lm vic ring vi ng V Tn Phng v B Khanh ti Vin Khoa hc lm nghip
15
Wunder et al.2005. Thanh ton hay kim sot tt hn. Trung tm nghin cu lm nghip quc t,
JI.CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor, Indonesia.

95

vn v li ch kinh t thu c t hot ng ny thp. Ngoi ra, mt thch thc i PES

l xc nh v thng nht gi tr m ngi mua sn sng tr. Vic nng cao nhn thc
ngi dn v tin hnh tip th l rt cn thit.
Theo IUCN, cu v cung th trng dch v mi trng Vit Nam cn
cha tng xng v dch v mi trng cung ng cha v v cha c th trng cho
dch v ny phn nh gi tr m n mang li cho x hi. Khng ch vn th trng
cha tng xng m cn vic phn loi v phn bit ngi bn v ngi mua, nh
IUCN nu, cn cha r rng Vit Nam.
IUCN c cc chuyn gia v lut s v mi trng h tr B
TN&MT chun b Lut a dng sinh hc. Mt s hi tho v hi ngh chuyn v
thanh ton dch v mi trng s c t chc trong 6 thng ti v y l mt din n
m cho cc bn tham gia tho lun vi cc nh xy dng lut v phng php thanh
ton ph dch v mi trng ti u nht ti Vit Nam. Vn cn lu thng qua cc
cuc hp ny l trong khi nhiu c quan, t chc ca Vit Nam quan tm n nh
ngha v thanh ton ph dch v mi trng th IUCN ni r l nh ngha v vic
hiu thut ng thanh ton ph dch v mi trng chu s tc ng ca cc yu t x hi,
kinh t, chnh tr. Do vy, chng ta cn c cch hiu ring ca chng ta v thanh ton
ph dch v mi trng 16 .

and The et al.2004. Thng cho nng dn vng cao v dch v mi trng h mang li: Kinh nghim, hn
ch v tim nng Vit Nam. Trung tm nng lm th gii (ICRAF), Vn phng vng ng Nam ,
Bogor, Indonesia.
16
Ni dung ny ly t bo co ca b Phm Thu Thu, tr l d n cho ICRAF Vit Nam, iu phi vin
ti hi tho IUCN ti i Li, ngy 26- 27/9/2006.

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