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Giaotrinh CTR&CTNH VoDinhLong
Giaotrinh CTR&CTNH VoDinhLong
H CH MINH
VIN KHOA HC CNG NGH V QUN L MI TRNG
ThS, NCS V NH LONG, ThS NGUYN VN SN
TP BI GING
MC LC
CHNG 0. M U. ............................................................................................................ 7
0.1. KHI NIM CHT THI RN ..................................................................................... 7
0.2. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN V QUN L CTR.......................................... 7
CHNG 1: NGUN GC, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN.... 9
1.1. NGUN GC PHT SINH CTR.................................................................................... 9
1.2. THNH PHN CA CTR .............................................................................................. 9
1.3. TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN.......................................................................... 12
1.3.1.Tnh cht vt l ca cht thi rn.............................................................................. 12
1.3.1.1 Khi lng ring................................................................................................ 12
1.3.1.2. m................................................................................................................ 13
1.3.1.3 Kch thc v cp phi ht................................................................................ 15
1.3.1.4. Kh nng gi nc thc t ............................................................................... 16
1.3.1.5. thm (tnh thm) ca cht thi c nn............................................... 16
1.4. XC NH KHI LNG CTR.................................................................................. 16
1.4.1.Tm quan trng ca vic xc nh khi lng cht thi rn .................................... 16
1.4.2. Cc phng php tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn............................................... 17
1.4.2.1. Phng php khi lng - th tch ................................................................... 17
1.4.2.2.Phng php m ti......................................................................................... 17
1.4.2.3. Phng php cn bng vt cht ....................................................................... 18
1.5. CC YU T NH HNG N THNH PHN V KHI LNG CHT THI
................................................................................................................................................ 21
1.5.1. nh hng cc hot ng ti sinh v gim thiu khi lng cht thi rn ti ngun:
............................................................................................................................................ 21
1.5.2.nh hng ca lut php v thi ca cng chng............................................... 22
1.5.3. nh hng ca cc yu t a l v t nhin .......................................................... 22
CHNG 2: H THNG THU GOM, TRUNG CHUYN V VN CHUYN CHT
THI RN................................................................................................................................ 24
2.1. CC LOI H THNG THU GOM............................................................................. 24
2.2. CC LOI DCH V THU GOM CHT THI RN ................................................ 24
2.2.1 H thng thu gom cht thi rn cha, khng phn loi ti ngun............................ 24
2.2.2.H thng thu gom cht thi rn phn loi ti ngun:........................................... 26
2.2.3.H thng container di ng: (HCS - Hauled Container System) ............................. 26
2.2.4. H thng container c nh: (SCS - Stationnary Container System) ...................... 26
2.3. PHN TCH H THNG THU GOM .......................................................................... 27
2.3.1.nh ngha cc thut ng .......................................................................................... 27
2
8.1 CC CNG C PHP L QUN L CTR V CHT THI NGUY HI............. 106
8.1.1. Cc phng php qun l ...................................................................................... 106
8.1.2. C cu lut mc ch l to nn c s php l thng nht, m bo mi trng
cng bng vi cc i tng............................................................................................ 106
8.1.3. Cng c hnh chnh mc ch l thc hin v h tr vic thi hnh c cu lut v c
cu chnh sch.................................................................................................................. 106
8.1.4. Gio dc cng ng mc ch l nng cao nhn thc, nhim v v trch nhim ca
cng ng v qun l cht thi. ....................................................................................... 107
8.1.5. C cu kinh t mc ch l to tnh trng kch thch v kinh t cng nh s n nh
v th trng..................................................................................................................... 107
8.1.6. H thng k thut mc ch m bo tch cht thi khi dng lun chuyn v a
v trng thi t c hi sau s c thi b................................................................. 107
8.2. CC C CH, CHNH SCH QUN L CTR V CTNH...................................... 108
8.2.1.Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun................................................................................ 108
8.2.2. Cc phng php phc hi cht thi v phm vi ng dng: ................................. 110
CHNG 0
M U
0.1. KHI NIM CHT THI RN
Cht thi rn (CTR) c hiu l tt c cc cht thi pht sinh do cc hot ng ca con
ngi v ng vt tn ti dng rn, c thi b khi khng cn hu dng hay khi khng
mun dng na.
Thut ng cht thi rn c s dng trong ti liu ny l bao hm tt c cc cht rn hn
hp thi ra t cng ng dn c th cng nh cc cht thi rn c th t cc ngnh sn
xut nng nghip, cng nghip, khai khong ... Ti liu ny c bit quan tm n cht thi rn
th, bi v s tch lu v lu ton cht thi rn c kh nng nh hng rt ln n mi
trng sng ca con ngi.
0.2. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN V QUN L CTR
Cht thi rn c t khi con ngi c mt trn tri t. Con ngi v ng vt khai thc
v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn trn tri t phc v cho i sng ca mnh v thi ra cc
cht thi rn.Khi y, s thi b cc cht thi t hot ng ca con ngi khng gy ra vn
nhim mi trng trm trng bi v mt dn c cn thp. Bn cnh din tch t cn
rng nn kh nng ng ho cc cht thi rn rt ln, do khng lm tn hi n mi
trng.
Khi x hi pht trin, con ngi sng tp hp thnh cc nhm, b lc, lng, cm dn c
th s tch ly cc cht thi rn tr thnh mt trong nhng vn nghim trng i vi cuc
sng ca nhn loi. Thc phm tha v cc loi cht thi khc b thi b ba bi khp ni
trong cc th trn, trn cc ng ph, trc l giao thng, cc khu t trng to mi trng
thun li cho s sinh sn v pht trin ca cc loi gm nhm nh chut ... Cc loi gm nhm
l im ta cho cc sinh vt k sinh nh l b cht sinh sng v pht trin.Chng l nguyn
nhn gy nn bnh dch hch.Do khng c k hoch qun l cht thi rn nn cc mm bnh
do n gy ra lan truyn trm trng Chu u vo gia th k 14.
Mi n th k 19, vic kim sot dch bnh nhm bo v sc khe cng ng mi c
quan tm.Ngi ta nhn thy rng cc cht thi rn nh thc phm d tha phi c thu gom
v tiu hu hp v sinh th mi c th kim sot cc loi gm nhm, rui, mui cng nh cc
vect truyn bnh.
Mi quan h gia sc kho cng ng vi vic lu tr, thu gom v vn chuyn cc cht
thi khng hp l th hin r rng. C nhiu bng chng cho thy cc bi rc khng hp v
sinh, cc cn nh chut, cc ni cha thc phm tha l mi trng thun li cho chut,
rui, mui v cc vectors truyn bnh sinh sn, pht trin.
Vic qun l cht thi rn khng hp l l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy
nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng kh).V d cc bi rc khng hp v sinh lm nhim
bn cc ngun: nc mt, nc ngm bi nc r rc, gy nhim khng kh bi mi hi. Kt
qu nghin cu khoa hc cho thy gn 22 cn bnh ca con ngi lin quan n vic qun
l cht thi rn khng hp l.
Cc phng php ph bin nht c s dng x l cht thi rn t u th k 20 l:
Chn lp
7
Gim thiu v t
Hin nay, h thng qun l cht thi rn khng ngng pht trin, c bit l M v cc
nc cng nghip tin tin.Nhiu h thng qun l rc vi hiu qu cao ra i nh s kt hp
ng n gia cc thnh phn sau y:
Cng ngh x l
Ni pht sinh
Khu dn c
H gia nh, bit th, chung Thc phm d tha, giy, can nha,
c.
thu tinh, can thic, nhm.
Khu thng mi
Nh kho, nh hng, ch, khch Giy, nha, thc phm tha, thy tinh,
sn, nh tr, cc trm sa cha kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.
v dch v.
C quan, cng s
Cng trnh
xy dng v
ph hu
Khu cng cng
Trng hc, bnh vin, vn Giy, nha, thc phm tha, thy tinh,
phng, cng s nh nc.
kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.
Khu nh xy dng mi, sa Gch, b tng, thp, g, thch cao,
cha nng cp m rng ng bi,...
ph, cao c, san nn xy dng.
ng ph, cng vin, khu vui
chi gii tr, bi tm.
Rc vn, cnh cy ct ta, cht thi
chung ti cc khu vui chi, gii tr.
Nh my x l nc cp, nc
thi v cc qu trnh x l cht Bn, tro
thi cng nghip khc.
Phn loi bc 2
Giy loi tr bo v tp ch
V d
Giy photocopy
Bo
Tp ch v cc loi c in n khc
Cc t ri qung co
Giy ba c lp sn gn sng
Ba c ph sp
10
2. Cht do
Hp ng dy
T lt tr em
PET
Chai nc khong
HDPE
LDPE
PVC
3. Hu c
Khc
Phim nh
a thnh phn
Nha ABS
4. Kim loi en
St
Bao b thic
5. Kim loi mu
6. Thu tinh
Bao b g, pallet, mt ca
V lon
Kim loi mu
Bao b nhm
V lon
Knh
7. Xa ban
Gach ngoi
Be tong
at
Gach cao su va cac san pham dung
trong xay dng khac
8. Khc, nguy hi
tim tng
Tro
Cht thi y t
Cht thi cng nghip
Khc
1.3. TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN
1.3.1.Tnh cht vt l ca cht thi rn
Nhng tnh cht vt l quan trng nht ca cht thi rn th l khi lng ring, m,
kch thc, s cp phi ht, kh nng gi m thc t v xp ca CTR
1.3.1.1 Khi lng ring
Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l trng lng ca mt n v vt
cht tnh trn 1 n v th tch cht thi (kg/m3). Bi v Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn thay
i tu thuc vo nhng trng thi ca chng nh: xp, cha trong cc thng cha container,
khng nn, nn nn khi bo co d liu v khi lng hay th tch cht thi rn, gi tr khi
lng ring phi ch thch trng thi (khi lng ring) ca cc mu rc mt cch r rng v
d liu khi lng ring rt cn thit c s dng c lng tng khi lng v th tch
rc cn phi qun l.
Khi lng ring thay i ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: v tr a l, ma trong nm,
thi gian lu gi cht thi. Do cn phi thn trng khi la chn gi tr thit k. Khi lng
ring ca cht thi th dao ng trong khong 180 400 kg/m3, in hnh khong 300
kg/m3.
Phng php xc nh khi lng ring ca cht thi rn
Mu cht thi rn c s dng xc nh khi lng ring c th tch khong 500 lt
sau khi xo trn u bng k thut mt phn t. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
1. nh mu cht thi rn vo thng th nghim c th tch bit (tt nht l thng c
th tch 100 lt) cho n khi cht thi y n ming thng.
2. Nng thng ln cch mt sn khong 30 cm v th ri t do xung 4 ln.
3. nh mu cht thi rn vo thng th nghim b vo cht thi nn xung.
4. Cn v ghi khi lng ca c v thng th nghim v cht thi rn.
12
5. Tr khi lng cn c trn cho khi lng ca v thng th nghim thu c khi
lng ca cht thi rn th nghim.
6. Chia khi lng CTR cho th tch ca thng th nghim thu c khi lng ring ca
cht thi rn.
7. Lp li th nghim t nht 2 ln v ly gi tr khi lng ring trung bnh.
1.3.1.2. m
m ca cht thi rn c biu din bng mt trong 2 phng php sau: Phng php
khi lng t v phng php khi lng kh.
Theo phng php khi lng t: tnh theo khi lng t ca vt liu l phn trm
khi lng t ca vt liu.
Theo phng php khi lng kh: m tnh theo khi lng kh ca vt liu l phn
trm khi lng kh vt liu.
Phng php khi lng t c s dng ph bin trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn.
m theo phng php khi lng t c tnh nh sau:
a= {(w d )/ w} x 100
Trong : a: m, % khi lng
W: khi lng mu ban u, kg
d: khi lng mu sau khi sy kh 105oC, kg
13
% khi lng
m (% khi lng)
9,0
70
Giy
34,0
Giy carton
6,0
Nha
7,0
Vi vn
2,0
10
Cao su
0,5
Da
0,5
10
18,5
60
2,0
20
Thy tinh
8,0
Can thic
6,0
Nhm
0,5
3,0
Bi, tro,
3,0
Cht hu c
Cht v c
100,0
Ngun: Integrated Solid Waste Management, McGRAW-HILL 1993
Bi tp v d 1.1: c tnh m (%) ca CTR t khu th khi bit thnh phn khi
lng ca n.
Gii p:
1. Thit lp bng tnh da vo d liu v cng thc 2-1
14
Thnh phn
% khi lng
m,
(% khi lng)
Khi lng kh
(kg)
Cht hu c
2,7
9,0
Giy
34,0
70
32,0
Giy carton
6,0
5,7
Nha
7,0
6,9
Vi vn
2,0
1,8
Cao su
0,5
10
0,5
Da
0,5
0,4
18,5
10
7,4
2,0
60
1,6
Cht thi
vn
trong
20
Cht v c
8,0
Thy tinh
6,0
5,8
Can thic
0,5
0,5
Nhm
3,0
2,9
3,0
2,8
100,0
78,8
Bi, tro
7,8
(2-2)
SC = (l + w)/2
(2-3)
SC = (l + w + h)/3
(2-4)
1/2
SC = (l x w)
(2-5)
SC = (l x w x h)1/3
(2-6)
Trong : SC
=k
16
Xc nh khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh v thu gom cht thi l mt trong nhng im
quan trng ca vic qun l cht thi rn. Nhng s liu v tng khi lng pht sinh cng
nh khi lng cht thi rn thu hi ti tun hon c s dng :
- Hoch nh hoc nh gi kt qu ca chng trnh thu hi, ti ch, tun hon vt
liu.
- Thit k cc phng tin, thit b vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn.
Vic thit k cc xe chuyn dng thu gom cc cht thi rn c phn loi ti
ngun ph thuc vo khi lng ca cc thnh phn cht thi ring bit. Kch thc ca cc
phng tin ph thuc vo lng cht thi thu gom cng nh s thay i ca chng theo tng
gi, tng ngy, hng tun, hng thng. Tng t, kch thc ca bi rc cng ph thuc vo
lng cht thi rn cn li phi em b sau khi ti sinh hon ton.
1.4.2. Cc phng php tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn
Cc phng php thng c s dng c lng khi lng cht thi rn l:
- Phng php phn tch khi lng - th tch
- Phng php m ti
- Phng php cn bng vt cht
Cc phng php ny khng tiu biu cho tt c cc trng hp m phi p dng n tu
thuc vo nhng trng hp c th.
Cc n v thng c s dng biu din khi lng cht thi rn l:
- Khu vc dn c v thng mi: Kg/(ngi.ngy m)
- Khu vc cng nghip: kg/tn sn phm; kg/ca
- Khu vc nng nghip: Kg/tn sn phm th;
1.4.2.1. Phng php khi lng - th tch
Trong phng php ny khi lng hoc th tch (hoc c khi lng v th tch) ca
cht thi rn c xc nh tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn. Phng php o th tch
thng c sai s cao.
V d 1m3 cht thi rn xp (khng nn) s c khi lng nh hn 1m3 cht thi rn
c nn cht trong xe thu gom v cng c khi lng khc so vi cht thi rn c nn rt
cht bi chn lp. V vy nu o bng th tch th kt qu phi c bo co km theo mc
nn cht ca cht thi hay l khi lng ring ca cht thi rn iu kin nghin cu.
trnh nhm ln v r rng, khi lng cht thi rn nn phi c biu din bng
phng php cn khi lng. Khi lng l c s nghin cu chnh xc nht bi v trng ti ca
xe ch rc c th cn trc tip vi bt k mc nn cht no ca cht thi rn. Nhng s
liu v khi lng rt cn thit trong tnh ton vn chuyn bi v khi lng cht thi rn vn
chuyn b hn ch bi ti trng mt cho php ca trc l giao thng. Mc khc phng
php xc nh c th tch v khi lng rt quan trng trong tnh ton thit k cng sut bi
chn lp rc, trong cc s liu c thu thp trong khong thi gian di bng cch cn v
o th tch xe thu gom.
1.4.2.2.Phng php m ti
Trong phng php ny s lng xe thu gom, c im v tnh cht ca cht thi tng
ng (loi cht thi, th tch c lng) c ghi nhn trong sut mt thi gian di. Khi lng
17
cht thi pht sinh trong thi gian kho st (gi l khi lng n v) s c tnh ton bng
cch s dng cc s liu thu thp ti khu vc nghin cu trn v cc s liu bit trc.
1.4.2.3. Phng php cn bng vt cht
y l phng php cho kt qu chnh xc nht, thc hin cho tng ngun pht sinh
ring l nh cc h dn c, nh my cng nh cho khu cng nghip v khu thng mi.
Phng php ny s cho nhng d liu ng tin cy cho chng trnh qun l cht thi rn.
Cc bc thc hin cn bng vt liu gm nhng bc thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Hnh thnh mt hp gii hn nghin cu. y l mt bc quan trng
bi v trong nhiu trng hp khi la chn gii hn ca h thng pht sinh cht
thi rn thch hp s a n cch tnh ton n gin.
Bc 2: Nhn din tt c cc hot ng pht sinh cht thi rn xy ra bn trong h
thng nghin cu m n nh hng n khi lng cht thi rn.
Bc 3: Xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn lin quan n cc hot ng nhn
din bc 2.
Bc 4: S dng cc mi quan h ton hc xc nh cht thi rn pht sinh,
thu gom v lu tr.
Cn bng khi lng vt liu c biu hin bng cc cng thc sau:
a. Dng tng qut:
cc
Khi lng vt
liu tch ly bn
trong h thng
(tch lu)
Khi lng vt
liu i vo h
thng
(nguyn + vt
liu)
cc
Khi lng
vt liu i
ra khi h
thng
(sn phm,
vt liu)
Khi lng
cht thi pht
sinh bn trong
h thng
(cht thi rn +
kh + nc
thi)
b. Dng n gin
Tch ly = vo - ra - pht sinh
c. Biu din di dng ton hc
d
= Mvo - Mra - rw x t
dt
Trong :
dM/dt
:
: Tc thay i khi lng vt liu tch ly bn trong h thng nghin
cu (kg/ngy, T/ngy)
rwcc
Trong mt s qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc, v d: sn xut phn compost khi lng
ca cht hu c s gim xung, nn s hng rw s l gi tr m. Khi vit phng trnh cn bng
khi lng th tc pht sinh lun lun c vit l s hng dng.
18
Trong thc t, kh khn gp phi khi p dng phng trnh cn bng vt liu l phi
xc nh tt c cc khi lng vt liu vo v ra ca h thng nghin cu.
Bi tp v d 1.2: c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh bnh qun trn u ngi t khu
dn c da vo cc d liu sau:
- Khu dn c gm 1.500 h dn
- Mi h dn gm 6 nhn khu
- Thi gian tin hnh gim st l 7 ngy
- Tng s xe p rc: 9 xe
- Th tch mt xe p rc: 15m3
-
Tng s xe y tay: 20 xe
Xe p rc
Xe t nhn
Th tch (m3)
15
300
40.500
0,75
100
1.500
42.000
tngs, kg/tun
Xc nh lng rc pht sinh tnh trn u ngi:
42.000kg / tuan
n
1.500 6 7 ngay/tua
= 0,67 kg/(ngi.ngy)
Bi tp v d 1.3: c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh da vo cn bng vt cht:
Mt nh my ch bin hp nhn 12 tn nguyn liu th sn xut: 5 tn can cha
cc sn phm, 0,5 tn giy carton lm thng cha cc sn phm v 0,3 tn cc loi nguyn
liu khc.
Trong s 12 tn nguyn liu th th lng sn phm c ch bin l 10 tn; 1,2 tn ph
thi c s dng lm thc n gia sc v 0,8 tn c thi b vo h thng x l nc thi.
Trong s 5 tn can c nhp vo nh my th 4 tn c lu tr trong kho s dng
trong tng lai, phn cn li c s dng ng hp; trong s can c s dng c 3% b
hng v c tch ring ti ch.
Lng giy carton nhp vo nh my c s dng ht, trong s c 5% b hng v
c tch ring ti ch.
19
u vo ca nh my sn xut hp
- 12 tn nguyn liu th
- 5 tn can
- 0,5 tn giy carton
- 0,3 tn cc loi nguyn liu khc.
2.
b. Can
c. Giy carton
+
Cn bng vt liu
12 tn nguyn liu
th
5 tn can
0,5 tn giy carton
0,3 tn cc loi vt
liu khc
Vt cht lu tr
trong h thng
4,075 tn
11,445 tn sn phm
1,2 tn ph thi lm
TAGS
0,03 tn can ti ch
0,025 tn carton ti ch
0,053 tn cc loi vt liu
khc ti ch
0,172 tn hn
hp cht thi rn
b.
thi rn ti ngun c th thc hin bng cch thit k, sn xut v ng gi cc sn phm bng
cc loi vt liu hay bao b vi th tch nh nht, hm lng c t thp nht, hay s dng cc
loi vt liu c thi gian s dng lu di hn.
Gim thiu ti ngun c th thc hin ti cc h gia nh, khu thng mi hay khu cng
nghip (through selective buying patterns and the resue of products and materials).
Gim thiu ti ngun ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong qun l cht thi rn bi v
gim thiu ti ngun ng ngha vi gim thiu mt lng ng k cht thi rn
Sau y l mt vi cch c th p dng nhm mc ch lm gim cht thi ti ngun:
- Gim phn bao b khng cn thit hay tha
- Pht trin v s dng cc sn phm bn v c kh nng sa cha
- Thay th cc sn phm ch s dng mt ln bng cc sn phm c th ti s dng (v
d cc loi dao, na, da c th ti s dng, cc loi thng cha c th s dng li)
- S dng tit kim nguyn liu (v d: giy photocopy 2 mt)
- Gia tng cc sn phm s dng vt liu ti sinh cc vt liu ti sinh cha trong cc sn
phm
- Pht trin cc chnh sch khuyn khch cc nh sn xut gim thiu cht thi.
- Chng trnh ti ch thch hp, hiu qu cho php gim ng k lng cht thi cn
phi chn lp.
1.5.2.nh hng ca lut php v thi ca cng chng
- Thi , quan im ca qun chng: khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh ra s gim
ng k nu ngi dn bng lng v sn sng thay i mun c nhn, tp qun v
cch sng ca h duy tr v bo v ti nguyn thin nhin ng thi gim gnh
nng kinh t, iu ny c ngha quan trng trong cng tc c lin quan n vn
qun l cht thi rn. Chng trnh gio dc thng xuyn l c s dn n s
thay i thay ca cng chng.
- Lut php: yu t quan trng nht nh hng n s pht sinh v khi lng cht thi
rn l s ban hnh cc lut l, qui nh c lin quan n vic s dng cc vt liu v
b ph thi, V d nh: qui nh v cc loi vt liu lm thng cha v bao b,
Chnh nhng qui nh ny n khuyn khch vic mua v s dng li cc loi chai, l
cha
1.5.3. nh hng ca cc yu t a l v t nhin
Cc yu t t nhin nh hng n cht thi rn bao gm:
- V tr a l
- V tr a l nh hng n c khi lng cht thi pht sinh cng nh thi gian pht
sinh cht thi. V d: tc pht sinh rc vn thng khc nhau nhng vng c
kh hu khc nhau. Min nam nc ta c kh hu m p v ma nng (growing
season) di hn so vi min bc, khi lng v thi gian pht sinh rc vn thng
nhiu hn.
- Thi tit
- Khi lng pht sinh cht thi rn ph thuc rt nhiu vo thi tit. V d: vo ma
nng cht thi rn l thc phm tha cha nhiu rau v tri cy.
22
23
L ng.
2.
Li i, ng hm.
3.
Mang i - Tr v.
4.
Mang i.
24
26
Hnh v 3.1: Biu biu din mi quan h gia tc vn chuyn trung bnh v
khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu cho xe thu gom cht thi rn.
Hng s tc vn chuyn a,b cho trong bng sau:
Tc gii hn
(km/h)
a (h/ch)
b
(h/km)
88,5
0,016
0,01119
72,4
0,022
0,01367
56,3
0,034
0,01802
40,2
0,050
0,02860
24,1
0,060
0,04164
Khi s v tr thu gom trong khu vc phc v c xc nh, khong cch vn chuyn 2
chiu trung bnh c tnh t trng tm ca khu vc phc v n bi v cng thc (3.2) c th
p dng trong trng hp ny.
Thay th biu thc h cho phng trnh (3.2) vo (3.1) ta c thi gian cn thit cho mt
chuyn c th biu din nh sau:
Thcs = (Phcs + s + a + bx) (3.3)
i vi h thng container di ng, thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn s c tnh theo cng
thc:
Phcs = pc + uc + dbc(3.4)
Trong :
Phcs: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
pc:cc thi gian hao ph cho vic nng container, gi/ch.
29
uc:cc thi gian hao ph cho vic th container rng ( d ti) xung, gi/ch.
dbc: cc thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/ch.
Nu khng bit thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc container (dbc) th thi
gian ny c th tnh theo cng thc (3.2). Khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu thay bng khong
cch gia cc container v hng s thi gian vn chuyn c s dng tng ng vn tc ta c
l 24,1km/h.
i vi h thng container di ng, s chuyn thu gom cho mt xe trong mt ngy hot
ng c th c tnh ton bng cch a vo h s thi gian khng sn xut W, cng thc
tnh ton nh sau:
Nd =
[H (1 W ) (t1 t 2 )]
(3.5)
Thcs
Trong :
Nd: s chuyn trong ngy, ch/ngy.
H:cc s gi lm vic trong ngy, gi/ngy.
W:cc h s k n cc yu t khng sn xut, biu din bng t s.
t1: thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin trong ngy, gi.
t2: thi gian li xe t v tr t container cui cng trong ngy v trm iu vn, gi.
Thcs: thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
Trong phng trnh (3.5) gi thit rng cc hot ng khng sn xut c th xy ra
bt k thi im no trong ngy hot ng. H s k n cc hot ng khng sn xut trong
phng trnh (3.5) thay i t 0,10 - 0,40 trung bnh l 0,15.
S chuyn c th thc hin trong ngy tnh ton t phng trnh (3.5) c th so snh vi
s chuyn yu cu trong ngy (trong tun), c tnh bng cch s dng biu thc sau:
Nd =
Vd
(3.6)
(cf )
Trong :
Nd:
Vd: Th tch cht thi rn thu gom trung bnh hng ngy, m3/ngy.
c: Th tch ca container, m3/ch.
f: H s hiu dng trung bnh ca container (h s s dng container trung bnh)
H s s dng cotainer c th c nh ngha l t s (t l) ca th tch container b
cht thi rn chim ch vi th tch hnh hc ca container. H s ny thay i theo kch thc
ca container nn phng trnh (3.6) phi dng h s s dng container c cht ti. H s
c cht ti c th tm bng cch chia gi tr tng cng (c c t vic nhn s container ng
vi tng kch thc vi h s s dng tng ng) cho tng s container.
k
f =
f 1 n1 + f 2 n2 + f 3 n3 + ... + f k nk
n1 + n2 + n3 + ... + nk
f
i =1
ni
n
i =1
30
Trong :
fi: h s s dng ca container loi i
ni: s lng container loi i.
2.3.3.H thng contianer c nh:
Do c s khc bit gia vic ly ti c kh hay th cng, nn cc loi h thng container
c nh phi c xem xt ring bit.
i vi h thng s dng xe thu gom cht ti t ng, thi gian cho mt chuyn biu din nh
sau:
TSCS = (PSCS + s + a + bx) (3.7)
Trong :
TSCS: thi gian cho mt chuyn i vi h thng container c nh, gi/ch.
PSCS: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
s: cc thi gian ly ti bi , gi/ch
a: cc hng s thc nghim, gi/ch.
b: cc hng s thc nghim, gi/km.
x: khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh, km/ch.
Ging nh h thng container di ng, nu khng c s liu khong cch vn chuyn
2 chiu trung bnh th khong cch ny ly bng khong cch t cc trng tm ca khu vc
phc v n b .
Ch c s khc nhau gia phng trnh (3.7) v (3.3) i vi h thng container di
ng l s hng thi gian ly ti.
i vi h thng containe c nh, thi gian ly ti c tnh theo cng thc:
PSCS = Ct (uc) + (nP - 1)(dbc) (3.8)
Trong :
PSCS: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
Ct: s container b (d ti) trong mt chuyn thu gom, container/ch.
uc:thi gian ly ti trung bnh cho mt container, gi/container.
np:s v tr t nht container trn mt chuyn thu gom, v tr/ch.
bc:cc thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/v tr.
S hng (nP - 1) biu th cho s ln xe thu gom s i gia cc v tr t container v bng
s v tr t container tr i 1. Ging nh trng hp h thng container di ng, nu khng bit
thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t cc container, th thi gian ny c tnh ton bng
phng trnh (3.2), trong thay th khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu bng khong cch gia cc
container v cc hng s thi gian vn chuyn tng ng vi 24,1 km/h
S container c b trn mt chuyn thu gom t l thun vi th tch ca xe thu
gom v t s nn bung cha ca xe thu gom. S container ny c tnh theo cng thc:
Ct =
vr
(cf )
(3.9)
31
Trong :
Ct: s container b trn mt chuyn, container/ch.
cc th tch xe thu gom, m3/ch.
r: t s nn.
c: th tch ca container, m3/container.
f : h s s dng container c cht ti.:
S chuyn phi thc hin trong ngy c th tnh ton theo biu thc sau:
Nd =
Vd
vr
(3.10)
Trong :
Nd:cc s chuyn thu gom thc hin hng ngy, ch/ngy
Vd:cc khi lng trung bnh ngy ca cht thi thu gom, m3/ngy.
Thi gian cng tc trong ngy khi tnh ton n h s k n cc yu t khng sn xut
W c th tnh nh sau:
H=
(t1 + t 2 ) + N d (TSCS )
1W
(3.11)
Trong :
t1:cc thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin ly ti trn tuyn
thu gom u tin trong ngy, gi.
t2:cc thi gian li xe t "v tr t container cui cng" trn tuyn thu gom sau cng ca
ngy cng tc n trm iu vn, gi.
Cc k hiu khc c quy c ging nh c s dng trong cc cng thc trn.
Trong nh ngha t2, thut ng "v tr t container cui cng" c s dng bi v trong
h thng container c nh, xe thu gom thng li (trc tip) v trm iu vn sau khi cht thi
thu gom trn tuyn cui cng c b ti b . Nu thi gian i t b (hay im trung
chuyn) v n trm iu vn nh hn mt na thi gian vn chuyn hscs 2 chiu (ton tuyn)
trung bnh, t2 c gi s bng 0. Nu thi gian i t b (hay im trung chuyn) n v
trm iu vn ln hn thi gian i t v tr thu gom cui cng n b , th thi gian t2 c
gi s bng s chnh lch gia thi gian li xe t b n v trm iu vn v 1/2 thi
gian vn chuyn hscs ton tuyn (2 chiu) trung bnh.
ni c s chuyn thu gom mi ngy l mt s nguyn, s kt hp chnh xc hay ng
s chuyn trong ngy v kch thc xe thu gom c th c xc nh bng phng trnh (3.11)
v cc phn tch kinh t. xc nh th tch xe thu gom, thay th 2 hoc 3 gi tr trong
phng trnh (3.11) v tnh ton xc nh thi gian ly ti s dng trn chuyn thu gom.
Sau bng bi ton th dn, s dng cc phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) xc nh th tch xe thu
gom cho mi gi tr Nd. T nhng kch thc xe thu gom xc nh trn, la chn mt gi tr
gn vi gi tr tnh ton nht. Nu kch thc xe thu gom nh hn gi tr chn, tnh ton
thi gian cng tc thc t trong ngy. Sau c th la chn xe trn c s kt hp vi chi ph
hiu qu.
32
Khi kch thc xe thu gom c c nh, v s chuyn thu gom trong mi ngy l 1 s
nguyn, th thi gian cng tc trong ngy c tnh ton bng phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) v
(3.11).
Mt khi nhn cng yu cu cho mi xe thu gom v s chuyn thu gom trong mi ngy
c xc nh, vic la chn xe thu gom c th kt hp vi chi ph hiu qu nht. V d,
nhng khong cch vn chuyn, vic s dng xe thu gom ln v thc hin 2 ch/ngy s hiu
qu kinh t hn l s dng xe thu gom nh v thc hin 3 ch/ngy trong sut thi gian cng
tc (mc d thnh thong cui ngy c th khng hot ng).
2.4. VCH TUYN THU GOM
Khi thit b v nhn cng c xc nh, tuyn thu gom phi c thit lp sao cho c 2
yu t nhn cng v thit b c s dng mt cch hiu qu nht. Thng thng, b tr tuyn
thu gom l bi ton th dn, khng c nhng qui lut chung p dng cho tt c cc trng
hp. V vy, bi ton vch tuyn thu gom hin nay vn l mt qu trnh tm ti, ch yu s
dng kh nng phn on.
Mt s nguyn tc chung hng dn khi vch tuyn thu gom nh sau:
y
Kho st c im h thng thu gom hin hnh nh l: s ngi ca i thu gom, loi
xe thu gom.
Tuyn thu gom phi c b tr sao cho container cui cng c thu gom trn tuyn
t gn b nht.
Cht thi rn pht sinh nhng v tr tt nghn giao thng phi c thu gom vo
thi im sng sm nht trong ngy.
Cc ngun c khi lng cht thi pht sinh cht thi rn vi khi lng ln phi
c phc v sut nhiu ln vo thi gian u ca ngy cng tc.
Nhng im thu gom nm ri rc (ni c khi lng cht thi pht sinh nh) c cng
s ln thu gom, nu c th phi sp xp thu gom trn cng 1 chuyn trong cng 1
ngy.
thu phi c lm th trc khi nhng tuyn quyt nh sau cng c la chn. Khi tnh ton
vi lng xe thu gom ln hn 1 th tuyn thu gom cho mi khu vc phc v hay phi c b
tr v cng vic d ti cho mi li xe phi cn bng.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh vi xe thu gom cht ti c kh
Bc 2: Trn t ghi chng trnh phn phi, u tin ghi cc tiu nh sau: tn sut thu
gom, ln/tun; s v tr thu gom; tng khi lng cht thi v mt ct tch ring ghi cc
ngy trong tun trong sut thi gian thu gom cht thi.
Th hai, xc nh s lng cht thi thu gom t nhng v tr thu gom yu cu thu gom
cht thi rn nhiu ln trong tun (v d: th 2 n th 6; hoc 2, 4, 6) v ghi cc iu kin
cho thng tin bit ln t chng trnh phn phi. Bt u danh sch bng cc v tr yu cu
s ln thu gom cao nht trong tun (v d: 5ln/tun).
Th ba, s dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th tch xe thu gom danh ngha xem t
s nn). Xc nh s lng cht thi tng thm c th c thu gom mi ngy t nhng v tr
nhn ch 1 ln thu gom trong tun. Phn phi s lng cht thi thu gom s lng cht thi
thu gom (v s container b) trn mt chuyn c cho bng mi tuyn thu gom. Khi
nhng iu kin ny bit th tuyn thu gom s b c th c b tr.
Bc 3: Khi bit cc thng tin ni trn, th vic b tr cc tuyn thu gom c th tip
tc nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn (hay ni xe hi u), mt tuyn thu gom phi c b tr
ni vi tt c cc im thu gom phc v sut mi ngy thu gom, ph thuc trn khi lng
cht thi phi thu gom c th b tr tuyn thu gom.
Bc k tip l sa i tuyn c bn bao gm c cc im thu gom thm vo s phc v
hon thnh vic cht ti. Vic sa i ny phi c thc hin cho khu vc pht sinh
ging nhau c phc v vi cng mt tuyn thu gom. i vi cc khu vc ln c chia
nh v cc khu vc chia nh ny phi c phc v thu gom hng ngy, th cn phi thit lp
cc tuyn thu gom c s cho mi khu vc chia nh. Gia nhng khu vc chia nh ny,
trong mt vi trng hp c s ph thuc vo s chuyn thu gom c thc hin mi ngy.
Bc 4: Khi cc tuyn thu gom c b tr th khi lng cht thi rn v khong
cch thu gom cho mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Trong mt vi trng hp c th iu chnh
li cc tuyn thu gom cn bng cng vic cht ti cho mi nhn cng. Sau khi cc tuyn thu
gom c thit lp v tnh ton, chng phi c v ln bn chnh.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh cht ti th cng:
Bc 2: c tnh tng khi lng cht thi c thu gom t nhng v tr ly mi ngy v
hot ng thu gom c ch o hay iu khin. S dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th
tch xe thu gom danh ngha l t s nn), xc nh s h c dn trung bnh cht thi t cc h
ny c thu gom trong sut mi chuyn thu gom.
Bc 3: Khi bit cc s liu ni trn, vic b tr tuyn thu gom c th tin hnh tip
tc nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn (hay garage) b tr hay vch nhng tuyn thu gom phi
bao thm hay i qua tt c cc im thu gom m c phc v trong sut tuyn thu gom. Cc
tuyn ny phi c b tr cho v tr thu gom cui cng gn b nht.
Bc 4: Khi tuyn thu gom c vch, s lng container v khong cch vn chuyn
ca mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Cc s liu trn v nhu cu nhn cng trong mt ngy phi
c kim tra li so vi thi gian cng tc c th s dng trong mt ngy. Trong vi trng
hp n c th cn thit iu chnh li tuyn thu gom cn bng khi lng cng vic cht
ti. Sau khi thit lp tuyn thu gom, th v chng ln bn a chnh.
2.4.2.Thi gian biu:
35
Mt bng thi gian biu iu khin cho mi tuyn thu gom phi c chun b bi phng
k thut v ngi iu hnh vn chuyn. Phi chun b cho mi ngi ti x mt bng thi
gian biu m trong c ghi v tr v trnh t im thu gom. Thm vo , mt quyn sch ghi
l trnh phi thc hin bi ti x li thu gom. Nhng ti x s dng quyn s ghi l trnh ny
kim tra cc v tr thu gom v khng khai bng thanh ton tin, mc khc quyn s ny
cng ghi chp li bt k vn no xy ra khi thc hin qu trnh thu gom. Cc thng tin ghi
trong quyn s l trnh rt hu dng khi iu chnh hay sa i tuyn thu gom.
2.5. S CN THIT CA HOT NG TRUNG CHUYN VA VN CHUYN
Hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn l cn thit khi khong cch vn chuyn n
trung tm x l hay bi ln, m nu vn chuyn trc tip th khng kh thi v mt kinh t
do chi ph vn chuyn kh cao. Hot ng trung chuyn l mt hot ng cn thit trong tt c
cc trm ti thu hi vt liu. Cc yu t nguyn nhn dn n s cn thit s dng cc trm
trung chuyn:
1. S xut hin cc bi rc h khng hp php bi v khong cch vn chuyn kh xa.
2. V tr ca bi cch xa tuyn thu gom (thng > 10 mile 16,09 km).
3. Vic s dng cc loi xe thu gom nh (thng < 20 yd3 15m3).
4. S hin hu ca khu vc phc v c mt dn c thp.
5. S dng h thng container di ng vi dung tch container nh thu gom cht thi
rn t cc ngun thng mi.
6. S dng h thng thu gom thy lc hoc kh nn
2.5.1.Khong cch vn chuyn kh xa:
Trc y vo thi k u, khi nhng xe nga c s dng thu gom cht thi rn,
cht thi rn sau c sang cc xe tr gip ln hn v vn chuyn n im trung
gian no x l hoc b ni x l. Tuy vy, khi cng ngh khoa hc pht trin cng
vi s xut hin ca cc loi xe ti hin i ra i v chi ph nhin liu thp, hot ng trung
chuyn hu nh khng tn ti nhiu thnh ph v cht thi rn c vn chuyn trc tip
n bi . Ngy nay, vi s gia tng ca chi ph nhn cng, vn hnh, nhin liu v khng
cho php b tr cc bi cht thi rn gn khu vc phc v th khuynh hng din ra ngc
li, tc l cc trm trung chuyn tr nn thng dng hn.
Thng thng, quyt nh s dng hot ng trung chuyn c cn c trn vn
kinh t. C th pht biu n gin nh sau: Chi ph vn chuyn mt th tch cht thi rn
vi s gia tng ln trn mt qung ng di s r hn l vn chuyn mt th tch cht thi rn
c s gia tng nh trn mt qung ng di.
V d: Trn c s chi ph vn hnh, xc nh im giao nhau 2 ng cong chi ph ca 2
h thng container di ng v h thng container c nh vi ng cong chi ph ca mt h
thng s dng hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn vn chuyn cht thi c thu gom t
khu th n bi san lp. Bit rng cc d liu sau y c p dng:
a. H thng container di ng s dng xe ti thu gom c th tch container 6m3 vi chi
ph vn hnh l 25.000/h.
b. H thng container c nh s dng xe ti c trang b p (my nn rc) c th tch
thng cha 15m3 vi chi ph vn hnh l 40.000/h.
c. Hot ng vn chuyn s dng xe ko rmooc vi th tch ca thng cha 80m3 vi
chi ph vn hnh l 40.000/h.
36
Chi ph (/m3)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1,066
1
Hethong container di ong
0
0.5
1,72
1.5
2.5
Th
i gian (h)
39
Hot ng ca trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip biu din c th c tm tt nh sau:
Khi n trm trung chuyn, tt c cc xe vn chuyn thu gom cht thi c cn ti cu cn v
xc nh v tr d ti. Sau khi hon tt vic d ti, cc xe ny c cn li mt ln na v tnh
l ph. i ln sn d ti cht thi vo toa rmooc bn di. Khi cc toa rmooc y, cht
thi trong s c gu ngom ca mt xe ngom lun phin nn li. Khi cc toa rmooc
y ti v t n ti trng cc i cho php, chng c vn chuyn n bi . Th tch v
khi lng cht thi trn xe vn chuyn phi c kim tra li trc khi ra khi trm trung
chuyn.
2.6.3 .Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p:
Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p l mt bin th ca trm
trung chuyn cht ti trc tip ch nh m t trn, c c trang b cc phng tin nn
thit b p c dng p trc tip cc cht thi vo thng xe, toa rmooc kn hoc to thnh
kin cht thi. Hot ng ca cc trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip c thit b nn c bn
ging nh hot ng ca trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip khng c my nn vi cc toa
rmooc h nhng ch khc l cht thi c nn vo cc toa rmooc kn nh cc my nn t
c nh. Trong mt vi trng hp cn thit, cht thi c vn chuyn ti n cc thit b nn
nh bng ti.
2.6.4. Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut trung bnh v nh c my nn:
cc trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip c thit b p cht thi thnh nhng kin cht
thi ln, cht thi t xe thu gom c trc tip ln b d ti hoc trc tip vo phu ca
hm p. Sau khi phn loi cc vt liu c kh nng ti sinh, cht thi c y vo my p.
Kin cht thi p c chuyn sang cc xe c toa ko mt cu (semitrailer) vn chuyn
n BCL. Vi cch to thnh kin cht thi c kch thc nh hn kch thc bn trong ca
cc xe vn chuyn c toa ko mt cu mui trn, chi ph vn chuyn c th gim n mc thp
nht
V mt hot ng, sau khi xe ti c cn, n s i vo trm trung chuyn v n trc
tip ni d ti. Sau khi cn, xe thu gom i vo trm trung chuyn v cht thi trn c
trc tip vo mt trong cc phu ni lin vi my p hoc vo mt h cha cht thi hnh ch
nht.V tr d ti c th l mt ci phu a vo mt my nn hoc l mt hm (h) nhn cht
thi hnh ch nht. Mi mt h c trang b mt b phn vch ngn (pittng) thu lc y
cht thi vo n phu ca cc my p t pha cui h i din. Nu khng c xe vn
chuyn bn rmooc cht ti, cht thi c tm thi trn nn d ti, t y chng s
c a vo phu my p nh xe xc bnh hi. Hnh 10-6, 10-7, 10-8.
Container c vn chuyn n bi nh xe ti c khung nng. Ph thuc vo thi gian
cn thit vn chuyn contianer y n bi v quay v, m mt container rng c th
c gn vi my nn trc khi container y c vn chuyn n bi .
2.6.5.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng vng nng thn:
Vng nng thn v ni vui chi gii tr, trm trung chuyn cng sut nh c thit k
sao cho cc thng cha cht thi c trc tip vo xe thu gom vn chuyn thng n
container y c vo trong mt xe thu gom v vn chuyn bi . Trong vic thit k
v b tr trm trung chuyn loi ny, iu cn ch nht ct yu cn xem xt l tnh n gin.
Nhng h thng c kh phc tp khng thch hp nhng ni ny.S container s dng ph
thuc vo phm vi cc khu vc phc v v tn sut thu gom. d dng d ti, nh ca
container phi c t cao hn nh ca nn d ti khong 0,33m.
40
2.6.6.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng bi chn lp v sinh:
Trm trung chuyn loi ny thng c s dng ti thu hi vt liu c kh nng th
ti ch tun hon. Sau khi vt liu c kh nng ti ch c phn loi ra, bt k nhng vt
dng c th tun hon no c ln lt loi b, vt liu thi cc toa rmooc trung chuyn
c s dng cha phn cc cht thi rn cn li, c vo trong 2 toa rmooc trung
chuyn, mi mt ci trong hai c vn chuyn n bi v d ti ti bi v em tr li
trm trung chuyn.
2.6.7.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu (storage-load transfer station)
Trong trm trung chuyn cht ti lu gi, cht thi c trc tip vo h cha. T
h ny, cht thi s c chuyn ln xe vn chuyn nh cc thit b ph tr khc. Trm trung
chuyn cht ti lu gi cc khc bit so vi trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip ch n
c thit k sao cho c th cha cht thi trong khong 1 3 ngy.
2.6.8.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu cng sut ln khng c my nn:
Trong trm trung chuyn ny, tt c cc xe thu gom n trm u c hng dn i
theo mt tuyn nht nh n trm cn in t. Tt c cc s liu ca cc xe thu gom c vi
tnh ho. Thm vo , nhng thng tin v tn ca c s thi cht thi, c im xe thu gom v
thi gian n trm trung chuyn u c. Ngoi ra, nhn vin ca ngi iu hnh trm cn
ghi li ca cng ty b cht thi rn, l lch ca tng xe ti ring bit v thi gian xe vo.
Sau , nhn vin trm cn- ngi iu khin s hng dn ngi li xe i vo trm. Khi
vo trong trm trung chuyn, ngi li xe s lui xe thu gom 1 gc khong 50o so vi ra ca h
cha cht thi vo cc h cha cht thi. Khi d ti xong, xe thu gom di chuyn ra khi
Cht thi c vo trong h v xe thu gom s i ra trm trung chuyn.
Trong h cha cht thi, 2 xe i c s dng dng p vn CTR v y cht thi rn,
i chng v pha phu nhp liu cui mi h vo trong cc phu cht ti ln xe trung chuyn
t cui h cha. Hai cn trc dng gu ngom xc c khp ni c lp t pha bn kia
t trn 2 cnh ca phu cht ti np liu s dng c dng loi tr nhng cht thi c
kch thc ln th lm hng xe trung chuyn v nn p cht thi vo xe. Cht thi i qua phu,
vo xe vn chuyn ch sn trn cn v tr thp hn.
Khi t khi lng cho php, nhn vin vn hnh s ra hiu cho ngi li xe bit. Xe
y ti c vn chuyn ra khi khu vc cht ti v c ph li bn trn trnh hin
tng giy v cc cht thi nh b thi bay theo gi trn c vn chuyn. ri vo gu i vo
cc toa rmooc t trn mt bn cn cao thp hn nn hm cha.
Khi t n trng lng cho php, ngi iu khin cn trc s ra hiu cho ti x trung
chuyn. Cc toa rmooc y cht thi rn sau c mang ra khi khu vc cht ti v cc
li kim loi c ph pha trn ming cc toa rmooc trnh giy hay l cc ming cht
thi rn bay ra trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.
2.6.9.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu nng sut trung bnh c thit b nn v x l
i vi trm trung chuyn loi ny, cht thi u tin c b vo trong cc h cha
(cng ging nh h cha tc thi). T h cha ny, cht thi c y ln h thng bng
chuyn vn chuyn n my ct, x. Sau khi ct v x, kim loi c cha st c tch ring
mu c loi b v cht thi cn li c nn vo trong cc toa rmooc trung chuyn vn
chuyn n bi .
41
42
Chn
`
43
Nhit - c
C hc
Nhit
Ha l
Tuyn t
To khi
H ta
Phn loi,
chn lc
Tuyn
Sinh hc
Trch ly
Nghin
Ha hc
To ht
nhit
cao
Kt tinh
Tuyn trng
lc
Ra
Tuyn ni
Tuyn in
Tuyn
trong
huyn ph,
cht lng
nng
44
sinh nh giy, nilng, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim loi s c thu gom li v chuyn n
c s ti sinh cht thi lm nguyn liu u vo cho vic sn xut ra cc phm mi.
Ti sinh vt liu thi bao gm cc hot ng thu gom vt liu c th ti sinh t dng rc
thi (giy, nilon, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim loi,), x l trung gian (lm sch cc cht bn
bm theo) v s dng cc vt liu ny ti sn xut ra cc sn phm mi (giy ti sinh, nha
ti sinh,) hoc phi hp cng vi mt s nguyn liu khc sn xut ra cc sn phm hon
ton mi (v d cn bn t nh my x l nc cp c trn vi t st sn xut ra gch
ng c cht lng tt).
Cch thc u tin ca vic ti sinh cht thi l phn loi ti ngun. C 2 dng thc c
bn ca vic phn loi ti ngun ti sinh. Th nht, tng h gia nh c ban pht cho mt
s thng cha hoc bao cha cht thi rn. Ngi ch nh c trch nhim phn loi rc c th
s dng li c v t n vo trong thng cha thch hp. Trong ngy thu gom quy nh,
thng cha rc c a ra ngoi l ng. Bt li u tin (c bn) ca vic cung cp cc
thng cha rc ti nh l chi ph, m n c th biu hin mt s u t ng k. Dng th hai
ca vic phn loi ti ngun l cung cp cho ch nh vi ch mt thng cha m n c th
cha tt c cc vt liu c kh nng ti sinh trong . Ngi thu gom rc sau phn chia
cc loi vt liu ring ra theo tng loi, t n vo trong cc ngn cha ring bit trn xe ly
rc.
Mt dng chnh yu th hai ca vic ti sinh cht thi l cc c s ti ch cc vt liu.
Trong trng hp ny, vt liu c kh nng ti ch c a ti mt c s trung tm m
vt liu c phn loi bi cc bin php c kh v cn nhiu nhn cng
3.2.3.Thu hi v ti ch cht do
vit Nam cc sn phm cht do bt u thm nhp vo cuc sng t nhng nm
1960. Mt s gia nh trc y ch to t te, na, si t nhin ln lt c thay
th bng nha.
Trong cng nghip v xy dng, vt liu Plastic cng chim lnh th trng trong
nhiu lnh vc nh cp thot nc, trang tr
Vt liu Plastic gp phn nng cao mc vn minh ca cuc sng nhng cng
t ra khng t nhng vn rc ri lin quan n cng tc bo v mi trng.
Tuy nhin d b ch trch rt nhiu nhng Plastic vn c s dng ng ri do tnh u
vit ca n c v mt kinh t ln mt k thut. Vi nhng tnh nng u vit , Plastic
dn u vi nhng vt liu cnh tranh vi n trong trong lnh vc bao gi.
Cht nhim
Cht do
Giy
SO2
100
284
NOx
100
159
COx
100
159
100
640
nhim khng kh
46
nhim nc
COD
100
21560
BOD5
100
21500
Tnh bn vng ca cht do dn n ton ti dai dng ca n trong thin nhin sau khi s
dng. phn r sinh hc hon ton cht Plastic c ngun gc t ha du
Nhng vn t ra khi thu gom v ti ch vt liu cht do:
o Mc d cht do hin ang vt liu c a chung v c nhiu ha hn nhng
chng cng ng thi b cc nh mi trng phn i do mc gy nhim trong qu
trnh ch to, s dng v thiu hy. Cc nh mi trng phn i vt liu Plastic v
nhng l do sau y:
o Cht c thi ra trong qu trnh ch toPlastc
o Cht c do phn hy nhit gy ra khi t rc
o Lm gim cht lng cht thi rc, c bit l cht lng phn compost ch to
t rc.
3.2.4.Vn tp trung thu hi v x l cc cht thi polyme cht do i hi phi
gii quyt ngay trong iu kin sn xut ni c nhu cu cht do, c hai hng:
1. X l ch bin li tng loi cht do polyme ngay trong iu kin sn xut, y ch
yu i vi cc loi cht do dng phn ng nhit.
2. Thu hi tp trung cc cht thi v vn chuyn ti nh my c bit ch bin sn
phm xc nh. Vn s dng cht thi l vt liu polyme vi cng ngh v tnh kinh t cng
tr nn phc tp khi phi k n vic ci thin tnh cht ca vt liu cht do nh: bn vng
i vi qu trnh oxy ha, bn vng sinh hc, c hc Nhng vt liu ny khng phn hy t
nhin (thi ra, phong ha, tan trong) m dng bin php phn hy cng bc (t, sy nng,
tng tr mt ni) th li gy nhim bn mi trng v do gi thnh ph hy li cao hn
nhiu t 6 8 ln so vi chi ph x l v ph hy cc cht thi ca a s cc x nghip cng
nghip khc.
Khi gii quyt vn s dng li vt liu polyme phi chia ra nhiu bc sau y:
1. T chc tp trung thu hi cc ph thi polyme trong cng nghip
2. Nhn dng chnh xc v nhanh chng cc loi ph thi ny nhm mc ch thu thp ph
thi ph hp vi chng loi vt liu ban u
3. To lp s mi v hon thin cc s cng ngh c sn, ch bin li ln hai
4. Phn tch kinh t mt cch cn thn v cc phng php gia cng ch bin khc nhau.
3.2.5. Thu hi v ti ch cc sn phm cao su.
Trong cng nghip ch to my, vic s dng cc sn phm cao su k thut rt a dng.
Trong phc tp ch yu nht l gii quyt vn s dng cc sn phm b i v c khng
dng na. Mc d cao su c s dng cc thit b cng ngh cc loi nhng t l v lng
th rt thp so vi khi lng cc sn phm.
47
Cng ngh
t rc
t rc c ti ch nhit
Gim kch thc bng cc phng php Ch bin phn compost; ct nh v phn
nn, p
loi(phng php x l trung gian)
Theo con s thng k t cc tnh, thnh ph, t nm 1996 n nm 1999 lng cht thi
rn bnh qun khong t 0,6 kg/ngi ngy 0,8 kg/ngi ngy.
mt s th nh, lng cht thi rn pht sinh dao ng t 0,3 kg/ngi ngy n
0,5 kg/ngi ngy.
Lng rc thi th cng nh cng nghip ngy cng tng, tnh cht c hi ca rc
thi cng tng..
3.3. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP C HC
3.3.1. Gim kch thc
Phng php gim kch thc c s dng nhm mc ch l lm gim kch thc ca
cc loi vt liu CTR trong rc thi th. Cc vt liu CTR c lm gim kch thc c th
48
s dng trc tip nh l lm lp che ph trn mt t hay l s dng lm phn compost hoc
mt phn c s dng cho cc hot ng ti sinh cht thi rn. Thit b thch hp s dng
trong vic gim kch thc CTR ty thuc vo loi, hnh dng, c tnh ca CTR v tiu chun
la chn thit k nhng thit b cho ph hp.
Cc thit b
Cc thit b thng s dng l: 1) ba p, rt c hiu qu khi i vi cc vt liu c c
tnh gin - d gy; 2) khoan ct bng thu lc, dng lm gim kch thc ca cc vt liu
mm hn so vi dng ba p; 3) my nghin, c u im l di chuyn d dng c, c th
s dng lm gim kch thc cho nhiu loi CTR khc nhau nh l cc nhnh cy, gc cy,
hay l cc loi CTR rn t qu trnh xy dng.
S hnh thnh cc c tnh (performance characteristic):
Vi phng php ny, kch thc CTR thay i ng k. Nu dng ba p th kch
thc phn cht thi sau khi p khng ng nht. Cc vt liu gin, d gy nh thu tinh,
c kch thc to hn cc kim loi cha st v khng cha st. tng hiu qu, kt hp li
chn vi ba p loi thy tinh ra khi cht thi rn.
Tiu chun thit k:
Thit b lm gim kch thc cht thi rn c thit k da vo ti trng CTR (tn/h) v
nng lng tiu th.
La chn thit b lm gim kch thc cht thi rn.
Cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn thit b
Yu t
Nhn xt
4. c tnh vn hnh
5. V tr
6. Yu cu v lu tr v vn chuyn
Bi v cc thit b lm gim kch thc CTR c sn xut t nhiu hng khc nhau, nn
ngi thit k phi la chn sao cho thit b to ra thch hp vi mc tiu thit k v hiu qu
kinh t.
3.3.2. Phn loi theo kch thc
Phn loi theo kch thc hay sng lc l mt qu trnh phn loi mt hn hp cc loi
vt liu CTR c kch thc khc nhau thnh 2 hay nhiu loi vt liu phn c cng kch thc
bng cch s dng cc loi sng c kch thc khc nhau. Qu trnh phn loi c th thc hin
khi vt liu cn t hoc kh, thng thng qu trnh phn loi gn lin vi cc cng on ch
bin cht thi tip theo. Cc sng lc c s dng trc v sau khi nghin rc, sau cng on
tch kh t qu trnh thu hi nng lng (after air clasification in the processing of refuse
derived fuel (RDF)). i khi cc loi sng lc cng c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin cc
sn phm phn compost vi mc ch l tng tnh ng nht ca cc loi sn phm.
Cc thit b thng c s dng nhiu nht l cc loi sng rung, sng c dng trng
quay v sng a. Loi sng rung c s dng i vi CTR khi cc vt liu tng i kh
nh kim loi, thy tinh, g vn, mnh v trong CTR xy dng. Loi sng trng quay dng
tch ri cc loi giy carton v giy vn, ng thi bo v c tc hi my nghin khi h
hng do CTR c kch thc ln. Loi sng a l mt dng ci tin ca sng rung vi nhng
u im nh c th t lm sch v t iu chnh cng sut.
3.3.3. Phn loi theo t trng khi lng
Phn loi bng phng php khi lng t trng l mt phng php k thut c s
dng rt rng ri dng phn loi cc vt liu c CTR da vo kh ng lc v s khc nhau
v khi lng ring khc nhau. Phng php ny c s dng phn loi CTR th tch
ri cc loi vt liu t qu trnh tch nghin thnh 2 phn ring bit loi khc nhau: dng c
khi lng ring nh nh giy, nha, cc cht hu c v dng c khi lng ring nng nh l
kim loi, g v cc loi vt liu CTR v c c khi lng ring tng i ln nng.
K thut c s dng rng ri nht dng phn loi cc loi vt liu da vo s khc
nhau v khi lng ring l p dng vic phn loi da vo kh ng lc khng kh. Nguyn
tc ca phng php ny l dng khng kh i t di ln trn v cc vt liu nh s c tch
ri khi cc vt liu nng hn.
3.3.4. Phn loi theo in trng v t tnh
K thut phn loi bng in trng v t tnh da vo tnh cht in t v t trng ca
cc loi vt liu c trong thnh phn cht thi rn. Phng php phn loi bng t trng c
s dng ph bin khi tin hnh tch ly cc kim loi mu ra khi kim loi en (separating
ferrous from nonferrous metals). Phng php phn loi bng tnh in c p dng tch
ly nha v giy da vo s khc nhau v s tch in b mt ca 2 loi vt liu ny. Phn loi
dng in xoy lc l k thut phn loi trong cc dng in xoy c to ra trong cc
kim loi khng cha st nh nhm v to thnh nam chm nhm
3.3.5. Nn cht thi rn
Phng php nn cht thi rn c s dng vi mc ch l gia tng khi lng ring
ca cc loi vt liu CTR nhm tng tnh hiu qu ca cng tc lu tr v vn chuyn, nh vy
vic lu tr v chuyn ch s c hiu qu hn.
50
Wvao Wra
100 (5-1)
Wvao
Trong :
E: hiu qu loi tr cht thi
Wvo: nng cht nhim u vo
52
53
5
3.5. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP CHUYN HA SINH HC V HA HC
3.5.1.Qu trnh phn hiu kh
ngi, ng vt, cc sn phm tha t nng nghip, v cht hu c trong thnh phn ca cht
thi rn th). Qu trnh phn hy ln men k kh c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Sn
phm cui cng l kh metan, kh CO2, v cht mn n nh dng lm phn bn.
3.5.3.Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc
Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc bao gm mt lot cc phn ng thy phn c s dng
ti sinh cc hp cht nh l glucose v mt lot cc phn ng khc dng ti sinh du tng
hp, kh v acetate cellulose. K thut x l cht thi rn bng phng php ha hc ph bin
nht l phn ng thy phn cellulose di tc dng ca acid v qu trnh bin i metan thnh
metanol.
Phn ng thy phn acid
Cellulose hnh thnh do s lin kt ca hn 3000 n v phn t glucose, cellulose c c
im l ha tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c nhng hu nh khng b phn hy bi t
bo. Nu cellulose c phn hy th glucose s c ti sinh. Qui trnh thc hin bng phn
ng ha hc c bn nh sau:
acid
(C6H10O5)n + H2O n C6H12O6
(5-2)
cellulose glucose
ng glucose c trch ly t cellulose c th c bin i bng cc phn ng sinh
hc v ha hc to thnh sn phm l ru v cc ha cht cng nghip.
Sn xut metanol t metan
Metan c hnh thnh t qu trnh phn hy ym kh ca cc cht thi rn hu c c th
c bin i thnh metanol.
Qu trnh bin i c thc hin bng 2 phn ng sau:
Xc tc
(5-3)
Xc tc
CO + 2H2 CH3OH
(5-4)
Phn loi v
chn lc
sng
Phn loi
bng thy lc
Phn loi
bng kh
ng
Gim
kch thc
Tng
kch thc
Tuyn
To ht
Tuyn lng
trng lc
ng vin
Tuyn ni
ng
khi
Tuyn t
Kt dnh
nhit
cao
Tuyn in
Ha tan kt tinh
Trch li
Nghin
Tuyn trong
cht lng
nng
Dmax Dtb
=
d max
d tb
(5.1)
Th
Trung bnh
Nhuyn
Dmax, mm
1 200 - 500
350 - 100
100 - 40
Dmax, mm
350 - 100
100 - 40
30 - 5
N
(5.2)
Q
N - cng sut ng c my p, kW
Ph thi
Ph thi
Sn phm p
Sn phm p
57
liu xy dng, x ca luyn kim v nhin liu, ph thi ca tuyn than, ph thi nha, qung
pirit v hng lot ti nguyn th cp khc.
Cc my nghin ph bin hn c l my nghin thanh, nghin bi v nghin dao. Vic
nghin mt s ph liu nha v cao su c tin hnh nhit thp.
Phn loi v chn lc
Cc qu trnh ny c ng dng phn chia ph thi thnh phn on theo ln.
Chng bao gm phng php sng ht vt liu v phn chia chng di tc dng ca lc qun
tnh - trng lc v li tm - trng lc.
Sng l qu trnh phn loi thnh lp theo ln cc ht c kch thc khc nhau bng
cch dch chuyn chng trn b mt c l.
phn ring vt liu rn dng bn, ngi ta s dng xiclon nc, my li tm lng
3.6.1.2.Phng php nhit
l qu trnh nhit phn (v d ph liu nha, g, cao su, cn ca ch bin du m),
nng chy (v d x luyn kim, ph liu kim loi), nung (v d x luyn kim mu, qung thiu
kt pirit, mt s x cha st v bi) v kh c bng ngn la (t chy) nhiu cht thi rn
trn c s hu c.
To ht bng nhit cao
Phng php ny c ng dng ch bin bi, r st, x v dm nguyn liu qung
trong luyn kim, qung thiu kt pirit v cc ph liu phn tn cha st.
Qu trnh to ht ny c tin hnh bng cch t vt liu trc tip vi nhin liu rn
trong l nhit khong 1.100 - 1.6000C. Sau sn phm thiu kt c p n 100 150mm ri c sng v lm ngui. Phn on di 8mm thng chim 30 - 35% c quay
tr li l.
To khi
To khi l cc qu trnh to ht, ng vin, ng khi v to khi nhit cao. Chng
c s dng ch bin thnh vt liu xy dng cc ph thi ca khai thc qung m, phn
st ca tuyn than v tro ca trm nhit in, trong qu trnh tn dng thch cao photpho trong
nng nghip v cng nghip xi mng, trong chun b lm nng chy ph thi c phn tn
cao ca kim loi mu v en, trong qu trnh ti s dng nha, m hng, bi v dm bo
To ht v ng vin c th c thc hin bng cch cn vt liu bt, cho cc ht tip xc vi
nhau trong dng xi ri, trong lp tng si, trong lp tng rung hoc di tc dng ca tc
ng c hc khc.
S ng khi vt liu phn tn c tin hnh vi p sut nn p ln hn 80MPa khng c cht
lin kt, cn c cht lin kt th p sut nn khong 15 - 25MPa.
3.6.1.2.Phng php tuyn cht thi
Trong thc t ti sinh cht thi rn cng nghip (c bit l ca cng nghip khang sn,
cha kim loi mu v en, cc phn chi tit ph thi, cc thit b in, cc dng khc trn
c s kim loi v hp kim, vi loi tro nhin liu, hn hp cht do, x luyn kim mu v hng
lot cc ti nguyn th cp khc), ngi ta s dng cc phng php tuyn vt liu khc nhau
nh: tuyn trng lc, tuyn t, tuyn in, tuyn ni v cc phng php tuyn c bit khc.
1. Tuyn trng lc
58
Phng php tuyn ny da trn s khc nhau ca vn tc ri trong mi trng lng (hay
kh) ca cc ht c kch thc v khi lng ring khc nhau. l cc qu trnh tuyn sng
(i), tuyn trong huyn ph nng, trong dung dch chuyn theo b mt nghing v ra.
i:
i l qu trnh phn chia ht khng sn theo khi lng ring di tc dng tia nc
thay i theo hng thng ng, i qua my i c li. i thng p dng cho vt liu
kh x s b c ln ti u 0,5-100 mm i vi vt liu khng qung 0,2-40m i vi vt
liu qung m.
Khi i vt liu ln lp nm trn li c chiu dy 5-10 ln ng knh ht ln nht ca
nhp liu, c gi l lp l. Khi i vt liu nhuyn (n 3-5mm) trn li ngi ta xp lp l
to t cc ht vt liu ln, nng c kch thc 3-4 ln ln hn kch thc ht ln nht ca nhp
liu. Trong qu trnh i, vt liu c phn lp: trong lp di tp trung cc ht nng, trong
lp trn cng - ht nh, nhuyn. Cc lp ny c ly ra ring bit.
2. Ra
ph v v loi lp t st, ct v cc cht khng khc cng nh cc tp cht hu c
trong ph thi thng s dng qu trnh ra. Tc nhn ra thng l nc (c th thm cht
hot ng b mt), hoc hi nc qu nhit v cc dung mi khc nhau.
3. Tuyn ni
Trong thc t ch bin cc dng ph liu ring bit (nh x luyn kim, cc thnh phn b
qung v khng qung) ngi ta p dng phng php tuyn ni. ln ca vt liu c
tuyn khng ln hn 0,5 mm.
4. Tuyn t
Tuyn t c p dng tch cc cu t c t tnh yu v mnh ra khi thnh phn
khng nhim t. Cc cht c kh nng nhim t mnh l FeO.Fe2O3, Fe2O3, Fex-1Sx Cc
oxit, hydroxit v cacbonat st, mangan, crom v kim loi qu l vt liu nhim t yu. Cn cc
khng cht nh thch anh fenspat, canxit CaCO3 khng b nhim t. Vt liu nhim t yu
c tuyn trong t trng mnh cng n 800-1600 kA/m, cn vt liu nhim t mnh trong t trng yu 70-160 kA/m.
phn ring bng t trng, vt liu phi qua x l s b bng p, nghin, sng kh
cn, nung t) thng tuyn t kh cc vt liu c ln 3-50 mm, v tuyn t t cho ht
nh hn 3 mm.
5. Tuyn in
Tuyn in da trn s khc nhau ca tnh dn in ca vt liu c phn ring.
Theo tnh dn in vt liu c chia thnh dn in, bn dn, in mi. Khi tip xc vi
b mt ca in cc kim loi tch in th n s truyn in tch cho vt liu. Cc ht dn in
c tch in nhiu nht s y xa khi in cc, cn cc ht in mi gi nguyn qu o
ca mnh.
6. Tuyn trong huyn ph v cht lng nng
Qu trnh ny l s phn chia vt liu theo khi lng ring trong trng lc hp dn hay
li tm trong huyn ph hoc cht lng c khi lng ring gia cc khi lng ring ca cc
ht cn phn chia. Huyn ph nng l cc ht khang sn nng hoc hp kim t c phn tn
cao l lng trong nc - gi chung l cht lm nng, thng l hp kim st - silic, pirit, FeS2,
59
pirotin Fex-1Sx, Fe3O4, qung st F2O3 v cc vt liu khc c ln n 0,16 mm. Cc cht
lng nng c dng l dung dch CaCl2, ZnCl2, PbCl2
Khi lng tnh ca huyn ph c tnh theo cng thc
g/cm3
c = C (y - 1) + 1,
y
(5.3)
( c 1) , kg
(5.4)
1
(5.5)
D h1,5 v l
0,5
D - ng knh trng, m
h - chiu cao dng chy, h = (1,2 - 1,5) ln ng knh ca ht ln nht, m
v - vn tc dng huyn ph u ra ca my phn li, v = 0,3 - 0,5 m/s
l - khi lng ring ng ca sn phm nh, kg/m3.
Nng sut ca my phn ring dng chp theo nhp liu, T/h
Q = qS (5.6)
y
C2Bdd + AD2R
[C ]
[CD]
2 B cb
2
(5.7)
cb
Khi t cn bng, nng tc cht Cd khng tiu hao cn li trong dung dch.
[CD]
cb
[C B]
2
cb
Kc
(5.8)
[CD ] =
du
Kc
(5.8)
1
Kc
j - lng cht cn trch chuyn vo dung dch trong 1 n v thi gian, trn 1
n v b mt pha rn, kg/ m2.s
S - b mt tng tc ca cc pha,m2
Nu qu trnh trch tng ng vi s ha tan v phn ng trao i, din ra vi s to
thnh pha rn mi
aAR + bBd
cCR + dDdd
61
j=
1
'
C0
C0
Kc
1 2 1 1 d 1
2
+
+
+
+
+
'
'
D
1 D 2 k K c b D1 D 2
(5.10)
C0
(5.11)
1 2 1
+
+
D1 D 2 k
i
l h s truyn khi,
Di
Di
l tr lc khuych tn,
i
1
l tr lc ng ha hc.
k
hay
j = C0
khng hnh thnh v i lng k ln th qu trnh din ra trong vng khuch tn ngoi.
Trng hp qu trnh c quyt nh bi phn ng ha hc th n din ra trong vng ng
hc.
Dung mi trch cn phi tha mn cc yu cu nh tnh chn lc, hng s phn phi v
khuch tn, khi lng ring, tnh bt chy, hot tnh n mn, tnh c hi Cc thng s nh
hng n qu trnh trch ly thng l nng dung mi, kch thc, xp ca ht vt liu,
cng thy ng, nhit v tc ng ca cc trng lc khc nhau (in mt chiu, in
t, tn s cao, li tm) cng nh trong mt s trng hp c s hin din ca cc vi sinh vt
khc nhau (trch bng vi khun).
Qu trnh trch c th gin on v lin tc. Qu trnh gin on c tin hnh bng
cch ngm hoc thm ra. Trch li lin tc tin b hn c tin hnh bng cch cho tip xc
nhiu bc bng cc phng php cng chiu, ngc chiu v t hp ca chung. Thit b trch li
rt a dng. Chng c phn loi theo phng thc hot ng (lin tc v gin on), theo
hng chuyn ng ca dung mi v pha rn (cng chiu, ngc chiu, khuy trn hon ton,
62
qu trnh trong lp vt liu v t hp ca chng), theo tnh cht tun han ca dung mi (tun
hon, khng tun hon, ti) v theo cc nguyn tc khc.
S cng ngh ca qu trnh trch nhiu bc cng chiu v ngc chiu c trnh by
trn hnh 5.3.
dG
= KF(Cs - C) (5.14)
d
K- h s truyn khi,
F- tng b mt ca cc ht tan vo thi im , m2.
Trong thc t, c trng hp vn tc ha tan c quyt nh khng phi bi khuch tn
cht tan t b mt pha rn vo dung dch, m bi vn tc chuyn pha ca vt cht vo dung dch
(v d i vi mui K2SO4.2MgSO4, MgSO3.H2O). Tuy nhin, i a s cc mui qua qu
trnh ha tan c quyt nh bi vn tc khuch tn, khi i lng K c xc nh theo
cng thc
K = K 1/3l-1(Dl)2/3(5.15)
y
C c
=
K . Fd (Cd Cc )
(5.16)
m
A
,
N = C.exp
3
2
2
3n ( R. T) ( ln S)
ht / cm3.s
(5.17)
R - hng s kh,
- sc cng b mt,
NA = 6,02251023 phn t/mol
S - qu bo ha, S = Cdd/Cs
n - s ion to thnh khi ha tan 1 phn t
Vm - th tch mol ca pha rn,
C = 1025 - gi tr thc nghim
ng knh ti hn ca cc mm tinh th to thnh c xc nh theo cng thc
d=
4Vm
nRT ln S
(5.18)
dm
= F(C Cs )k
d
(5.19)
F - b mt tinh th,
C - nng dch ci, mol/m3
Cs - nng bo ha, mol/m3
k - h s tng trng ton phn.
3.6.1.4.Cc phng php ha hc
Cht thi rn, di gc ca cng ngh ha hc, thc cht l mt loi nguyn liu sn
xut - nguyn liu khng sch cha nhiu tp cht - v cng c xem nh mt loi qung m
nhn to. V vy, khi ch bin chung, ngi ta p dng cc phng php x l nh i vi
qung m m ta nu ln trong phn cc phng php chung. Ngai ra, chuyn cu t
mc tiu thnh dng nguyn liu sch p ng cc nhu cu sn xut khc nhau, ngi ta
thng b sung thm tc cht khc v khi s xy ra cc phn ng ha hc gia cu t mc
tiu v tc cht b sung. chnh l bn cht ca vic p dng phng php ha hc trong x
l cht thi rn cng nghip. Phng php ha hc c p dng rt rng ri v ph hp vi
cc cht v c cng nh hu c.
65
66
- L cht thi xut pht t ngun khng c trng (cht thi ni chung t qui trnh
cng ngh).
-
L cht thi xut pht t ngun c trng (t cc nghnh cng nghip c hi).
Cht c kh nng gy chy (Ignitability): cht c nhit bt chy < 600C, cht c th
chy do ma st, t thay i v ho hc. Nhng cht gy chy thng gp l xng, du,
nhin liu, ngoi ra cn c cadmium, cc hp cht hu c nh benzen, etylbenzen,
toluen, hp cht hu c c cha Clo
Cht thi l cht ( dng kh, lng hay rn) c loi ra trong sinh hot, trong qu
trnh sn xut hoc trong cc hot ng khc. Vy, cht thi l phn d ra khng cn
c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut sn phm hay khng cn cung cp mt gi tr
sn phm thng mi hay dch v ti ch v ng thi im xc nh. Ngha l cht
thi l nhng cht b hng, hay khng t cht lng, xut hin khng ng lc,
khng ng ni. Cht thi ch l khi nim tng i, khi mt cht thi c a n
ng ni s dng, c mt ng lc, ng yu cu cht lng th cht thi tr thnh
hng ho v c s dng. Tng t nh vy, cht thi nguy hi cng l mt khi
nim tng i so vi hng ho nguy hi, chng c th chuyn ho gi tr cho nhau.
STT
M s
TCVN
M t tnh nguy hi
6706-2000
1. Cht thi
d bt la
d chy
d chy
1.1
1.2
71
Cht thi c th
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
4.1
Cht
thi
c
cha
clorat,pecmanganat,peoxit v c
4.2
t chy
Cht thi to ra kh
d chy
2. Cht thi Cht thi c
gy n mn
tnh axit
Cht thi c tnh
n mn
3. cht thi d Cht thi d n
n
5.1
5.2
c mn tnh
Cht thi sinh
5.3
ra kh c
6. Cht c Cht c cho
cho HST
h sinh thi
72
1.3
1.4
73
Qua ming
Dng rn
Dng lng
Qua da
Dang rn
Dng lng
I A (rt c )
<5
<20
<10
<40
I B (c cao)
5-20
20-200
10-100
40-400
II (c trung bnh)
50-500
200-2000
100-1000
400-4000
III (t c )
>500
>2000
>1000
>4000
Cc loi chnh
c tnh
V d
Nc thi cha cht v Thnh phn chnh l nc Axit sunphuric thi t m kim
c
nhng c cha kim/axit loi.
v cc cht v c c hi Dung dch amoniac trong sn xut
linh kin in t.
Nc b m kim loi.
Nc thi cha cht hu Nc thi cha dung dch Nc ra t cc chai lpj thuc tr
c
cc ch hu c nguy hi. su.
74
Cht hu c lng
Du
Cht rn/bn hu c
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut thp: trong cc xng kim loi ch yu l cc loi thp
v c.
Ngnh cng nghip xi m.
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin vt liu xy dng.
4.4. NH HNG CA CHT THI NGUY HI
4.4.1. Anh hng n mi trng
Nhng vn tc ng mi trng c bn lin quan n vic chn lp cc cht thi nguy
hi khng ng qui cch, c lin quan n tc ng tim tng i vi nc mt v nc ngm.
Vit Nam nhng ngun ny thng c dng lm ngun nc ung, sinh hot gia nh,
phc v nng nghip v nui trng thu sn. Bt c s nhim no i vi cc ngun ny u
c th gy tim tng v sc kho i vi nhn dn a phng hay gy ra cc tc ng mi
trng nghim trng. C khng nhiu nhng ti liu v nhng tai nn do nhim gy ra do
vic thc hin tiu hu cht thi nguy hi khng hp cch, v c t kt qu quan trc nh
gi tc ng thc t.
Nhng chuyn kho st iu tra v cht thi nguy hi, xem xt nhng ti liu cng b
v tho lun v nhng c quan Nh nc khc nhau cho thy rng Vit Nam ang c
nhiu mi quan tm v nhim nc mt v nc ngm do cng nghip. Khng th phn lp
cht thi nguy hi lm trm trng hn vn qun l cht thi rn v nc thi vn kh
trm trng, ng thi cng lm cho vic qun l cht thi rn kh khn hn do thiu nhng h
thng qun l cht thi rn th, m ring vic ny cng lm cho vn nhim nc
mt v nc ngm gia tng ri.
Lnh vc quan tm chnh v chn lp cht thi nguy hi lin quan n nhng vn sau:
- nhim nc ngm hoc l do vic lu di khng c kim sot, chn lp ti ch,
chn lp ni chn rc khng c k thut c th, hoc dng lp cc bi t trng.
- Kh nng nhim nc mt do vic thi cc cht lng c hi khng c x l y
, hoc l do hu qu ca vic lm v sinh cng nghip km, hay do vic thi vo
kh quyn nhng ho cht c hi t qu trnh chy, t cc vt liu nguy hi.
- Bn cht n mn tim tng ca cc ho cht c hi c th ph hu h thng cng
cng nh lm ng c mi trng t nhin.
a . Thi vo lng t
Trong c ba khu vc nghin cu, min Bc, min Nam v min Trung Vit Nam, cc cht
thi rn nguy hi b trn ln vi cc cht thi rn tr ca nh my v ni chung c thu gom
qua hp ng vi cng ty mi trng th tng ng. H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh
cng nh cc th khc trong c nc ta, phn ln cc cht thi nguy hi dng rn u b
trn ln vi cc cht thi rn khc v c thu gom bi cng ty mi trng th. vng
kinh t min nam rt nhiu cht thi nguy hai tng t cng c thu gom bi cng ty dch v
cng cng v mt s ngi thu gom khc, v c a n bi rc. Cc cht thi b trn ln
vi cc cht thi rn cng nghip khng nguy hi, rt t khi c phn tch ti ngun.
Cc cht thi cng nghip, bao gm c cht thi nguy hi thu gom bi cc cng ty dch v
th tng ng c em chn nhng bi chn rc km cht lng cng vi cc cht thi
th. Cc bi chn rc hoc cc bi thi ni chung u khng chn rc c na, v k thut
vn hnh rt ti, v hn na, cc bi thi c bn lin quan n vic lp cc vng t trng. C
th thy l khng c cc thit b x l nc rc, thm ch cc bi chn rc mi c thi
77
cng. Nc rc ni chung c thi trc tip vo cc khu cha xung quanh, m nhng vng
ny thng c dng cho cc mc ch nng nghip v nui trng thu sn hoc c cng
ng a phng dng nh cc ngun nc ung.
b . Chn lp ti ch, lu gi lu di
mt s cng ty c tham quan trong qu trnh kho st, cc cht thi b chn lp hoc
dn ng ti ch hoc khu t bn cnh bi v khng c mt gii php no ph hp vi cc
cht thi ny, hoc l c tch lu trc khi c chuyn i. Trong mt s trng hp, cht
thi ny c lu gi theo kiu nh vy c th to ra ri ro n mi trng v sc kho cho
khu vc xung quanh. Vic lu gi cht thi v v sinh cng nghip km, v lng r r ln ca
cc nguyn liu c, bao gm c cn nha mang tnh axit v du thi, mt s a im. S
lu gi lu di mt s cht thi khng th ti s dng li trong dy chuyn, v d nh nhng
m sn ti kh ph bin, nhng ni chung nhng ni cha cht thi khng c che, y k v
thy r s n mn vt liu bao b xy ra. Kh nng r r vo lp t tng di v gy nhim
bn nc ngm c th c xem nh mt nguy c lu di.
c . Nhng vn nhim bn nc mt
a hnh ca Vit Nam c c trng bi i ni che ph hu ht pha Bc, Ty, v
min Trung ca Vit Nam. Din tch cn li l ng bng t t bi v lu vc vi mt mng
li kh dy c cc sng ngi. Nc mt bao gm sng, h cha, knh, h ao c s dng
rt nhiu Vit Nam nh l mt ngun nc n ung, nng nghip, nui trng thu sn v
cng nghip. Chng cng c s dng nh l ngun nhn nc thi cng nghip v sinh
hot, c bit l khu vc th, ni cha c h thng x l nc thi th.
Nc thi t khu vc cng nghip c H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh c thi hu
nh khng h c x l vo rt nhiu knh rch sng ngi l nhng h thng thot nc
chung ca thnh ph. Tt c nhng ngun nc ny do b nhim do nc thi cng
nghip, cng nh cht lnh thi t sinh hot. H Ni hin cha c h thng x l cht thi
lng cng nghip v sinh hot, trong khi thnh ph c nhng c s cng nghip ln, nn
cht thi cng nghip chnh l ngun nhim ng k. Cc mi trng c tnh rng nc
thi cng nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh vo khong 20 30% tng lu lng dng chy
trong cc sng v ng gp ch yu l t cng nghip tinh ch, ho cht v ch bin thc
phm.
d . Nhng vn nhim bn nc ngm
Ni chung cht lng nc ngm Vit Nam vn tt tr mt s ni b nhim st v
mangan cao, v nhim nc bin nh hng mt s vng ven bin. Hin nay, ch c khong
15% nc ngm khai thc c cp vo h thng cp nc my do nc mt c sn v r. Tuy
nhin, nhu cu ang tng ln nhng ni thiu ngun nc mt nh ng Nai v ng bng
sng Mkng, v c nhng du hiu nhim bn cc b do chn cht thi hay nc mt b
nhim.
Vit Nam tr cc nh my nc thnh ph H Ch Minh v Lt, a s cc h
thng thot nc th khng v cp nc cht lng km. Khong 30% nhu cu nc
th c cp bi nc ngm, ln nht l thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Ni, v Hi Phng.
Nhim bn nc ngm khu th, c bit l H Ni ngy cng nghim trng, ni m
ton b dn c phi da vo nc ngm i vi nc n ung v sinh hot.
78
e . nhim khng kh
C nhng trng hp nhim khng kh rt nghim trng do qun l cht thi nguy hi
km. Dung mi, ni chung, c thi bng cch cho bay hi. Mt c s sn xut tm lp
ximng aming ng Nai thi mt tn bn ngay trong c s trong vng mt ngy m
khng c mt bin php kim sot no. Hng ngn tn bn c trong nh my theo
kiu nh vy s to ra nguy c i vi sc kho ca cng nhn trong nh my. Nhng v d
nh vy s c th gp nhiu ni nc ta.
4.4.2. Anh hng n x hi
Nh nu trn, rt kh nh gi nhng tc ng thc t lin quan n nhim
nc mt v nc ngm do s thiu ht cc s liu quan trc. Tuy nhin, tng quan t l t
vong v bnh trng Vit Nam cho thy mc cao bnh tt c lin quan n vic cung cp
nc v v sinh, ch yu l vn v sinh.
Vic thi cc cht thi cng nghip khng c x l, tht thot du v cc ho cht khc
do s c vo cc con sng v h thng cung cp nc ngm lm bn cc ngun nc ung
cng nh lm cht c v sinh vt y vn c nhn dn a phng nh bt s dng. Mt s
vn sc kho lin quan n nhng tc ng c hiu nh l kt quca mt s s c
gy nhim, vic di chuyn d lng thuc tr su khng c kim sot. Ri ro tng bnh
tt do ng c kim loi v ung th do nhim cc cht gy ung th vn ang ton ti. Tnh trng
tng bnh ung th, bnh tim, nhim trng h h hp v tin ho, vim da cng c th tng.
79
Ci tin v iu sn xut
Ci tin v my mc thit b
T ng ho my mc thit b
2. Cm tuyt i vn chuyn chung nhng loi CTR nguy hi khng tng thch
hoc phi c bin php x l s c i khng khc.
Bc d CTR nguy hi
1. Trc khi bc d, nhng ngi c trch nhim phi kim tra bao b, nhn hiu
hng ha v trc tip iu khin hng dn thao tc xp d cho an ton.
2. Trong qu trnh bc d, khng c ko l, khng c qung vt ba bi, khng
c t cc kin hng khng ng hng quy nh, gy va chm, lm v CTR
nguy hi ra bn ngoi.
85
o Hiu ng xoy ca bn t.
Phng php Chn Lp An Tan cht Thi Nguy Hi
Chn lp l cng on cui cng khng th thiu trong h thng Qun l Cht thi
nguy hi. Chn lp l bin php nhm c lp cht thi nhm lm gim c tnh, gim thiu
kh nng pht tn cht thi vo Mi trng.
Cc cht thi nguy hi c php chn lp vo Bi chn lp cn p ng cc tiu
chun sau:
Ch c cht thi V c (t Hu c)
Tim nng nc r thp
Khng c cht lng
Khng c cht n
Khng c cht phng x
Khng c lp xe
Khng c cht thi ly nhim
Thng thng cc Cht thi nguy hi c chn lp bao gm:
Bn xi m v bn Kim loi
c hi nh CO2, H2O, SO42-, NO3-, trong mt s cht dng kh s theo ng khi ra ngoi,
cc thnh phn khc s tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh ximng.
Mt s cc cht thi l v c c cha kim loi nng, axt, baz v c cng c th x l
c trong l xi mng m khng h lm nh hng n cht lng ca ximng. Cc cht thi
v c ny khi gp nhit cao s tham gia phn ng nhit phn, tr thnh cc mui kp v
oxt bn vng khng c hi trong ximng.
Hin nay rt nhiu tnh thnh ang c nh my ximng hot ng, do vy tim nng ng
dng chng x l CTRCN v CTNH l rt ln. V mt kinh t, tnh ton cho thy x l
cht thi bng l ximng cho php gim tiu hao nhin liu rt nhiu, trung bnh t 50.000 tn
cht thi c th tit kim 30.000 tn nhin liu. Tuy c nhiu trin vng nh vy, nhng p
dng c bin php ny chc chn s cn rt nhiu kh khn ln trong vic phi hp t chc
thc hin gia cc i phng vi nhau, vn hiu qu kinh t trong vn chuyn - x l cht
thi, s ng tnh ca cc nh my....
Ni tm li mun thc hin c iu ny th vai tr ca Nh nc trong vic ra ch
trng thng nht t chc thc hin l ht sc quan trng. C th thy vi cng sut sn
xut ca cc nh my ximng trong nc, Nh nc hon ton c th kt hp vi cc nh my
ny qun l CTRCN v CTNH mt cch hiu qu trn din rng. Hy vng rng trong mt
tng lai gn, bng nhng bin php qun l ph hp hn; vic ng dng l nung ximng
x l CTRCN v CTNH s c s quan tm hng ng ca cc cp lnh o Nh nc.
6.1.2.3. Cng ngh Chn Lp
(i). Chn lp thng thng cc cht hu c d phn hy
i vi cc cht thi hu c d phn hy c th s dng bin php chn lp thng thng
vi 1 lp chng thm x l. Bin php ny ng dng nhiu x l cht thi sinh hot v r
tin, hiu qu cao li t gy nhim mi trng. Bn cht ca phng php ny l s dng cc
vi sinh vt ym kh, hiu kh phn hu cc cht hu c thnh cc sn phm mn cha nhiu
dinh dng v c th s dng lm phn bn cho cy trng. Nu rc c phn loi tt, cc bi
chn lp kiu nh th ny c th c s dng li nhiu ln.
i vi CTR v c bit l CTNH k c cht thi y t, cc nc khng cho php x l
chung cng vi rc sinh hot. nhiu nc ngho tiu chun mi trng t nghim ngt hn,
c th cho php mt s loi CTR khng nguy hi nh ph liu xy dng, phoi st thp, bao b
giy hng....c thi b chung vi rc sinh hot. Cn li hu ht cc nc pht trin h u
xy dng h thng qun l CTR v CTNH ring bit, tch ri vi rc thi sinh hot.
Hin nay nhiu nc tin tin nh M, Nht Bn, Canada CTR v CTNH cng c th
c x l bng chn lp, nhng yu cu thit k bi chn lp CTR v CTNH phi cao hn,
an ton so vi cht thi sinh hot. Mc an ton trong thit k bi chn tu thuc vo tng
loi cht thi, thm ch nhiu loi CTNH nh ht nhn, ly nhim phi c qun l ring,
trc khi chn lp c bit phi c cch ly an ton bng cc vt liu ph hp nh ch,
btng nhiu lp chng phng x.
(ii). Chn lp an tan v hp v sinh CTRCN v CTNH
Chn lp an ton hp v sinh l bin php tiu hy cht thi c p dng rt rng ri
trn th gii. Nhiu Quc gia tin tin nh Anh, Nht cng dng bin php chn lp, k c mt
s loi cht thi nguy him, ly nhim hoc c hi. Theo cng ngh ny cht thi CTRCN,
CTNH dng rn hoc sau khi c nh dng vin c a vo cc h chn lp c t nht
92
Trong :
- 1,2 v 0,3 l chiu cao to dc ng thu gom
- 0,6 l ng knh ng thu gom nc v ging thu
- 1 l khong cch cn thit t mc nc ngm ti cng trnh
- h l chiu cao ca mc nc ngm mao dn cao nht
V d vi chiu cao mc nc ngm l 7,5 m, ta c c chiu cao chn rc l 4,4 m,
chiu cao lp che ph phi chn l 2m, chiu cao lp lt l 1,2 m.
b2. Phng n thu gom nc r r:
Cc khu vc chn lp cc loi rc tr (khng cha cc cht hu c d phn hy) khng
yu cu h thng thu gom nc rc. i vi rc thi c cha cc cht c hi, ty theo loi
cht thi m c bin php chn lp v thu gom nc thi thch hp.
H thng thu gom nc rc phi bao gm: cc ng ng thu gom trong cc h chn lp,
thot nc xung quanh bi, trm bm v h thu nc rc.
H thng cc ng ng thu gom nc rc trong bi c t trn lp cao su chng thm
chnh v lp t st h tr, di cc lp rc, t v vi bo v l lp ct si to iu kin
cho nc thot nhanh chng trn mt h v bo v ng ng khi vn hnh h chn lp. Cc
ng ng phi c thit k thng, khng qu di v c dc khng nh hn 0,5% (vi ng
F>200).
Rnh thot nc phi c b tr xung quanh bi v cc h chn lp, m bo nc ma
thot nhanh, khng chy vo cc h chn hn ch lu lng nc rc.
Nc rc phi c a v h thu gom v phi c bm ln x l trc khi a h
thng tiu thot chung.
b3. Thu gom kh gas
i vi bi chn lp CTR v CTNH, do c khi lng rc hu c d phn hu a vo
chn lp thng khng ln, v tr la chn li cch xa khu dn c cho nn khng nht thit
phi thu gom kh gas, nht l khi iu kin kinh ph cn hn ch.
hn ch s pht tn cht thi; kh gas t bi chn lp, xung quanh bi rc phi c vng
m cy xanh, ti thiu phi c 1 lp cy tn ln
b4. Kt cu b mt
Din tch mt bng mi h chn lp rc phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
T l din tch s dng hu ch phi ln nht. T l din tch s dng hu ch
ca bi rc l t l gia tng din tch s dng hu ch ca cc hng mc cng trnh so vi
tng din tch mt bng ca bi rc. Tc l kt cu b mt h chn phi ph hp vi mt
bng la tng th ca bi rc.
Kch thc kt cu ca mt bng h chn phi sao cho ch s b mt gia c
chng thm, chu lc nh nht (Sm). Ch s b mt gia c chng thm, chu lc c xc
nh bng t s tng din tch b mt cn gia c so vi tng th tch ca h chn. Vi mt
quy m (th tch) h chn nht nh th kt cu b mt hnh vung c Sm nh nht.
m bo yu cu v sinh mi trng: Vi mt bng mi h chn lp ln s ko
theo l thi gian hot ng chn lp s di. Thi gian hot ng chn lp ca mi h chn
ko di s nh hng ti v sinh mi trng, bi v trong thi gian hot ng chn lp th
hu nh khng th tch ring nc ma trn mt bng h chn. Nu din tch ca h chn
94
Lng ma v ch ma
Nhn chung, dc vch ln cho php gim c din tch mt vch, d thot nc
nhng kh gia cng v d sp l khi vn hnh. C th ngh dc ph hp l 2/3.
b6. Thit k phng n chng thm
Cc nguyn tc v yu cu chung:
Nc thm ra t rc c t thm ti h thng ng thu gom, nc lun c thu
gom trit trong mi trng hp.
-
95
C s Ngc Thu.
98
99
Nhm
1
Tn nhm
Nguy hi i vi
ngi tip xc
Nguy hi i vi mi
trng
Gy nhim khng kh
Cc loi ny th rn khi
chy c th sinh ra cc sn
phm chy c hi.
Cht n mn
Gy nhim nc, t
Cht c
Mt vi hu qu v mi
trng
Cc cht phn ng, cc cht oxy ha mnh tim n cc nguy c cho con ngi hn l cho
mi trng do chng khng bn, d b phn hy hoc chun ha thnh cc cht khc. Qu
trnh phn ng c th pht sinh nhit, gy chy n hoc gii phng cc cht c tnh c vo
mi trng hay to iu kin cho cc phn ng chy n xy ra nhng cht khc. CTNH
thng n mn vt liu gy h hng cc cng trnh, thng cha, nh kho. Cc cht n mn cn
c th gy ra n mn khi tip xc vi c th con ngi c bit l da. Trong cc cht ny c
nhng cht gy bng rp, tc ng d ng b mt hoc gy hi ti lp biu b nm su bn
trong.
100
Hi hoc bi
khng
kh
H hp
Pht thi kh
Chy
trn
CTNH
Hp thu bi
Chui thc n
ng thc vt
Xm nhp vo
c th con
ngi
Nc mt
Ung
thm
Nc cp
Nc ngm
101
a. Dung mi:
Cc dung mi hu c c th tan trong mi trng m cng nh nc. Cc dung mi thn
m khi tan trong mi trng s tch t trong m bao gm c h thn kinh. Hi ca dung mi
rt d c hp thu qua phi . c nhiu loi dung mi hu c gy c tnh cp v mn tnh cho
con ngi v ng vt khi tip xc.
Mt s dung mi hu c thng gp l benzen, toluen, xylen, etylbenzen, xyclohexan.
Cc dung mi ny c th hp th qua phi v qua da. Khi tip xc liu cao gy c tnh cp
suy gim thn kinh trung ng, gy chng mt, nhc u, ngp th dn n ri lon tiu ha.
Benzen tch ly trong cc m m v ty xng gy bnh bch cu, xo trn AND di truyn.
Liu hp th benzen t 10-15 mg c th t vong. Cc dung mi kia c tc dng c hi tng
t nhng c tnh thp hn.
b. Cc hydrrocacbon
Cc cht halogen ha ch yu l nhm clo hu c, chng u l cc cht d bay hi v rt
c, c bit chng d gy m, gy ngt, nh hng n h thn kinh, gan thn nh
triclometan, tetra clorocacbon, tricloroetylencc hp ch phc tp cn c khuynh hng tch
t trong c th ng thc vt khi hp thu chng nh PCBs, DDT...
c. Cc kim loi nng
Cc kim loi nng gy hi ng k cho mi trng. Vi hm lng cao chng gy ri
lon, c ch hot ng ca sinh vt. Tuy nhin tc ng nguy hi ng quan tm ca chng l
ln sc skhe con ngi. Do s xm nhp ca chng vo c th din ra trong thi gian di nn
kh c th pht hin v ngn nga.
Mt s kim loi nng tiu biu l Cr (VI), thy ngn, As, Cd
d. Cc cht c c tnh cao
Cc cht c c tnh cao gy ng c hoc gy t vong cho ngi nu xm nhp v tch
ly trong c th d vi lng nh. Di y l mt s c cht thng gp:
- Cht rn: antimon, cadmi, ch, bery, asen, selen, mui cyanua v cc hp cht ca
chng.
- Cht lng: thy ngn, dung dch cc cht rn trn, hp cht vng thm
- Cht kh: hydrocyanua, photgen, kh halogen, dn xut ca halogen
Mt s cht gy t bin ngi v ng vt hu nh, gy ra cc tc ng lu di ln sc
khe con ng v mi trng nh carcinogens, asbetos. PCBs
Do tc ng m cht thi gy ra cho con ngi v mi trng rt ln v khng th o
lng trc c nn vic qun l cht ch CTNH l iu tt yu.
Cht thi nguy hi trc khi xm nhp vo c th con ngi thng qua cc con ng:
- H hp
- Qua da
102
- Qua h tiu ha
Cht nguy hi ton ti trong mi trng t, nc, kh, thc phm, nc ung.
7.2.2.2. S bin i CTNH vo mi trng
CTNH trc khi xm nhp vo c th con ngi c bin i nh sau:
A. T mi trng khng kh:
Cc cht gy n nhim tc ng
n trng trt v chn nui?
S thm thuC
vo nc
ngm?
Khng
nh gi s di chuyn vo hoa
mu v chn nui do ngi tiu
th
Cc cht gy nhim tc
ng n nc mt?
Khng
nh gi s dch chuyn vo nc
b mt
nh gi s phn mi trng ny
Khng
Xem xt s nh hng
ca ha cht vo nc
ngm
D bo tc thm thu
ca ha cht vo t
Ha cht c th gay nh
hng n nc mt
khng
khng
c
khng
nh gi ng tip xc vi
nc ngm
c
nh gi s chuyn dch ca
ha cht vo khng kh
tng mc c hay suy gim. Cht nguy hi xm nhp c th ngi thng qua thc phm b
nhim c hay tip xc trc tip.
D bo tc thm thu
ca ha cht vo t
Ha cht c th gay nh
hng n nc mt
khng
khng
c
khng
nh gi ng tip xc vi
nc ngm
c
nh gi s chuyn dch ca
ha cht vo khng kh
105
Khuyn khch
Hnh pht
Cc giy php
106
To th trng
8.1.6. H thng k thut mc ch m bo tch cht thi khi dng lun chuyn v a
v trng thi t c hi sau s c thi b.
Cng c:
Ch bin v x l
Thi b phn cn li
1.4.1.7 H thng thng tin mc ch l tng cng s hiu bit v cht thi cng
nh nm bt kp thi tnh trng hin ti.
Cng c:
Mt h thng qun l cht thi nguy hi c rt nhiu khu lin quan cht ch vi nhau,
i hi phi c gim st cht ch bi ch ngun thi v c quan qun l nh nc v mi
trng.
107
Thi b an ton
Thi vo t
Thi vo nc
Thi vo kh quyn
Ci tin cch thc vn hnh cn thc hin trong tt c cc lnh vc sn xut, bo tr thit
b, s dng v lu tr nguyn vt liu kh, bo qun sn phm, lu tr v qun l cht thi.cc
ni dung ci tin trong qun l v vn hnh sn xut bao gm:
-
Thay i qu trnh sn xut bao gm thay i nguyn vt liu u vo, cng ngh v thit
b. Tt c nhng thay i ny nhm gim lng pht thi cc cht gy nhim trong qu trnh
sn xut. Thay i v qu trnh c th thc hin nhanh chng hn v t ton km hn l thay
i v sn phm v k thut.
b.
c.
Nhng ci tin v t ng ha
Tn dng cht thi
Ti ch v ti s dng l nhng gii php tn dng c u tin sau gii php gim thiu
ti ngun. N cng c bit n di nhiu tn gi nh ti sinh(recycle), ti s dng(reuse),
ti ch (reclemation), hoc phc hi(recovery).
Ti s dng: Ti s dng l c dng li mt sn phm nhiu ln nu c th, nhm gim
lng cht thi v gim cc ngun lc phi s dng to sn phm mi. Ti s dng bao
hm c bn cho vic s dng hay sa cha dng tip, hoc s dng sn phm vo nhiu
mc ch.
109
Ti sinh hoc ti che:Ti sinh, ti ch l qu trnh bin cht thi to thnh sn phm mi
c s dng nh nguyn vt liu ca sn xut hay sn phm tiu dng nhm to ra hiu qu
v kinh t, x hi hay mi trung
Phc hi: Phc hi l qu trnh to li cc tnh nng s dng sn phm nh ban u.
Hp ph
bng than
hot tnh
Trao
ion
i X
Chng ct
X
X
Tch bng
mng
X
X
X
X
X
Cht kh
X
X
Thy phn
X
Cht rn n mn
hay bn nho
Trch ly
Cht lng
t nhim
hot
c
in phn
Tch
kh,hi
Cht
tnh
PCBs
hu
Cht
hu
Cc dng cht
thi
Cht
mi
Dung
Dung mi phi
cht
Hp
Qu trnh
x l
Cht n mn
110
hi
lp
Lm lnh,
tinh
th
ha
Bay
qua
film
Ti sinh c phm vi ng dng trong nhiu nghnh cng nghip v trong nhiu lnh vc
do mang li cc li ch:
-
Trnh phi thc hin qu trnh mang tnh bt buc nh x l hoc chn cht thi.
Ti sinh bn ngoi nh my
Bn cho mc ch ti s dng
111
112