Kiem Soat On KV Dong Dan Ngheo

Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA)
Quyn 2: HNG DN
xy dng
k hoch hnh ng kim sot
nhim cp a phng
H ni, thng 10 nm 2007
Kim sot nhim khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA)

Hng dn xy dng k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim cp a phng
Mc lc
Danh mc t vit tt
1. M u
1.1. Khi nim v kim sot nhim
1.2. Gii thiu, hung dn v t chc lp k hoch
1.2.1. K hoch hnh ng c tnh chin lc (mt cng c cn thit)
1.2.2. Quy trnh
1.2.3. Thnh lp nhm lp k hoch bao gm cc bn lin quan
10
1.2.4. Cc ngun lc v thng tin cn thit lp k hoch
10
1.3. Khung K hoch hnh ng
13
2. Cc yu t cn thit xy dng k hoch hnh ng KSON
13
2.1. Cc thc trng
13
2.1.1. Mi trng t nhin
14
2.1.2. Thc trng kinh t x hi
15
2.1.3. Thc trng mi trng
15
2.1.4. Cc dng cng tc kim sot nhim
15
2.2. Thc trng h thng vn bn php lut
16
2.3. Chnh sch, tm nhn v mc tiu
16
2.3.1. Th ch
18
2.3.2. Chnh sch
19
2.3.2. Xy dng tm nhn
20
2.3.4. Xy dng mc tiu chung
22
2.3.5. Xy dng mc tiu c th
23
3. Cc d n v hnh ng
25
3.1. Phn tch la chn cc d n v hnh ng
25
3.1.1. Cc quy nh
25
3.1.2. Hon thin cng c bo v mi trng
26
3.1.3. Quy hoch
28
3.1.3.1. Quy hoach - K hoch lin quan ti ngnh cng nghip
28
3.1.3.2. Qun l v kim sot cc khu cng nghip
30
3.1.3.3. Qun l v kim sot cc lng ngh th cng
31
-2-

3.1.4. Chnh sch v php lut
32
3.1.5. Cc gii php k thut cho cc ngnh v vn c th
32
3.1.5.1. Sn xut sch - cng ngh sch
32
3.1.5.2. nhim do sn xut nng nghip v nng thn
34
3.1.5.3. Thuc bo v thc vt
35
3.1.5.4. Khu git m
36
3.1.5.5. nhim kh thi
36
3.1.5.6. Cht thi rn
37
3.1.5.7. Ti ch, ti s dng cht thi
40
3.1.5.8. Cht thi nguy hi
41
3.1.5.9. Cht thi y t
42
3.1.5.10. X l nc thi th
46
3.1.6. S tham gia ca cng ng
48
3.1.7. Cng tc quan trc
52
3.1.8. Phi hp lin ngnh
54
3.1.9. Cc vn hnh chnh
54
3.2. Xc nh v la chn d n
55
3.3. La chn cc hnh ng
56
3.4. Ch s nh gi sn phm u ra v kt qu
59
4. Tnh ton chi ph cho cc hnh ng xut
59
4.1. Phn tch chi ph - li ch
60
4.2. Ti chnh
60
4.2.1. Chi ph u t
60
4.2.2. Doanh thu
61
5. La chn cc u tin
61
5.1. Cc tiu ch la chn u tin
61
5.2. Cch la chn u tin
63
5.3. Tiu ch thng qua d n
64
6. T chc thc hin
65
6.1 Gii php thc hin
66
6.1.1. Gii php c cu chnh sch
66
6.1.2. Gii php ngun lc
67
6.1.3. Gii php k thut
67
-3-

6.1.4. Gii php cng ch
67
6.1.5. Tuyn truyn, gio dc v nng cao thc cng ng
67
6.2. T chc, sp xp thc hin
67
6.2.1. Gim st mi trng cc cp khc nhau
67
6.2.2. Th tc thi hnh
67
6.3. Tng hp lp thnh K hoch hnh ng KSONMT a phng
67
7. Thc hin v gim st/quan trc
67
7.1. M t i tng gim st/quan trc
68
7.2. M t cch s dng d liu
70
7.3. Xc nh cc ngun lc c
70
7.4. nh gi, thit k chng trnh gim st/quan trc
70
7.5. Quy trnh gim st/quan trc
73
7.6. m bo cht lng
73
7.7. Gim st/quan trc cht thi rn
73
7.8. Ch s nh gi (u ra v kt qu)
74
7.9. Thng tin phn hi
74
-4-

Danh mc cc t vit tt
BKHCN
B Khoa hc Cng ngh
BOD
Nhu cu Oxy sinh ho
BTNMT
B Ti nguyn Mi trng
BVMT
Bo v mi trng
BVTV
Bo v thc vt
BXD
B Xy dng
CBO
T chc cng ng
COD
Nhu cu Oxy ho hc
CP
Chnh ph
DANIDA
T chc pht trin quc t an Mch
DO
Oxy ho tan
DONRE
S Ti nguyn Mi trng
MC
nh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc
TM
nh gi tc ng mi trng
GIS
H thng thng tin a l
GPS
nh v v tinh
KCN
Khu cng nghip
KKHHKSONMT
Khung k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim mi trng
KT - XH
Kinh t - X hi
KSON
Kim sot nhim
Ni t
Ngh nh
NGO
T chc phi chnh ph
NO2
Dioxit Nit
Pht pho
PCDA
Kim sot nhim khu vc ng dn ngho
PM
Bi l lng
PPP
Chng trnh phng nga nhim
QA/QC
m bo cht lng/Kim sot cht lng
Quyt nh
SOWT
Mnh - yu - c hi - thch thc.
TCMT
Tiu chun mi trng
TP
Thnh ph
TT
Thng t
TTg
Th tng
UBND
U ban nhn dn
-5-

M u
Kim sot nhim (KSON) khu vc ng dn c ngho l mt trong 5 hp phn
ca chng trnh hp tc trong lnh vc mi trng Vit Nam - an Mch nhm thc
hin c cc nhim v nu trong Quyt nh 328/2005/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh
ph v vic ph duyt K hoch Quc gia v Kim sot nhim mi trng n nm
2010. Chng trnh ny nhm h tr vic thc hin Chin lc bo v mi trng cc
khu vc trng im trong vic bo v mi trng t Trung ng ti a phng v cc
cng c kinh t v php l, x hi ho, nng lc quan trc cng vi nhng ng gp khc
c lin quan, h tr B Ti nguyn v Mi trng t c thnh qu thin nin k, gn
cht vi Chin lc tng trng kinh t v xo i gim ngho.
Kt qu ca Hp phn l xy dng Khung k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim
mi trng (KKHHKSONMT)cp a phng v Hng dn thc hin. T thc trng
nhim mi trng, cng tc kim sot nhim mi trng v c bit l bo co nh
gi v tnh hnh thc hin Quyt nh 328/2005/Q-TTg cc B, Ngnh Trung ng v
cc a phng trong hn mt nm qua nhm t vn quc t v t vn trong nc tin
hnh xy dng Khung k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim mi trng v bn hng
dn thc hin
Hng dn xy dng K hoch HKSON l phn 2 (Quyn 2) ca
KKHHKSONMT hot ng trong Hp phn PCDA. Ni dung ca hng dn tp trung
vo cc vn :
- Khi nim v lp k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim;
- Xc nh v nh gi vn mi trng trong iu kin hin ti;
- Xc nh gii php hp l, cc d n v hnh ng cho s ci thin mi trng;
- Tiu ch la chn cc d n u tin, tnh ton chi ph thc hin;
- T chc thc hin, gim st v quan trc.
Trn c s khung k hoch (quyn 1), cc hng dn hin ti v cc iu kin ca
tng a phng, mi a phng s pht trin KKHHKSON mt cch ph hp v c
tnh kh thi.
Vic xy dng KHHKSONMT ny s c thc hin bi n v, t chc do UBND
tnh, TP ca cc a phng, phn cng hoc y quyn c s phi hp ca cc S ban
ngnh lin quan. Kin ngh S Ti nguyn v Mi trng s chu trch nhim thc thi vi
s tham gia phi hp ca cc bn lin quan l ph hp nht.
1.1.
Khi nim v kim sot nhim
Ti phn 1.1 trong KKHHKSON gii thch khi nim ca KSON da trn Chnh
sch mi trng quc gia v Quyt nh 328/2005/Q-TTg .Vic xy dng KHKSON da
trn h thng vn bn php lut hay chnh sch KSONMT hin nay. iu ny c ngha
KHHKSON cc a phng phi c cng mt khun mu tun theo cc cp bc trong
qu trnh xy dng KHHKSON cp a phng. K hoch ny c bt u t Tm
nhn, Mc tiu chung, Mc tiu c th nhm xy dng cc d n v hnh ng.
1.2.
Gii thiu hng dn v t chc lp k hoch
-6-

Nh miu t k trong bn KKHHKSON, k hoch hnh ng KSON phi tp

trung vo mc tiu ca Quyt nh 328/2005/Q-TTg v a ra nhng kt qu quan trng
nhm t c mc tiu . a phng c th s dng bn Hng dn la chn cc
d n v hnh ng nhm t c kt qu mong mun. Khi phn tch v m t hin
trng, a phng s bit cn phi tp trung vo vn g t c kt qu. Bn
hng dn ny s khng trnh by chi tit phi lm g la chn cc hnh ng v u
tin m ch ch ra cc yu t cn tnh ti trong qu trnh.
Khi u ca nh hng v cc mc tiu KHHKSONMT cp a phng l phi
lm th no chuyn t "tnh trng hin c" n "tnh trng mong mun" (xem hnh 1)
thc s l mc tiu cn t c. Tin trnh ca KHHKSON c khi u t nhng
hiu bit v tnh hnh thc ti, bao gm cc vn kinh t - x hi, sinh hc - vt l, th
ch. Sau kt hp cc kha cnh php l vi chnh sch v nh hng cp a
phng i ti qu trnh k hoch ha bao gm cc ni dung: thit lp, tnh ton chi
ph, xc nh u tin, d ton kinh ph v cui cng l thc hin v gim st . Khi qu
trnh c hon thnh, cn c rt kinh nghim trin khai tt hn. Cc yu t ca qu
trnh ny c ch ra trong hnh 6, mc 1.3 ca hng dn ny.
Cng ng
Lnh vc kinh t t nhn
Chnh quyn cp trung ng
Chnh quyn cp a phng
Cc t chc
Cc trng i hc
Mi trng chng ta ang c
Mi trng chng ta mong mun
Hnh 1. KSON, xy dng v thay i theo k hoch hnh ng chin lc da trn cc u tin
nh hng, s hp tc gia cc c quan chc nng v cc bn c lin quan.
Nhng mc tiu chnh trong Quyt nh 328/2005/Q-TTg gm: 1. X l 70%

ngun thi; 2. Thu gom 90% lng cht thi rn pht sinh; 2. X l 100% cht thi y t; 4.
X l 60% cht thi nguy hi trc nm 2010. C th nhn thy rng, thc hin c
nhng mc tiu quan trng ny, c bit l mc tiu th nht v th hai cn phi c s
phi hp tt gia cc B, Ngnh, a phng v c y cc ngun lc. Ch c mt
gii php i vi vic ny l nh gi tnh hnh hin trng m ta ang c, so snh vi
nhng mc tiu trong Quyt nh 328, nhng chnh sch, nh hng u tin ti a
phng (mong mun). Tip lp k hoch chin lc tng bc gim thiu tng
ngun nhim (c th t c). Thm ch cn c s kt hp cht ch gia cc c quan
-7-

chc nng thc hin mt cch hiu qu. Tng bc ca khung k hoch hnh ng
s c trnh by cng n gin cng tt nhng vn m bo k hoch i ng hng
t c mc tiu.
1.2.1. K hoch hnh ng c tnh chin lc (mt cng c cn thit)
Ch c th s dng khi nim K hoch hnh ng chin lc xy dng K
hoch nhm t c nhng mc tiu quan trng cp ti trn. C th thy rng :
th nht, mc tiu t c l kh khn. Th hai, t c mc tiu cn c s phi
hp gia cc c quan lin quan, do vy ngay t u k hoch phi c thc hin lin
ngnh. Th ba, k hoch hnh ng phi l mt t hp ca cc gii php k thut, cc
gii php kinh t, cc u tin chin lc, xy dng nng lc, vn nhn thc, th ch,
chnh sch.v.v. v qu trnh thc hin s ko di hng nm.Trong thi gian ny, nhng
la chn hnh ng u tin s c th thay i do cc vn ti chnh, k thut.v.v. v
nhng bi hc kinh nghim rt ra, do vy K hoch cn phi c iu chnh cho ph
hp (xem hnh 2).
2
Chng ta mun
tin ti u?
1
Ngy nay chng ta
ang u?
Lut php, chnh sch,

nh hng, cc mc tiu
chin lc v phi hp
hnh ng
D on v phn tch
hin trng
K hoch Hnh ng
c tnh Chin lc
s c bt u
bng cch tr li
bn cu hi sau:
3
Lm th no
thnh cng
4
Lm sao c th m
bo chng ta s t
c mc tiu ?
Cn c xc nh r rng v
kt qu v vic
thc hin k hoch
Cc ch tiu nh gi, cng tc

gim st, cc phng php
kim tra v cng b kt qu
Hnh 2. Cc thnh t xy dng KHH chin lc.
Kim sot nhim c t trong bi cnh pht trin chung c th t c mc

tiu tt hn so vi vic xc nh v thc thi nhng tnh hung ring r. Nhng iu ny
i hi mi a phng phi c cng c k hoch ha chin lc cn thit v cc kinh
nghim. iu cho php vic qun l cc tnh hung phc tp, iu phi gia nhiu t
chc, a ra cc u tin quyt nh cc mc tiu pht trin ca a phng.
Mc ch ca vic lp k hoch l to iu kin phi hp gia cc c quan chc
nng, cc t chc v thit lp nhng mc tiu chung cng nh phn cng trch nhim
cho tng n v. Nhm i mt vi nhng thch thc mi, ngi qun l cn phi c K
-8-

hoch hnh ng chin lc nh l cng c qun l hnh chnh. K hoch hnh ng

chin lc l phng thc nh gi mt cch h thng v tnh hnh ca mt t chc,
xc nh nhng mc tiu di hn quan trng, xy dng nhng chin lc t c
nhng mc tiu v b tr nhng ngun lc thc hin nhng chin lc.
Trc khi cp ti vic lp k hoch hnh ng, chng ta phi tp trung vo
nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi nng lc lp k hoch hnh ng chin lc cn phi
c cp a phng m bo rng vic thc hin s dn ti kt qu mong mun.
Nu cha c nhng ngun lc cn thit th cn phi xy dng nng lc lp k hoch
trc khi xy dng cc k hoch hnh ng v la chn nhng u tin.
1.2.2. Quy trnh xy dng KHHKSON
Vic xy dng KHHKSONMT cc a phng s c bt u t vic nh gi
tnh hnh hin ti tc l tnh trng nn ban u ca KHH. Ni mt cch khc, y l im
i chng nh gi s thay i trong tng tai vi nhng g chng ta mong mun.
Nu khng c im i chng ny th hu nh khng th nh lng ha c s thay
i v ghi chp nhng kt qu ca s u t. u t, thm ch dn n li nhun, s
lun lun chm dt nu khng o c, nh lng c kt qu. S thay i, t tnh hnh
ban u ln n tnh hnh c ci thin s c nh gi bng bin php gim
st/quan trc vi cc ch s xc nh
Trong bi cnh c s tr gip ti chnh ca DANIDA, hp phn PCDA tp trung
vo cc khu vc ng dn c, ngho v sc khe, cc thng s ny s tr thnh cc tiu
ch la chn quan trng cho vic thc hin cc d n bn cnh cc thng s k thut v
ngun nhim, ti nguyn nc...Trong chu trnh di y (hnh 3) ch ra cc lp thng
tin quan trng cn xem xt cui cng kt hp vi khung php l, mi trng, pht trin
v chnh sch u t, nh hng v cc mc tiu c xc nh. Lp "Lp k hoch"
c minh ha lm th no cc thng s c xem xt v a ra c KHKSON cp a
phng.
Mt dn s
Sc khe
i ngho
Hin trng nhim
Ti nguyn thin nhin (nc)
Khung php l, chnh sch v nh hng
Lp k hoch
Hnh 2. Quy trnh kt hp hin trng, lut php, chnh sch, tm nhn v , mc tiu xy dng
c s cho KHHKSON
-9-

1.2.3.
Thnh lp nhm lp k hoch bao gm cc bn lin quan
Bc u tin trong qu trnh lp k hoch l xc nh v la chn 1 nhm bao

gm cc bn c lin quan xy dng k hoch, c th a phng c nhng thnh
vin cho nhm ny ti n v c lin quan trong ngnh mi trng. Thnh phn v nhim
v ca nhm l bo m rng KHKSON c lp khi c s phi hp ca cc bn c
lin quan v sau k hoch c c s ng thun ca cc ban ngnh v cng ng.
iu ny rt quan trng khi tin hnh thc hin v sau .
Nhm lp k hoch bao gm i din ca t nht cc ngnh sau: UBND tnh, mi
trng, Cng nghip, Y t, Nng nghip, Ti chnh, Xy dng, Giao thng vn ti, cc t
chc phi chnh ph trong nc v khu vc t nhn.
Vai tr ca tng thnh vin v n v trong nhm lp k hoch s c xc nh
trc khi lp k hoch. Do vy, mi tnh phi xy dng cc hng dn r rng cho cc
thnh vin:
Ai trc tip tham gia lp k hoch?
Ai cung cp nhng thng tin quan trng cho qu trnh lp k hoch?
Ai s nhn c bn k hoch?
Ai ban hnh bn k hoch?

R rng l UBND tnh v S Ti nguyn v Mi trng (TNMT) s ng vai tr
chnh trong cc vn k thut mi trng v quyt nh. Nhm lp k hoch phi tham
vn Ban ch o c ng h. Hn na nn : .
Ch nh t nht mt ngi c thm quyn a ra quyt nh chin lc, v

d la chn mc tiu no v cch t mc tiu
Cng nhiu bn lin quan tham gia vo qu trnh lp k hoch cng tt
Nhng ngi chu trch nhim vit v thc hin k hoch cng tham gia vo qu
trnh lp k hoch
Ch nh mt ngi iu hnh qu trnh bao gm cc vic sp xp hp mt, h

tr thu thp thng tin quan trng, theo di tin
iu hnh vin phi lu gi h s nhng pha quan trng trong qu trnh lp k

hoch c th d dng cp nht sau ny.
1.2.4. Cc ngun lc v thng tin cn thit lp k hoch
1.2.4.1. Cc ngun lc
xy dng mt k hoch chin lc s cn cc ngun lc nh: con ngi, a
im v cc th khc (my tnh, thit b). Mt s cng c, thit b gi c th thu
thp c cc thng tin chnh xc v trnh by tt:
Cng c xut:
Giy can;
Bng can dng can nh v hnh v;
Bng dinh trong;
Bt ch en, bt ch mu, bt mu, thc k;
Thit b GPS ( nh v ngun nhim);
My nh k thut s;
My tnh v my in mu;
My ghi m s dng trong cc cuc hp v hi tho ;
Ba kp h s ( ghi chp ti hin trng);
My tnh;
Thc o (30 mt).
- 10 -

p ng c yu cu ca mi a phng c th s cn cp nht cc nhu cu,

xc nh ni lp k hoch, thi gian lm vic, cch i thc a v hp mt ngoi tri
1.2.4.2. Cc ngun lc v thng tin cn thit lp k hoch
Cc loi bn v nh chp t v tinh trn ton lnh th l mt ngun thng tin ph
hp v cn thit cho vic lp k hoch. Nhiu loi bn ny c th dng nh du v
tr tr trong K hoch hnh ng KSON. i vi bn tnh : Thi Nguyn, H Nam, Qung
Nam v Bn Tre, hp phn PCDA h tr xy dng cc bn phc v cho cc
mc ch ny vi t l trong khong xp x 1: 200.000 n 1:50.000. Loi bn ny c
xy dng bao gm nhiu ni dung khc nhau nh: ranh gii hnh chnh, mt dn c,
khu vc ngho i, hin trng sc kheLoi bn ny l cng c ht sc cn thit
la chn d n v hnh ng c lin quan ti ni dung cp v phc v cho mc
ch trnh by ni chung.
Mt nh chp t v tinh khc c th khai thc trn internet l Google Earth, a ch:
http://earth.google.com/. Ti a ch ny c th tm thy hng trm nh chp t v tinh
min ph trn phm vi ton lnh th Vit Nam, t l xp x gia 1:40.000 v 1:10.000 s
gip cc a phng thu thp c cc thng tin v a hnh, thy vn mc tng
quan. V d xem hnh 4.
Hnh 4. Hnh nh ly t Google Earth - internet ( 1 vng thuc khu vc nghin cu)
i vi cc a phng khng nm trong danh sch c ti tr bi Danida hp

phn PCDA c th tm thy cc bn c sn min ph trn internet. Ta c th tm thy
thng tin v ng s, cc lu vc sng, ng ranh gii, cc khu ng dn.v.v. D liu
to nn bn ny c th tm thy ti a ch: http://www.maproom.psu.edu/dcw/,
trang web ny c xy dng nn nhm phc v cho mc ch gio dc nhng nu
mun s dng cn phi c 1 phn mm v h thng thng tin a l (GIS). C im thun
li l dung lng khng ln (do khng c nhiu mu sc) nn bn ny c th s dng
trong cc cuc trnh by v cc thng tin mi trng, xc nh im nng, cc d n kh
thi Mc d chnh xc ca bn khng cao nhng vn c th dng cp tnh v
- 11 -

huyn. Nu cn chnh xc cao hn, ta c th d dng cp nht, nng cp loi bn

ny vi mt cht kin thc, kinh nghim c bn v GIS.
La chn v chun b bn :
La chn v xy dng bn hin trng cho ton tnh;

Nu cn thit c th xy dng bn chi tit hn cp huyn;
Bn ch bao gm cc chi tit cn thit nht;
Lu t l v ta ;
Bn dng cho bo co ch cn nh bng kh giy A4, cn dng cho hi
tho th kch thc nn to bng mt bc tng.
Hnh 5. V d v bn hin trng nh du cc im nng , thng tin mi trng v v tr cc

d n u tin
Xy dng bn ch
Sau khi xy dng bn hin trng nn xy dng 1 bn ch :
Cc im v khu vc quan tm;
Cc im nng (c th c minh ho bng nh ch ra v tr bng mi tn trn
bn );
Khu vc d b tn thng (theo nh ngha ca bn);
Xc nh d n (danh sch di) minh ho bng nhng con s;
La chn d n u tin (danh sch ngn) t 4 n 6 d n.
- 12 -

1.3.
Khung k hoch hnh ng
Hnh 6. di y s th hin nhng vn chnh ca khung, miu t ni dung ca

KHHKSON trong bao gm c cu trc ho bo co (quyn 1)
Thc trng
mi trng
Thc trng
cc vn bn
php quy
Chnh sch,
Tm nhn v
mc tiu
Xy dng cc hnh ng hay cc d n nhm

ci thin mi trng
Tnh ton chi ph xy dng mi hnh ng
La chn nhng hnh ng u tin theo tm

quan trng, chi ph, thi gian v nh hng
Nhng phn hi
T chc thc hin
Thc hin v gim st

Hnh 6. Khi nim tng qut v khung k hoch (bao gm cc thnh t ca KHHKSONMT v
cu trc bo co)
Mi tng trng cho mt phn chnh trong Khung k hoch hnh ng KSON v
Hng dn xy dng k hoch KSON. Khi cp ti phn no th tng ng c
bi m ngi c tin theo di.
2. Cc yu t cn thit xy dng KHHKSONMT

2.1.
Cc thc trng
- 13 -

Khung KHH gii thch tm quan trng ca vic miu t thc trng trong
KHHKSON cp a phng a ra tnh trng tin d n v xc nh
nhu cu kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc c la chn (thc hin cc
hnh ng v d n).
Tuy nhin vic miu t thc trng trong KHHKSON cp a phng l
ch ra bc tranh tng th v khng i vo chi tit nh thc hin TM cho mt d n c
th hay thit lp cc chng trnh gim st tc ng chuyn dng bao gm cc bin
s mi trng chi ph cao v s lm chm k hoch hnh ng. Nu c nhu cu ci
thin nng lc gim st ti a phng th nn xut thnh d n v u tin ho,
nh gi nh cc d n khc.
Do vy miu t thc trng nn tp trung vo nhng vn then cht ti a
phng bn cnh vic miu t tm tt tiu chun hoc tm lc hin trng mi trng.
Nu vn chung l nc thi th nn xc nh v tr cc ngun thi ln, nh gi ti
lng v tnh thi lng ra cc lu vc sng, h. Hn na thng qua thng s quan
trng c th nh gi cht lng nc ti mt vi v tr chin lc sng h. V cng
nn phn tch cht lng nc ca sng, v d, chy qua 2 tnh xc nh nng
nhim ti v tr . nh gi cht lng nc nn tp trung vo cc thng s chnh nh
BOD, N, P, CODNu ti a phng c cc ngun nhim tp trung gm cc nh
my ln x thi cc kim loi nng, ph phm ho duth cn c nh gi bi cc
chuyn gia.
Hnh di y l mt v d xc nh v tr nh gi ngun BOD tu theo mc .
Cng p dng phng php tng t i vi vi cc loi nhim khc. Vic xc nh v
tr v nh gi ring cho tng loi nhim, v d nhim khng kh (PM); cht thi rn
khng thu gom, cht thi y t khng x l, cc ngun thi nguy hi cha c gii
quyt, chnh l u mi hin trng trc khi thc hin KHH cp a phng v cc
hnh ng, d n c thc hin nn cho thy tc ng ti vic xc nh v tr v nh
gi trong tng lai.
Hnh 7. V d minh ha nh gi v xc nh v tr ti lng BOD tu theo mc ngun thi. C

ln nh ca vng trn th hin mc ngun thi.
2.1.1. Mi trng t nhin
- 14 -

KHHKSON phi phn nh c cc c im t nhin ca a phng, l

im quan trng trong k hoch kim sot nhim; nh: a l, a hnh, kh hu, thy
vn v ng cnh hin ti ca bn hnh chnh a phng.
2.1.2. Thc trng kinh t x hi
KHHKSON phi miu t v nh gi c tc pht trin dn s v tnh
trng sc khe, kinh t chung ca a phng. i tng ci thin cht lng mi
trng trong vng i ngho v thc trng kinh t x hi vng ng dn c l rt quan
trng trong vic h tr nhm thc hin k hoch.
2.1.3. Thc trng mi trng
Trn c s cc thng tin v cht lng khng kh, nc, t, sinh thi, cht thi
rn, cht thi y t, cht thi nguy hi v cc thng tin khc, KHHKSON phi m t cc
thc trng nh l c s cho s so snh kt qu chuyn bin trong tng lai t khi cc
hnh ng c thc hin. Cc m t vn nhim hin ti phi k ti ngun pht
sinh:
-
Khu vc thnh ph
Cng nghip
Cc lng ngh th cng
Cc bi rc
Nui trng thy sn
Nng nghip
Cht thi rn, nguy hi v cht thi y t ca a phng
Cc loi hnh khc
2.1.4. Thc trng cng tc kim sot nhim

pht trin ngun nhn lc v k thut ph hp cho vic hon thin cc i
tng ca kim sot nhim, cc a phng phi phn tch tnh hnh hin ti v kh
nng trong ca cc lnh vc sau:
-
iu tra v quan trc;

Quan st mi trng;
nh gi tc ng mi trng v cc cng c php l khc;
Sn phm sch;
Kim ton cht thi;
X l nhim khng kh;
X l cht thi cng nghip;
Cng ngh;
Nghin cu khoa hc;
X l nc thi;
Thu gom v x l cht thi rn khu vc thnh th;
X l cht thi nguy hi;
X l cht thi y t;
Gio dc v tuyn truyn;
S tham gia ca cng ng.
- 15 -

2.2
Thc trng h thng vn bn php lut

xy dng v thc hin k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim mi tnh
cn nh gi:
Hin trng t chc v thc hin cc vn bn php quy;
Lm r nhng kh khn, tn ti ca h thng vn bn php lut;
xut hon thin nhng thiu st trong h thng vn bn php quy

cp Trung ng v a phng;
Sp xp u tin theo trt t ban hnh cc vn bn php quy, hng

dn k thut, tiu chun cn thit ti a phng nhm thc hin
KHHKSON.
gip vic phn tch v nh gi h thng vn bn php quy lin quan ti kim
sot nhim, hnh di y ch ra cp vn bn php quy trong h thng vn bn php
lut mi trng cn cp, xem xt v nh gi.
- Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005
- Lut ti nguyn nc 1998
- Lut t ai 2003
.
- Ngh Quyt s 41/NQTW
- Quyt nh s
-Ngh nh s
256/2003/QD-TTg
80/2006/ND-CP
- Quyt nh s
- Ngh nh
328/2005/QD-TTg
81/2006/ND-CP
- Quyt nh s
155/1999/QD-TTg
......
- Thng t s 276TT/MTg
- Thng t s
- Tiu chun mi
01/2001/TTLBtrng Vit Nam
BKHCNMT-BXD
TCVN-1995; TCVN
2001; TCVN-2005;
TCVN 6696-2000
Lut
Ngh Quyt/Ngh nh
Quyt nh
Thng t
Tiu chun
Hng dn
Quyt nh cp a
phng
Cng vic
ca bn
- Hng dn quy trnh

k thut kim sot
nhim nc do cc
hot ng cng nghip
Hnh 8 Th t cc vn bn Lut, Ngh quuyt, Ngh nh, Quyt nh, Thng t, Tiu chun,
hng dn v Quyt nh cp a phng phc v vic nh gi thc trng h thng vn bn
php lut.
2.3.
Chnh sch, tm nhn v mc tiu
Vn bn quan trng lin quan ti chnh sch mi trng Vit Nam l Chin
lc Bo v mi trng quc gia c ph chun, cp nht h thng
TM v thng qua Chin lc pht trin bn vng (Chng trnh Ngh s
21). Tuy nhin, i vi nhng KHHKSONMT cp a phng, cc tnh
phi t xy dng tm nhn cho tng lai. Hng dn ny s gii thch mi
quan h gia cc n v c lin quan trong lnh vc kim sot nhim mi trng v 5
thnh t tm nhn, mc tiu chung, mc tiu c th, cc d n v hnh ng v cch
phn tch chc nng ca h thng qun l mi trng (phn tch SWOT).
- 16 -

lp chin lc KSON nhm xy dng k hoch nn tin hnh phn tch

SWOT v s hot ng ca h thng mi trng hin ti bao gm c kim tra v kim
sot nhim ti a phng. T vic ny s rt ra c nhiu kin hay xy dng
tm nhn cng nh xc nh cn xy dng ci g v ci thin iu g. Sau s thnh
cng ca K hoch KSON s ph thuc vo cc ban ngnh, c quan v i ng nhn
vin ca h. Phn tch SWOT s nu bt nhng xu hng quan trng ca a phng
trong tng tnh hung ring bit v t n trong bi cnh nng lc qun l v mi
trng hin ti. C th s phn tch u tin s cho thy nhiu vn hn l im
mnh nhng s cho php quyt nh cn phi xy dng nng lc v cc vn khc
u. iu ny rt quan trng cho vic thit lp v tin hnh KHHKSON v xy dng
nng lc mi trng ti a phng. Vic phn tch SWOT khng ch quan tm ti hin
trng mi trng gn y m cn c nhng c hi v thch thc trong tng lai.
V d cc vn cn xc nh v nh gi trong SWOT c th l:
Cc im mnh v ngun lc v nhn lc ca h thng TM cp a phng;
Cc im mnh trong 1 c cu lut php tng i rnh mch;
Cc im mnh ca 1 b my cc quy nh hot ng tng i tt;
Mc hiu qu ca h thng TM;
Xc nh tnh hiu qu ca qu trnh sng lc v la chon m bo rng cng

tc qun l hnh chnh cng thc s ch vn nhim;
Xc nh bao nhiu ngun nhim theo im trn thc t nh hng ti nc

ngm v cc dng sng gn ;
Xc nh s y ca thng tin d liu v hin trng, mng li ly mu, qu

trnh phn tch v ly mu, cch tip cn vi d liu (nu c);
Xc nh xem liu nh gi mi trng c tp trung vo c nh hng s cp v

th cp hay khng?
nh gi hin trang gim st (quan trc) v vic thc hin h thng gim st;
nh gi vic tham gia ca cng chng;
nh gi cht lng bo co TM;
iu tra xem liu c s phi hp gia cc c quan trong cc vn v mi

trng;
nh gi c hi nng cao gio dc v nhn thc v mi trng;
nh gi c hi v vic tun th quy nh trong cc nh my;
nh gi tim nng trong vic thc y nh gi mi trng chin lc;
Phn tch nhng mi e do, v d t tnh khng hiu qu v phc tp ca th

tc hnh chnh trong lnh vc mi trng;
nh gi nhng mi e do t nhng chnh sch ng h s pht trin kinh t c

th dn ti tp trung qu nhiu vo kinh t v qu t cho nhng nh hng mi
trng lu di;
Phn tch nhng e do i vi mi trng t vic khng lp k hoch, khng

kim sot v s pht trin ba bi ca cc nh my quy m nh.
C im mnh v im yu cn phi c phn bit v u tin ho da trn 1 lot

cc vn bao gm:
- 17 -

Liu im mnh/im yu l 1xu hng hin ti, ang thnh hnh, ang xung
dc hay ch tc thi?
im mnh/im yu c nh hng trong bao lu v s din ra khi no?
nh hng ca im mnh/im yu l quan trng hay khng quan trng?
Liu c th kim sot nh hng ca im mnh/im yu khng?
Cc yu t bn ngoi c th hoc l c hi hoc l mi e do. C hi l nhng

yu t lm pht trin 1 khu vc mt cch thun li hn, v d s pht trin nhanh trong
cng ngh sch v sn xut sch trong ngnh cng nghip.
Nhng v d khc v cc yu t bn ngoi bao gm: phi tp trung dch v, dng
nhng thit b quan trc mi trng d s dng v tt hn, tip cn cc thng tin v
kinh nghim quc t nhiu hnNhng thch thc l nhng xu hng v ch hay l s
pht trin lm tng nh hng ti mi trng, v d mt nn kinh t pht trin mnh
nhng vic nng cao nng lc mi trng khng theo kp. V d cui cng ca yu t
bn ngoi l: 1 c hi i vi mt phn ca cng ng v l 1 thch thc i vi mt
phn khc.
Nn nh gi liu c hi/ thch thc l mt xu th hin ti, tc thi, ang ln hay
ang xung.
C hi v thch thc c nh hng trong bao lu v khi no s din ra?
nh hng ca c hi/thch thc l quan trng hay khng?
Liu c th kim sot nh hng ca c hi/mi e do?
Sau khi hon thnh vic phn tch SWOT v xc nh c nhng vn ln,
vic Lp Chin Lc ph hp c th bt u. Kt qu ca vic phn tch SWOT s
gip xc nh cc mc tiu, chin lc, cc d n kh thi v cc hot ng h tr.
2.3.1. Th ch
Xc nh nhng c quan chc nng no qun l hoc ng qun l khu vc no.
V d : nc, l mt trong s 4 ngun quan trng c qun l bi mt s c quan
chc nng khc nhau ty theo mc ch s dng : nc ung, nc s dng trong
ngnh thy in, nc s dng cho sn xut cng nghip, nc ti tiu, nc nui
trng thy sn, nc x thivv
Vic phn b trch nhim gia cc c quan lin quan n mi ngun nhim hay
k hoch hnh ng l vic lm cn thit nhm m bo s hp tc v phi hp lin
ngnh (hnh 9). iu ny c u im l lin kt c c nhn/c quan ra quyt nh vi
mt hnh ng c th ch khng phi l truy tm mt thnh phn nhim ring bit t
nhiu ngun, nhiu n v. i vi mt vn c th c nhiu c quan cng tham gia
gii quyt, phi c s phn b trch nhim ti mi tnh bi v mi a phng u hiu
r vn cng cc gii php c lin quan.
- 18 -

Trch nhim ca cc c quan chc nng
UBND Tnh
S TNMT
CTR
S Cng nghip
S Xy dng
Cng nghip
Cht thi
sinh hot
S NNPTNT
Nng nghip
S Y t
KSON v gim
st mi trng
Bnh vin
Hnh 9. Lp s phn b quyn hn ca cc c quan i vi cc ngun nhim theo im v

theo din. Khi ra k hoch th mi quan h gia cc c quan phi r rng v tho thun gia
cc bn phi c son tho k lng.
2.3.2. Chnh sch

K hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim cp a phng nn tp trung vo cc
chnh sch t c mc tiu, cc chnh ny nn c tp trung vo:
Vic ngn nga nhim bng cch xy dng nn tng php l vng chc, bao
gm c vic xy dng nhng tiu chun r rng i vi nhng thng s
nhim;
Xy dng nhng chnh sch kinh t lin quan ti mi trng;
Tp trung vo vic khai thc ngun ti nguyn, qu trnh sn xut. vn chuyn

lu tr, x l cht thi v h thng tiu hu an ton;
X l kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn ti ngun;
c bit lu ti ngun nhim ho hc, phng x v cc cht gy nhim

sinh hc;
Tm nhn chnh sch mi trng nhm phng nga nhim:
y mnh nng lc qun l, u t, cng ch v cc bin php phng nga

nhim nc thi, kh thi, ting n, cht thi nguy hi;
Nng cao nhn thc, tuyn truyn v gio dc cng tc phng nga nhim
cho cng ng;
Quy hoch, xy dng v pht trin bn vng khu sinh thi v th nng thn;
p dng cng ngh sch i vi cng ngh mi hoc phi c nhng thit b
gim nhim v h thng x l cht thi ph hp;
- 19 -

p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn v/hoc cng ngh c th/ph hp x

l nhim mi trng;
m bo vic p dng tiu chun mi trng tip cn vi cc tiu chun t

cc quc gia khc trong khu vc.
2.3.3. Xy dng tm nhn

Tm nhn l hnh nh ch dn ti s thnh cng, c hnh thnh di hnh thc
ng gp cho x hi. Tm nhn c th a ra nhng k vng, s khao kht v hiu qa
m mi a phng u mong mun t c hoc m c hin thc ha n trong mt
ngy no khi ni v vic kim sot nhim. V vy ti sao chng ta li phi lo lng
nu khng c c mt tm nhn su rng, mnh m, hp dn v c gi tr? Cng
ging nh mt k hoch chin lc, xy dng mt tm nhn c bt u da trn trc
gic cng nh mong c. L mt phn ca qu trnh vn dng tr tu tng hp t cc
chuyn gia/cn b, nhng ngi lnh o v nhng ngi c lin quan v iu h
mun han thnh trong tng lai. Hy ni v vit li nhng gi tr t c khi theo
ui tm nhn . Nhng kin tri lp khng phi l mt vn . l qu trnh dm
thch thc v t c nhng gic m v tm nhn c gi tr- nhng gic m v thay
i mi trng v ngh nghip m nhng ngi c lin quan ang sn sng lm vic
chm ch t c iu . Nu y l ln u tin a phng xy dng mt tm
nhn c th chia s vi nhiu c quan v nhng ngi c lin quan th chng ta rt
nn mi cc chuyn gia gip chng ta thc hin cc hi tho. V nh s dng kt qu
t cc phn tch SWOT lm d liu u vo.
Thng tin v hin trng nhim
Tm nhn ca a phng
Thit lp
cc u tin
Cc mc tiu chin lc
Mc tiu 1
Mc tiu 2
Ch s 1
Ch s 2
Mc tiu n
Ch s n
Hnh 10. Tm nhn l nn tng quan trng nht t a ra cc mc tiu. iu kin tin
quyt xy dng tm nhn l thng tin v hin trng, v d nh hng ca mi trng i vi
cc cc hot ng a phng ln mi trng v tnh trng x hi ca ngi dn.
Cc bc vit tm nhn:
Sp xp t chc cc hi tho vi s tham gia ca cc c quan v nhng ngi c

lin quan cng suy ngh v tho lun cho cc d liu u vo ca tm nhn;
Phc tho tm nhn s b da trn kt qu tho lun;
Gi bn phc tho ti cc c quan v cc bn c lin quan h gp ;
Bin tp v hon thin tm nhn da trn nhng ng gp thu c;
Gi bn phc tho ti cc c quan i tc v nhng ngi c lin quan h ph
duyt.
- 20 -

Phng thc tp trung vo tm nhn:
Tm nhn phi cung cp c ni dung m a phng t c trong 5 hoc

10 nm na
a ra tng ca mt mi trng tng lai l tng cho a phng, m
bo cc gi tr v cc nguyn tc nh hng tp trung cho s hnh thnh K
hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim
ng vai tr tham kho nhm gip cc bn lin quan (v cng ng) tp trung
vo cc vn trng im
Cung cp v hng dn cc quyt nh di v ngn hn
Khng phi lc no cng hon thnh trn vn nhng phi ua ra c nhng
hnh nh c th v r rng a phng hng ti
Nn bao gm mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip s din gii mt cch tng th
ca a phng v 4 mc ch chnh trong quyt nh 328
Miu t v tng lai ch khng miu t cch thc a phng t c tng
lai
C khung thi hn hp l, c th kim sot c nh t 5 n 10 nm
Mi cc bn c lin quan tham gia nhm thc hin cng ng gp xy
dng kin
m bo rng tm nhn mang tnh thit thc v c tnh kh thi
Nhn chung, tm nhn yu cu s tham gia tng th ca cc c quan v nhng

ngi lin quan. H phi cn nhc k khi c gng lm r v din gii tm nhn a
vo nhng chin lc c th v cc mc tiu chin lc nht nh. Hn na, nhng
mc ch chin lc ny cng cn phi c din gii thnh mt khi lng ln cc
mc tiu lin quan v c th hiu c ri nhng mc tiu cn phi c tho
lun vi cc bn lin quan. Nhng hot ng ring l ca cc bn tham gia nn tp
trung vo mc ch v mc tiu.
Da trn tm nhn v mc tiu chung do a phng xy dng v quyt nh, do
cc mc tiu c th cn phi c xc nh r rng. V d nh:
1) Gim thiu cht c khng kh cho thnh phn a) ti xx ppm;
2) Xc nh nhng ngun nhim nghim trng trc (ngy);
3) Bo v sc khe cng ng v mi trng do vy khng vt qu cc tiu
chun quc gia v cht lng nc v khng kh;
4) Xa b vic thi vo nc cc cht c hi v bo m cc phng php x l
cho cc cht ;
5) Xa b vic lm tng mc nhim nc (thnh phn c th) so vi tnh trng
trong nm;
6) m bo nc b mt t c tiu chun cn thit v an tan s dng cho
con ngi (c th).
Khi tm nhn c hnh thnh v thng qua, n lun c trnh by cng vi
mc tiu chung,mc tiu c th, cc k hoch v cc hot ng a ra cc quyt
nh trong mt bi cnh hp l v mt cch chnh th lun. iu ny c thc hin
mt cch n gin nh trnh by trong bng v d di y. Lin kt tm nhn, mc
tiu chung v mc tiu c th s cho php cc nhm xy dng v pht trin mi lin h
gia mc tiu khi pht trin cc k hoch chin lc v tiu ch a ra s la chn.
- 21 -

S hnh thnh v chn la ca cc D n v Hot ng s cho thy mi quan h tt

p ca cc d n vi mc tiu.
Khi qu trnh lp k hoch c thc hin theo phng thc ny n s ch ra
cch la chn cc k hoch v u tin da trn nn tng cc tiu ch mc tiu. Do ,
s lm tng kh nng tm kim u t cho cc d n v tng tnh kh thi ca chng.
Bng 1: Mu xy dng tm nhn cng vi mc tiu chung, mc tiu c th, k hoch v
cc hot ng. Sau khi xy dng tm nhn th nn in vo bng di dng khun mu
sau:
Tm nhn
Cc mc tiu
chung
Cc mc tiu
c th
Cc d n
Cc hot ng
n nm 2010
a phng s
c;
2.3.4. Xy dng mc tiu chung

Mt trong nhng iu quan trng nht khi xy dng mc tiu chung l phi m
bo chng theo ng nh hng t tm nhn. Mc tiu i din cho mt lnh vc nht
nh m k hoch hnh ng kim sot mi trng s tp trung t c tm nhn.
Rt nhiu mc tiu c xc nh song chng c th c sng lc bng cch xc nh
vn trng tm v u tin. Trong giai on ny cc mc tiu phi c chn lc c
th phn nh tm nhn ca tng lai. Cc vn trng tm c xc nh trong cc
phn tch SWOT v nhng nhu cu cp thit cng nh cc u tin ln nht ca a
phng (xem phn 2.3).
Rt nhiu mc tiu c xc nh bng vic s dng phn tch SWOT v tm
nhn. Tuy nhin, s lng mc tiu cng cn c gii hn nu khng chin lc s
mt i s trng tm. V vy, ch nn c khong t 5 n 6 mc tiu. V mt l tng k
hoch chin lc kim sot nhim s kt hp c cc mc tiu ngn v di hn c
th cung cp cc kt qu mt cch lin tc trong sut thi gian nh ca chin lc.
Khi xem xt vic la chn v u tin ca mc tiu, cc nhm nn ch tm vo cc nhn
t trng im quyt nh tnh kh thi ca mc tiu:
Mc tiu c lin quan n hin trng mi trngring bit a phng v c

mt chnh tr, x hi v nhng bin ng kinh t hay khng?
Mc tiu c theo ng nh hng ca tm nhn?
Trong bc la chn mc tiu, nhng tc ng tim n no c th dn ti s

thnh cng ca mc tiu hoc kh nng gii quyt vn ca a phng?
- 22 -

Cc hnh ng ang thc hin c h tr cho mc tiu?
Mc tiu l kt qu ngn, trung bnh hay di hn?
Bng 2: in vo cng 1 mu sau khi xy dng cc mc tiu

Tm nhn
Vo nm
2010, a
phng s
c
Cc mc tiu
chung
Cc mc tiu
c th
Cc d n
Cc hot
ng
Mc tiu 1:
thay
i
a
phng
Mc tiu 2: m
bo s cung cp
thch hp
Mc tiu 3:
xy dng nng
lc con ngi
phc v cho
Mc tiu 4:
thu
ht
thm
nhiu d n u
t t cc c nhn,
cc khu vc cng
v th ba
2.3.5. Xy dng mc tiu c th
Xy dng cc mc tiu c th:
Mc tiu c th chi tit hn mc tiu chung, n cung cp mt cch chi tit v

phng php xc nh cc thnh phn c th ca mc tiu chung;
Mc tiu c th nn mc va phi, d qun l v mt thi gian hay cc ch s

sn phm/kt qu;
Mi mc tiu chung s c mt vi mc tiu c th t ngn hn, trung hn n

di hn;
Mc tiu c th nn nm trong phm vi c th t c v nn da trn cc thu

thp v tnh trng mi trng trong khu vc a phng v phn tch SWOT;
Mc tiu c th l phn b sung, ngha l khng nn c tc ng tiu cc ln

cc mc tiu chung hoc mc tiu khc. V d xut thiu hy cc cht thi
rn hoc cht thi y t c th xung t vi mc tiu gim thiu nhim mi
- 23 -

trng a phng. V vy, tt nht l lm th no hai mc tiu ny c th

b tr cho nhau.
Mc tiu chung v mc tiu c th u l nhng cch thc gii quyt cc vn
c xc nh trong vic nh gi mi trng a phng. Chng u vch r vic la
chn cc d n kim sot nhim v cc hot ng cng nh cc kt qu d on (c
th thc hin c) ca cng tc kim sot nhim. Chng to nn nn tng cho vic
thc thi chin lc. Do vy s thnh cng ca chin lc kim sot nhim c nh
gi da trn mc t c cc mc tiu chin lc tng th.
Khi xy dng cc mc tiu cn cn nhc nhng vn sau:
Cc kt qu d on cui cng ca mc tiu c c trnh by r rng

khng?
Mc tiu c kh nng thc thi, c th xc nh c s lng hoc/v c th

nhn thy c?
Mc tiu c tnh hin thc v c kh nng thc thi khng? khi trong iu kin
mi trng a phng v nng lc qun l hin c.
Mc tiu c t ra ngy c th? C th c gii hn v thi gian cho mc tiu

.
S c rt nhiu i hi khc nhau a ra cc mc tiu cho k hoach hnh

ng kim sot nhim. V vy, cn phi xc nh cc yu t u tin. Mt vi tiu ch
xc nh tnh u tin ca mc tiu bao gm:
Bn cht tng i, ph thuc v b tr ca mt mc tiu vi cc mc tiu

khc.
Nhng nhm li ch nht nh trong vic la chn mt mc tiu so vi cc

mc tiu khc.
ng gp ca mc tiu c th nhm t c mc tiu chung v tm nhn.
Kh nng t c mc tiu: Nhng tc ng no cn phi vt qua c

th thc hin mc tiu? Vn no cn gii quyt trong qu trnh thc hin
mc tiu.
Kh nng ca a phng trong vic m bo cc ngun cn thit, trong vic

tc ng v h tr thc hin mc tiu?
Mc ng h tr ca cng ng trong vic pht trin v hin thc ha mc tiu

Bng 3. in vo cng 1 mu sau khi xy dng cc mc tiu c th
Tm nhn
Vo nm
2010, a
phng s
Cc mc tiu
chung
Cc mc tiu c
th
Mc tiu 1: Mc tiu1: 01:

thay i a Vo nm 2010,
ci thin tnh
phng
trng
mi
trng.
- 24 -
Cc d n
Cc hot
ng

Tm nhn
c
Cc mc tiu
chung
Cc mc tiu c
th
Mc tiu 2:
m bo s
cung cp thch
hp
Mc tiu 2: 01:
Vo nm 2010
m bo, thng
qua vic s dng
cc cu hi iu
tra v thi .
Mc tiu 3:
xy dng nng
lc cn ngi
phc v cho
Mc tiu 3: 01:
Vo nm 2015,
m bo s u
t v cc k
hoch thch hp
c thc hin
nhm loi b
hoc gim thiu
Cc d n
Cc hot
ng
Mc tiu 3: 02:
Nng lc thch
hp c ..
Mc tiu 4:
thu ht thm
nhiu d n
u t t cc
c nhn, cc t
chc
3.
3.1.
Mc tiu 4: 01:
Tng cng mc
u t trong a
phng v cng
ngh sch trong
lnh vc X v Y
Cc d n v hnh ng
Phn tch la chn cc d n v hnh ng
Mc ny a ra cc v d miu t tm tt cc d n v hnh ng i vi
cc vn nhim cc cp khc nhau bao gm: 1) Hon thin cc
cng c bo v mi trng (TM, Hng dn); 2) Hon thin cc quy
trnh (TM, tch ly, nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi ri ro mi
trng ); 3) Hon thin cc cng c php l v hiu qu thc thi; 4) Mt
lot cc gii php k thut cho cc ngnh v vn c th; 5) Cc kha cnh khc nhau
t s tham gia ca cng ng; 6) Thc trng quan trc; 7) Gii php thng qua hp tc
lin ngnh; 8) Cc cng c hnh chnh.
Mi a phng cn quan tm ti danh sch ny, phn tch v a ra cc hnh
ng khc nhau t c cht lng mi trng nh mong mun theo mc tiu
ngn, trung bnh v di hn t ra cho k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim cp
a phng.
3.1.1. Cc quy nh
- 25 -

Di y l nhng hnh ng thng lin quan ti cc a phng, mi a

phng c th tham kho, i chiu lp k hoch.
Hnh ng 1: Hon thin h thng TM hin thi:
Mt li th l chng ta c h thng TM. Vic hon thin h thng s cho thy
hiu qu ch trong thi gian ngn. H thng TM nn tr thnh mt cng c thc tin
cho vic kim sot v gim thiu s nhim v nhng th tc khng cn thit thuc
trong qun l hnh chnh. H thng TM cn c tin hnh c trong khun kh lut
php v k thut. Ni dung ca hnh ng nn tp trung vo:
-
B sung, hon thin cc ni dung cn thiu hoc bt cp i vi a phng;
Hin i ho v cp nht cc thng tin, phng php k thut mi;
Nng cao nng lc qun l v t chc thc hin TM.
Hnh ng 2: Hon thin cc hng dn TM

Cc hng dn c ci thin s mang n nhiu li ch to ln t TM trong lnh
vc gim thiu nhim. Hin ti cc a phng cn thiu cc hng dn TM cho
mt s ngnh c th hoc cc hng dn TM cho cc d n pht trin mang tm v
m iu ny gy kh khn cho cng tc KSON. Ni dung ca hnh ng s bao gm:
-
Hin i ho v cp nht cc hng dn c;
B sung, hon thin cc hng dn mi cho cc ngnh lnh vc cn thiu;
Xy dng cc hng dn thao tc k thut thc hin TM.
Hnh ng 3: Cp php cho cc nh t vn lp TM

m bo cht lng ca TM, ch c nhng nh T vn c cp php v
ng k mi c lp Bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng v bo co TM. Trong
trng hp thc hin sai nghim trng giy php s b rt li. Kinh nghim qu bu t
nhiu nc trn th gii cho cng tc KSON l phi duy tr h thng cp php ny. Cc
ni dung ca hnh ng ny bao gm:
-
Xy dng v ban hnh cc quy nh v iu kin hnh ngh TM;
T chc phn cp cp giy php;
Quy nh cc mc ph lp bo co.
Hnh ng 4: Tun th hu TM
Hin nay rt t khi vic tun th hu TM c thc hin. Hnh ng nn c
thc hin v trin khai mt cch nghim tc v n s mang n nhng gim thiu ng
k cht thi. Nhiu v d tch cc t cc nc khc cho thy l d dng p dng, nu
nh c quy nh cht , hu TM s rt hiu qu. Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny tp
trung vo:
-
Xy dng cc quy nh kim tra, gim st cng tc bo v mi trng ca cc

d n u t pht trin
Xy dng cc hng dn vn hnh h thng x l cht thi
T chc kim tra, gim st nh k cng tc bo v mi trng
Xy dng h thng gim st t ng t xa
Lp bo co nh k cng tc quan trc/gim st mi trng
3.1.2. Hon thin cng c bo v v mi trng

- 26 -

Vit Nam, lut bo v mi trng nm 2005 v Ngh nh s 80 N/TTG ngy

9/8/2006 to iu kin cho cng tc bo v mi trng. Chng 3 ca Lut bo v
mi trng v Hng dn thi hnh nhn mnh vic thc thi TM v MC bao gm
nh gi tch ly v nh gi ri ro mi trng.
Hnh ng 5: nh gi tch lu
l vic nh gi tng hp cc tc ng ring r t nhiu ngun khc nhau
cng mt thi gian hoc nh gi tc ng n mi trng t mt ngun/mt loi tc
nhn nhng tch lu trong mt thi gian di. nh gi tch lu cho php tnh ton cc tc
ng t nhiu ngun, n c th c thc hin kh n gin v l mt cng c tch cc
cho cc tnh hung phc tp khi c nhiu ngun khc nhau cng tc ng vo to nn
nhng nh hng ln hn. Vic nh gi tch lu cn c ngha quan trng gip cho
vic hoch nh pht trin mt khu vc c th cn c kh nng b sung thm hot
ng cng nghip hay khng. Th loi TM ny c pht trin nhiu nc v n
thc s tr thnh mt cng c quan trng cp Trung ng v cp a phng.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny thng bao gm:
-
Xc nh cc ngun gy nhim;
Xc nh thi lng gy nhim i vi tng ngun theo mt vi cht c trng

(th d theo COD hay mt kim loi nng no nh Cu, Pb, Cd);
Xc nh tng lng thi;
Xc nh ngng chu ng hay ngng chp nhn ca i tng;
Xc nh mc vt ngng chu ng;
Xc nh tc ng ca mc vt ngng chu ng.
Hnh ng 6: nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC)

MC l mt h thng kt hp cht ch mi trng, chnh sch, k hoch v
chng trnh. MC nn c m bo rng cc k hoch v chng trnh a vo s
quan tm hiu qu mi trng lm nguyn nhn, nu hiu qu mi trng l mt phn
ca quyt nh ton b, ci c gi l nh gi mi trng chin lc. V d chin
lc pht trin KT-XH, quy hoch hay k hoch pht trin mi trng thu sn MC
l mt u tin mi ca Chnh ph Vit Nam. Mt cng c mnh m cho cc d n ln,
k hoch quc gia, v l mt khun mu cho cc loi hnh TM c lp li thng
xuyn xy dng chun. Nn p dng 1 phn no cp a phng, mc d n
hu nh l mt cng c cp trung ng.
Ni dung ca hnh ng ny bao gm:
-
Sng lc, iu tra k hoch hoc chng trnh theo qui nh nh gi mi

trng chin lc;
Xc nh phm vi xc nh gii hn iu tra, nh gi v yu cu gi nh;
Vn bn ca nh nc v mi trng thc t trn c s nh gi c bn;
Xc nh tc ng mi trng c th xy ra thng thng di dng bin i

trc tip hn l gi nguyn hnh thi;
Thng bo v ly kin cng ng;
Ra quyt nh trn c s nh gi;
Quan trc nhng tc ng ca cc k hoch v chng trnh sau khi thc hin.
Hnh ng 7: Trung tm dch v cng ng thc hin TM

- 27 -

Trung tm dch v cng ng ny c thnh lp nhm thc hin TM cho cc d n

pht trin trn a bn ca tnh gip duy tr tt mi lin h gia cng chng v cc nh
qun l mi trng trnh c s lin h trc tip gia bn k thut v khch hng v
th tit kim thi gian. Tu tng a phng c th hp ng vi cc n v t vn
chuyn ngnh c nng lc v t cch php nhn thc hin TM
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng gm:
-
Xy dng d n thnh lp trung tm dch v cng ng theo quy nh hin hnh;
T chc qun l v thc hin cc nhim v c giao;
nh gi cc tc ng vi s tham gia ca cng ng;
Kt hp vi chc nng quan trc mi trng v dch v c ca a phng.
Hnh ng 8: nh gi ri ro mi trng
Hnh ng ny nhm gii quyt, x l cc vn phc tp v s c mi trng,
thng thng l do nhng thnh phn ho cht c hi hoc di truyn sinh hc. Trong
ng cnh sc khe cng ng, nh gi ri ro l qu trnh xc nh lng nh hng
c hi c th n tng c nhn hay cng ng dn c t cc hot ng no ca con
ngi. Trn phn ln cc quc gia, vic s dng ha cht hoc cc hot ng mang
tnh c th khc nh: cc nh my in, cc nh my ch to ... l khng c php
tr khi c th chng minh rng khng lm tng nguy c t vong hay bnh tt. a bn
cc tnh c th xy ra cc v trn du, ho cht, chy n, to V vy cc n v
trong tnh phi ngn nga s c xy ra, d phng cc tnh hung c th xy ra v c
cc phng n gii quyt, ng ph. thc hin hnh ng ny thng i hi phi c
nhng chuyn gia c trnh cao v cc lnh vc ho hc, sinh hc.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny bao gm:
-
Xc nh cc ngun gy nguy hi hoc ri ro;
Xc nh ng truyn ri ro;
Xc nh mc l din/ tip xc i tng tc nhn;
Xc nh ngng chp nhn ca i tng;
Xc nh cc tc ng vt ngng ca i tng nh hng;
Qun l ri ro.
Hnh ng 9: Cam kt bo v mi trng

Cam kt bo v mi trng nhm nng cao thc trch nhim ca cc ch u
t, cc n v sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v i vi cc c quan qun l mi trng v
chnh quyn a phng. Hnh ng ny c coi l ngha v i vi cc ch d n khi
tin hnh u t xy dng v pht trin mt lnh vc hot ng no trn a bn a
phng. Cc ni dung cam kt tun theo cc quy nh, hng dn hin hnh.
Ni dung ca hnh ng ny tp trung vo:
-
Xy dng cc hng dn, quy nh vic cam kt bo v mi trng i vi cc

i tng u t pht trin d n trn a bn a phng;
Xy dng k hoch kim tra, thanh tra vic thc hin cam kt BVMT.
3.1.3. Quy hoch

3.1.3.1.
Quy hoch - K hoch lin quan ti ngnh cng nghip

- 28 -

t c s pht trin bn vng ca mi a phng, vn quy hoch - k

hoch lin quan ti cc khu cng nghip c vai tr ht sc quan trng, iu ny chng
nhngthc y s pht trin kinh t x hi m cn to iu kin thun li cho vic
KSON mi trng mt cch hiu qu. Bi hc kinh nghim ca cc nc pht trin l
quy hoch phi m bo tnh chin lc lu di v bn vng. Quy hoch pht trin kinh
t - x hi lun phi c lng ghp vi bo v mi trng. Cc hnh ng lin quan
ti cng tc KSON mi trng cc tnh thng tp trung vo cc vn :
- Lp kt hach chi tit cho cc ngnh cng nghip;
- Lp chng trnh cho cc ngnh tng hp, m t r rng mi quan h gia cc
giai on sn xut khc nhau v kh nng thch ng chia s gii php x l;
- nh hng ca vic lp k hoch dn n nh hng ca vic khai thc ca cc
mi lin kt trong ngnh v gia cc ngnh cng nghip vi nhau c lin quan ti mi
trng.
Hnh ng 1: Quy hoch cc khu cng nghip
Cc ni dung tp trung vo:
-
C th tp trung thit k c s h tng ti khu vc phn nh nhm gim ph tn

c s h tng ca cc doanh nghip. C s h tng bao gm ng b,
ng st, cng, cung cp in cao th (in 3 pha), thng tin lin lc, nc cp
v ng dn ng kh;
c th thu ht c cc doanh nghip mi bng vic kt hp cc c s h

tng trn cng mt v tr;
B tr cc ngnh cng nghip ngoi phm vi khu vc thnh th nhm lm gim

nh hng ti mi trng v x hi;
Cung cp cho cc vic kim sot mi trng ring bit, c trng cho nhng s
cn thit ca mt khu vc cng nghip.
Cc khu cng nghip ang tp trung vo vic iu chnh cc ngnh cng nghip
sinh thi hc, cht thi ca ngnh ny c th s dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh khc.
Hi ng nhn dn a phng c th la chn mt khu cng nghip nh l mt d n
tiu biu cho cc d n khc lm theo. Cc hot ng bao gm:
-
La chn v tr v xy dng cc kch bn pht trin;
Phn vng cc loi hnh pht trin nh my, x nghip;
Xy dng h thng thu gom v x l cht thi;
Thit lp vnh ai cch ly v sinh cng nghip;
Xy dng khi nim t quan trc;
Pht trin k hoch trao i cht thi gia cc nh my;
ng k ch ngun thi.
Hnh ng 2: Quy hoch cc bi rc

Mt trong nhng vn bc xc hu ht cc a phng hin nay l vic la
chn v tr cc bi chn lp cht thi (bi rc) v m bo vic xy dng vng chc mi
trng. la chn c v tr l tng cho cc bi rc cn cn c vo cc tiu ch v
khoanh vng hin ti. V nh hng chin lc pht trin, cc a phng nn xy
dng kch bn tng cng ti ch, ti s dng rc thi, hn ch ti a lng cht thi
chn lp.
- 29 -

Cc ni dung ca hnh ng quy hoch cc bi rc a phng tham kho v

tun th Thng t 01/2001/TTLBKHCNMT-BXD.
Hnh ng 3: Quy hoch bo v ngun nc mt v nc ngm
Xu th din bin trong nhng nm gn y ti nguyn nc mt v nc ngm b
suy thoi (cn kit v nhim) gy nh hng trc tip n sc kho con ngi v mi
trng sng. Vic bo v ngun nc sch ang tr thnh trch nhim ca c cng
ng v mi ngi dn
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny nn tp trung vo:
-
Xc nh ngun nc cn bo v;
Xy dng quy hoch khai thc s dng v bo v hp l ngun nc;
Quy hoch, qun l x thi cc cht thi rn v cht thi lng vo ngun nc,
xy dng cc i phng h v sinh;
Tng cng ngun lc quan trc cht v lng cc ngun nc;
Nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
Ngoi 3 hnh ng trn cn nhiu hnh ng khc lin quan ti vn quy hoch
- k hoch lin quan ti ngnh cng nghip, cc hnh ng ny mi a phng tu tnh
hnh thc t la chn v xy dng hp l.
3.1.3.2.
Qun l v kim sot cc khu cng nghip
i vi cc khu cng nghip (KCN) ang hot ng hin nay c th thc hin nhiu
bin php v chin lc qun l mi trng nh xy dng khung qun l mi trng,
cung cp tt cc dch v mi trng (dch v cp nc, thu gom v x l cht thi).
Cc bin php kim sot v qun l mi trng i vi cc KCN ny bao gm:
-
Thng k, nh gi tnh trng nhim;
Xc nh gii php theo loi nhim v mc nhim;
Lp k honh thanh tra (bao gm c t chc, ti chnh);
Thc hin k hoch thanh tra;
Bo co kt qu;
X l kt qu.
Hnh ng 1: Lp k hoch thanh tra

L mt phng php tip cn khc yu cu cc nh my tun th cc iu lut
BVMT, nht l vic thc hin cng tc hu TM hoc cc iu lut v cng nghip khc
ang c hay c thng qua trc khi iu lut TM c hiu lc. Sau khi hon tt
thng k v tnh trng nhim, chin lc thanh tra s c a ra da trn mc u
tin cho cc cht gy nhim nhiu nht hoc cc hp cht nhim c bit nguy
him.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny bao gm:
-
Kim tra chng trnh quan trc theo bo co TM;
Ci thin kh nng quan trc t ng hoc hp ng thu t cn;
Thc hin k hoch quan trc theo quy nh;
Bo co kt qu.
Hnh ng 2: Kim sot t ng

- 30 -

Quyt nh 328 cp n mt loi phng php kh thi l kim sot t ng.

Nhn chung thu c rt nhiu kinh nghim b ch vi phng php ny t cc quc
gia pht trin.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny gm:
-
nh gi, xc nh lng, thnh phn cht thi;
Xp sp theo th t u tin mc cn x l;
Lp k hoch x l;
T chc thc hin x l;
nh gi hiu qu, rt kinh nghim.
Hnh ng 3: Kim ton cht thi

Nn tp trung vo vic xy dng h thng qun l cht thi hiu qu nhm ngn
nga v gim cht thi (xem hnh ng 1 mc 3.1.4.1.).
Hnh ng 4: Pht trin k hoch hon thin kt hp tng bc mt cho vic gim
thiu nhim cng nghip
L gii php c bit hiu qu thay i hin trng nhim khi vn b hn ch.
Phng php ny p dng thnh cng rt nhiu nc. C th chia thnh 3 hp
phn c trnh by di y v kt qu hng ti hai giai on vi thi gian ph hp
cho tng giai on. Ni dung ca n gm:
- Hp phn 1 bao gm thc hin k hoch gim thiu x nc thi vo ngun nc
v t. Kt hp vi cc k hoch gim thiu nc tiu th;
- Hp phn 2 bao gm vic gim thiu ngun nhim t cht thi rn v cng
nghip;
- Hp phn 3 bao gm gim thiu pht tn nhim khng kh;
- Giai on 1 c th tin hnh trong 2 nm. trong khi pha 2 c th thm 2 nm.
Hnh ng 5: Cht thi cng nghip
Vic x l cht thi an ton hoc ti s dng cht thi t nhng quy trnh cng
ngh hin i an ton v l mt vn ht sc quan trng. Nu vi s lng nhiu
nhng ngun ny s mang li li ch khng nh. Ni dung cho hnh ng ny c th
xem chi tit tng t mc 3,1,4,6.
Hnh ng 6: Trao i cht thi
Vic trao i cht thi l hot ng trao i nguyn liu ph thi ca ngnh ny
c s dng li cho ngnh khc. Thc hin tt hnh ng ny chng nhng tit kim
ngun ti nguyn m cn c tc dng gim thiu nhim mi trng. Cc ni dung ca
hnh ng ny bao gm:
-
Xc nh c cc nguyn liu u vo, ra ca nh my;
nh gi kh nng p ng ca cc cng ngh, nhu cu hp tc ca cc bn

lin quan;
T chc lin kt trao i cht thi.
Hnh ng 7 : H thng x l nc thi

L lnh vc rt phc tp bi phm vi rng ca cc gii php k thut v gi u t
cao. Nu c th, vic x l nc thi nn c giao cho nh my v/hoc t chc no
. Nhng hot ng trong lnh vc ny nn c cn nhc sau Kim ton mi trng,
- 31 -

ISO 9000 , ISO 14000 v nhng gii php cng ngh sch hn c tho lun.
Khuyn khch p dng cng ngh ti s dng, s dng tun hon nc thi. Cc ni
dung y thng gm:
-
Xc nh lng nc cp (u vo);
Xc nh hoc tnh ton lng v thnh phn nc thi;
Thit k h thng x l theo cht v cng sut;
Vn hnh, quan trc gim st nh k;
Lp bo co, lu gi h s.
3.1.3.3.
Qun l v kim sot cc lng ngh th cng
Hin ti cc a phng c cu kinh t x hi ca cc lng ngh th cng rt

yu km, nn xy dng mt hnh thc x l c bit gip nhm ngnh ny. Cc
hnh ng KSON mi trng lng ngh nn tp trung vo cc vn sau:
-
B sung, iu chnh cc chnh sch hin hnh lin quan ti BVMT;
T chc iu tra, nh gi vic tun th cng tc BVMT ca cc lng ngh;
Xy dng v ban hnh cc hng dn k thut thu gom, x l cht thi, t quan
trc/gim st mi trng;
Xy dng chng trnh quan trc mi trng;
Tng cng nng lc qun l mi trng;
nh gi hin trng quy hoch v xy dng hng dn quy hoch mi trng

lng ngh;
Tuyn truyn gio dc, nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
3.1.4. Chnh sch v php lut

Hin nay c kh nhiu cc vn bn lut php v c ch chnh sch lin quan
phc v cng tc KSON, tuy nhin cn b sung cc c ch chnh sch:
-
Thit lp c ch chnh sch i vi vic nhim t cc lng ngh xut pht t

c th kinh t - x hi ca mi lng ngh;
Thit lp c ch chnh sch i vi cc khu cng nghip;
Thit lp tiu chun kh thi, nc thi i vi nhng lnh vc, vng nhy cm
c th;
Cc hng dn thanh tra hu TM v quan trc;
Cc hng dn k thut x l nc thi, cht thi rn v kh thi.
3.1.5. Cc gii php k thut cho cc ngnh v vn c th

3.1.5.1. Sn xut sch - cng ngh sch
Sn xut sch l bin php phng nga, ch ng bo v mi trng theo cc
c th ca cng ty mnh, nhm lm gim thiu cht thi v t sn lng hng ha
cao nht. Theo phn tch dng nguyn liu v nng lng ti mt cng ty, h c gng
tip thu cc phng n nhm gim thiu pht thi trong qu trnh sn xut. Gip ci tin
cch t chc v cng ngh nhm t hiu qu s dng nguyn liu v nng lng tt
- 32 -

nht, ngn nga cht thi, nc thi pht sinh v pht thi kh cng nh thi nhit v
ting n.
Sn xut sch v cng ngh sch ang c nhiu quc gia quan tm v n s
tr thnh xu th tt yu ca qu trnh pht trin kinh t m bo tnh bn vng. Tuy
nhin, n cng li l ro cn, kh khn v thch thc i vi cc c s sn xut va v
nh. Bi hc kinh nghim t nhiu quc gia cho thy li ch kinh t khi p dng cc
cng ngh sch. V vy, cc a phng nn quan tm v pht trin lnh vc ny. Cc
hnh ng gn vi ni dung ny hu ch cho cng tc KSON cc a phng bao
gm:
Hnh ng 1: Kim ton mi trng
Kim ton mi trng l xc nh khi lng thc hin v lun im, theo cch
ny vic thc hin cc chc nng tng t kim ton ti chnh. Mt bo co kim
ton mi trng chun mc bao hm thuyt minh trnh by vic thc thi, lun im mi
trng mc ch nhm xc nh s cn thit thc hin, duy tr hoc ci thin cc du
hiu thc thi v lun im.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny tp trung vo:
-
Tuyn truyn v li ch ca cng tc kim ton mi trng;
T chc hng dn kim ton mi trng;
Xy dng c ch khuyn khch kim ton mi trng.
Hnh ng 2: Thc hin ISO 9000 v ISO 14000

ISO 9000 tr thnh mi quan tm v i tng tham kho ca quc t cho cc
yu cu qun l cht lng trong cng nghip v kinh doanh v ISO 14000 khin cc t
chc gp phi cc thch thc mi trng. Vi xu th hi nhp kinh t th gii, s tham
gia WTO buc cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, nht l cc c s c xu hng m rng
th trng xut khu, vic thc hin ISO 9000 v ISO 14000 l con ng tt yu. V
vy, cc a phng nn quan tm thc hin cc ni dung:
-
Tuyn truyn, cung cp cc thng tin v ro cn mi trng trong xu th hi

nhp kinh t th gii;
Xy dng chng trnh pht trin nhn mi trng;
Khuyn khch to thun li h tr cc n v ng k thc hin ISO 9000 v ISO

14000.
Hnh ng 3: Tha thun nghin cu vi cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu

Mt li th ngun nhn lc khoa hc trong nc kh di do v ang c chiu
hng pht trin tt. Cc a phng cn c c ch khuyn khch, to iu kin thun
li thu ht v y mnh s hp tc gia cc c s sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip
vi cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu nhm pht trin cng ngh sch, sn xut sch
hn.
Cc ni dung thng l:
-
Xc nh nhng vng vi nhng tim nng cho pht trin cng ngh sch;
Pht trin, thc y cc c ch khuyn khch p dng cng ngh sch;
Thit lp tha thun hp tc nghin cu vi cc trng i hc, vin nghin

cu;
H tr thc hin v trin khai nhn rng.

- 33 -

3.1.5.2. nhim do sn xut nng nghip v nng thn

Cht thi nng nghip t cc ngnh ngh chn nui gia cm nng thn chim
mt t trng ln ti cc tnh. Cc cht thi ny c tc ng khng nh ti mi trng v
sc khe cng ng. V vy, cn kim sot cht ch khu vc ny. Cc hnh ng
KSON i vi ngnh ny c th tp trung vo:
Hnh ng 1: Cc trang tri gia sc, gia cm
Hot ng nhm lm gim tc ng ti mi trng xung quanh t s pht sinh
cht thi ca ng vt vi s lng ln. Cc ni dung tp trung vo:
-
Qun l v Quy hoch pht trin cc trang tri gia sc, gia cm;
Xy dng cc m hnh ti s dng cht thi (hm biogas); s dng lm phn

bn;
Thit lp v xy dng h thng thu gom, x l nc thi;
Nng cao nhn thc cng ng;
Thit lp k hoch quan trc mi trng theo hnh thc t ng hoc t qun.
Hnh ng 2: Qun l phn bn

Nu phn bn v cc vt liu thi hu c khc khng c qun l tt, chng c
th s tr thnh 1 ngun nhim ng k cho h thng nc chy ra sng v h, hoc
ngm xung nc ngm. Trong trng hp ny cc a phng cn xem xt xy dng
cc ni dung KSON cho lnh vc ny v nn tp trung vo cc vn :
-
Quy nh qun l theo loi phn bn;
T chc qun l phn bn theo nhu cu v quy m khu vc nng nghip;
Xy dng, ban hnh v t chc cc k thut bn phn;
Thit lp mng li quan trc cht lng nc mt v nc ngm;
Nng cao nhn thc cng ng trong vic thu gom, x l bao b cha phn; quy
nh khu vc ra cc dng c, thit b bn phn.
Hnh ng 3: S dng phn bn ha hc v thuc tr su

Hng nm cc a phng, ngi dn s dng mt lng ln phn bn ha
hc v thuc tr su nhm dit tr su b, tng nng sut cy trng. Do cha nhn
thc r quy trnh k thut v liu lng s dng bn phn nn dn ti tnh trng d
lng thuc BVTV, cc cht ha hc cn tn lu li trong t, trong nc v cc sn
phm nng nghip gy nh hng ti mi trng v sc khe cng ng. gim
thiu vn ngy cng ph bin ny cn xy dng chng trnh tp hun ph bin cc
k thut s dng phn bn v thuc tr su.
Cc ni dung cho hnh ng ny bao gm:
-
Quy nh loi thuc tr su s dng nhm lm hn ch tc ng c hi ca vic

s dng chng;
Thng tin tuyn truyn, gio dc v hun luyn nhm tc ng ti quyt nh v

hnh ng s dng sn phm ca c nhn tng ngi nng dn;
Tp hun v tha thun t nguyn vi nh sn xut v cc c s bn l;
y mnh tp hun p dng cng ngh;
Gio dc v qun l tc nhn gy hi.
- 34 -

Hnh ng 4: Rc thi nng nghip v nng thn

Do nn kinh t, ngi dn vng nng thn nhn chung ang dn c ci thin,
nhu cu s dng cc sn phm sau thu hoch nng nghip gim, dn n tnh trng rc
thi nng nghip v nng thn pht sinh gy nh hng trc tip ti mi trng v sc
khe cng ng. Nhiu ni, rc thi sinh hot nng thn ang tr thnh mt vn bc
xc cn c bin php qun l tt, nu khng n tr thnh ngun gy mm bnh cho
cng ng dn c.
Cc a phng cn quan tm ti cc ni dung:
-
Kim sot vic thi b cht thi nng nghip, rc thi nng thn;
T chc i t qun thu gom, x l rc thi;
Xy dng, chuyn giao cc m hnh ti ch, ti s dng cht thi theo hng
x hi ha;
Tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
3.1.5.3.
Thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV)
Ti cc a phng, vic qun l, nm bt v s dng thuc BVTV rt phc tp v

kh khn kim sot. nh hng xu t vic s dng thuc BVTV ti sc khe con
ngi v mi trng. V vy cc a phng nn c cc hnh ng u tin cho lnh vc
ny. Cc hnh ng nn tp trung vo:
Hnh ng 1: iu tra, xc nh cc kho, im tn lu thuc BVTV
Theo kt qu iu tra nm 2007 ca Trung tm T vn v Bo v mi trng
(thuc d n POP), hin ti nc ta c khong 108 tn thuc BVTV tn lu (thuc
POP, thuc qu hn, cm s dng, khng r nhn mc). 98.000 m3 ln t chn lp
khng an ton v 52.000 m3 t nhim thuc BVTV. Tuy nhin con s ny vn cha
tht y , cn nhiu a phng vn cha iu tra, thng k chi tit. V vy cn tip
tc iu tra, xc minh c cc bin php qun l, KSON kp thi. Ni dung ca hnh
ng ny gm:
-
iu tra hin trng, pht hin kho, im tn lu thuc bo v thc vt vi s

tham gia ca cng ng;
T chc iu tra xc nh cc im nng, quy m khi lng v mc gy

nhim ca cc kho, im tn lu;
nh gi mc v kh nng nh hng ti mi trng, sc khe cng ng;
Xy dng cc gii php KSON, x l.
Hnh ng 2: Quy nh vic s dng thuc BVTV

Rt nhiu quc gia v ang dn dn hn ch vic s dng phn ln thuc
BVTV v mi quan ngi sc khe cng nh mi trng. Vic xut khu nng nghip
phi tun theo cc quy nh thng mi khc nhau. V vy phng php hiu qu nht
l loi b vn v cc loi thuc BVTV ra khi th trng thng qua quy nh t cp
Trung ng n a phng. Cc ni dung hnh ng ny bao gm:
-
R sot, nh gi danh mc cc ha cht BVTV;
Xy dng, ban hnh cc quy nh khuyn khch sn xut, s dng thuc BVTV
c ngun gc sinh hc;
Hon chnh cc quy nh ng k thuc BVTV;

- 35 -

Quy nh hn ch, cm s dng cc loi ha cht BVTV gy c hi ti mt

trng v sc khe cng ng;
Cng c hot ng kinh doanh thuc BVTV;
T chc thanh tra, kim tra vic sn xut, nhp khu v s dng thuc BVTV.
Hnh ng 3: Cp nht danh sch v cc loi thuc BVTV

Hng nm cc nc trn th gii v trong nc sn xut hng trm hot cht
ha hc mi cho cc loi thuc BVTV. V vy, nu khng nm bt c thng tin ny s
rt kh khn cho cng tc qun l v kim sot chng. Ti cc a phng, da trn
bng thng k v kin thc v thuc BVTV cn tin hnh:
-
Cp nht thng tin v cc loi thuc BVTV;
Pht hin cc loi thuc BVTV gy nguy him tim tng;
D bo cc loi thuc BVTV s c s dng cho cy trng trong tng lai;
Xy dng cc gii php v k hoch phng nga, ng ph cc ri ro theo iu

kin tng a phng.
3.1.5.4. Khu git m

Hin ti mt s a phng, cc l git m c xem nh l cc vn c bit
nghim trng. Cc hnh ng KSON cc c s ny cc a phng nn tp trung
vo:
-
Quy hoch khu git m hp l;
u t pht trin cng ngh git m sch;
Tng cng kim sot, kim dch gia sc u vo, u ra;
Thu gom v x l cht thi;
Xy dng k hoch t quan trc gim st.
3.1.5.5. nhim kh thi

Nhn chung mc nhim khng kh c xu hng tng ln cng vi s pht
trin kinh t v ang li hu qu nhim mi trng, trong c mi trng
khng kh. Cc nc pht trin c nhiu bi hc trong vn ny. Vic KSON kh
thi cn tp trung ti cc nh my sn xut, cc khu cng nghip, cc l t rc, kh thi
pht sinh t phng tin giao thng V vy, cc a phng xy dng v u tin cc
hnh ng:
Hnh ng 1: Kh thi cng nghip
Bao gm kh thi t cc nh my ca cc khu cng nghip, cc c s sn xut
nh l. KSON kh thi cc c s ny cn:
-
iu tra, nh gi thc trng cng ngh sn xut ca cc c s;
Kim ton cht thi (kh thi);
p dng cng ngh sn xut sch;
H tr chuyn giao cc cng ngh x l kh thi;
T chc kim tra, gim st nh k;
Thit lp, xy dng mng li quan trc/gim st mi trng.
Hnh ng 2: Kh thi t cc l t rc
- 36 -

c bit l cc l t rc y t, cht thi c hi, do cng ngh t cha p ng

c yu cu, nht l nhit cn thp, cha c h thng x l kh thi, nn pht sinh
kh c dioxin/furan kh trnh khi. KSON tt vn ny, a phng nn:
-
iu tra, nh gi nng lc cc l t hin c, nu khng m bo yu cu

ngh nng cp hoc ng ca;
Xy dng d n u t cc l t mi chuyn dng ph hp vi iu kin thc

t ca a phng v m bo tiu chun cho php;
T chc ng k ngun thi;
Lin kt vi cc a phng ln cn c c s thiu t hin i;
Lp chng trnh iu tra, kim sot nhim kh thi cc l t rc.
Hnh ng 3: Kim sot pht thi t cc ngun c nh v di ng trong thnh ph

hon tt v duy tr tt cht lng mi trng khng kh bo v sc khe cng
ng, mc d t l xe c tng v sn xut cng nghip cao hn; kim sot ngun pht
thi t cc ngun di ng v c nh l cn thit mt s khu vc, bao gm:
- Thit lp cc i tng/tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh lm c s
cho chng trnh kim sot nhim khng kh;
- Thit lp vic qun l thng tin mi trng v h thng hnh chnh;
- Thnh lp chng trnh kim sot ton din, nghim ngt v tiu chun nhin liu;
- Thanh tra, kim tra cc phng tin pht thi khi en trn cc tuyn dng giao
thng;
- R sot h thng thc thi m bo s tun th tiu chun pht thi;
- S dng thit b kim tra, th tiu chun cht lng khng kh (nh: thit b th
sulphur trong nhin liu);
- Thng qua nhng cng ngh hin c tt nht v thc tin trong c kim sot pht
thi v kh nng nhin liu.
Hnh ng 4: Chnh sch giao thng
ng giao thng c xem nh l nguyn nhn chnh dn n suy thoi mi
trng. Thnh Ph ln t 500.000 dn l mc tiu quan trng cho vic thc y thc
tin giao thng bn vng. Theo xu hng pht trin ca x hi, s lng ngi tham
gia giao thng ngy cng tng, nu khng sm c cc chnh sch v m hp l th rt
kh kim sot cc tnh trng tc ng xu do cc phng tin tham gia giao thng gy
ra, trong c kh thi. V vy, ngay t cc a phng cn xy dng cho mnh cc
chnh sch giao thng hp l. Mt s hng cc a phng c th tham kho:
-
Xy dng chnh sch khuyn khch mi ngi tham gia phng tin giao thng
cng cng;
Kim tra hiu qu/tnh nng ph hp ca cc chnh sch giao thng;
Chnh sch khuyn khch nghin cu ch to v s dng cc phng tin giao

thng sch;
Chnh sch u t pht trin c s h tng.
3.1.5.6. Cht thi rn
- 37 -

S gia tng dn s, pht trin cng nghip, pht trin kinh t s ko theo s gia
tng cht thi trong c cht thi rn. Vic KSON i vi cht thi rn c nhiu bi
hc khc nhau v a dng cc quc gia trn th gii v khu vc, thm ch mi a
phng trong mt quc gia. Trn c s kinh nghim xy dng mt s d n KSON cht
thi rn, vic xc nh cc hnh ng KSON cht thi rn c nhiu a phng quan
tm, nn hng dn s c th hin chi tit cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh cc nhm mc tiu (theo Chin lc bo v mi trng ca
tnh/quc gia; Chin lc qun l cht thi rn quc gia v quyt nh 328/2005/QTTg).
V d, mc tiu trong Quyt nh 328 n nm 2010:
-
X l 70% tt c cc ngun thi (nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn v t);
Thu gom 90% cht thi rn pht sinh;
X l 100% cht thi y t;
X l 60% cht thi nguy hi trc 2010.
C th phn thnh cc nhm mc tiu sau:

Nhm mc tiu nhm phng nga v gim thiu lng rc pht sinh v tng cng vic
ti ch v ti s dng rc:
-
Gim khi lng rc thi cn phi x l chn lp bng cch tng cng ch
bin phn/ti ch rc ti bi chn lp;
T chc h tr cc n v ti ch v s dng rc thi cung cp thu nhp

n nh v m bo sc kho v cc iu kin an ton lao ng cho cng
nhn trong lnh vc ny.
Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng do vic tiu
hy rc ba bi (bt hp php):
-
Ch r t l phn trm cao cc loi cht thi rn pht sinh ti cc phng ni

th v cc lng x ngoi th s c thu gom tp trung.
Phm vi phc v dn c ni ngoi th c cung cp dch v thu gom cht thi

rn c tng ln;
Vic x, tiu hy rc bt hp php s chm dt hon ton.
Ton b dn c ni ngoi th s c hng dch v thu gom cht thi;
Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng gy ra bi nhng sai

st trong thc hnh chn lp rc:
-
Nng cp, ci thin ton b cc bi chn lp rc thi hin nay ....
Bc 2: a ra cc hnh ng tip cn ti cc mc tiu

Cc hnh ng c th nhm t c cc mc tiu chung v mc tiu c th
c th hin trong Bng 4.
Bng 4. Danh mc cc hnh ng cn thit i vi cht thi rn th
Cc hnh ng
Hnh ng 1.
Mc tiu
-
Gim khi lng chn lp;

Gim thiu tc ng mi
- 38 -
Gii php thc hin/hot

ng
Xy dng d n th im
ci thin qun l cht
thi rn cp phng/x

Cc hnh ng
Gim thiu lng cht
thi rn pht sinh ti
ngun
-
Hnh ng 2.
Ci tin/m rng h thng thu gom cht

thi rn
-
Hnh ng 3.
Ci thin tnh trng ca cc khu x l,

thi cht thi rn
-
Hnh ng 4.
Gii php thc hin/hot

ng
Mc tiu
T chc hot ng ti ch cht thi

-
trng nhim do cht

thi rn;
Nng cao hiu qu ti ch ti s dng cht
thi
Qung b ngnh ngh
ti ch cht thi;
Xy dng nguyn tc
3R (gim thiu, ti s
dng v ti ch)
(phn loi ti ngun, x l

phn tn)
Xy dng k hoch truyn
thng cho dn hiu v li
ch ca phn loi v s
khc bit gia cc thnh
phn c phn loi
Cung cp dch v ti
ngi ngho
Loi b vic x, tiu hy
cht thi rn ba bi;
Tng t l, phm vi phc
v dn c th c
hng dch v thu gom ;
Cung cp dch v ti
ngi ngho
Lp qui hoch cc im thu

gom v cc trm trung chuyn ;
Lp k hoch thu gom rc ch,
ng ph, khu cng cng v
phn bn t b t hoi ;
Xy dng k hoch cung ng
trang thit b thu gom, vn
chuyn ;
Xy dng tiu ch la chn
cng ngh thu gom ;
Xc nh nhu cu nhn lc
Xy dng chnh sch a
dng ho cc thnh phn cung
cp dch v thu gom (i v
sinh, hp tc x....)
Loi b phng php

rc t nhin;
Ci thin cht lng
mi trng sng thng
qua gim thiu tc ng
tiu cc;
Nng cao hiu sut s
dng bi chn lp;
Thu hi cc kh sinh hc
v ph liu ti ch t
cht thi rn;
Gim bnh tt do ci
thin thu gom v gim
lng rc chn lp v
chm dt chn lp ba
bi.
Gim lng rc thi cn thu gom v chn lp;

Tng nin hn s dng
bi chn lp hin c ;
Gim lng nguyn liu - 39 -
Lp d n nng cp, ci
tin thit k cc bi rc thi
hin ti t nhng tiu
chun cn bn v/hoc
chun b ng ca cc bi
chn;
Lp qui hoch tng th
qun l cht thi rn cho
ton tnh ;
u t xy dng cc cng
trnh kim sot v x l
nc r , kim sot v thu
hi kh thi
Xy dng tiu ch la chn
cng ngh x l cht thi
rn ph hp vi iu kin
thc t ca tnh
Xy dng hng dn i
vi cc hot ng thu nht
ph liu ti bi chn lp v
trm trung chuyn rc thi.
iu tra, kho st hiu qu

Cc hnh ng
Gii php thc hin/hot

ng
Mc tiu
th cho sn xut, gp
phn bo v ti nguyn
thin nhin ;
-
Hnh ng 5.
Xy dng nng lc
cho cc c quan qun
l cp tnh (S Xy dng, S Y t, S
TN&MT..)
Nng cao nng lc ca

cc c quan trong qun
l tng hp mi trng
th & KCN;
Nng cao nng lc cho
S TN&MT thc thi
nhim v theo Lut
BVMT v thc hin
qun l mi trng lin
ngnh trong tnh .
hot ng ca cc ngnh
ngh ti ch;
Chnh sch u i c th
i vi cc c s ti ch ;
Xy dng d n th im
x l rc thi hu c thnh
phn bn ;
Pht trin v lp k hoch

nng cao nng lc trong qui
hoch v qun l CTR cho cc
S ban ngnh lin quan...
3.1.5.7. Ti ch, ti s dng cht thi rn

tnh/quc gia; Chin lc qun l cht thi rn quc gia v quyt nh 328/2005/QTTg), cng tng t cc nhm mc tiu KSONMT i vi cht thi rn bao gm:
ti ch v ti s dng rc;
Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng do vic rc
ba bi (bt hp php);
Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng gy ra bi nhng sai
st trong thc hnh chn lp rc.
ca hot ng ti ch cc hp phn c trong rc thi c th hin trong Bng 5
Bng 5. Danh mc cc hnh ng c th v cc gii php xut t c mc tiu
chung v mc tiu c th ca cc hot ng ti ch cc hp phn c trong rc thi
Cc hnh ng
Hnh ng 1.
Mc tiu
-
nh gi vic thit lp x l tp trung

cht thi hu c
bng sinh hc
-
Gii php thc hin/hot

ng
- Xy dng d n th im x
Gim thiu nhim mi l rc thi hu c thnh phn
trng ti cc bi chn bn ;
- Xy dng k hoch truyn
lp;
Ci thin hiu qu thu hi thng cho dn hiu v li ch
ca phn loi v s khc bit
v ti ch cht thi;
gia ccthnh phn c
phn loi
Gim khi lng chn lp;
- 40 -

Cc hnh ng
Hnh ng 2.
Mc tiu
-
T chc v qun l
kinh doanh chnh
thng cc ph liu ti ch khng hu
c t cht thi rn
th
-
Hnh ng 2.
Ci thin vn hnh
ca h thng thu
hi ti ch khng
chnh thng/qui m
nh
-
3.1.5.8.
Gii php thc hin/hot

ng
Gim ti thiu lng CTR Kim k hiu qu ca cc

pht sinh v tn thu ti a doang nghip ti ch ph liu
cc ph liu ti ch t hin ti;
CTR.
Gim nguyn liu t qu Xy dng chnh sch u i
trnh ch bin;
v ti chnh v thu i vi
cc c s ti ch;
Gp phn bo tn ngun
ti nguyn thin nhin ;
Pht trin k hoch hp l ci
thin iu kin lao ng ca
nhng ngi nht ph liu v
cc cng nhn ti ch cht
thi;
Nng cao
doanh v
ng ca
trong hot
cht thi;
nng lc kinh
iu kin lao
khi t nhn
ng ti ch
Tng thu hi chi ph
Son tho k hoch h tr

hot ng ti ch khng chnh
thng/qui m nh;
Ln k hoch ngn sch h
tr cc chng trnh gim
thiu v ti ch cht thi v
cc chng trnh truyn thng,
nng cao nhn thc cng
ng;
Cht thi nguy hi
Cc bc c bn trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch hnh ng i vi cht thi

nguy hi:
tnh/quc gia; Chin lc qun l cht thi rn quc gia v quyt nh 328/2005/QTTg)
Mc tiu trong Quyt nh 328: X l 60% cht thi nguy hi trc nm 2010
-
Gim khi lng rc thi cn phi x l chn lp bng cch p dng chng
trnh kim soat nhim v sn xut sch hn;
T chc h tr cc n v ti ch v s dng rc thi cung cp thu nhp

n nh v m bo sc kho v cc iu kin an ton lao ng cho cng
nhn trong lnh vc ny.
- 41 -

Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu nhm gim thiu ri ro sc kho con ngi gy do vic
rc ba bi (bt hp php):
-
Tng t l phn trm cht thi nguy hi pht sinh c thu gom/ lu gi
theo phng thc hp l;
Tng t l phn trm cht thi nguy hi c ti ch v ti s dng tng ln;
S lng cc s s sn xut qun l c cht thi nguy hi tng.
Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu ri ro sc kho con ngi gy ra bi nhng sai st
trong thc hnh chn lp rc:
-
Khng c cht thi nguy hi ba bi vo bi chn lp rc thi;
Gim s lng cng nhn b nhim cc ho cht v cht thi nguy hi.

c th hin trong Bng 6.
Bng 6. Danh mc cc hnh ng cn thit i vi cht thi nguy hi
Cc hnh ng
Mc tiu
Gii php thc hin/hot

ng
Hnh ng 1
Gim thiu s pht sinh Gim khi lng CTNH Pht trin chng trnh phng
nga nhim (PPP);
cht thi ngay ti ngun a i x l v tiu hu
Xy dng d n trnh din v
sn xut sch hn i vi
ngnh cng nghip in hnh;
Xy dng d n trnh din v
PPP
i vi ngnh cng
nghip in hnh
Hnh ng 2
Tng thu hi chi ph v
duy tr vn hnh h thng
theo phng cch bn
vng
p dng chnh sch u i

li cun s tham gia ca khi
t nhn;
Qun l vn chuyn an Phng nga cc ri ro v

s c mi trng ti sc
ton CTNH
kho cng ng & mi
trng sng;
Pht trin chng trnh kim

sot thng k cc c s pht
thi/vn chuyn/x l CTNH
in hnh.
Khuyn khch v cng

ch p dng nguyn
tc ngi gy nhim
phi tr tin
Gia tng ph v t l thu ph.
Hnh ng 3
Hnh ng 4
X l tp trung CTNH
Ci thin thc tin qun l Kho st, kim k lng CTNH

pht sinh t cc ngun khc
CTNH;
- 42 -

Cc hnh ng
Gii php thc hin/hot

ng
Mc tiu
nhau;
Xy dng chng trnh o to
ca
Ngn nga x ba bi cho cc nhn vin
DONRE
v
nhn
vin
ca
cc
CTNH
c s sn xut c lin quan;
3.1.5.9.
Cht thi y t
Cc bc c bn trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch hnh ng i vi cht thi y t:

Cc mc tiu ch o trong k hoch hnh ng kim sot cht thi y t nh sau:
Cc thnh phn nguy hi v khng nguy hi ca cht thi rn y t s phi c
tch loi ngay t ngun pht sinh v c t trong cc thng c m s theo mu sc
trc khi thu gom. Ton b hot ng qun l cht thi s phi c thc hin trong s
tun th cc iu khon ca qui ch qun l cht thi y t.
Cht thi y t nguy hi s phi c lu gi ti cc khu vc an ton trc khi
a vo l t. Tro v cc cht cn li sau t cng vi cc cht khng chy khc s
c thu gom v vn chuyn ti cc bi chn lp an ton.
Vn hnh cc l t v bi chn lp s phi chu s gim st ca cc nhn vin
thanh tra ca DONRE c o to l nhng nhn vin c kh nng pht hin cc
khim khuyt trong vn hnh v c kh nng gii quyt c cc vn k thut.
tnh/quc gia; Chin lc qun l cht thi rn quc gia v quyt nh 328/2005/QTTg).
Mc tiu trong Quyt nh 328: X l 100% cht thi y t;
-
Gim khi lng rc thi cn phi x l chn lp bng cch thc hin
nghim ngt cc hng dn v qun l cht thi y t do B y t Ban hnh.
Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng do vic rc

ba bi (bt hp php):
-
T l phn trm cht thi nguy hi pht sinh c thu gom/ lu gi theo
phng thc hp l;
T l phn trm cht thi nguy hi c ti ch v ti s dng;
S lng cc bnh vin/trung tm y t qun l c cht thi nguy hi;
S lng cc c s x l cht thi y t ti ch;
Mng li c s y t trn a bn tnh;
Mng li c s vn chuyn v tiu hu cht thi y t.
Nhm mc tiu nhm gim thiu ri ro sc kho con ngi gy ra bi nhng sai st
trong thc hnh chn lp rc:
-
Khng c cht thi y t nguy hi ba bi vo bi chn lp rc thi;

- 43 -

S lng cng nhn b nhim cc ho cht v cht thi nguy hi.

Cc hnh ng c th nhm t c cc mc tiu chung v mc tiu c th c th
hin trong Bng 7.
Bng 7. Danh mc cc hnh ng cn thit i vi cht thi y t
Cc hnh ng
Mc tiu
Gii php thc hin/hot ng
Xy dng qui hoch tng th v qun l

Ci thin qun l Phng nga cc ri ro v cht thi y t ca tnh;
cht thi y t trn s c mi trng ti sc D n trnh din vi cc hot ng bao
a bn ton tnh. kho cng ng & mi gm u t cho dng c lu cha cho
trng sng.
mt bnh vin in hnh;
Hnh ng 1.
Thc hin h thng qun l cht thi y

t ti ni pht sinh bao gm phn loi
v lu gi ti ngun.
Hnh ng 2.
Ci thin qun l
cht thi y t trn
a
bn
cp
huyn.
Phng nga cc ri ro v D n trnh din vi cc hot ng bao

s c mi trng ti sc gm h thng x l th s ti mt bnh
kho cng ng & mi vin hoc trung tm y t cp huyn.
trng sng.
Ci thin iu kin lm D n th im v ci thin cng tc

thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi y t ti
Pht trin h vic ca nhn vin y t;
mt bnh vin in hnh bao gm u
thng lu cha
v vn chuyn Th hin mt v d tch t mua xe cc thng lu gi v xe c
chuyn dng vn chuyn;
cht thi y t.
cc i vi hot ng ca
nhn vin trong thu gom, Xy dng d n trnh din c thu gom
lu gi cht thi y t v cht thi y t ti mt trung tm y
cch thc qun l cht thi t/bnh vin in hnh;
Hnh ng 3.
m h mong mun.
Lp cng/ xut ci tin hiu qu

thu gom, lu gi v chuyn ch cht
thi y t vi thi gian th nghim ngn
hn;
o to nhn vin chuyn mn v cht
thi y t nguy hi v cch thc vn
hnh cc thit b lin quan;
Xy dng b tiu ch tuyn chn cng
ngh x l cht thi y t ph hp;
Thit lp v thc thi mt k hoch vn
hnh v bo tr.
Hnh ng 4.
Xy dng nng lc cho cc c
Thit lp chng trnh o to, chng

Nng cao nng lc ca trnh truyn thng nng cao nhn thc
cc c quan c lin v cc chng trnh gim st nhn
- 44 -

Cc hnh ng
quan qun l cp
tnh.
Mc tiu
Gii php thc hin/hot ng
quan ti vn hnh, vin vn hnh cht thi y t;

quan trc v gim st Pht trin chng trnh o to ti cc
hot ng qun l cht c s y t c la chn;
thi y t.
Pht trin mt chng trnh o to v
gim st hot ng ti cc c s y t
c la chn;
Xy dng cm nang o to bao gm
cc hng dn, m s thc hnh, cc
nguyn tc vn hnh tiu chun; cc p
phch v cc tr gip o to khc.
Tin hnh kho st cc bi x v
tiu hu cht thi y t hin c bao gm
nh du v tr trn bn , c tnh
lng Cht thi y t pht sinh; phc
tho k hoch di di v tiu hu cui
cng.
Hnh ng 5.
Di di v khi
phc v tr x
cht thi y t hin
c.
Nhng vn cn lu :
1. Vic xy dng cc d n trnh din cn c xem xt trong qu trnh xy dng k
hoch hnh ng. Cc d n trnh din c th bao gm:
-
Thu thp cc thng tin chi tit v s lng, thnh phn tnh cht ca rc thi
lm c s cho lp k hoch chung trong qun l cht thi rn th;
Ci thin dch v thu gom ti cc khu vc nghin cu v xy dng nhng tm

gng tt cho cc khu vc th khc;
Gia tng s li cun trc tip ca Phng/X vo cc hot ng thu gom s cp

v x l cht thi bao gm phn loi ti ngun v x l phn tn (th d: sinh
hc).
Cc im nhn trong d n trnh din c th hin Hp 1.

Hp 1. Cc d n trnh din
Cc d n trnh din c th bao gm cc kha cnh nh phn loa ti ngun, sinh
hc, x l phn tn hay cc gii php khc nhm loi b cc vn tn ti;
Cc d n trnh din s cung cp nhng kt qu c th thy c trong mt khong
thi gian v ngun ngn sch hn ch;
Hn th na, cc kinh nghim thu c sau c th c s dng lp k hoch
pht trin qui m ln hn.
2. Pht trin chin lc ton din cho 15 nm v K hoch hnh ng cho 1 nm, 5
nm, 10 nm (Hnh 11).
K hoch hnh ng, c th thc hin trong 5 nm u l rt hiu qu. y
vn nhn mnh n k hoch hnh ng.
- 45 -

Giai on trc tip: 0 - 1 nm

KH. hnh ng
Giai on ngn hn: 1- 5 nm
Chin lc
K hoch di hn
Giai on trung hn: 6 - 10 nm

Giai on di hn: 10 - 15 nm
Hnh 11.Cc giai on thc thi chin lc v k hoch hnh ng
Trong khun kh K hoch hnh ng, pht trin cc hot ng trc mt cho
nm tip theo c bit hu ch. iu ny cho php cc vn cp bch c th c
gii quyt. Cc vn lu trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch hnh ng c th
hin Hp 2.
Hp 2. Cc vn lu trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch hnh ng
K hoch hnh ng l kt qu trc tip a nhng hng mc ring r vo k
nht v thc tin nht t qu trnh quy hoch hnh ng cho s hot ng ca
hoch chin lc.
tng hp phn v nu cn a vo cc
hp phn khc nhau.
Cc hot ng ngn hn phi c th, vi Pht trin tng xy dng cc d n th
cc chi tit c tm tt cho cc hot im trc khi thc thi quy m ln.
ng trung hn v di hn.
Nn trnh qu tham vng. Vic thc thi Xy dng nng lc, o to v cc hot
cn c thc hin theo tng pha mt ng nng cao nhn thc cho nh chc
cch thn trng.
trch th, cc doanh nghip t nhn,
cc c quan gio dc, cc t chc phi
chnh ph v cng chng ni chung.
Cc nghin cu kh thi chi tit s rt cn
Thn trng a ra k hoch chin lc
phi c trc khi thc thi cc d n u
tt nhanh chng nhn c s ph
t c xc nh trong k hoch hnh
duyt v ni dung v c v qu trnh cp
ng.
vn
3.1.5.10.
X l nc thi th
cht lng nc ti im s dng m bo yu cu vic x nc thi ra

ngun cn phi c kim sot cht ch, ng thi phi c cc bin php tng cng
t lm sch ngun nc. Phi quy hoch h thng thot nc th m bo yu cu
khng ng ngp v v sinh an ton cho cng ng.
Phi tng bc thc hin x l nc thi khu vc thnh ph l cn thit, m
bo TCVN 5945-2005; TCVN 6772 - 2000 trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
- 46 -

Di y l cc hnh ng c th la chn:
1. H thng thot nc;
2. Cc trm x l nc thi th;
2. Cc gii php v sinh chi ph thp.

Cc bin php k thut tng hp bo v ngun nc
S tng hp cc bin php k thut bo v ngun nc c trnh by nh sau :
CC BIN PHP, K THUT BO V NGUN NC
Hn ch x cht thi vo sng h:
Tng cng t lm sch ngun nc:
- Sn xut bng cng ngh sch v cng

ngh t cht thi;
- Tng cng xo trn ti cng x

nc thi;
- Cp nc tun hon v s dng li nc

thi;
- B sung nc sch pha long

nc thi;
- X l nc thi;
- Lm giu oxy cho ngun nc;
- Quy hoch hp l cc cng x nc thi.
- Nui trng thu sinh.
Hnh 12. S tng hp cc bin php k thut bo v ngun nc.
Bng 8. Cc gii php kim sot nhim nc

Nguyn l
Phng php
V d
A. Gim s 1. Cp nc tun hon

pht
sinh cho sn xut
cht thi
2. Tch dng thi theo
nng cht nhim
Thu gom nc lm ngui ti tun hon

v s dng
Loi cht thi rn bng th cng hay c kh
v thi ring bit mt cch d dng
3. Loi tr cht thi d Dng b thi cng nghip thc phm cho
dng ti ch
cc mc ch khc
4. Thay i loi nguyn Nghin cu, tm kim nguyn liu thay th
liu u vo nguyn thch hp
liu thn thin mi trng
hn
5. Thay i qu trnh cng i t chit sut bng p lc sang bng
ngh sn xut
dung mi trong cng nghip du thc vt
t hiu sut chit cao v gim hm
lng du trong dng thi
6. Thay i hay hon thin Cc cht ty ra vi hm lng pht pho
sn phm u ra
thp hn, thay i vt liu bao b, t loi
thi b sang c th thu hi tun hon trong
cng nghip ng bao v ng chai
- 47 -

Nguyn l
B.
cht
sau
sinh
Phng php
V d
Gim 7. Thu hi vt liu

thi
pht
8. Sn xut sn phm ph
C.
Tng
cng kh
nng t lm
sch
ca
ngun tip
nhn nc
thi
D. Cc gii
php sinh
thi chng
ph dng
ngun nc
Thu gom x qu trong cng nghip du c,

phi kh lm nhin liu t l hi
Kt hp chn nui, trng trt thnh th
thng nht nh h chn nui gia cm, gia
sc, thu vt thu sinh v cy trng
9. X l cht thi
Knh oxy ho tun hon, h sinh hc, bi

lc ngp nc...
10. Ti s dng dng thi
a) Ti s dng cho nui trng thc vt thu

sinh; b) ti cy lm mu m t; c) sn
xut kh sinh hc.
11. B sung nc pha long trc khi x thi

12. X nc thi phn tn
13. Khuy trn nc trong sng h
14. Cung cp oxy cng bc cho sng h
15. Qun l tt hn dng thi vo cc sng h
16. X l ho hc nc Dng cc loi phn nhm Al2(SO4)3 kt
thi u tin x thi vo ta pht pho
ngun nc cp
17. Gim sinh khi trong a ng vt n c vo n c trong h
ngun nc
hoc phun thuc dit c gim nng
to v c.
3.1.6. S tham gia ca cng ng

chc chn rng cng ng c thng bo v tham gia vo vic kim sot
mi trng v quan im ca h c quan tm ch , vai tr cc bn c lin quan
trong qu trnh lp k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim mi trng nhm mc ch
nhn c s h tr ca cng chng k hoch hnh ng c thc hin thnh
cng;
Gio dc v nng cao nhn thc v bo v mi trng l cc cng c c s
dng thu ht s ng h v tham gia ca cng chng.
Cc mc tiu chnh:
1. Thng bo cc bn lin quan cc hot ng kim sot nhim v nhng li ch
mang li cho cng chng;
2. Ginh s ng h ca cng chng cho cc sng kin trong kim sot nhim v
bo v mi trng;
3. Xy dng in hnh v kim sot nhim & bo v mi trng.
Cc bc ch yu c th thc hin khi lp k hoch cho chng trnh gio dc
v nhn thc cng chng bao gm:
- 48 -

Bc 1. Xc nh cc bn c lin quan (stakeholders) trong qu trnh lp v thc thi

k hoch hnh ng.
Cc bn c lin quan
C quan y t, v sinh dch t.
Vai tr
C trch nhim kim tra v sinh mi trng v sc
kho cng ng nhng khng trc tip tham gia
vo cc hot ng kim sot nhim
S ti nguyn & mi trng
L c quan a phng chu trch nhim trong cc

hot ng c lin quan ti hot ng thu hi v ti
ch cht thi, cp php x thi v gim st hot
ng ca cc c s c hot ng pht thi, c s
x l nhim tun th cc qui nh v bo v mi
trng
Chnh quyn a phng
C trch nhim trong hot ng kim sot nhim

ca a phng v h tr ngn sch cho hot ng
x l v kim sot nhim
C quan a chnh v lp qui Thng c t vn khi qui hoch v u t h

hoch
tng k thut (v tr cc im x nc thi, v tr
trm trung chuyn hoc khu x l nc thi, cht
thi rn, v tr qui hoch cc bi chn lp CTR..)
Cc cng ty t nhn
Tham gia cung cp dch v thu gom v vn chuyn,

v sinh ng ph, thu hi ph liu, u t xy
dng v vn hnh cc cng trnh x l cht thi
T chc, c nhn to ra rc thi
Tham gia tch cc vo hot ng gim thiu ti

ngun, ti s dng cht thi v c nh hng tng
th ti hiu qu hot ng ca h thng kim sot
nhim cng nh cht lng v sinh mi trng
sng, c bit tnh sn sng chi tr v thay i
hnh vi x thi cu h.
Cc x nghip, doanh nghip to Hot ng sn xut, dch v to cht thi cc

ra cht thi (kh thi, nc thi mc nguy hi khc nhau, c nh hng ti hiu
qu hot ng ca h thng kim sot nhim
v cht thi rn)
cng nh cht lng v sinh mi trng sng, c
bit tnh sn sng chi tr v thay i hnh vi x
thi cu h.
Nhng ngi nht v thu mua Tham gia vo hot ng thu hi v gim thiu cht
ph liu khng chnh thng
thi v l nhng i tng d b ri ro v sc kho
do nhim mi trng gy ra
Cc t chc x hi (Hi thanh Tham gia tch cc vo t chc dch v thu gom ti
nin, ph n, cu chin binh..)
ch cc loi CTR sinh hot (hp tc x v sinh, t
v sinh mi trng..) v hot ng thu ph v sinh ..
Nhng ngi ngho
L i tng cn c cung cp dch v thu gom

- 49 -

Cc bn c lin quan
Vai tr
v x l min ph hoc gim ph
Cc t chc phi chnh ph
Tham gia xy dng d n v tm kim ti tr cho

cc d n ci thin cht lng v sinh mi trng,
ci thin cht lng sinh sng cho nhm ngi
ngho
Cc t chc ti tr
H tr kinh ph v tr gip k thut qu gi cho cc

d n c lin quan ti ci thin mi trng thng
qua cc hot ng kim sot nhim
Lu : T danh sch trn, cn la chn ra mt danh sch ngn hn cc bn lin quan

chnh c nh hng quan trng ti qu trnh lp k hoch cng nh nh hng quyt
nh ti s thnh cng ca k hoch hnh ng khi thc thi.
Bc 2. Xy dng chng trnh gio dc v nng cao nhn thc cng chng cho cc
i tng khc nhau
Cc chng trnh gio dc c th :
-
Gio dc mi trng v vn rc thi ti cc trng hc ;
Gio dc mi trng v vn gim thiu v phng nga nhim ti cng

ng, doanh nghip ;
Nng cao nng lc v cng ng cho cc doanh nghip sn xut v doanh

nghip cung cp dch v thu gom, x l v tiu hu cht thi ;
Sn xut sch hn cho cc doanh nghip.
Bc 3: Lp k hoch thc hin chin dch gio dc v nng cao nhn thc cng
chng
Cc hot ng chnh trong lp k hoch:
-
Xc nh cc bn c lin quan cn c lin h;
Xem xt mc tham gia cng chng;
S phi hp cc cng c gio dc v nhn thc cng cng s c s

dng;
Thi gian chin dch s c din ra;
Ngn sch v ngun ti tr;
Nhng ngi thc hin, bao gm c ngun h tr bn ngoi;
H thng gim st cho k hoch gio dc v nhn thc cng cng/phn hi

v thnh cng.
Tu theo tng iu kin ca a phng, cc cng c s dng trong cc chin

dch gio dc v nhn thc cng ng c th c tu chn theo cc mc chi ph khc
nhau:
Cc cng c chi ph thp
1. Cc hot ng gio dc i chng nh:
9 Bi bo;
9 Hp bo;
- 50 -

9 Thng bo trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng.

2. Mi ging cho:
9 Cc trng hc
9 Cu lc b
9 Cc nhm quan tm/ cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO)/ cc t chc da vo
cng ng (CBO)
9 Cc s kin x hi
3. Thi p phch v trin lm

4. Hp cc t dn ph thng tin v xy dng nhn thc v cc vn sc khe
cng ng, v bo v mi sinh;
Cc cng c chi ph va phi
1. Cung cp cc phng tin gp cng cng
2. Dch v thng tin in thoi nng nhim
9 Cc c s sn xut/dn c;
9 Cng nghip a phng/ doanh nghip.
2. Cc vn kin thng tin
9 Bn tin;
9 T ri;
9 p phch;
9 Tp ti liu in sn;
9 Ti liu cho cc trng hc.
4. Cc s kin nh:
9 Hp bo;
9 Khai trng d n th im;
9 Hi tho.
5. Cc d n c s tham gia ca cng ng nh:
9 D n th im phn loi ti ngun, ti sinh rc thi...
9 D n th im v sn xut sch hn;
9 Cc d n tng cng mi sinh;
9 Tun l thu gom, phn loi rc thi;
9 Cc d n cho tr em/ thanh nin.
6. Cc cng c nghe nhn:
9 Video o to lc lng lao ng;
9 Video thng tin cho cng ng;
9 Phim m bn.
Cc cng c chi ph cao
1. Thu mt cn b chuyn v thng tin
9 Cho cng chng;
9 Cho cng ng v cc doanh nghip.
- 51 -

2. a cc vn nhim v bo v mi trng vo nh trng

9 a vic gio dc v sinh/ sc khe mi sinh vo chng trnh hc;
9 Vit sch gio khoa ph hp;
9 Y t cng ng.
4. Mua cc quyn qung co trn thng tin i chng
9 Qung co trn bo, i;
9 Qung co trn tivi;
9 t bin qung co.
3.1.7.
Cng tc quan trc
y l cng vic c thc hin mt cch thng xuyn v nh k gip cho vic
xc nh cc im, khu vc nhim, s c mi trng, t cc nh qun l xy dng
cc gii php phng nga, khc phc v x l kp thi. Cc hnh ng m cc a
phng c th quan tm v la chn gm:
Hnh ng 1: Thit lp cc n v gim st - quan trc c ng
tng cng s gim st - quan trc mi trng ti cc c s trn a bn ton
tnh, vic thit lp n v gim st- quan trc c ng l ht sc cn thit. Cc n v c
th c chuyn ch trong cc xe ti hoc xe chuyn dng. Thng th n v c
trang b mt phng th nghim nh v cc thit b ly mu. Nu gii hn ti cc thng s
gim st cn thit nh BOD5, pH, vvchi ph cho cc n v mc chp nhn
c v c th c thc hin a phng. Cc n v gim st c ng c th
c chia s gia mt hay nhiu tnh thnh. c nhng kinh nghm tt t cc nc
v vn ny.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny thng gm:
-
Xc lp cc i tng, ni dung giam st/quan trc;
Thit lp, tng cng nng lc phng th nghim, thit b gim st/quan trc v
ngun lc v con ngi;
Xy dng k hoch thc hin hng nm.
Hnh ng 2: Xy dng ng dy in thoi nng

Nhiu nc thnh cng tt vi ng dy nng mi trng. Chng r, d vn
hnh, tn dng li th ca vic ngi dn nhn v nghe thy, qua tng nhn thc
v m rng kh nng gim st ca b my hnh chnh li ko cng ng.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny thng gm:
-
Thit lp h thng ng dy in thoi nng;
Thnh lp i c ng x l cc tnh hung;
Tng cng nng lc v o to nng cao nhn thc, k nng chuyn mn.
Hnh ng 3: Xy dng chin lc ly mu

p theo b Lut, cc Ngh nh, Thng t hng dn, cc tiu chun chng
trnh qun l mi trng th vic ly v phn tch cc mu phc v cng tc kim sot
nhim l rt cn thit nhng chi ph tn km, mt nhiu thi gian. V th, nhiu a
phng kh khn trong vic b tr ngn sch cho cng tc ny. Do vy, vic xy dng
mt chin loc ly v phn tch mu mt cch hp l s gip vic kim sot, gim st
- 52 -

nhim vi mc chi ph c th p ng c, ng thi vn p ng c cc yu cu

v chuyn mn.
Cc ni dung ca hnh ng ny nn tp trung vo:
-
Xc nh c cc i tng cn kim sot, gim st hng nm;
Xc nh c kh nng, mc , phm vi, cc thng s chnh ca cc i

tng gy nhim mi trng;
Lp k hoch, phng n kim sot, gim st;
Tng cng, la chn cc thit b ly mu hin i, hiu qu v chun xc m

bo yu cu k thut;
T chc thc hin kim sot - gim st.
Hnh ng 4: Phng phn tch mi trng

Vic xc nh c ni thc hin cc phn tch mi trng c ngha rt
quan trng, n cho ta kt qu chnh xc hay khng, t a ra cc kt lun phc
v cng tc qun l. Cn nhn thc rng khng phi tt c cc phng th nghim u c
kh nng phn tch mi trng. Mt khc cng cn lu tnh php l ca cc phng
phn tch, c nhng phng phn tch p ng c yu cu chuyn mn nhng khng
c chp nhn v mt php l hp php cho cc v kin tng.
Cc ni dung cn quan tm cho hnh ng ny:
-
Xc nh cc ch tiu cn phn tch;
Xc nh nng lc ca cc phng phn tch;
Xc nh tnh php l ca cc phng phn tch;
Hnh ng 5: Quan trc/gim st nhim khng kh

Khi cc nc ang pht trin tin ti cng nghip ho, s lm gia tng nhim
khng kh. Cc quc gia dn u trong cc nc ang pht trin tin rng h phi cng
nghip ho nhanh chng cnh tranh kinh t. Cht lng mi trng thng t c
quan tm hn trong cuc chy ua pht trin kinh t. V th, trong khi cht lng
khng kh c ci thin mt cch chm chp cc nc pht trin th n li cng
ti t hn cc nc ang pht trin. V vy, cc a phng nn nh c cc u
tin trong lnh vc ny.
Cc ch tiu nhim c th l: Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ch (Pb), Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO2), Ozone (O3), Particulate matter (PM), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2).
Cc hot ng trong lnh vc ny tp trung vo:
-
Xc lp mng li v tr cc im quan trc;
Tng cng nng lc v thit b v con ngi quan trc mi trng;
Xy dng cc trm quan trc n gin;
Xy dng ngn hng d liu qun l cc thng tin.
Hnh ng 6: Xy dng tiu ch cht lng nc v tiu chun cht lng nc

Vic xy dng v ban hnh tiu ch cht lng nc phn nh nh hng ca
nc thi ti sc kho con ngi, s sng di nc v mi trng t nhin. V d
nh tiu ch nc sinh hot, tiu ch nc tm, tiu ch nc cng nghip, tiu ch
nc nui trng thu snDa trn vic xy dng tiu ch, thit lp tiu chun nc
- 53 -

cho nhng mc, loi khc nhau cung cp nn tng php l cho vic qun l cht
lng nc.
Hin nay, cp quc gia c cc tiu chun v cht lng nc, tuy nhin vn
cha phn nh c ht cc lnh vc, ngnh i vi cc a phng hoc cc tiu
chun ban hnh vn cha ph hp p ng c cc yu cu ca a phng. V vy,
cc a phng tu vo nhu cu v iu kin thc t c th thit lp v ban hnh cc
tiu ch, tiu chun nc ring cho a phng mnh nhng phi m bo tnh nghim
ngt hn cc tiu chun quc gia
Cc ni dung thc hin hnh ng ny gm:
-
Xc nh cc loi ngun nc a phng;
Xy dng h thng tiu ch cht lng nc;
Xc nh cc tn ti, bt cp trong h thng tiu chun cht lng nc quc

gia;
Xy dng h thng tiu chun cht lng nc a phng.
Vic xy dng tiu ch v tiu chun cht lng nc i vi cc khu vc lin

quan ti cc tnh, thnh khc cn c s phi hp v thng nht. Nn mi cc chuyn
gia chuyn su c kinh nghim lnh vc ny hp tc h tr a phng.
Hnh ng 7: Gim st - quan trc cht lng nc
Cng nh vic gim st - quan trc nhim khng kh, quan trc - gim st cht
lng nc ht sc c ngha v v quan trng i vi mi a phng trong vic theo
di hin trng v xc nh xu hng din bin cht lng nc trong tng lai
Cc ni dung u tin cho hnh ng ny l:
-
Xc lp mng li v tr cc im quan trc gim st cht lng nc ngm,

nc mt, nc thi;
Tng cng nng lc con ngi v thit b;
Xy dng cc im, trm quan trc theo hng t ng ho (in t);
Xy dng h thng ngn hng d liu qun l ti nguyn nc.
Ngoi nhng hnh ng quan trc - gim st mi trng trn, mi a phng tu

thuc vo nhu cu, iu kin thc t khc nhau c th thit lp cc hnh ng khc
nhm KSON mi trng trn a bn a phng mnh mt cch hiu qu.
3.1.8. Phi hp lin ngnh
m bo thnh cng cng nh tnh bn vng trong vic kim sot nhim mi
trng, UBND tnh phi ch o xy dng mt khi on kt, thng nht, s phi hp
cht ch gia nhng c quan hay cc bn c lin quan trong v ngoi tnh, t a
phng n trung ng.
3.1.9. Cc vn hnh chnh
Trong chng mc nht nh, cp tnh cng cn nghin cu nh gi v p dng,
thc hin cc bin php hnh chnh gp phn ci thin tnh trng mi trng tnh.
l vic p dng cng c x pht vi phm lut Bo v Mi trng 2005, p dng cc
nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin, phc hi mi trng nhng ni nhim
- 54 -

nghim trng. ng thi cng cn phi lp bng danh mc cc ngun im nhim.

Ni dung ca vn ny tp trung vo:
Vic x pht;
Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin;
Phc hi mi trng;
Bo co t cp a phng ln cp Trung ng;
K hoch thc hin;
Thng k cc im nhim.
3.2.
Xc nh v la chn d n
Sau khi hon tt ni dung t 2, mi a phng nn c mt tm nhn, cc mc tiu

chung v mc tiu c th. Trn c s cc d n v hnh ng gi v phn tch mc
3.1 trn, cc nhm s a ra mt lot d n thc hin cc mc tiu chung v mc
tiu c th . Sau s a ra mt danh sch cc d n mt cch trc tip hoc gin
tip v kim sot nhim.
Cc d n nn:
H tr cho vic hin thc ha mc tiu c th v mc tiu chung;
Mang tnh kh thi v hin thc t c cc mc tiu c th xc nh;
Gii quyt cc lnh vc khc nhau ca mc tiu c th. Chng c th c thc

hin bi cc bn lin quan khc nhau trong cng ng hay mt bn lin quan
hoc vi s lin kt ca cc bn v/hoc chnh quyn a phng;
Kt hp cc kt qu di, trung hoc ngn hn.
Cc im cn cn nhc i vi mi d n hoc vi mi loi d n nh:
Cc d n cn loi ngun lc no (nh v ti chnh, nhn lc, cc khu vc t

nhn, t chc hay chnh tr); cc ngun lc n t u?
Cc d n yu cu g v mt qun l, s ng h v s lin kt vi cc i tc
thc hin?
Ngi no thng xuyn thc hin cc d n ; c quan no thch hp nht

thc hin d n ?
D n hng trc tip ti mc tiu chung v mc tiu c th no?
Cc c quan nh nc v t nhn no c th tham gia d n bn cnh cp

chnh quyn a phng?
Cc d n xc nh s tip tc c in vo bng 9:
Bng 9. in tip cc d n c la chn vo bng sau
Tm nhn
Cc mc tiu
chung
Cc mc tiu c
th
Mc tiu 1: Mc tiu1: 01: Vo

i
a nm 2010, ci
Vo nm thay
thin tnh trng
phng
2010, a
mi trng.
phng
- 55 -
Cc d n
Cc hot
ng

Tm nhn
s c
Cc mc tiu
chung
Cc mc tiu c
th
Cc d n
Cc hot
ng
Mc tiu 2: m Mc tiu 2: 01:

bo s cung cp Vo nm 2010
m bo, thng
thch hp
qua vic s dng
cc cu hi iu
tra v thi .
Mc tiu 3:
xy dng nng
lc cn ngi
phc v cho
Mc tiu 3: 01:
Vo nm 2015,
m bo s u
t v cc k hoc
h thch hp c
th c hin nhm
loi b hoc gim
thiu
Mc tiu3:O1:d
n1:
D n xy dng
KCN
Mc
tiu
3:O1:D n 2:
Chng trnh xy
dng
ngun
nhn lc
Mc tiu 3: 02:
Nng lc thch
hp c ..
Mc tiu 4:
thu ht thm
nhiu d n u
t t cc c
nhn, cc t
chc
Mc tiu 4: 01:
Tng cng mc
u t trong a
phng v cng
ngh sch trong
lnh vc X v Y
Mc
tiu
4:O1:D n1:
D n xy dng
cng ngh x
l
Mc
tiu
4:O1:D n 2:
Chun b chin
lc thu ht u
t
ca
a
phng.
3.3.
La chn cc hnh ng
Bc cui cng l c th ha cc d n thnh nhng hnh ng r rng hoc cc

hot ng vi mc tiu c th, thc t v c nh hng ti kt qu u ra. Vic la
chn bao gm gm 3 giai on: xc nh, nh gi, v thc hin.
Xc nh:
Nn tnh n tt c cc c nhn v nhm c kh nng s tham gia vo thc hin

d n nh nhn vin a phng, ch doanh nghip, lnh o cc ban ngnh,
c quan;
- 56 -

Giai on ny, iu quan trng l phi tnh n tt c cc bn c lin quan

khuyn khch h ng gp v hp tc;
Lu ti mt lot cc hnh ng/hot ng khc nhau c c d n;
Vic xc nh mt cch hiu qu cc hnh ng s thit lp tiu ch v phn tch

liu c cn g na khng.
nh gi:
Mc tiu ca vic nh gi l xc nh cc hot ng thc t v cht lng;
Cc hot ng phm vi rng s cn nhiu ngun lc v phc tp, phm vi thi

gian di s cn c xem xt nghim tc bao gm cc nghin cu, thit k,
chun b k hoch kinh doanh kh thi v nh gi. Vic ny c th cn c ngi
t vn h tr;
m bo vic xc nh v u tin ha cc hot ng nh v d t c kt

qu s to v duy tr thc y.
Xc nh cc hnh ng v hot ng u tin s da trn cc vn nhy cm,

mc tiu chung, mc tiu c th v mc tiu chin lc. Mt s hot ng c th phc
tp v c thc hin trong mt thi gian di, mt s th khng. C nhiu hot ng
ph hp vi d n v t mc tiu. Hn 60 hot ng KSON thng gp cp a
phng c cp mc 4.1 trn nm trong cc vn sau:
Cc vn bn php quy;
Vn quy hoch;
Vn c ch, chnh sch;
Vn nhim theo im;
S tham gia ca cng ng;
Vn quan trc;
Hp tc lin ngnh;
Vn hnh chnh.
Cc hnh ng c la chn s tip tc hon thin v th hin bng 10

Bng 10. in tip cc hnh ng la chn vo bng sau
Tm nhn
Cc mc
tiu chung
Cc mc tiu c
th
Mc tiu 1: Mc tiu 1: 01:

Vo nm thay i a Vo nm 2010, ci
thin tnh trng
2010, a phng
mi trng.
phng
s c
Mc tiu 2: Mc tiu 2: 01:
m bo s Vo nm 2010
cung
cp m bo, thng
qua vic s dng
thch hp
cc cu hi iu
tra v thi .
- 57 -
Cc d n
Cc hnh ng

Tm nhn
Cc mc
tiu chung
Cc mc tiu c
th
Mc tiu 3:
xy dng
nng lc cn
ngi phc
v cho
Mc tiu 3: 01:
Vo nm 2015,
m bo s u
t v cc k hoc
h thch hp c
th c hin nhm
loi b hoc gim
thiu
Cc d n
Cc hnh ng
Mc tiu 3: O1: D
n 1: H 1: Xy
dng khu x l
D n xy nc thi loi X
cho nh my
dng KCN
Mc
tiu3:O1:d
n1:
Mc tiu3:O1:D
n1: H2: Tin
hnh nghin cu
tnh
cht
pht
sinh
Mc tiu 3: O1: Mc tiu 3: O1: D
n 2: H 1: Tin
D n 2:
Chng trnh hnh nh k nng
xy
dng cn thit cho.
ngun nhn lc Mc tiu 3: O1: D
n 2: H 2: Xy
dng k hoch
pht trin nhn lc
cho nh my xx
Mc tiu 3: 02:
Nng lc thch
hp c ...
Mc tiu 4:
thu ht
thm
nhiu
d n u t
t cc c
nhn,
cc
khu vc cng
v th ba
Mc tiu 4: 01:
Tng cng mc
u t trong a
phng v cng
ngh sch trong
lnh vc X v Y
Mc tiu 4: O1: Mc tiu 4: O1: d

D n 1:
n1: H1: nh
D n xy gi li v duy tr c
dng
cng s d liu chng
trnh ti tr
ngh x l
Mc tiu 4: O1: D
Mc tiu 4 :O1: n 1: H 2:
D n 2:
Chun b chin
lc thu ht
u t ca a
phng.
Mc tiu 4:O1: D
n2: H 1:
Mc tiu 4: O1: D
n 2:H 2
- 58 -

3.4.
Ch s nh gi sn phm u ra v kt qu
Mi hot ng chnh trong k hoch hnh ng kim sot nhim u phi bao
gm ch s nh gi, cho php nh gi s tin trin v thnh cng (hoc thiu st) tc
ng ca chng. Ch s nh gi c th s c bt u bng k hoch cng tc v
i tng chng 2, khung k hoch hnh ng.
Ch s nh gi sn phm u ra
Cc ch s nh gi sn phm u ra o m kt qu c th - s lng (i khi
l cht lng) ca cc hot ng c sng trong k hoch hnh ng kim sot
nhim s dng u ra cung cp bi a phng hoc thng qua d n. Ty thuc vo
tng hot ng ring bit, iu ny c th bao gm cc nhn t sau:
- Tn BOD tch ra t im pht thi;
- S lng cc ngnh cng nghip k vi cp c thm quyn ca a phng
v tha thun hp tc v gim thiu nhim;
- S lng cc cng trnh x l c xy dng v hot ng;
- S lng chng nhn t tiu chun ISO 14000 mi c hon tt sau khi
KHHKSON ban b;
- Vic nh gi kim sot nhim c thit lp hoc l ng c thc y hoc
l quy nh p buc (vic kim sot nhim hoc khng kh hoc d n ci thin
cht lng nc)
Ch s nh gi kt qu
Ch s nh gi kt qu o m cc tc ng v mt s lng v/hoc cht
lng ca kt qu ca hnh ng t c hoc gp phn t c mc ch ca
KHHKSON. Mi d n nn a ra t nht mt ch s nh gi kt qu. Ty thuc vo
loi hnh d n m c th bao gm:
- Lm gim tc ng ti cc bnh h hp v d dy (thng qua c trng gim
thiu nhim khu vc);
- Lm gim t l t vong thng qua vic lm sch khng kh v nc ti mt khu
vc c th;
- Tng vic thc hin h thng thc hnh nh kt qu ca chin dch thng tin mi
trng v tp hun cc cn b mi trng;
- Gim mc nhim mi trng khng kh sau khi thi hnh tiu chun cht
lng khng kh v kim ton mi trng i vi tng KCN hoc khu vc a l.
4.
Tnh ton chi ph cho cc hnh ng xut

Trong quyn 1 Khung KHH c gii thch v chi ph v v d v 1) vn;
2) chi ph vn hnh v bo dng; 3) Chi ph li ch v 4) ti chnh.
c trng ca chi ph vn bao gm: a) xy dng; b) cng trnh; c) t ai;
d) lut php, ti chnh v hnh chnh; e) mc quan tm trong giai on
xy dng.
Chi ph vn hnh bo dng bao gm: a) nhn s; b) nng lng; c) ha hc; d)

nc; e) cc tin ch hn hp f) nguyn liu v cung ng hn hp;
- 59 -

Chi ph vn v chi ph vn hnh bo dng l quan trng i vi kh nng ca

nhm k hoch, da trn chi ph cc b v cc d n xy dng hin ti.
Quyn 2 Hng dn s tp trung vo phn tch Chi ph - Li nhun v Ti chnh.
Thm ch, khi nhm lp k hoch khng tin hnh phn tch th cng cn phi h tr
cung cp thng tin cn thit cho nhm chuyn gia.
4.1.
Phn tch chi ph - li ch
Tnh ton mt s chi ph nhm xc nh gi tr u t thc. Vic xc nh, nh

lng v nh gi tt c cc thng s lin quan da trn mt phng php lun chc
chn, m bo c tnh n tt c yu t lin quan.
Nhng yu t chnh di y thng c xc nh v nh gi:
a) nh gi khu vc d n:
a. Khu vc nh hng gin tip v trc tip;
b. Mi trng t nhin (ti nguyn, qun th ng thc vt);
c. Xu hng pht trin nhn khu hc (dn s, c s h tng, cc hot
ng kinh t x hi).
b) Cht lng mi trng:
a. Ngun nhim/ti lng;
b. Tc ng sc kho - mi trng;
c. Phng php h tr k hoch KSON c.
c) Phn tch chi ph:
a. Cn kit ti nguyn;
b. Tc ng tiu cc ti sc kho;
c. u t cho KSON kt hp vi chi ph vn hnh v bo dng (O/M);
d. Gim st nhim (cc gii php k thut v ti chnh, lut php, hnh
chnh, th ch, kinh t).
d) Xc nh - nh lng li nhun:
a. Nng cao cc hot ng gii tr, du lch v sn xut nng;
b. Cc tc ng tch cc ti sc kho (v d gim t l t vong) v mi
trng (bo tn ti nguyn, bo v t nhin);
c. Tng gi t.
4.2.
Ti chnh
4.2.1. Chi ph u t
Qu u t c th c phn phi bi a phng, cc n v ti chnh quc t
(v d Ngn hng Th gii, Ngn hng u t Chu u) ngn hng trong nc.
Trc khi np n xin h tr ti chnh nn lu cc vn sau:
Thng k chi tit cc chng trnh ti chnh ang din ra do cc n v ti tr

quc t, trong nc thc hin;
nh gi tnh hnh np bo co (hn cht, thi gian biu thc hin d n,

phn trm ti tr, giai on tr tin vay);
- 60 -

Kim tra theo cc iu kin bt buc xem d n c ph hp khng xin h

tr ti chnh;
Bo him cho ng gp ti chnh ca ngi xut nu c yu cu;
Miu t chnh xc cc c im ca d n v tnh ton chi ph theo yu cu

ca chng trnh (cc pha thc hin, k hoch ti chnh);
T vn xut vi chnh quyn quc gia/khu vc/a phng quan tm ti

n ngh v yu cu h tr (bo lnh ngn hng).
4.2.2. Doanh thu

Theo nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin, ngi dng chu chi ph vn
hnh-bo dng. Thc t ny kh r rng i vi cc hot ng cng nghip nhng
gy nhiu kh khn cho chnh quyn a phng, v d ph nc cp tng cao b vo
chi ph x l nc thi. Trong trng hp ny cc trang thit b vn hnh n gin
khng ch l yu t tch cc i vi mc ch k thut v mi trng m cn c mc
ch kinh t.
Vic ng dng cng ngh sch v phng php ti ch s lm tng thu nhp
gim chi ph vn hnh-bo dng do bo ton nng lng/nc v phc hi ph phm.
Do vy vic tip cn mang tnh ngn nga thay th cho x l cui ng ng
khng ch xu th nhm bo v mi trng m cn c li cho kinh t. Vic thu cc ph
mi trng phi c lp k hoch cn thn v lu ti cc hin trng nh:
Hin trng khung hnh chnh/php lut;
Gim lng x thi nhim (cc n v du lch/sn xut c lin quan ti h

thng thot nc a phng, dn s);
Xu th pht trin trong khu vc (k hoch cho cc hot ng mi, tng dn

s);
Yu cu np ph (tr li chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh -bo dng);
S h tr t chnh quyn/cc c quan lin quan;
C ch tm kim doanh thu u n;
Nhn thc cng ng, thng tin ca ngi s dng.
Cn phi nhn mnh mt iu l khng c nh gi thp vn cui cng

(nhn thc cng ng) do ph ng gp t cc bn lin quan (dn c, nh my, doanh
nghip, du lch) l iu kin tin quyt cho thnh cng ca bt k h thng tm kim
doanh thu no.
5.
La chn cc u tin
Mc ny miu t cch nhm lp k hoch chn lc cc d n v hnh
ng xut theo Cch la chn u tin nhm xc nh v hon thin
thiu st. Khi hiu r nhng u nhc im ca d n a phng s c
nhiu thun li hn trong vic xc lp cc u tin v i thoi vi Trung
ng cng nh cc nh u t.
5.1.
Cc tiu ch la chn u tin
- 61 -

Thit lp cc tiu ch cho cc la chon u tin l phn kh nht khi hon thin K
Hoch Hnh ng KSON. Do vy qu trnh la chn phi cng n gin cng tt. Cn
lu ti mt s vn sau:
Lm th no c th p ng mc hp l bn mc tiu ca Q 328?
Lm th no quan tm ti nhng u tin thc s ti a phng?
Lm th no c th xy dng hoc iu chnh cc d n hay hnh ng ph

hp vi ngn sch v iu kin ti chnh?
Lm th no chc chn c cc gii php k thut xut l ph hp?
Liu ch nn tp trung vo 1 loi d n khi m c nhiu loi khc cng rt quan

trng?
Ti Cch la chn cc u tin s ch ra chi tit cc vn v k thut - ti

chnh nhm lm r tm quan trng ca qu trnh la chn d n nhm qun l
KSON ti a phng hiu r hn. Trc khi i vo chi tit, tng quan qu trnh xc
nh - la chn - u tin ho c trnh by ti hnh 12 di y. Qu trnh a) Xc
nh, b) phn nhm theo thi gian 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 - 20 nm, c) nh gi, chn lc
theo cc nhu cu v mc tiu ca a phng, d) nh gi ngun ti chnh ca cc da
n u tin hng u hay kt hp cc d n. S phn b cc ngun lc ph thuc vo
ngn sch a phng, cc nh ti tr v cc ngun ti chnh khc; e) thc hin v f)
Cui cng nu c nhng mc tiu hay nhu cu no mi hoc cha p ng c s
phn hi cp nht/nh gi li K Hoch Hnh ng KSON (hng nm). V d: mc
d thc hin d n nhng nc sng nhim vn cha p ng c mc tiu, do
ti sao li thc hin d n b sung t c mc tiu.
XC NH D N
Ln
lt:
5 nm
10 nm
La chn u tin
D n c
la chn
Cc ngun
lc c
nh gi
sng
lc
THC HIN
NHU CU V MC TIU CA
CC BN LIN QUAN
KHNG
Cc s ban ngnh ngnh

Dn c b nh hng
Cc t chc phi chnh ph
C p ng
c nhu
cu v mc
tiu khng?
Kt thc
Bt u
Hnh 13. Qu trnh xc nh, u tin, la chn v thc hin d n
- 62 -

5.2.
Cch la chn u tin
i khi vic a ra quyt nh da trn nhng tnh ton phc tp bao gm nhiu
c s d liu. S thun li hn khi ch c mt s t thng s so snh v cng n
gin cng tt. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny nn s dng nhng cu hi di y
nh l mt bng lit k n gin pht hin im mnh v im yu ca cc d n
. Phn tch im mnh im yu s cho thy d n no c th thc hin c, d n
no nn thit k li. Mc thp, trung bnh, cao da trn cc tiu ch cho cc u
tin. Cn phi phn tch v tho lun cn thn (lu ti thng s ring bit) ti sao vn
b nh gi l thp. Khng nn u t vo d n m ngay t u khng thy tnh
kh thi.
1. Mc kh thi v ti chnh ca d n?
D n c chi ph cao v khng r - Thp.
D n cn chi ph tng i nhng kh thi - Trung bnh.
D n c chi ph thp v c th thc hin bi nhng ngi tnh nguyn - Cao.
2. Mc k thut ca d n ?
D n rt phc tp v cn nhiu k s trnh cao - Thp.
D n ch cn 1 lng k s va phi - Trung Bnh.
D n c mc k thut thp v d thc hin - Cao.
3. Mc ng ca ch in?
Ch in khng hp tc hoc khng lin lc c - Thp.
Ch in c quan tm ti d n - Trung bnh.
Ch in ng vi chin lc v k vo hp ng hoc chuyn nhng t Cao.
4. a im c ph hp vi cc hot ng phc hi khng?
Khng t, a cht khng ph hp, d n khng kh thi - Thp.
a im c nhiu tim nng hon thnh d n ngoi tr mt s thit k ban

u - Trung bnh.
C din tch xy dng d n, khng c yu t mi trng kim ch - Cao.
5. D n c c s ng h rng ri ca cng chng khng?
Mt lng dn c nht nh khng ng v c gng ngn chn - Thp.
D n khng c tranh chp, ph hp vi tm nhn ca cng ng v mc tiu

ca t chc - Trung bnh.
D n to nn thay i tch cc cho cng ng v c s ng h ca mi

ngi - Cao.
6. C ngun ti tr khng?
Khng c ngun ti tr - Thp.
C th c cng ngun ti tr cnh tranh vi d n khc - Trung bnh.
C ngun ti tr v khng phi cnh tranh - Cao.
7. Nhng thay i d n thnh cng l g?
D n khng phi l trnh din hoc kh nng trnh din thp - Thp.
- 63 -

D n c tim nng trnh din 1 mc no - Trung bnh.
D n c tim nng trnh din cao - Cao.
8. nh hng m 1 d n n l c l g?
nh hng ti thiu v kh thc hin - Thp.
C 1 vi nh hng v kh nng thc hin khng kh - Trung bnh.
nh hng ln v d thc hin - Cao.
9. Cn bao nhiu gi tnh nguyn thc hin d n ?
Cn nhiu tnh nguyn nu khng d n khng thc hin c - Thp.
Cn 1 s va phi tnh nguyn thc hin d n - trung bnh.
Ch cn 1 vi tnh nguyn thc hin d n - Cao.
10. D n c vn hnh v duy tr nh th no ?
Cn vn hnh v duy tr mc cao v tn chi ph - Thp.
Vn hnh v duy tr mc va phi vi chi ph hp l - Trung bnh.
Vn hnh v duy tr mc ti thiu vi chi ph thp - Cao.
11. Khi thit k d n c lu tm ti cn bng gii, cc vn mi trng, dn ch

ha v tn trng quyn con ngi?
Cc vn trn khng c trong d n - Thp.
Mt hoc vi vn trn c cp ti nhng khng c nhng hnh ng c

th hoc nh gi nh hng - Trung bnh.
C 3 vn u c quan tm - cao.
5.3.
Tiu ch thng qua d n
Di y l 12 tiu ch nh gi nhm thng qua cc d n do nhm lp k hoch

xy dng. Cc tiu ch phi r rng nhm lp k hoch c th rt ra c kinh
nghim trong qu trnh nh gi.
1. D n thc hin cc mc tiu chung v gii hn x thi vo nc, khng kh v
t.
2. D n ci thin cht lng mi trng c xc nh trong KHHKSON v cn
dn chng trong phn tch hin.
3. D n nhm vo mt loi d n chung do BTNMT ph chun.
4. D n thc hin cc phng php qun l bn cnh cc gii php k thut ph
hp nh:
i. ng dng qun l tt nht ;
ii. Nu cn thit c php gim st m khng cn xin php trc;
iii. Chnh quyn a phng hng dn hp tc o to v cc phng php
qun l KSON;
iv. Bo co ln Cc BVMT 2 nm mt ln v/hoc BTNMT qu trnh thc hin
cc hnh ng.
- 64 -

5. D n ngn chn vic suy thoi cht lng mi trng hoc phc hi cht
lng mi trng v sc kho con ngi mt mt cch hiu qu v ng k
khut.
6. D n s ci thin cht lng mi trng v bao gm cc ch s thnh cng .
7. D n trnh din s hp tc gia cc bn lin quan trong Tnh/Huyn/X v
ng gp hiu qu cho cng tc qun l mi trng.
8. D n gp phn gim nhim cc ngun tp trung v phn tn trong khun kh
d n v c th p dng trong ton tnh v t nc.
9. D n c chi ph hp l v ngun ti tr ph hp.
10. Ngi xut d n phi trnh by kh nng thnh cng ca d n.
11. D n c th xc nh mi lin quan trc tip ti vic thc hin Quyt nh 328.
12. c bit i vi d n do Danida ti tr, d n xut phi trc tip hoc gin
tip gip ch cho khu vc ng dn ngho v p ng c cc vn ca Danida
(v gii, HIV-AIDS v qun l tt).
6. T chc thc hin

Sau khi la chn cc hnh ng v d n u tin, s trnh by chng trong
K hoch hnh ng.K hoch hnh ng l mt vn bn quan trng
trc, trong v sau qu trnh thc hin cc hnh ng c tnh kt hp gia
cc bn lin quan. K hoch hnh ng c th c iu chnh hng nm
xc nh li cc u tin theo tin trn. K hoch hnh ng trnh by
mt cch logic t vic xc nh vn trong hin trng nn (ti lng nhim t cc
ngun tp trung v khng tp trung, im nng), tm nhn ca a phng(trong
1nm, 5 nm, 10-20 nm), mc tiu chung , mc tiu c th khi no, ri ti xy dng d
n v mt danh sch ngn 4-6 d n. c bit l cc d n u tin phi c trnh by
cn thn v hiu qu ca chng i vi mc tiu ca Quyt nh 328 phi thuyt phc.
Hnh 14. V d c xy dng trnh by cc im nng theo loi (mc tiu A1, A2, A3, A4 trong
Quyt nh 328) v u tin (mu = ; trung bnh=vng; thp=ghi) ti cp huyn
- 65 -

2
1
Hnh 15. V d (c xy dng)ch ra v tr v s lng cc d n u tin (Ngun bn :

www.maproom.psu.edu)
Khi trnh by cc hnh ng v d n c xc nh th cn phi lm r khi

nim ca d n hoc hnh ng l g, a im chnh xc ca d n xut u v
Khi no d n c thc hin (1, 5, 10 hay 20 nm);
Xy dng K hoch KSON l cng vic c s tham gia ca cc bn, do vy cn
phi trnh nhng kin v vn mt cch r rng nhm a ra quyt nh trong qu
trnh xy dng k hoch cng nh to s ng thun gia cc bn lin quan.
6.1. Gii php thc hin
Ni dung ca K hoch KSON phi m t gii php chung v gii php c th,
s c trnh by trong tng hnh ng, d n. Gii php chung l:
6.1.1. Gii php c ch chnh sch
Cng trnh kim sot mi trng a phng thng lin h cht ch ti vn
vn, t, thu v vy c cu tp chung vo:
-
C cu, chnh sch vn: xc nh ngun, mc kh nng lu ng vn

thc hin d n;
C cu chnh sch t;
C cu chnh sch thu;
C cu chnh sch cng ngh kim sot mi trng;
C cu chnh sch thnh phn tham gia kim sot mi trng;

- 66 -

Cc c ch khc.
6.1.2. Gii php v ngun lc

hng ti mc tiu ca d n, k hoch KSON phi nhn bit c chi ph
vn, chi ph vn hnh bo dng tch ly cn thit, ngun nhn lc hoc chi ph vn
phng cn thit (trang thit b) m bo rng k hoch a ra l c tnh thuyt phc
v c th thc thi. Cng cn phi xut: lm th no iu ng ngun ti chnh,
nhn lc v trang thit b; lm th no tp hun v tng cng nng lc t chc tt
t doanh thu cn thit
6.1.3. Gii php k thut
Gii php k thut ring cho tng d n/hot ng cn c kt hp cht ch
trong phng n hnh ng da vo tiu chun, th tc ban hnh vi mi a
phng hoc da vo k thut c th xut trong thuyt minh c s.
6.1.4. Gii php cng ch
cp n mi lin h vi tng d n, hot ng; a phng nn xem xt n
xut cho vic thc thi p dng i vi cng tc t chc chung hoc ring bit
chc chn rng Lut mi trng c tun th v nh vy s m bo vic thc hin
thnh cng k hoch KSON. Nh l vic nh gi c th bao gm cc l ph, pht,
khuyn khch ng vin hoc trng hp c bit l chm dt hot ng nu ti din
vic vi phm.
6.1.5. Tuyn truyn, gio dc v nng cao thc cng ng
L vic lm cn thit c c gii php chung cho cng vic ny ti mi a
phng. Cng vic ny cn thit s hp nht hoc lin kt vi nhiu d n, hot ng
c cng chung mt mc ch.
6.2. T chc, sp xp thc hin
m bo hiu lc ca KHKSON, vic sp xp thc hin nn tp chung vo:
6.2.1. Gim st mi trng cc cp khc nhau
KHKSON phi ch ra trch nhim ca mi t chc, c nhn cn thit c s hp tc.
6.2.2. Th tc thi hnh
K hoch KSON cn m t th tc thi hnh cho mi hot ng, d n. iu ny
rt quan trng, n s gip qu trnh gim st cng vic sau ny.
6.3. Tng hp lp thnh k hoch hnh ng KSONMT a phng
Sau khi hon tt ton b cc ni dung cng vic t mc 1 n mc 6.2 nh
hng dn trn, nhm lp KHHKSON a phng tin hnh bin tp v lp thnh
bn k hoch HKSONMT chnh thc trnh UBND tnh xem xt v ph duyt. Ni dung
bn K hoch vit theo trnh t nu mc 9 ca KKHHKSON (Quyn 1).
7. Thc hin v gim st/quan trc

- 67 -

Gim st mi trng mt mc nht nh l iu kin tin quyt cho

KHHKSONMT. Vic gim st mi trng s hng dn cho a phng
xc nh cc khu vc lin quan v vit hin trng mi trng. Thm vo
, n s cho thy hiu qu tin b nh cc ng dng ca K Hoch Hnh
ng Kim Sot Mi Trng. Phn ny s ch ra cch thit k mt
chin lc gim st n gin v lm th no xy dng v vn hnh mt
chng trnh gim st nh. S rt tt nu nh cc ch s c ra h tr mi hnh
ng u tin trong KHHKSONMT s c thm tra bng gim st n gin xem c
t c mc tiu hay khng. Vic gim st c tin hnh i vi 1) nhim nc; 2)
nhim khng kh; 3) cht thi rn v 4) cht thi nguy hi v nn c thit k sao
cho th hin c nhng thnh qu t c khi thc hin Quyt nh 328. Trong
phn sau, gim st cht lng nc s c s dng nh l mt v d chnh ch ra
cch thit k v tin hnh gim st, v hu ht cc a phng hin ti c vn
nghim trng vi nhim ngun nc. Cng nn hiu rng c cht thi rn v lng cui
cng cng u gy nhim ngun nc.
7.1. M t i tng gim st/quan trc
Bc u tin trong vic xc nh gim st l tm hiu l do m a phng
mun gim st.
V d v l do gim st tr nn quan trng c th l:
xy dng c s d liu chnh xc, cht lng v khng c thng tin ng tin
cy v cht lng nc;
xc nh liu mc tiu gim nhim c th t c, c th l cc mc

tiu trong Quyt nh 328;
gio dc cng ng v vn cht lng ngun nc, khin vic tm kim

h tr t cng ng v thit lp cc d n x hi ho tr nn d dng hn;
pht trin v gio dc gii tr (cc chng trnh hc ng v cc chng

trnh gii tr khc);
xc nh quan tm ca cng ng v vic ti sao v lm th no tin hnh

gim st v cc kt qu c ngha ra sao;
y mnh s lin i ca cng ng vi cc ngun nc;
i ph li cuc khng hong trong ngh nui trng thu sn v ng nghip

gy ra bi iu kin cht lng nc km;
nu ra cc mi quan tm v cht lng nc ung trong cng ng a

phng.
Nhng bn khon cn gii p v cc loi mi trng cn quan tm s xc nh

cc thng s cn gim st. Ch n gin quan tm n cht lng ngun nuc l
cha y , iu quan trng l phi hiu c v cht lng nc mt cch c th.
Bng 11. Cc loi mi trng
Sng / Dng chy
Bin
H / Ao
H cha
Di san h ngm
m ly
Bi bin
Khng kh
Ca sng
Nc ngm / Ging
- 68 -

Bng 12. Cc thng s gim st tim nng

Thng s L / Ho
Nhit
Lng xy ho tan
Tnh kim
pH
mn
Photpho
Ni t
cng
Lu lng
Clo
Kim loi
ng vt khng xng ln
Lng thuc BVTV
Lng ma
dn
Hydrocarbons
Loi ngoi lai
(BOD)
Tng cht rn l lng
Thng s Sinh Hc
ng vt hoang d
Vi khun
C
Thc vt trn cn, di
nc
Ly v d nu nh mt con sng hoc mt dng chy no tng c mt lng
c kho mnh m gi y gim ng k, cu hi c th t ra Liu cht lng
ngun nc c thch hp vi loi c ny khng? tr li cu hi iu cn thit l
phi bit c t nhiu v loi c v cc iu kin cn thit cho chng (v d nhit
trong khong bao nhiu th hp l, thc n ca c l g). Gim st cc thng s tim
nng nhm tm hiu l do ti sao lng c li gim bng cch xc nh cc ch s ca
lng c khe mnh Bi v c rt nhy cm vi cc thay i ca xy ho tan, nhit
nc, v pH, nhng thng s m thng c nh gi xc nh ngun nc
thch hp cho c.
Bng 13. nh hng ca cht lng ngun nc thng thng lin quan tim n vi
vic la chn s dng t
Ngun
Yu t nhim / nh hng thng thng
t trng trt
c, tng cht rn, cht dinh dng, nh hng ca nhit

, lng thuc BVTV.
t chn nui
Phn vi sinh, c, cht dinh dng, nh hng ca nhit
Rng
c, tng cht rn, nh hng ca nhit .
Tnh kim, pH, tng cht rn ha tan.
Cht thi cng nghip
c, Tng cht rn, dn, pH, c.
Khu x l cht thi
DO/ BOD, c, tng cht rn, dn, cht dinh dng, vi

sinh vt, nh hng ca nhit , pH.
Cng trng
c, tng cht rn, nh hng ca nhit , DO/BOD,

c.
- 69 -

Ngun
Yu t nhim / nh hng thng thng
th
c cng, cht dinh dng, nh hng nhit , dn,

DO/BOD vi khun, kim loi nng, hydrocarbon.
H thng nhim khun
Vi sinh, cht dinh dng, DO/BOD, dn, nh hng ca

nhit .
7.2.
M t cch s dng d liu
sng lc cc thng s, cn phi xc nh c d liu c s dng nh th

no. Thng thng th vic gim st d liu s c s dng cho: 1) Gio dc 2) Xc
nh vn v 3) Quyt nh ca a phng. Cng nn nh rng hu ht cc d liu
c nhiu cch s dng v nhiu ngi s dng. Do vy, vic a ra cc mc tiu d
liu mt cch r rng cn trao i vi nhng ngi s s dng, c bit nu nh l
k hoch so snh kt qu vi nhng tiu chun thit lp cp quc gia hoc a
phng. Thng thng th cc c quan s a ra quy trnh c chp nhn nh
gi cc thng s khc nhau. Khi d liu c s dng xc nh liu ngun nc no
c p ng c tiu chun quc gia hay khng, s c cc quy trnh ra tng
ng
7.3.
Xc nh cc ngun lc c
Khi thit k chng trnh gim st, iu quan trng l phi xem li v cn nhc
cc ngun (nhn lc v ti chnh) c th. L tng nht l khi tt c cc chng trnh
gim st s s dng thit b nghhin cu hin i thu thp v phn tch cc mu.
Tuy nhin, iu ny rt kh nm trong kh nng ti chnh v k thut ca nhiu cp
qun l mi trng. Tng t nh vy cng khng thc t khi mong rng nhn vin
hay cc tnh nguyn vin s lm vic khng gii hn mi tun, c bit nu nh nhim
v c giao lp li hoc l qu phc tp.
Danh sch cc thng s v quy trnh tim nng ch ra cht lng nc c
chp nhn v m c nh gi cn thn xc nh trn thc t nhng ngun lc
no c th c huy ng. Mt khi cc ngun c xc nh,cc thng s v quy trnh
gim st c la chn s c nh gi li xc nh xem liu chng c thch hp
vi k hoch s dng cc d liu kt qu.
V d, nhiu chng trnh gim st quan tm ti cc cht dinh dng m s tn
chi ph phn tch v cc thit b va kinh ph th li kh c th o nng dinh
dng, c bit l phtpho, thng c tm thy cc ngun nc t nhin trong
nhiu khu vc. Cc thng s khc, v d nh xy ho tan v nhu cu xy ho sinh
hc (BOD) l cc thng s khng tn nhiu chi ph gim st nu nh cc thit b
c bo qun tt. Thm vo , hai thng s ny l nhng thng s thng gp v
hu dng nht lin quan n nhim hu c t cc ngun theo im v theo din.
7.4.
nh gi, thit k chng trnh gim st/quan trc
Trong Bng 14 dui y a ra cc thng tin v nm loi: hot ng gim st,

mc tiu d liu, thit b v cng c, gio dc v o to, tn sut gim st v tiu
chun cht lng.
- 70 -

Bng 14. Cc hot ng gim st

Cc
hot
ng
gim
st
Cc ngun cn thit
Mc tiu
d liu
V d cc
hot ng
Thit b v
cung cp
Gio dc
o to
Hiu bn
v c tnh
lin
quan,
c th t
hc
hoc
o to
hon thin
bn v
bng
d
liu.
Tn
sut
gim
st
QA/QC &
Tiu chun
Hng
nm
hoc
thng
xuyn
hn.
Khng cn k
hoch QA/QC
chnh
thc.
Quan
chc
hin trng
theo mu tiu
chun.
Cn o to
cch thc
ly
mu
nc v s
dng
b
cng c o
ti
hin
trng cng
nh
cch
hon thin
bng
d
liu. i vi
H:
my cc d n
dng
quay, GPS, s
thit
b
o
thit b o
ti
hin
su.
trng cn
o to.
Tu
thuc
vo nhu
cu,
thng
th hng
thng l
t nht. .
K
hoch
c
vit
mt cch c
bn - Gim
st, mc ch,
phng php,
v tr, v thi
gian. C th
cn mt k
hoch
QA
chnh thc ,
s dng mc
lc
v
phng thc
c
th,
v/hoc
s
dng phng
th
nghim
tiu chun.
Li hoc
que, thng
hoc
ti,
dng c xc
nh, d liu
hin trng:
bn , my
quay, GPS.
u tin
nhiu
ln mt
nm
trong
nhng
ma
hoc
ch
Mc
ch
nh
gi,
phng php,
v tr v thi
gian. C th
cn mt k
hoch
QA
chnh thc ,
s dng mc
nh
gi lu
vc
sng
Sng lc Quan trc

hay
xc hin trng.
nh tt c
vn
;
D
liu
hin trng;
cc v tr
tip
tc
nghin
cu.
Lp bn
lu
vc
song,
ti
liu
hin
trng, my
quay,
cp
php
tip
cn khu vc
t, thit b
GPS.
Xc
nh
cc
c
trng
vt l
Thu thp
d
liu
hin trng;
Phn tch
xu
th;
a
ra
quyt nh
cp
a
phng;
Xc nh
v tr tip
tc nghin
cu.
Tnh
ton
cc
thng
s
nh
dng chy,
c hay
cn;
trong
ca
nc,
su hay c
tnh lu vc
ti ao h.
Bn lu
vc sng,
bng d liu
hin trng,
thc
o,
ng
h
m, dng
c o
c, chai ly
mu
tng
CTR l lng
hoc cn
Kho
st
sinh
hc
(bao
gm
nhiu
Hot
ng
Xc nh
hoc sng
lc
vn
,
D
liu hin
trng,
Phn tch
xu hng,
quyt nh
Kho
st
cht lng
v/hoc s
lng sinh
vt, thng
bao gm c
ng
vt
khng
xng sng
- 71 -
Cn o to
cch
thu
thp v xc
nh
sinh
vt
cng
nh
cch
hon thin
d liu hin
trng.

Cc
hot
ng
gim
st
Cc ngun cn thit
Mc tiu
d liu
V d cc
hot ng
Thit b v
cung cp
tim
nng
cp
a ln ch, c
hoc thc
phng,
cc v tr vt v m.
nhm tip
tc nghin
cu/phc
hi.
Phn
tch
thnh
phn
ho
hc
ca
nc
Thu thp
d
liu
hin trng;
Phn tch
xu hng;
Quyt
nh cp
a
phng;
Cc v tr
cn
nghin
cu
thm/phc
hi .
;Ly
mu
nc
v
phn tch ti
phng
th
nghim
hoc phn
tch
trc
tip.
Ly
mu
vo chai
phn tch,
p v
lm
lnh
bo qun,
d liu hin
trng u
tin:
b
cng
c
phn
tch
nhanh.
Phn
tch
cn
Thu thp
d
liu
hin trng;
Phn tch
xu hng;
Quyt
nh cp
a
phng;
Cc v tr
cn
nghin
cu
ly mu cn
phn tch
ngay hoc
phn
tch
tring phng
th nghim.
Ly
mu
vo
chai
hoc ti
phn tch,
p v
lm
lnh
bo qun,
d liu hin
trng u
tin : b
cng
c
phn
tch
nhanh
- 72 -
Gio dc
o to
Tn
sut
gim
st
QA/QC &
Tiu chun
chy
khc
nhau.
lc
v
phng thc
c
th,
v/hoc
s
dng phng
th
nghim
tiu chun
Cn o to
cch thc
ly
mu
nc v s
dng
b
cng c o
ti
hin
trng cng
nh
cch
hon thin
bng
d
liu. i vi
cc d n
s
dng
thit b o
ti
hin
trn
Tu
thuc
vo nhu
cu
,
thng
th hng
thng l
t nht.
K
hoch
c vit c
mt cch c
bn Gim
st, mc ch,
phng php,
v tr, v thi
gian. C th
cn mt k
hoch
QA
chnh thc ,
s dng mc
lc
v
phng thc
c
th,
v/hoc
s
dng phng
th
nghim
tiu chun.
Cn o to
cch
ly
mu . C
th
cn
gim
st
hoc
tr
gip.
Tu vo
nhu cu.
C th
hng
nm,
mi
ma,
hng
thng
hoc
thng
xuyn
hn.
K
hoch
c vit c
mt cch c
bn - gim
st, mc ch,
phng php,
v tr, v thi
gian. C th
cn mt k
hoch
QA
chnh thc ,
s dng mc
lc
v

Cc
hot
ng
gim
st
Cc ngun cn thit
Mc tiu
d liu
V d cc
hot ng
thm/phc
hi.
Thit b v
cung cp
Gio dc
o to
meters.
Tn
sut
gim
st
QA/QC &
Tiu chun
phng thc
c
th,
v/hoc
s
dng phng
th
nghim
tiu chun.
Mt ngun hu ch trn internet l WaterWatch

Tasmania Equipment Guide ca c, va ch dn v
thit b li va cung cp s so snh gia cc
phng php. Hng dn di 34 trang ny c th
tm
thy
ti
:
http://
WWW.taswaterwatch.org.au/pdf/Equipment Guide 2002.pdf. Hng dn ny s cung
cp mt cch tng th v cc thit b v phng php cng nh a ra cc mc gi
ca cc thit b khc nhau.
7.5.
Quy trnh gim st/quan trc
Khi xc nh chnh xc nhng g cn gim st, bc tip theo s l xc nh

gim st nh th no, vic ny nn c nh ngha trong phng thc gim st.
Thng th s chn cc phng php gim st c Vit nam c xc minh l cc
phng php khoa hc v hiu qu, nu khng th c th tm thy rt nhiu phng
php sn c trn internet: http:// WWW.standardmethods.org l xut pht im thch
hp cho vic xc nh qu trnh gim st ho hc v sinh hc . D liu s l tin cy nu
tun theo cc qu trnh gim st c ph chun v chp nhn rng ri.
7.6.
m bo cht lng
Xy dng qui trnh m bo kim sot cht lng (QA/QC), v tt nht l phi
vit ra c k hoch kim sot, l mt phn quan trng trong vic xy dng
chng trnh gim st. Mt a ch v K hoch chng trnh gim st m bo cht
lng:
http:// WWW. envirotols.org/factscheets/fs quality assurance.pdf
http://WWW.kdheks.gov/nps/QAPPGuidance.pdf
http://WWW.swrcb.ca.gov/nps/docs/mod qapp instr deg1101.doc
7.7.
Gim st/quan trc cht thi rn v nc thi
Thu gom v x l cht thi rn v nc thi l mt trong nhng vic tn km

nhiu nht cho chnh quyn a phng. V vic thi ra cht thi rn v lng s ngy
cng gia tng cng vi s tng trng ca nn kinh t. Nhu cu gii quyt v x l cht
- 73 -

thi rn mt cch hp s tng trong tng lai. Gim st tnh hnh cht thi rn thng
c tin hnh thng qua :
7.8.
Nghin cu v thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi;
Hiu qu cng tc thu gom cht thi;
Cc phng tin lu gi trong thu gom;
Cc phng php lu gi trong x l;
a im v khu vc tr rc v nc thi h.
Xy dng v cng c nng lc chn lp cht thi rn v vn hnh x l

nc thi.
Ch s nh gi (u ra v kt qu)
Sn phm u ra v cc ch tiu nh hng p dng cho tt c cc d n v

cc hot ng cho vic gim st thc hin c m t trong mc 3.4 ca hng dn
ny.
7.9.
Thng tin phn hi
Kinh nghim c c qua vic thc hin mt hot ng c th c s dng

phn hi qu trnh da trn cc bi hc tri qua.
-----------------------------
- 74 -

Kiem Soat On KV Dong Dan Ngheo

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Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA)

H ni, thng 10 nm 2007

Kim sot nhim khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA)

1.1. Khi nim v kim sot nhim

1.2. Gii thiu, hung dn v t chc lp k hoch

1.2.1. K hoch hnh ng c tnh chin lc (mt cng c cn thit)

1.2.2. Quy trnh

1.2.3. Thnh lp nhm lp k hoch bao gm cc bn lin quan

1.2.4. Cc ngun lc v thng tin cn thit lp k hoch

1.3. Khung K hoch hnh ng

2. Cc yu t cn thit xy dng k hoch hnh ng KSON

2.1. Cc thc trng

2.1.1. Mi trng t nhin

2.1.2. Thc trng kinh t x hi

2.1.3. Thc trng mi trng

2.1.4. Cc dng cng tc kim sot nhim

2.2. Thc trng h thng vn bn php lut

2.3. Chnh sch, tm nhn v mc tiu

2.3.2. Chnh sch

2.3.2. Xy dng tm nhn

2.3.4. Xy dng mc tiu chung

2.3.5. Xy dng mc tiu c th

3.1. Phn tch la chn cc d n v hnh ng

3.1.2. Hon thin cng c bo v mi trng

3.1.3. Quy hoch

3.1.3.1. Quy hoach - K hoch lin quan ti ngnh cng nghip

3.1.3.2. Qun l v kim sot cc khu cng nghip

3.1.3.3. Qun l v kim sot cc lng ngh th cng

Kim sot nhim khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA)

3.1.4. Chnh sch v php lut

3.1.5. Cc gii php k thut cho cc ngnh v vn c th

3.1.5.1. Sn xut sch - cng ngh sch

3.1.5.2. nhim do sn xut nng nghip v nng thn

3.1.5.3. Thuc bo v thc vt

3.1.5.4. Khu git m

3.1.5.5. nhim kh thi

3.1.5.6. Cht thi rn

3.1.5.7. Ti ch, ti s dng cht thi

3.1.5.8. Cht thi nguy hi

3.1.5.9. Cht thi y t

3.1.6. S tham gia ca cng ng

3.1.7. Cng tc quan trc

3.1.8. Phi hp lin ngnh

3.1.9. Cc vn hnh chnh

3.3. La chn cc hnh ng

4. Tnh ton chi ph cho cc hnh ng xut

4.1. Phn tch chi ph - li ch

4.2.2. Doanh thu

5.1. Cc tiu ch la chn u tin

5.2. Cch la chn u tin

5.3. Tiu ch thng qua d n

6. T chc thc hin

6.1 Gii php thc hin

6.1.1. Gii php c cu chnh sch

6.1.2. Gii php ngun lc

6.1.3. Gii php k thut

Kim sot nhim khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA)

6.1.4. Gii php cng ch

6.1.5. Tuyn truyn, gio dc v nng cao thc cng ng

6.2. T chc, sp xp thc hin

6.2.1. Gim st mi trng cc cp khc nhau

6.2.2. Th tc thi hnh

6.3. Tng hp lp thnh K hoch hnh ng KSONMT a phng