TONY BUZAN MASTER YOUR MEMORY LAM CHU TRI NHO CUA‘BAN Bi QUYET GIUP BAN NANG CAO TRI NHO, KHA NANG TAP TRUNG VA SUC SANG TAO. “chuyén gia hang dau trong linh vyc'trinhd” The New Yorker tv NHA XxUAT BAN TONG HOP Cong ty TNHH ‘THANH PHO HO CHE MAN han Tri VigtGigi thieu tac gia Tony Buzan, nha phat minh nbting So dé Te duy® hig dang néi ting trén toan thé gidi, di dat duce nbiéu thanb tine dang kinh ngac: “Tac gi hing di te io 8 nsobo va Hen thc, inh én nay €a eo nn 80 du sich do ong lam tac gd va dng tg, vo dean 56 len dn a ru ‘bn vi con 36 my dang Khong gen a eng Did pl hing dbo th pw no va kg the. Buse meh dan fa “ho {hut ga tu uy", Tony Buzon € thay ging cho dng dio thin gi, u ee ‘em nam tudi, cac hoc sinh co hoan ckah kkhd khan, cic nghién citu sinh wu tu a Ds: hoc Oxford va Cambridge dé cic gm &6c ala nhang, doanh aghiep san tdi cae ehh ph ve cue hang df Sang lip viém a Gidt Vo dich Tes nho Tas Sanglap dn cia Gili V dich Doc than ThE lo aidan v0 thust. Cae tac phim vi nhang sin phfm khse cia Buzan db dat duce think cng ‘ang dt ren 100 qo 8 v8 doe dich sang 30 mgd ng dem si ot shin trio 100 tritu bing Anh. Nha pst minh So 38 Tu diy" cg eu ts dy duge mo tla “Cong cu an ning abn", itn dupe haw 250 tit nga ern hp thé gis dung ‘Téng bitn tap Tap chi quae t€ MENSA (Hi chi 6 eaémg minh cao) tir nim. 1968 dén nam 3971. CChayen gia tu vin lank dan uc ef cho ct tp dotn da gu gate tu hn BP, Badays Intemational, General Motors, Walt Disney, Orade, Micros, 358C, British Telecom, IBM, Brtsh Aways, vs Chuyn gia tw vin va cS wn cho che chin phi 8 6 che chinh ph, gdm: ‘Ask, Singapore, Mehic, Uc, cc que gia wing Vinh wa Liechtenstein Husa agén itn Oyrpi Cha dé cha ca Wasi nit Tu duy Ma xing va Hidu bift To tub, Nha the dat git thing ‘Van dong vit doat gi thud, Nhan vat di ing a trapén thong foam chu, 2k must itn trem 100 trdn ds tray nh gus ga va qs € hon 1.000 go eren eng phat thank 5c gia va qué té. Khoing hon 3 87 Iuot ngubi &2 xem vi nghe ong Fast bdu!Cing mot téc gid Sach 6 cng cy tu ay: ae Your Head (Gee Your Memory ‘Tre Spd Reading Book The Mind Mat Book ‘Tae Haeeted Mind Map Rak Eben Curae ‘idm nha oa Buzan: Mata Memon Mond Mapes Spc Reng Get Ahead Bram SE Supe Sl FranSmart Leader Sales Gene Mind Maps om Medie “The Bram Book Brain Training es frm the Aca Fung Busan! Boo of Mental Ward Rect Man Venus Machine Synapse thew) Syrapata (89-99 comple) The Yourger Tmeue Bram Pours for Kis “Teach Veunlf Reson Candee (GCSE level in 17 subyec) Teach Vous Reason Guides level in 8 jects) Teach Your Laeatare Guades 2 ede) Haw Maul Map The Pater of Socal teliznse ‘The Per of Verbal eelyence Had Soong The Pas of Crea Ineigene Head int ‘Mind Maps jor Kids Bang video Leorng wath Lan Developing Fans Gens a Aaa Wes Foe Mindpouer Bang ghi am Use Your Heal Busan On The Bran Menon “Wicking & Crenwity Suse Rewdng Mind & Body Mind Mapping Mind Mopbng Naso Genins “The Genta Forma Brae SC Cac sén phdm khac Frain Club ~ Home Stay Plan Body & Soul Poster (Limited Edition) DDesderara Reconsidered ‘Univeral Perional Onainier Mind Map Ke Phan mém_ Min! Manager (CD-ROM) Mond Morag Trial CD-ROM) Maserng Memory (ConypterSotovare & ManaLam chu Tri nhé cua Ban Tony Buzan Ban dich tigng Vigt Le Huy Lam a NTV NMA xvkt BAN TONG HOP Cong ty TNHH ‘THANH PHO HO cut MINE Nhim Tri VietTang nhéag ngudi ban than thiét cia toi & cdc Cau lac b6 Tu duy va Trung tam Buzan ‘Téng bien Gp dde lip: Vanda North csvén dac big: __héasi Susan Whiting, GMM 2 ign tng Raymond Keene, OBE MASTER YOUR MEMORY (© Tory Buzan 1974, 1982 1969, 1095, 2000, 2003, 2008 ‘This tanslaton of WASTER YOUR MEMORY Eston publaned by arangement between Pearson Eduaon Limi, UK and Nn Th Vit Co Lid, Vietnam, Lam CHU TRI NHO CUA BAN (ng ty TNEH Nin Ti iti bin gupén Bin cen Wg Vi 2008. ‘ue wud bn abc quyin ll Vik Nam, pt nh én ton Ns gi, theo hap ng chug ugg bin auyén git Pearson Education Lined vi Cng Jy 7H Wn Ta Vi. ‘xing dn nao ong te hd nay dure ph sap chp, la gi a vio We ng ny pho yn ing biti tinh th hay phuong fen no, di i, hi Bm, sao ce. ‘th Hon, pin qus mang. Pee du bit ci Ni tic no Khe Kl che cb sy cho prep ting vin bin cia eh ban guyén.(A Muc luc Lai cam on Li twa cia Dominic O'Brien, GMM Loi tua cla Tién si Susan Whiting, GMM Chuong 1 Cau chuyén ban s@ nho suét doi 17 2 Cach sit dang Lam chit Tri nhd ciia Ban 21 3 Chuing c6 cho thay tri nko cia ban c6 thé lam vigc t6t: He Lien két Don gian va Higu qua 24 4 Trinho— Nguyén ly va Ky thuat 33 5 He Chich 4s 6 Ma tran Nhé Chi dao Ty nang cao (SEM); Ky thuat nho dé hoc tap toan dién S# 7 Nhé ca cudc doi: Cau chuyén vé Funes, Nguéi c6 tri nhd sidu viet 68 8 Hoasit 7 9 Nhaest 93 10 Nha van 7/1 11 20 Thién tai vidai cia moi thoi dai 132 12 Toan bo cae v6 kich cia Shakespeare 13513 Ta ving Tiép dau ngo, Tigp vingit va Nga can 177 14 Ngon nge 187 15 Quéc gia/Thi do 213 16 Vua va Na hoang Anh 222 17 Cathé con ngubi- He Co 225 18 Cac nguyénté 229 19 Thai Duong He 253 20 Nhé cudc dai ban: Tri nhé va Tuong lai cia ban 257 Sach nén doc 259L6di c4m on Chan thanh cam on nhting ngudi co tén dudi day di dank cng sitc gidp ching tdi hoan thanh cugn sich nay: Tién si Susan Whiting, Dai Kign tuéng Tri nha, bén lin V6 dich Tri nho Thé gigi danh cho ni, Buong kim Vo dich SEM’, da nd luc hét minh dé hoan chinh Hé SEM’; Vanda North, Téng bién tap doc lap, 43 nhiét tinh hé tro va c6ng hign tron ven tm nhin vé mot Hanh tinh Higu biét Tri tue; Dai Kign tuong Ca vua va Thé thao Tri tue Quéc té Raymond Keene, OBE, da xac dinh va xép hang thién tai cing nhu cung cp hang tri thitc quy gid vé he théag cac téc phim cla Shakespeare; Dai Kién tudng Tri nhd lan Docherty, da tro giip khong ngimg trong viec phat trién Hé SEM® va So dé Turduy Chit dao cia anh chinh la nguén cm hting cho cae So dé Tu duy khac trong sch nay; hai hoa si suit sc Lorraine Gill va Christopher Hedley-Dent di huéng din ching toi cach cam thy nghé thuat va h8 trg nghién atu sdu trong chuong “Hoa st” cla sach; tro ly riéng Lesley Bias da didu han hoin héo toan bé hé théng, déng thoi giam sét quy trinh in thitban thao nay; than miu cia tac gid, Jean Buzan, voi “con mat bign tap tinh tudng” da phat hign tréa 25 181 trong “ban thio hoan chinh”; tro ly nghien ciru va chuyén gia vi tinh Susarne Pumpin da thu thap nhiéu thong tin. quy gia vi dinh may cuén sich; Dominic O’Brien, tm Ién va duong kim V6 dich Tri nho Thé gidi, 44 ching minh tét0 ning digu viét trong sich nay déu co kha nang trd thank, hién thyc; Che: bién Sheila Ableman, nguoi da uom mam cho h BBC cla chiing t6i duge dom hoa ket trai; Chi bien Osborn, ngudi cong tac véi ching tdi trong nhiéu dy n xuit ban thanh cng khac; hoa si tai nang va chuyén gla vé So 48 Tu duy, Alan Burton, voi nhing cong trinh nghe thugt dang nhd; d6i nga bién tap BBC tuyét vai cha ching 10i, véi loi cam on dic bigt gdi dén Sally Potter va Kelly Davis Toat Joan:Lodi tua Dominic O’Brien, oma! (VO DICH TRI NHG DAU TIEN VA 8 LAN TREN THE GIGI) Néu toi ké cau chuyén vé mét cau hoc sinh thuong xuyén thi rat cac mon cp do “O”®, bd hoc nam 16 tudi voi nhan xét cla gido vién la ching hy vong lam nén tro trdng gi, hung cudi cing lai trd than Nha Vo dich Tri nha Thé gici, thin ban s8 nghi toi sang tac tiéu thuyét. Chuyén nay chang Goi mio xay ra. Tuy nbién, day lai la chuygn that. “Nguoi chuyén thi r6t” dy chinh la t6i! Sau Khi r&i trudng, lang thang day d6 va lam dii moi viée, mot lan tinh cé xem TV, ti c6 dip chimg kién mot anh chang tén Creighton Carvello nhé nguyén bé bai trong thai gian chua dén ba phut, Voi toi, day qui la digu ky diéu va ro ing Khong phai tro bip. Creighton that su nhé ci b6 bai trong tich t&c Vay la t0i nght bung: “Minh cing c6 bo no nhu anb ta Néu anh ta c6 thé lap dugc ky tich dy thi 4t hin mink cong lam duge.” Va t6i bat dau luyén tap. Sau vai thang, t0i dat dén “nguong mo wéc” la ba phot. ‘Trong hic ling tung khong biét vin dung “ca bfp tf nho” dang tang nhanh ciia minh vao vic gi thi vao nam 1991, tai Fort titan Gra Miso lM Fay Kan anne tr Sore 1 he hap er shi Ih ph thong 19 An da oSnghe tin vé Giai Vo dich Tri nhé Thé gidi déu tign do Tony Buzan t6 chic, tic gid cia cudn sach ban dang chm trén tay. ‘Vay la t6i quyét din ting thi, Tai qua cac vong tranh tai quyét liet, cudi cing, t6i doat gidi Nha Vo dich Tri nho Thé gic Cac nguyén ly nén ting giup toi doat giai chinh la nhimng nguyén Ip duoc trinh bay trong cac tac phim cla Tony Buzan. Néu ap dung ca¢ nguyén ly nay vao ma tran kién thic di duge Lim chi Tri nid cla Ban miu t& rat sink dong, ban sé c6 kha nang chinh phuc ci thé gidi tri nho va thé gidi tri thic, tao ra nhimng loi thé khong ngo cho ban than: ty tin hon, lam cha tri tuéng tugng hiéu qua hon, nang cao 6¢ sng tao, kha nang nhan thiic duoc hoan thign. Va di nhién, chi s6 1Q cing dugc gia tang! Buoc gidi thigu cu6n sach bé ich cila mot tac gid tén tudi 1a niém vink hanh déi véi toi. Ngoai viée ndm gia Kj luc ThE gidi vé 1Q sang tao, Tony Buzan con la tc gid cla hon 80 déu sich v8 nao bd va phuemg phap hoc tap ban chay nhét thé gigi. Ong la ngudi sang lap té chttc Brain Foundation, ding s4ng lap Thé van h9i Olympic vé Thé thao Tri tué va phat minh So dé Tu duy hién néi tiéng trén toan thé gidi. Tap chi Forbes da b4u chon ong vao hing ngit cdc dién gia hang dau, cing véi Mikhail Gorbachev, Henry Kissinger va Margaret Thatcher. Déi v6i tdi, Tony th truyén théng thanh cong thuyét erin sula mét trong nhaing nha trén thé gidi, cd vé kha nang ln viét sach. Xin chiic ming vi ban da khdi dau cudc hanb trinh ma t6i biét sé dem dén cho ban niéu thay d6ilén lao trong cudc Adi. Dominic O'BrienLoi tua Tién s Susan Whiting, comm (NU DAI KIEN TUGNG TRI NHG BAU TIEN VA BUONG KIM VO DICH TRI NHG THE GIG! DANH CHO NU) Whang ai nghiém tiic quan tam dén viéc nang cao tri nha - didu nay c6 nghia Ia t&t cA moi ngubi vi ai trong ching ta cing sé hou tri nhé c6 thé nang cao — nén nghién cu Lam chii Tri nhé ctia Ban Toi tinh ca doc sach nay lin dau cach day vai nim, thoi diém toi quyét dink tir bé cOng viéc c6 qué nhigu thir thach dé toan tam cham lo cho gia dink minh, Nhu nhiéu nguti déng canh ng6, t6i nhan thay minh cdn mot loai hinh kich thich trf tug nao d6, Toi chgt nghi tit trude dén nay t6i lyon mong muén tim hiéu ky thuat nho, nhat la thoi ky 6n thi va noi chung a no dugc tat thay nhang diéu cin thiét trong cude song. May mén 1a ti c6 co h6i lam quen véi mot s6 cong trinh cila Tony Bnzan va doc dn ban dau tién cila Lamm chil Tri nhd cla Ban, Cuén sich khign t6i that sit bat ngo! Toi chua hé aghi ghi nha théng tin lai la cong viéc thu vi! On thi lic nao ma ching buén té, thm chi la chan ngft. Vay ma gio day, nha khong chi la diéu hoan toan c6 thé ma nang cao tri nhd con tré thanh mot tha teu khién,Cac ky thuat nh6 cla Tony thuc su rit hau ich va t6i thé chéc ch4n mot diéu, nhé trong truting hap nay khdng chi a8 nha. Ching han, khi nho dugc tén céc nhac sf, ti c6 thé higu va litn he tot hon dn thai ky sang téc cila ho. Tam tri cia t6i bot lan san va kha nang cim thu am hac dugc chuyén bién dang ké. Co thé néi, nhitng “neo méc” cia ting ngudi trong no da gidp toi dB dang bé sung thong tin. Nghe thuat hay nghé si chua bao gi¢ la tinh vic t6i quan tam. Vay ma gid day, viec bit tay nghién citu dé tai nay thyc mang dén cho tdi nhigu loi ich, Bin than viée hoc hai nguén tri thite moi da tha vj, Hon thé nia, khi tdi tham quan Nha Trién Lam Quéc gia, ban co thé tudng tuong t6i han hoan thé pao Kai khim pha ra minh nhé duge khong biét bao nhigu butc hoa ti phong nay sang phong khac. Toi 6 thé ké vanh vach cho cac con tai nghe toan bé chi tiét lien quan dén cac hoa si lin nhiing phong céch nghé chuat dic tho, Day thuc sy la tri nghiém rét thi vi, khong chi vi toi nhan duge su ngudng m6 ti bon te. Cu6i cing, nhu mot két qua t&t yéu, 161 ed thanh Nha Vo dich Trinh6 ThE gici danh cho nit vio nam 1994 va Nv Dai Kien tuong Tri nhé dau tién trong lich stt vio nam 1996. Uoc gi t6i Kham pha dac cic ky thuat nho nay sém hon, nude khi tr8i qua tit c& cic ky thi ching han! Ban, nhiing doc gia, hién dang cé duge co hoi ay. Cudn sach nay sé huong din ban cch hoc thi vj nhét, nhumg cén than, ban s bi cubn vio hic nao khong hay! Susan Whiting(GRURRIPERRE NE age dé nghj trong SEM’ Nhitng ngudi sit dung ky thujt nho, mt nhom do tac gid thanh lap", dudi su huéng din cia Tién si Sue Whiting, GMM, da dé nghi va hién dang sit dung cac vi tri SEM? duéi day Ging voi timg Tinh vuc kign thite quan trong: Linh vge kign tte uyén bie Phin SEM" Thien tai 1.000-1.199 Hoa si 1.200-1.399 Nhac si 1.400-1.599 Nha khoa hoc 1.600-1.799 Nha van 1.800-1.998 Vua va Ne hoang 2,000-2.099 Dialy 4,000-4,099 Ngon ngir 5.000-5.999 Shakespeare 7.000-7.499 Cac nguyen t6 8.000-8.199 Co thé con ngudi 8.200-8.599 Cage doi cia ban 9,000-10.000+! (G) Nguyen Bali Found nhag the ching 1 hi ting pi Funded (80),Cau chuyén ban sé nhd suét adi ‘Vao cai ngay dau tien ngéi trén ghé gidng duong, co mot cau sinh vign vao lop voi tam trang sg hai va cing thing, Anh va hau hét sinh vign khdc trong lép da durgc cdnh bdo rang, giéo sit Clark khong nhiing la nghién ctu sinh Idi lac nhat vé Van chuong Van minh Anh ttr trudc dén nay ma con Ja nhan vat, tit dinh cao tai nang sing chi cia minh, lun nhin sinh vién bang niia con mat va khién ho cim thy thép kém trade nang luc tri tué phi thudng cila ong. Vi gido su may con ob y dén tré lam lop hoc cang thém cang thang! Gido su Clark thén nbién bude vao phong, d4o quanh lop bang cai nhin gay gft r6i né mot ny cui ché gidu, Thay vi yén vi vio ch® ngéi va bat du bai gidng, éng ding ngay mudc ban, siét chat hai tay sau hmg va gidt nguyén anh nbin trimg tring kem nu cudi khinh man, Noi doan, ong cit loi: “Van chuong Van minh Anh nim nhét bi? Toi diém danh.” Réi ong bit du quit an, ching khac nao tiéng sting lién thanb, tén cia ting sinh vién dang chét diéng vi so: “Abrahamson?” “Thua thay, c6!” “Adams?” “Thus thay, co!”“Barlow?” “Thua théy, c6!” “Bush?” “Thuaa thay, c6!” “Buzan?” “Thu thay, 6!” Dén cai tén ké tigp, ong gam lén: “Cartland”, dap lai ong 1a mot su yén ling dén kinh hoang. Gity nguyen dang vé hang hd Ay, vi gido su, hic may ching khac nao mot vj thém phan t6i cao, nhin trimg trig vao mét tng sinh vién dang chét Khigp nhu muén dét chay tam can ho, shu muén ho “khéc cSt ghi xuong” Ca chua 3. Xidinh giay 8. Bot mi 4. Kem dinh rang 9, Banh mi S. Chige tach 10 Cam Sit dung Hé Chinh va 4p dung céc Nguyén ly lin Ky thuat Nhé nhu cach ghi nhé cac hanh tinh, ban co thé nhé danh sach nhu thé nay: |. 1 -Day/Chuéi: Thay vi vig dong (mot hinh inh thich hop cho ti “ngay” (day) thi ti: phia chan trai, mot qui chudi khéng Ié ti tir lo dang vai anh sing ruc 6 lan téa kh4p tréi. Nhu da lam véi sé 1, ban phdi thay, ngti, ném va cham vao qua chudi 2. 2—Noah/Téo: Trong vi du nay, ban co thé tudng tugng Noah ding trudc thuyén gia tran bao. Anh ta vita tung hiing nhing qu: téo xanh, 46 hap din, vita ngoam nhing migng tao ngon rdi ném cho cac con vat trén thuyén, Vay lA ching cing duge thudng thuc bia an ngon! 3, 3-Ma/Xi damh giay: Tudng tuong me ciia ban hay cia ngudi ban dang danh bong mot doi giay da ¢ dep. aPhi hinh dung cinh tugng nay that cu thé. Neti thay mai da va mai xi. Nghe tiéng ban chii co xat trén mat da, Dé cau chuy@n thém phan hai hue, tuéng tuong me ban quyét dinh dinh bong cd khuén mat cia ba! Ban tu minh tao ra cing nhiéu hinh anh phong dai cang tot vi lign tuéng ca nhan luén dé nho hon lién tuéng vay muon cia ngudi Khéc. Voi bay mon con lai, ban cling 4p dung céc ‘Nguyén ly Nh. Mi khi cdm thay khong ch4c chdn, ban hay sit dung tr{ tung tugng va kich thich nhigu hon dén cic giac quan, Sau khi da ap dung cic Nguyén ly Nh6 vao danh sich, hay tur On Tai hodc nho ai d6 kiém tea git, NEu bé sot mot mén, ban hay quay tx lai, phan tich nguyén nhan va c6 ging lien tuéng cy thé hon. Sau khi da hoan chinh cd mudi mon, ban sé tién tir He Lién Két co bin sang Hé C6 dinh Quan trong dau tien, Tuong tu nhu Hé Chinh, cic Hé C6 dinh sit dung céc dan muc chudn dac biét va khong thay d6i gom cac Hinh anh Dé nho Then chét. Thuc hién thao tac nhu voi mudi sé dau, ban 6 thé gin két bat cit chi tiét nao ban muén nhé vao cic hinh anh nay. Dé ching minh kha nang ctla ban, dimg nhin vao Hé Chinh va danh séch 6 trang 49 hay 51, hay ghi ra gidy mudi ti dau tien cia He Chinh va cdc mon cin mua ma ban nhé duac © [ERRIEREE chinb Trong vai ngay toi, hay choi voi Hé Chinh, hoan thién cic Hinh anh Dé nhé Then chét, tang téc va bao dim ban co sit dung céc Nguyen ly hay Ky thudt Nho cing tit cd cac kynang v6 nao trong qua trink nhé céc hinh &nh nay. Ban phai sit dung thuin thuc hé nay sao cho né tré nén than thudc nhv tén, dia chi va s6 dién thoai cia ban. Bé tim hiéu vé nhitng ting dung cao cp dac biét cia hé nay, hay xem cuén Sit dung Tri nhd ciia Ban. Noi dung céc chutong tiép theo trong sach nay huéng din ban cach ding Hé Chinh dé dat duge tit 100 dén 10.000 Hinh anh Dé nhé Then chét, déng thoi mang lai cho ban “Phong thé duc tri nh6” t6i wu. (RTOOTAERTTOLOOO Ping moe bude dé dang! Sau khi da xic lap Mot Tram Co ban, bay gid, bing cach sit dung mot hé gitp nhé chinh ban than n6, ta sé phat trién he nhé 10.000 duge goi la Ma tran Nhé Chit dao Tu nang cao (Self-Enhancing Master Memory Matrix, viét tét la SEM). SEM’ sé gitip ban nhé kh6ng chi toan b6 théng tin trong Lam chti Tri nhé cia Ban ma con bat ky danh myc quan trong nao khac. V6i nhing ban sit dung hé théng nhat ky Céng cu T6 chite C4 nhan Da nang (UPO), hién 6 tai Té chic Buzan, xem trang 261, SEM’ con gidp ban nho khong chi cdc su kign lén cia timg nam ma la rimg ngay trong cudc doi! LED (Chung tgp theo ching minh ban hodn ton o6 thé thy hign due cng vig kj digutrén, gi thch chi tidt Ma trdn Nh Chit dao Ty ning cao ding thi dng in gn ech st dung va dag dyn. aMa tran Nhd Chu dao Tu nang cao () (SEM?) : Ky thuat nho dé hoc tap toan dién Chi diém + Ching ca'thie nghiém + "Nhitng shan vat cd'trt nhd tuyét vot + Ma tran Nhé Chil dgo Ty nang cao (SEM) ‘Trude Khi bat tay phat trién mét hé nhé 10,000 mén, ching ta edn. khém phd xem nao cf kha néng xt ly dé dang mt ma tran abit thé hay khing, Céc cing trinh nghién cit wa ching ef lich sit déu ‘eho thdy ndo ngwi hodn tod o6 thé lim duge diéu nay. ([Giiiiig c6 thyc nghiem Day la cudc thi nghiém duoc Ralph N. Haber thuat lai trén Tap cht Scientific American vao nam 1970. Nhiing nguti tham gia dugc cho xem mot xé-ri gdm 2.560 anh chiéu voi t6c dd mudi giay mot anh. Téng s6 bay gid’ xem duge chia thanh ting phién nhé trong nhiéu ngay. Mot gid’ sau khi ‘Sef Enhancing Mater Memory Marinxem xong, nhiing nguoi tham gia thi nghiém dugc kiém tra vé kha nang nhin biét. Nguoi ta cho ho xem 280 cap anh chigw. Trong mbi cap chi c6 mot anh duge My vit xé-1i da xem, anh cin lai thuéc xé-ri tung tur ma ho chua thay. Sau logt trinh chiéu kéo dai 46, tinh trung binh, kh’ nang nhan biét cia ho dat mttc chinh xc tir 85 dén 95%. Trong cudc thi nghiém thi hai, t6c do trinh chiéu duge tang lén mudi lan, & mttc mi giay mot Anh, Két qui thu duoc cing giéng hét nhu tren. Trong cudc thi nghiém thir ba, t6¢ dé trinh chigu vin gitr rite mdi giay mot hinh nhumg céc hinh cho xem déu la Anh phan chiéu qua guong. Két qui thu duge tuong ty nhu hai lan tren, Haber nan xét: “Cac thi nghiém sit dung kich thich bing Ihinh ania nhu thé nay chuing t8 hd nang nhdn biét hinh vé bain chai la hoan hao, Ket qua trén c6 18 cing khong suy gidm néu ching ta tang lén 25.000 hinh thay vi ding lai 6 mic 2.500 hinh.” Mot cudc thi nghidm khdc dugc R. §. Nickerson tuong thuat trong Tap chi Canadian Journal of Psychology. Nhitng ngudi tham gia duoc cho xem 600 hinh véi tée 43 1 hinh/gidy va duge kiém tra khé nang nhgn biét ngay sau budi trinh chiéu. Két qua la ho dat muc chinh xac dén 98%. Nickerson mé réng cude nghién citu bang céch cho nhimg ub tham gia xern 10.000 hinh anh rit sinh dong (ap dung céc Nguyén ly Nhé) sau d6. Voi céc hinh anh nay, ho nhé duge chinh xdc An. 9.996 trong 36 10,000 hinh! Ngoai suy két qua nay, cdc nha th nghiém woe tinh néu cho cic déi stugng xem mét trigu hinh thay vi 10.000, kha nang nhan biét cilia ho sé dat mite 986.300 hinh. Lionel Standing da két luan qua bai viét “Hc 10.000 bac anh” duge ding tai tén Tap chi Quarterly Jounal of Experimental Paychology: “Kha nang nhan biét hinh anh bang tri nhé gin nhu v6 tn, néu dugc danh gia trong digu ign thich hop.” Qua nbitng thi nghiém trén, ta thay 16 la nao sé wit ly d8 dang néu Ma tran Nhd Chi dao Tu nang cao duge két hop voi cic Nguyén ly Nho. Nhiing nhan vat c6 tri nha tuydt vai sé gop phan cing cé quan diém nay. ) SRRRBTRARIVAt CS tri ho tuyet vai Bé nao cia nhiing ngudi cé tri nhé tuyét voi cing giéng nhur ngudi khéc. Van dé la ho sit dung bé nao cia minh hiéu qua hon ma théi. Ban hay chon nhiing ngudi ban thich trong s6 ngudi duéi day lam miu. Day 1A budc du tién trong viéc tao dung nh6m “ngubi huéng din” tinh than wu vigt cia ban. 1. Antonio di Marco Magliabechi co thé doc toan bd cuén sich va thudc long dén timg tit hay du cham cau. Tham chi, 6ng con nhé hét thu vién cia Dai Cong tuée xt ‘Tuscany. Gido su A. C. Aitken, gito su Toan 6 Dai hoc Edinburgh. Ong co kha nang nho dé dang 1.000 wi tri thap phan dau tien cia gid tri Pi ca xudi lin ngugc. 3. Daniel McCartney, ngudi My séng vao thé kj thit 19. 0 do tuéi 54, ong c6 thé ké vanh vach minh da lam gi hang ngay vao thai the &u. Ong tham chf con néu chinhxac thai gian cing diéu kien thai tiét trong ngay va cb thé ligt ké minh d an mén gi trong cd ba bita cia bat ky ngay nao. Christian Friedrich Heinecken mai 10 thang tudi di biét noi va lap lai nhimg tix ma ngui khac n6i voi minh, Nam len ba, 6ng da nhé dug phn lén kién thitc lich st va dja ly thé gi6i, tiéng La Tinh va tigng Phap. Paul Charles Morphy, nha v6 dich co vua, c6 thé nho mdi nutéc di cia titng van cB 8 choi trong sust cac tran tranh chiic v6 dich, ké c& nhing van da choi Khi bi bit mit, Kha nang ky digu nay dugc ching minh bing viee anh doc tat cd thong tin trén cho ngudt khac lun lai tai mot thai diém rit lau sau kbi thi dau. Cac nude cd déu duge déi thd va trong tai hic dé xéc nhan. Themistocles 6 thé nhé 20.000 tén cac cong dan thanh 6 Athens, Xerxes néi tigng Ja nguai co kh nang nho dugc tén cla 100.000 binh si trong dao quan cia minh. Cardinal Messofanti, nha ng6n ngt hoc séng vao thé ky this 19, c6 kha nang bo duge tit vung cila 70 dén 80 ngon ngt bao gém ting: La Tinh, Hy Lap, A Rap, Tay Ban Nha, Phap, Dic, Thuy Bién, Bb Dac Nha, Anh, Lan, Dan Mach, Nga, Ba Lan, Bohemis, Serbia, Hungary, ‘Thé Nhi Ky, Ailen, Celtic, Albany, Phan, Ba Tu, Georgia, Armenia, Do Thai cé (Hebrew), Han, Coptic, Bthiopia va Amt Nhiing nguoi Do Thai Shass Pollak Ba Lan cé thé nha chinh xac vi tri timg tir cla mdi trang trong 12 tap sach Talmud (tap hop nhang van ban cé v8 luat va trayén théng Do Thai) 1a fc,os ta Sueno, Suons sey, NSM AU HHL NOH MMT EY HEAL EK agg -8) Sop, LH) HPN MH QweE, Hoey Do BaD Gene aH og a Pd | PIN OMRON Hay | goon | MA | med | mM oie-O00L oo) | mami geome oA | eB aL | mt | meg | on ma a nk rt-t09) wag ven sg | Ce a [seein re ae ey mes-H0NS foo fy owing ng omy my aang snr Ce | H Bt FOL aay ger ec ae emt a eto mee ee te SRE saan ey ar Yoo ons ay x78 4 |, u | spioa mp Bey SL Ge gy SAIL POL FL [orden rant wogong Tig AN dow Hy, pu mag Sunn uy of fb yy Bu Sumy = NL -e 6i-005 ROR LOO, G-O0D_ | HE-OME Bam cae toe | Gorter | OH way10. Nhiing b9 kinh dai nhu bo Talmud hay d4 sO hon la Kink Vé Da cia An Dé cé cing duoc hu truyén lai nho tri nhé, 1. Tign si Susan Whiting, V6 dich Trf nho Thé gidi danh cho nit, nhé vugt xa mite 5.000 bit dit ligu nha sit dung SEMS (xem tr. 13). 12, Dominic O'Brien, tam lin VO dich Tri nho ThE gidi, dat v6 86 ky luc thé gidi vé tri nhé, nha nguyén bé bai trong vong 33,8 giy, 18 bo bai trong mot gid va trén 2.000 s6 nhj phan trong vong chua tai 30 phat! (MGESINHG CHG a0 Ty nang cao (SEM’) Ma tran Nhé Cha dao Ty nang cao (SEM’) cho phép ban md rong rit nhanh ttr 100 dén 10.000 bang céch sit dung cac Nguyen ly Nho. Dau tién, ban nhin hé Mét Tram Co ban tt, Hé Chinh cho 10 dé co hé 1.000, sau do nhan he 1.000 cho 10 dé co he 10.000. Dé tao hé 1.000 (0 — 999), ban ding Mét Tram Co ban va lip hi 6 cdc kia canb thi gid khac nhau. é taohé 10,000, ban lai ste dung Mot Tram Coban theo nhiéu cich khac nhau va phéi hgp tig gidc quan nhu thi sc, think gidc, khutu gidc, vi gléc, xc gidc va cm gide cing cdc dit kign co bin tie thé gidi tyr nhién, Khi sit dung céc yéu t6 trén, ban cing déng thoi van dung tat ca nhitng thanh phin cia nao cé tac dang tich eye dén kj nang nhé. Thao tac nay gitp tao ra mét phong tap thé duc khéng Ié cho tri tué, cho phép ban nh khong chibat ky danh sich nao ma con gilip tri tué co ca hoi luyén tp lien tue khién “Co bap Tet Ngoai ra, ban con duge thuc hanh v6 s6 tr choi khac ohau. Cach th phat trién toan dién hon, lap Ma tran Nho Chit dao Ty nang cao nhu sau: 100-999: Thi giée 1.000 ~ 1.999: Thinh gidc 2,000 - 2.999; Khuru gidc 3,000 — 3.999: 4.000 - 4.999: 5.000 — 5.999: 6.000 ~ 6,999: 7.000 — 7.999: 8.000 — 8.999: Cau véng 9.000 - 9.999: Thai Duong He Vai cac 6 tit 100 — 999, ban st dung TH] GIAG, tap trang thy hink anh mu6n nhé nhu la Hinh anh Dé nha Then chét. Vai cdc $6 tix 1,000 ~ 1,999, ban dang THINH GIAC, tap trung nghe ting hinh anh, Voi céc 36 tir 2.000 ~ 2.999, ban dang KHUU GIAC. Ban cit tigp tuc nint vay cho mii ngan don vi, sit dung lan lugt VI GIAC, XUC GIAC, CAM GIAC, DONG VAT, CHIM, CAU VONG va THAI DUONG HB. Voi méi 100 trong 1.000 don vi, ban tao lap duge mot hinh anh, am thanh, mui o) thé, vv. Nhu vay, Khi tham chidu ma tran & trang 98, céc hinh Anh cu thé cba ban cho timg 100 don vj tu 100 dén 999 1a Khiing long, Gigi quy t6c, Anh trang, Hém nai, Tia chop, Nha tho, May bay Concorde, Lia va Buc hoa,Vi du, néu ban siz dung 0 — 99 lam Ma tran Co ban va ding chin hinh anh thi giac dé ghi nho tir 100 dén 999 thi cach thi tién hanb nbu saw Hinh dung 101 la mot con kiting long khéng 16 vuon dau len cao khi hing dbng 16 dang vao ngay (day) méi. 140 la con khiing long dang din du cube dua (r: ava ky tha. Bat ky théng tin nao ban m: két véi céc hinh anh Nguyen ly Nh@ Co bin, ce) khiing long én mhé sé duac gin IM? nay bing cach vin dung nhing 6 1.000 dau tién, ban vin sit dung thi giac— yéu t6 diu tién trong yéu t6 phéi hop cac giac quan ciia ban. Ching han, tt cd cic mén tit 700 dén 799 vin la céc ky hidu co ban, nhung trong truang hgp nay ching duge lien két vai hinh anh may bay Concorde. Hay tuéng twang 706 la chiée may bay Concorde véi déu moi g’p nhu chiéc ham (aw) Khéng 18. 795 la may bay Concorde dugc gar céc qui bong (ball) khéng 1d thay cho bnh xe, Tuong ty, bat ky mén nao ban muén gin két voi nhéng hinh anh nay déu duoc tién mah bang cach sit dung cac Nguyén ly Nhe. ‘Tuong te nhu vay, méi 100 trong chudi tit 3.000 dén 3.999 sé ting voi mét hinh nh vi giac lién két voi Mot Tram Coban. Hink & trong truong hap nay la Mi ng, Ca chua, Dau phéng, Xoai, Cay dai hoang, Chanh, Qua anh do, om sifa bot ngé, Keo mém va Chuéi, tran gdm 100 phan muc 4 trang 58 sé gidp ban nhian biét va ghi nhé SEM? dé dang hon. oyDé try cap bit ky s6 nao tir 0 dén 9.999, ban van dung guy trinh tu duy don gin duuac tom lugc trong phan Céch st dung Ma tran Nhé Chit dao Ty nang cao ciia Ban (tr. 64) Hay xem vie tao ra céc hinh anh nhu mét td choi, mot bai tap vé tif tué hoac phuong thitc rén luyén nao. Cin van dung triét dé timg giac quan Kai hinh dung cic Hinh anh Dé nhé Then chét ciia ban. Vi du, voi 4.143, mic giéc két bop voi “damp” (dm uot) va “ram” (citu duc). Tuy abién, tht thuat nho trong trudng hop nay La ban phai cdim thay lop long, sting, mdm dm wét va ci mui long dm Vigc sit dung Ma tran Nho Chi dao Tu nang cao khong. chi tao ra mat he théng cho phap ban ghi nhé 10,000 mon dt dang nhu nhting ngudi tham gia thi nghiém cia Haber va Nickerson ma con gidp ban rén luyén ting gidc quan riéng biét. Digu nay <8 tao ra tac dong tich cuc dén todn b6 cudc séng ciia ban, tyong é6 sttc khde cing khong la ngoai 8. Kha nang nhé kém, ty do din dén tam ly buc doc va that vong thuong la nguyén nhan chinh gay stress va sinh bénh. Stress va bénb lai lam trf nhé t6i t@ han. Khi dang trinh lam vao tinh trang nay. 3 - ban sé et mot cach téng quat, viéc ap dung cic phuong phap ghi nha trén sé tao ra mét vong xody tich cue. Ban cang thuc hanh cac Ky thuat Nhe thong xuyén thi ban cang nho t6t hon, Ban cang 68 sung cdc danh muc kién thitc vao ma tran, ne thi khd ning hoc ty khdc gia tang. Cuéi cng, ban cing thye hign thing xuyén. cc thao tac trén thi todn 6 kién thite va ky nang tu duy cla ban 6 moi linh vyc khac nhau sé tur dong nang cao.Cac chuong tigp theo lit k mot sé danh myc nhé quan trong. Gidng nhu c4c hank tinh, day 1é ra phai la nhimg kién. thi nim long nhung thuéng bi quén lang. Ching la nhung ign thite nén ting gitip “shang con ngudi vi dai” ty tin tiép tue chuyén hanh trinh tim dén sy thong thai Céc chuong vé siéu danh muc gém nhimg noi dung 8 Hoa si 9 Nhac si 10 Nha van 11 Thign tai 12 Shakespeare 13. Ta vung 14 Ngon ngit 15. Quéc gia/Thii da 16 Vua va Nit hoang Anh 17 Co thé con ngudi ~ He co 18 Cac nguyen té 19 Thai Duong Hé 20 Nho cude dai cla ban Diu tien, hay chon cac siéu danh muc ban mudn chitc Ma tran Nh6 Chit dao Ty ning cao phit hop voi ban than va bit dau luyén nhé. Hay ap dung cac Nguyen ly va Ky thust Nho mot cach thudng xuyén , 8. Dé tim higu them vé céch tao lap va sfp xép cic siéu danh mue, ban hay xem ghi ch & trang 15 48 xac dinh cc vj tri SEM? duac dé nghi. Ké te luc nay td di, ban nén thudng xuyén phat trign cac ma tran nhe doi vai bat ky danh muc nao ma ban thay hitu ich va tao thai quen nhé it nhst mot danh muc m6i mdi nam,6-8p vey wx hey 9p And wpe But de p@ our eg Bue er 1008'S 0H toil nega feu ov qu 2g wo en Bue ou seq em HEPA He Ane nee IML ONyHO 8.15 ® YH a OE TAH Bu 0002 RieR ane Wa sezgsuen |, ep gu Sow Quon pa ax OK 4D pe up oy uo up gr 52 weR eT UU UEN 1H 3X PL HN BLOOE “YA ONO Ie Bu 0009 HAN af non |S [Senor |” one soa [aa 159 6—oBieveon SHON | | igadsoniyummeen te | ua pO (up wo) 30ey eggs un gp Buy 9 Bug 900 wp yo 290448 @ 9 8t-006 190 6 ~ 9 ue 09a OVO 80 94 6 ~0 fu oan ONVON (00 3 pwn vag UeBu Bugs fa Eupr 00 00 (po ypu ati Buy oo Bug 900.00 nue 3 9s 90 9p o5un 6866-001 gras y8.00 001—HMHO 3 veg eno 080 Ougu fy obp nug puN ueN ew Dunp Ls Y9RDoy omg 7928 Bop sn = wy gP OS A omp KPNL GPS EYLa itch Wen 67 ‘Mu6n nhé ban than ma tran, ban co thé sit dung Mot ‘Tram Coban dé who timg Tu Khéa ciia ma tran. Nhurvay, he thong nay con c6 thém wu diém la gitip nhé chinh no. Dé khdi diu thu§n Ii, ban nén chon it nhét hai danh muc trong Lam chti Tri nhd ctia Ban dé trang bi cho nao di 86 don vj da ligu co té chute nham dua “dng ca nha” cia ban phat trién theo huéng tu dong! (vem Ghi chu, trang 15) ‘Trube khi gitp ban phat trién thém cac ky nang nho phi thudng, chung tiép theo co chitc nang lién két gid kién thite va vige ban ap dung céc kién thite nay thong qua cau chuyén vé mot aban vat c6 tri nhé hoan hdo. Trong qua trinh theo doi cau chuyén, ban hay tw thdm dinh xem ngudi nay c6 ap dung céc Nguyén ly hay Ky thuat Nho khong va thit usc luong nhan vat chin sit dung bao mhiéu phn ny 'b§ nao nhe! Sau Whi dg hum ny, bn hay ach eh ch chug tinh pdt trin to nbd ea minh Ning vig dung SEM? Gi hi hy ft vat42 me Nho ca cudc ddi: Cau chuyén vé Funes, Ngudi co tri nhd siéu viét (Cée nha phé binh dang of ging thém dinh xem céu chuyén dui ‘iy cia Jorge Luis Borges thye ra l& chuyén bia, mgt tée phim hy cfu sing dng hay déng 1a chuyén thét, Dya vio nhitng gi ban dé doc tit déu sich dén gid, hay ty dénh gid xem diéu nay eb kha ‘ming xdy ra? Funes cf that su tin tai? Chuyén nay la that chi? CO BERRERINRGT GS tenho sieu viet ‘Tdi nhd anh, (Ti khéng c6 quyén siz dung déng ti’ ma quai nay. Chi duy shat met agua rén han inh nay mixing Géng ni ra ti 46 nung anh y 68 khuait béng tau.) TO! nhé cach anh chiém nguéing mét bng hoa lac tién sm mau dang edm tren tay, nin ngém nb thé ng ta cha bao gid trong thay mot bang hoa, di cé thé ho chimg kién khdng biét bao thai kh ving 66ng 16 dang hay uit trong subtcube dT ahs anh, voi khudn mat bat déng nhu ngudi An va duom nét xa vdng ky la ‘sau lan khoi thudc. TOi nhé ca nhUng ngon tay thanh ti va gan gudc cha ‘mot ngudi mién xudi biét vién da. TAI nhé gan adi ban tay Sy | chiée m tich pha tra Nam My gan huy higu cia ving Banda Oriental", Toi nhs tam tham bang o6i mau vang sau cia s6 ngoi nha, nhd cd quang c&nh © Ding sing Uri), tthe Oe Rep of Urgay~ pict chi bindm ldy hién ra 1d m6 phia x2. Té) nh 6 giong néi cba anh, ci giong ‘mdi stn, nhat ging dc tumg cia con ngudi ba dng 06, khéng 6 cdc 8m tit kigu ¥ nhu ngay nay. TOi gap anh khong qua ba ln, Kin cus la va0 nam 1887 Thigh nghi nhang ai quen bigt anh nén vit ra dBi ciéu vé anh bi nhing gi con dong lai trong 11 duang nhu qua it Gi, nghéo nan va d6i ch khdng chinh xe. Bing lie v i Khong phdi |b nques Acthen-i-na nin khéag thé dién 18 theo 16 tung ca dthyramb, mét thé thie bat ude @ Uruguay. khi noi vé mot nguii Uruguay. Litératour, sieker. Buenos Airean, Funes khong khi no sit dung nhng ting lng ma ku nhu thé nung fing’ ing tong mat anh, 6 chinh la dai dién cho ning da hat kém may mén y. Pedro Leandio Ipuche viét ring Funes la mét dang tign than cla sigu nhan, “mét Zarathustra hoang so va ban dia’. T6i khong chut nghi nod vé diéu ay inhung t6) cng hd rang, anh xuat than {a anh chang tinh lé ving Fray Bentos va mang trong minh ning han ché nhét dn khng thé Kod phuc duc. ij Wc cla 16 v8 Funes Kha rng, Téi gp anh ln dau vio lic th «mt, Khodng thang hal hay thang ba ndrm'84, kh Bi cing cha di ght 18 6 Fray Bentas, Lan 45, ti cing ngudi anh ho Bemardo Haedo dang tran duéng tr vé tu néng trai & San Francisco, Via thong dong cus ngya, ching 6i vie nghéu ngao ca hal. Thi tu Khig cubi ngay nay khong phai '8 niém vui sung cuy nhat ciate Sau mét ngay of bi, chidu t6i, gio tis hung Nam thai tei lam cy ci nghiang nga. Lién d6, bdo kéo dén xam vit cd bau tréi. Ngoai mat tuy lo so nhung thuc Lam, 161 rong mOt con mua nu the 8 ap xuéng du Khi ching toi dang & ngoai tréi. Ca hai ra stic chay dua véi tran bao. Chiing tdi phi ngua vao mm8t con dutng hep, quanh co giza hai li i bang gach cao nga Tri dat ngét t6i sém lai. Dat nhién, t6i nghe nhiing bude chan héi ha vang en len khe khé & phia tren. Ngéing Yen, 61 tring thay mot chang trai dang chay doe theo I6i di hep. tring nhu thé anh dy dang chay tren nbing, vach twang vi. Ti nhé chic quén rng 1 6 day. 661 xang dan bang soi gai dau. Toi mhd diéu thutic trén guong m&t ran rd, ndi bat gia kenoang 161 ménh méng. Bemardo bat than la ln: “reno, may gid I?" Kh6ng nhin ln v8 cing khong ngung li, weneo dao ra bang giong oiéu gt: "Tam gis kém muti, bé Bernardo Juan Francisco a.” Talo dBah dn mde hu nhurkhing may may ban tim dén miu 66, thoai trén néu dng anh ho t6i khong lp di fp lal. Toi nght anh minh eb 1& bj ich thigh bat cdm gide kéu hanh rong iém thie, hoae gid anh dang 06 10 vé ding dung trude cu tra Joi ba gai cla chang trai kia. ‘Ann re tbo chang tral dang chay pha trén kia [a Ireneo Funes no 66. Anh nay nding 1B mot aguih Yap di. tuyat giao voi moi nquéi xxung quant va nhé gi6 chinh xac nhu mat chide: dng hd. Ong an ho {16:16 Weneo Ia con cla Maria Clementine Funes, mét phy nd lam nghé di quén 0. Cha anh, theo Ioi mgt s6 ngubi, 1a ngubi Anh tén O'Connor lam bac si 8 cac ruBng mui nhung €6 nguti dinh chinh ang Ia tay nai ng¥a 4 El Salto, Ireneo séing cng me 8 ving ven trang vién gia dinh Laure's. ‘Trong hai nam '85 va 86, ching tél nghi he & thanh phé Montevideo. Mai dén nam 87, ching toi mar lai Fray Bentos. Nhu thdng Ie, 6h thm tt cB ban ba, cuéi cing Id hai dn “chang Funes 6 tai nha git’ Toi hay tn anh bj mét con ngua ching hAt nga 6 ndng trvdng San Francisoa, vétthuong inh vin Khong thé cha lanh doe. Cho dén bay gi, ti van mung tugng duce cdr xe cba ban than khinghe cAi tin &y. Tér ch’ gp anh ding mbt Vin cuy nhat vao c81 ngay ching tr ash gua vé ti San Francisco. Khi dy, anh ding chuygn v8 anh, ti chi nghe ng anh minh ké la. Moi chi tit ian quan nah ca ni mat gids ma tr v8 At qua kh. TAI cn duce cho bit n n tra cao, cbn cauign gid Ireneo khong luc nao réi Khai chide giudng xép cla minh, déi mvt chu myc vao géc va 8 nse hay mang nhén én tong. Kh chiéu xuGing, ngudl ta mang anh dén cla sé. Long kiéu hanh cia anh duce dy d6n cut diém khi anh tu d6i 1ong rang tai nan xay ra \a mét diéu may mn. Cé hat lm 1 thy anh dang sau che cing sat ha kh, tén no anh eGing mang dng v8 bi giam cm vn vin. Ln du la khi anh knép 664 mat la, b&t 46g, Ln sau, anh cing bat dng lang ngém mét can hoa 081 huong thom phang phat \¥a0 thet gian 46, ti bat du hoc ting La Tinh mét cach bai ban, phan cing mudin pha truang, Téiemang theo trong chic va-ly nh cun De viris iustnbus cla Lhomond, cuén Thesaurus ela Quichera Caesar's Commenteries va tap I trong 6 Historia Naturalis cia Pliny ma von liéng La Tinh khiém tdn ca tO! vao that diém dé (ké ca bay gid) chu thé finh hoi duce. Trong mat tinh nhd. dan tinh ban tan dit moi cchuyén xung quan v8 ching may chde, Ireneo 4a biét dén su xual hién cia ning ous sach tén dit anh séing trong mat nang tai é ving ven. Anh gai cho t6i m8 thu vat lat & hea mj, trinh trong nde lai in a8 8 chéng vanh dao tru la “ngay méng bay thang hai nam '84” Anh khong quén nde dén cfng lao ma chi i6i, Don Gregorio Haedo. qua ii trong mim 45, “88 cng hién cho hai TS Quéc trong chin dich ttuzaingé ly kung” va kin kho&n xin 61 cho muign bat ky cusn sch nbo kem mét cuén ty didn “dé hi€u nguyén ban chinh xac han vi (6i chua biét ‘ing La Tinh” Anh ha sach s@ due 18 ta ngay lap tc va khong he hur hao, La ths that hoan hao, ¥ Wi rt khn khéo, chinh ta vit theo key do Andres Bello bao tro: j cho y va j cho g. Luc du, 181 nghi dé 18 mat re ay ding 1a phong cach cla reneo. Tiéng La Tinh kho dén thé ma chi cn mét cud ty Gin? T6i khong bigk nén cor ¥ kin nay la xc ldo, thé hid bigt hay ngu d&n nhung 48 anh Wi bd do luting 46, t6i gt cudn Gradus ad Pamassum clia Quicherat va mét cuGin eda Pliny ‘a nhung mély éng anh ho cia 16 Iai qua quy *Vio ngay 14 thang 2, tei nhan duot din tin ti Buenos Ares bao tin toi phai tr v8 ngay vi cha tdi *hodn toda khdng kde”. Xin Chua tha (61 chi vinh dy tr thanh ngudi nhan bie dign khdn, lng mong mu6in théng béo cho toan thy tin Fray Bentos bidt sv 66 l8p gid y naghia phi dinh cia cai un vise dn vl trang ti é dang xe dinh va suc cam d phai cutng digu nd: buén bang cach va lant King, cing eB, fam ti uén mat nbi dau, Khi xB han Wy vo vay, 16 khang tim tay cudn Gradus va tp sch trong bd Histone Naturalis. Tau Satur s8 nh ‘neo vao dng hém sau va dém dé, sau kh’ dn tdi, tdi tim dén nha Funes. Buée chan ra ngodi, ti ngac nhién khi nhén ra dém cling 0} bc knong em ging. Me alia irenea dn 161 6 néng trsing nd. BB bio Ireneo dang & phang phia sau vA t6 dling khd chiv kh thay anh & trong béng t6i vi anh bi@t cach vuot qua nhimng gid phit chan chuting ma khéng phai hp nén Té1 dh qua manh sn lat si, xuyén que hn Lang nha ri lai din dt mah sén thuhal. MBL ian tho ln b20 tram lén van vat khién bong ti céng thém day dac. Bang nhién, t6i nghe thay chat giong lanh lanh pha lan chat gigu cot cia Ireneo Vang ln tr él géc Khual nao 66, giong doc phat ra m6t balun hoc mél cau than cha bang tiéng La Tinh véinigm han hoan 16 r@t. Cac am tet La Ma vang d trong san dl, Kéo dai dai dng va dém ra kho higu trong lic ims nodi nghi cla t6i mBi llc mét gia ting VE sau. trong cube déi thoai bat tan dam hom ay, 161 mdt biét nhtng 2m tet dy thube doan dau cuong hai mus os, tap thir by cla b6 Historia Naturalis. Chi 66 ola cchucng nay [a tr nho va nnang tw cudi cing 1 ut rh non isdem verbis: redderetur auditum Vn gl guyén 8m sée, eneo bdo tv. Anh dang nam hit usec t18n chiée giuting xép. Tdi cd cdm giac sudt ca dém hom 46, khdng le 10 ti tréng ré Khun mat cde anh mai dé Kh hing sng, Ti abo cd{Sin séng 1@p lde cia did thude. Can phing thoang mui dm thép. Toi 1ng6i xung vé ké lai céu chuyén vé bie dién tn In bénh tinh cia cha ‘8 Bay gid, ti 88 ké dén diém phi ly nha trong cu chuyén cla minh. ‘BSc gid hdn cing bt toBn bd cau chuyén khéng 08 phan nao gi tri hon cube di thoai din ra c&ch day gén nie thé kj nay. Thay vi sao chép toan bé I cia anh (hin tai bi cding khdng ech nao hd hat), 61 SE 16m {81 nhGng gi Ireneo tém sy mét céch trung thye hal, TS! vén bigt van phong gin tiép phn nao lam giam se thuyét phuc trong céu chuyén cilia minh, do 46 cit 48 dc gi ty hinh dung nhing cu néi huyén ogc dem ay vay. Ireneo bat du Wil Ké biing téng La Tinh va Tay Ban Nha nhng han val eb tri nhé phi thuing trong bé Historia Natu is, DO 1 wa Cyrus, wa cla ngudi Ba Tu, 6 kh’ nang nhé tén tung nguts in trong dao quan cia minh, Mihridates Eupator,ngudithyc hi cng ly bang hal musi hal thistiéng rong 46 ché cta minh. Bo la Simoniedes, nguts phat min thudt hi tr tri rho. Metrodorus, ngudi c6 t3i 8p lai chinh xae rnhing gi 48 eghe qua mot Ién. Véi thai 46 chin tharih, Funes ky lam 'ngac nin khi nog su viéc trén Iai dug xerm fk dig. Ar it 1S wi (8i rade Kh ani bi con naya sac xanh hal nga vao chiéu mua hom By ‘nha bat kj tin 46 Ca 6c gldo nao Khe, anh '& nguét mi, cam, digo, iméng du va mat ti nha. (T0ie8 géng nhc anh ngti dén Kh nang nhs ‘én va nha biét thd! gian chin xd nhung anh tv khong quan tam.) ‘Anh tam su trong musi chin nam, anh d séing nhu nqudi rong mdng niin ma khong thay, nghe ma khéng thé, gém nhs quén tat c& mol this, Lic nga ngua, anh ngét ci Khi tinh lal, anh khéng tin nd vo mt mink "rule high thy phong phd va rang «8. KB cB nhing ky tin min xa xua cling hién ln sing dng dén khdng ngé. Lat sau, anh més bit minh bi tn tt hung chéng may bn tam. Anh aghiém ra {hey cdm théy) rngthan thé bat d6ng thu ra cai gia qua thé ma ann phai Wa. BA git iy, nhdn th va i nhé cia anh gén hu toan héo. ‘Thong nhin ba ly ruc trén ban, Funes tuGng tvang ra tat cd nhong chi nen, ting chim nho va tri ho trén gian igo. Anh ne hinh dang inhdng dam may & phuong Nam tc hing déng vo ngay 30 thang 4 nm 1882 va anh 06 thé so sanh ching vei kj Ue vé van cém thach tn imanh bia da mét cuén sach ma anh xem quis shi mt ldn nay nang duting nét cia bot nut Kh mai chéo qudy tn sng Rio Negro van dém x8y 12 tran chién Quebracho. Nhing kj Uc nay khong mo hé ma mai inh anh truc quan du gin véb nhiing cém aie co, nhiét... Ann con c6 kena nang nhé lai mong gid mo hay ting tyong cle minh. Khoang 46 hat hay ba lén, anh nhé duce nquyén ngay. Anh ni: "‘Bé than 16 co ‘ahi6u ky de hon tat c& mov nguOltrén thé gidi ny’. Anh lap la: “Ning gid mo cus t6 ging nhu kinh cdu dém cla ban". Anh lai nd kh tri sp sang: “Ban a. ky ue cla 16 ging anu réc phai dd* Nhu oi ch chung ta hinh dung dutng trén trén bang den, tam giac 6c vuong hay tinh the. reneo cling cb thé nhén thay edi been phép phat cla con tuan ma, by gia sic trong hém nui, ngon la dn bién tinh hay v6 s6 tro an, nhing sc thai trén quang mat ngudt chét trong not Ide thie tinh keo dai. Tham chi, t6i khdng biét anh co thé thdy bao niu ngbi sao tren bau tt Ki pghe anh ké vé nhing aiéu nay, t6i bt Khi dy va mai mai vé ‘sau, nhuing chuyén tudng ty khong bao gid la huyn hoa. Thai a6 chua 166 rap chidu béng hay may phat fa nhung la ling 1@ khong ai dem Funes ra lam th nghiém 8. Su that 1 tat c8 chung ta ééu séng bing c&ch 66 lai du vet phia sau va chac chan, ching ta du nnn thie dude "ng minh batt. Sm mun gi con nub cng cd kha nang lam dug tat 8 va nhan thie tt e&Trong bong té, Funes van mai mé nd. Anh bao vio Khong nam 1886, anh da tgo ra mot hé dé mek machi trong may ngay da wt kh con s6 hal mus bén ngan. Anh khing ghi ra giy vi nhing gi anh xem mt kin s8 khong bao git quén, Tei dos éng Ive thai thie anh phat minh hé dém mdi han vi sy bat mn vdi viée “ba muoi ba nguél Uruguay’ (thitystree Uruguayan) cén heii higu va ba Wr thay vi eh trv mot kyhigu. Sau 45, anh dp dung quy tic téo bao caminh ve cc sé khée. Thay vi bay ngan khéng tram muti ba, anh chi nd (vid rhhuthé) Maximo Perez, bay ngan khong tram mudi bn Ia The Train (Xe We). Nhdng sé khac la Luss Mein Lafinur, Olimar. Bimstone (Luv hujnh), Clubs (Gay), The Whale (Ca voi), Gas (Khi), The Cauidron (Cai vac), Napoleon, Agustin de Vedia. Thay vi nam trdm, anh chi ni nine (chin). Mai tir cd mot ky hiéy riéng, mét kiéu dau va Ahing tir oudi rét phic tap. TOi c6 gang aia thi rng khc cudng ting cia ning tir rac nay hoan toan trai nguge vat hé dm thong thutng. Tdi cho ring smugin néi ba tram sau mui kam thi phai nd ba tram su chyc mam éan i, cach tu duy han toan xa la vot nhing 6 nhu Ngudi Da Ben Tmoteo hay Tém Chan Thit cia anh, Funes khong hiéu t6i ndi gi hoac khong mudn hiéu tei Vio thé Kj this 17, Locke a8 xung (va bac b8) mt ly thuyél cx ky phi ly, do la més vat thé, hén da. con chim hay canh cay d&u cb mat tén riéng, Funes ciing 6 lan dua ra cach dign dat tyong tu nhung enh tu bac 28 Vind qua chung chung va mi hé. Qua that, Funes kndng chi nhé {ing chiéc la trén ting than cay trong mi khu ting ma thm chi cbn ahd cat nhing ln anh thay hay tuang lug 2nd. Anh quyét dinh tha t6m ‘2 cd tri nghiém ca minh thnh khong bay must ngan kj Uc 68 sau ny xac dinh bing sé. Tuy nhién, 06 hal y nghiKhign anh chan but, mot fa cng viée nay khbng bao gié chm dift va hai Ia viée nay thal va ich, Anh biét v2o gid hut sp te gi cai dt, hm chi anh kno ma phan joa dvac hat tt cB nang ky Ue thet the du cia minh, 8Hai dun ma iéivta néu, mét kho tf ving v6 tan cho cae day sé tu nin va mt dan sch hou dg trong au vé tat c& nhng hinh ann kj Ue, 06 va phi thu t8 nhung ching thu sila nhiing ¥ tung vo cing vt ai, Chiit, ching cho phép ta muting tuong hay suy ludn vé thé gi ky bi cla Funes. Ching ta ding quén anh gn nu khong cd nhung y nghi kinai quat mang tinh Wy thuyét, Anh khong nihting kno hidu tir dog (hd) bao gémm nhiéu giding ché kha nau vé hinh dang va kich thule ma anh ‘con bt nic tric vige mét con ché vo Kic 3914 phil (nhin mgt bE) ai Ciung ten vés con cha vao hic 3915 phi (nin ts pia trusc). Khun mat trong guong va d6i ay cia ban tnén fun khién Funes ngac nin vao moi hic. Swift ting viét rang Hoang dé Liliput co thé thay ¥8 su chuyén «49nq eda kim ohat, nhung Funes thém chi c6 thé lién tuc phat hign rnhdng din én thém lang oa qua tinh thé rGa, ea bnh myc xung, cla su mét md, ké cd cia edi chét hay sum vat Anh la w khan gid cd 4c va tnh to quan sat mt thé gid éa hinh ve G6 chin xd it tho va an nhu vuet qua mic chiu dung, Nout ta 6 thé chét ling tc dng ‘ve nwy hoang, trang ié cla Babylon, Luan 86n hay New York nhung kong mét al trén nhing ngon thap hay dai Ib huyn ndo kia 6 thé cm nnn duge sic néng in sic ép cba thye tg 48 nang khang ngol nghi en con ngut bat hanh Ireneo trong ngéi nha lup xup & Nem Mj. Anh mac ching khd ng. Nau ding ghia véi viéc tach minh Khdi thé gid, Nam gia trén giudng, Funes tuéng twang trong béng 16i tung ké hd, ting dung gi cia nhng ngbi nha Khe nhau chung quenh anh. (T6i xin ‘nhac la. kj Le xoang xinh nhdt cla anh cing chinh xde, tinh 1 va s6ag ‘ong hin nh8n biét cla ching te vé mét xuc cm han hoan hay dau (Nha Trign lam Quée gia, Luin Din) eS ‘Tas pai: Venetian 22 Antonio Correggio 1489/94- 1534 ¥ ‘Te phim tu tits: Danae (Galeria Borghese, La Ma) ‘Trdtng pha: ParmaM 0 Hans Holbein im) 1497~ 1543 Die ‘Tae phim tgu big; Portrait of Erasmus (Lave Pris) Tring pai: Buc Jacopo Tintoretto 1518-1584 ‘Tac phan tiéu biéy: The Last Supper (Sania Marcial, Venice) ‘Trung phai: Venetian Mannerist Pieter Bruegel (Anh) 1520/90 1569 Flenders Tie phim tigubiéu: The Parable ofthe Blind (Museo Nazionale, Noples) Trung pha: Flemish Paolo Veronese 1528-1588 V Tac pin tgu biéu: Chest in the House of Levi ‘Vigo Han lim, Venice) ‘rving pai: Venetian Ei Greco 1541-1614 HyLap Tac phim tis bigs: The Assumption of the Virgin (57, Vign Nght thuét Chicago) Tramg phat: Tay Ban Nha (do ha chon) Annibale Carracei ‘560-1509 Y Tac phim tie bu: Hercules atthe Crossroads Trung phai: Bolognese, C6 dién Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio 1571-1610 ¥ ‘Tée phim tiéu biéu; The Supper at Emmaus, (Nha Trign lim Qué gi, Ln Bin ding phi: Independent Tenebrist Sir Peter Paul Rubens 1577-1640 Flanders ‘Tc pha tig bigu: Descent from the Cross (Nha the Antwerp} ‘Trung phiit Flemish, Baroque ~ya 2 Georges de la Tour 1593 - Frans Hals 1581-1665 Ha Lan ‘Tite phim tiéu biéu: The Laughing Cavalier ‘Trung phai: Ha Lan Phap ‘Tie phdm tigu biéu: The Adoration of the Shepherds (Louvre, Paris! ‘Tring pha: Loraine Nicolas Poussin 1595-1665 Pha ‘Tée pdm tu biéu: Rape of the Sabine Women (Wig bo tang Metropolitan, New York) ‘Truig phai: Cé dién, Phap, hoat dong chil yéu & La Ma Francisco de Zurbéran 1598-1864 Tay Ben Nha ‘Tie phim tig hig: St Francis of Assisi (Vign bio ting Lyon Tring pha: Tay Ban Nha Sir Anthony van Dyck 1599-1841 Flanders Tic phim tie bigu: Charles | of England (The King Hunting) (Losvre, Paris) ‘Truimg phaii: Flemish Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez 1599 - 1660 ‘Tay Ban Nha ‘Tic phim tig bi: Las Meninas (Prado, Madrid) Trung phdl: Tay Ban Nha > Gelle Claude (Claude Lorraine) 1600-1682 Phap ‘Tie phim tiv biéu: The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba (Whe Tri kim Qué gia, Luin Bi Tring phat: Phap, C8 dién lang man Bartolome Esteban Murillo 1617/18 1682 Tay Ban Noa Tie ghim tu bigu; The Immaculate Conception (Vin bio ting Seville) Tra ‘phdi: Tay Ban NhaHarmensz van Rijn Rembrandt 1606 - 1669 Ha Lan Tie phim tiu bigu: The Night Watch (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) ‘Trotng phai: Ha Lan 40 Jacob van Ruisdael 1628129 ~ 1682 Ha Len Téc phim tiéu bidu: The Bleaching Ground (Nha Trién lim Quie gia, ain Bin) Tring phi: Ha Lan 41 Jan Vermeer 1632-1675 Ha Lan Tac phim tidu biéu: The Music Lesson «Phing Trién lam aia Ni hoang, Lain Din) ‘Tring phic Ha Lan 42 Jean Antoine Watteau 1684-1721 Phap Tae pham tig The Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera (Lore, Paris) Trang pha: Phap 43 Giovanni Batista Tiepolo 1698-1770 ¥ ‘Tse phim tie bigu: Antony and Cleopatra Frescoes (Palazzo Labia, Venive) 1g phd: Venetian William Hogarth 16971764 Anh ‘Tac phim tigu bidu: Marviage & la Mode (Nha Trién im Quie ga, Lan Bin} Tring phi: Anh 4 (Giovanni) Antonio Canaletto 1697-1768 Y ‘Tee phim itu btu: The Basin of San Marco on Ascension Day (Nha Trién lam Quie gia, Luin Ban) ‘Tring phils Venetian 4 Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin 1699-1779 Paap ‘Tée phim ti bi: Kitchen Stil Life (Vig bia tng My thuét, Boston) Trang phi: Php6 47 Frangois Boucher 1703-1770 Phap Te phim tie igu: The Triumph of Venus (Vin bio tng Stel Tring pha: Phap, Rococo 18 Sir Joshua Reynolds 1723-1782 Anh Tic pham tie biéu: Mrs Siddons as the Tragic Mu Huntingdon, Sen Mario, Califia} Tring phd: Anh e (Thu vign 4% George Stubbs 1724~1806 Anh ‘Tée phim tidu biéu: White Horse Frightened by a Lion (Nha Trién 1m Ng thu, Liverpool Trot phais Anh 50 Thomas Gainsborough 1727-1788 Anh ‘Tee phim tiéubidu: Mr and Mrs Andrews (Nha Tri kim Quéc gi, Lagn Bin) Tring pha: Anh SI Jean Honoré Fragonard 1732-1806 Php ‘ie pham tgu bu; The Pursut (rick Clletion, New York) ‘Trg phai: Phap, Rococo Joseph Wright of Derby 1734-1797 Anh ‘Tée pham tiéu bigu: Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump (Nha ‘Trién lam Tate, Luin Din} ‘Tring phi: Anh 53 Francisco de Goyay Lucientes 1746 - 1828 Tay Ban Nha ‘Tee phim iéu btu: The Third of May (Prado, Maid) uitng phdi: Tay Ban Nha S4 Jacques Louis David 1748-1825 Ph ‘iv phim. tia bigu: Oeath of Marat (Vien bio ting My thjt Hobng ga, Brasels) ‘Trung phai: Phap, Tan Cé diénWilliam Blake 1757-1827 Anh Tic phim cig bi: Dante Meeting Beatrice in Paradise (Nha ‘Trin im Tate, Lain Bin) Tring phi: Anh Caspar David Priedrich 1774-1840 Bue ‘We phim tiéubigu: Man and Woman Gazing atthe Moon iNhi ‘Trin lm Que ga, Bertin) Tring phai: Be, Lang man Joseph Mallord William Turner 1775-1851 Anh ‘Tac pham tigu bigu: Rain, Steam and Speed (Nha Trién Lim Quie gia, Ladin Bint Tring pha: Ann John Constable 1776-1837 anh ‘Tae phim tigu biéu: The Haywain (Nha Trién lam Quée gia, Loin Din) ‘Trotngghai Anh Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 1780-1867 Phap ‘Tat phim tigu biéu: Le Bain Ture (Lawvre, Pris) ‘Trang phai: Phap, Tan C6 dién John Sell Cotman 1782-1842 Anh ‘Tae phim rigubiéu: Chirk Aqueduct Vi io tang Vieoriaand Albert) Tring phat Anh, Norwich Théodore Géricault 1791-1824 Phap "ée phat tiéubigu: The Raft of the Medusa (Love, Paris) Tring pha: Phap, Lang man Jean Baptiste Camille Corot 1796-7875 Phan ‘Tac phim tiéu biéu: Souvenir de Morte Fontaine (Louvre, Paris Thing phi: Phap63 Eugene Delacroix 1798-1863 Phap ‘Tae phim tiéu biéu: Liberty on the Barricades, Tring phi: Phap, Laing man 64 Jean Francois Millet 1814~ 1875 Phap ‘Tae phim ti bigu: The Angelus ‘Lave, Paris) ‘Trung phai: Phap, Lang man 65 Gustave Courbet 1819-1677 Phap ‘Te phim tig biéu: Good Morning, Monsieur Courbet (Musee Fabre, Montpellier Trang pha: Phap, Hién thu 66 William Holman Hunt 1827-1910 Anh ‘Tic phim tigu bia: The Light of the World (Keble College, Oxo Truimg phi: Anh, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 67 Arnold Bocklin 1827-1901 Thuy ST Tic phim ti btu: Island of the Dead (Vign bi tang Metropolitan, New Yor) Trang pai: Thuy Si, Lang man 68 Camille Pissaro 1831-1903 Phap ‘Tee phim td bu: The Red Roofs (Laue, Paris) ‘Tring phai: Php, An tugng (Phong cinh) 69 Edouard Manet 1832-1883 Phap Tac phim tgu bu: A Bar at the Folies-Bergére (Courtauld Institut, sin Bon) ‘Tniong ghai; Pap, An tuong 86 thi co Edgar Degas 1834-1917 Phap ‘Tie phim tig bu: The Dancing Class (Musée tOrsay, Pais) Trung phi: Phap, An tuong Bd thi71 Paul Cézanne 1839-1908 hap ‘Téc phim tiéu biéu: Mont Sainte-Victoire (Vign bao tang Neh thuat, Philadelphia) Trung phi: Phap, Hu An tugng 72 Odilon Redon 1840-1916 Phap ‘Tie pdm tu biéu: Silence (ign bio tang Ng thut Hign di, New York) Tring pal: Twong rung Phap 3 Claude Monet 1840-1926 Phap ‘Tae phd tibu biéw: Water Lites Series (Lowe, Paris) ‘Trung phdi: Phdp, An tuong 74 Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1841-1912 Phap ‘Tie phim tiu bu: Ball atthe Moulin de la Galette (Musée dOrsa, Pais) ‘Truting phdi: Phap, An tuong Paul Gauguin 1848-1903 Phap ‘Tae phim tiéu biéu: Riders on the Beach (Vign bao ting Falkwang, Bssen) Trung pi: Phap, Hau An tuang 76 Vincent van Gogh 1853-1880 Ha Lan ‘Tac phim tiéu biéu: Sunflowers (Nha Trién lim Quic gia, Luin Din) Trung phi: Phap, Hau An tugng 77 Georges Seurat 1859-1891 Php ‘Tee phim tidbit: The Bathors at Asniéres (Nha Trién li Que gia, Luin Bin) fee ‘Trung phat: Php, Pointilist (Biém mau) 7 Walter Richard Sickert 1860-1942 Anh ‘ée pham tfu bu: The Eldorado, Paris (University of Birningham) Tring phai: Camden Town Group (Hgu dn tung)so S4 Edvard Munch 1863-1944 Na Uy ‘Tac phim tiéu biéu: The Scream (Nha Trien lam Quéc gia, Oslo} ‘Tréing phait Na Uy, Tién than ota phai Biéu tung Wassily Kandinsky 1866-1944 Ngo Tie phim ti bigw: Improvisation No, 30 (Cannons iVign Nghe kt hii; Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Horseman), Trau tuong Pierre Bonnard 1867-1947 Phap ‘Tac phim tu biéu: Coffee (Nha sign Km Tete, Lain Bin) ‘Tring pha: Intimist Henri Matisse 1869-1954 Php Tie phim ciéu bigu: Red Studio (Vign bdo tang Nghé that Hign di New York) Tring phi: Fauve Giacomo Balla 1871-1558 Y Tae phim (iu bu: Dog on a Leash (A Cngere Goodyear, New York} ‘Truting phai: Y, Vi lai Georges Rouault 1871~ 1958 hap Tée phan tu bigu: The Apprentice (Musée dArt Moderne, Peis) Trung pha: Pais, Bidu hién 6c lap (Independent Expressionist Piet Mondrian 1872-1944 Ha Lan Tée phim tiéu bigu: Broadway Boogie Woogie Vien bio tang Nghé ‘huge Higm dai, New York Tring phai: De Sti, Neoplasticism, Trou tuong Paul Klee 1879-1940 Bitc/Thuy ST ‘Tee phim tu bigu: Landscape with Yellow Birds \Daetseh-Benzinger Colleton, Base ‘Tring phi. Lién ket véi Der Blaue Reiter, B6c lap0 Fernand Léger 1881-1955 Php ‘Tic phim tiéwbigu: Les Fumours Smokers) (Vig bo tng Guggenheim, ‘York Tring phai: Lap thé 88 Pablo Ruiz y Picasso 1881-1973 Tay Ban Nha ‘Tée phim tigubidu; Guernica (Prado, Madrid ‘Trung phai: Lap thé Georges Braque 1882-1983 Phap ‘Te phim tgu bi: Studio IX (Maeght Collection, Pais) ‘Trang phdi: Lap thé 90 Max Beckman 18841950 8% ‘Tac phim tigu biéu: Departure (Vign bao tang Nghé thuat Hién dai, New York) Trung pha: Bidu hién 91 Percy Wyndham Lewis 1884-1957 Anh Tée phim tiv bio: Portrait of Edith Sitwell Vien bo tang Tate, Luin Bin) ‘Trddng pha: Vorticist (Phin nhrh Lap thei li Anh) 42 Robert Delaunay 1885-1941 Phap ‘Tac phém tigu biéu: Window on the City No. 4 (Vien bdo tang Gaggenitn, New York) ‘Tring phi: Paris, Orphist 93 Juan Gris 1887-1927 Tay Ban Nna_ Tie phim tie bigs: StH Life in Front of an Open Window Arenburg Colleton, Vign hao ang Ng cht Philadelphia) Tring phi: Lp thé 94 Mare Chagall 1887-1985 Nga ‘Tée phim tidubiéu | and the Vilage (Vien bio ug Nght tht Hign si, New York) ‘Tréng phd: Paris, Independent Fantasist95 Giorgio de Chirico 1888-1978 ¥ ‘ac phm teu bigu: Enigma of Ariat (Private Calin, Paris Trung phai: Y, Siéu Fink 9% Paul Nash 1889-1946 Anh Te phim tiev big: Totesmeer (Nha Trign lim Tat Tring phai: Anh, Sibu thuc Max Ernst 1891-1976 Bile ‘Tée phim tigubiéu: Swamp Angel ieepheron Calcio, La Mi Trung phi: Sidu thye os Stanley Spencer 1891-1959 Anh ‘Téc phim tigu bu: The Murals at Burghclere Chapel Tring phi: B6c lap, Tén gido 90 René Magritte 1698-1967 81 ‘Tic phim tiéu big: The False Miror (ign bio tng Nghé thu Rign dai, New York) ‘Tring pha Siow thy 190 Salvador Dali 1904 - 1989 Tay Ban Nha ‘Tar phim tigo biéu: The Persistence of Memory (Museo Nasional Centr de Arte Reina Sophie, Madrid) —~1p, > v Néu hoa si ghi lai lich stt cia loai nguoi qua thi gic thi nha soan nhac vi dai ghi Jai lich sti qua thinh gidc/am nhac. Am thanh, co sé cia thinh gic, ty bin than né da 1a mot tho thuat nhé quan trong, No la mot trong cc loai kj ning tu duy can thiét cho viec phat trién ky thuat phéi hap cac gidc quan (synaesthesia). Trong ky thuat nhé nay, cae gléc quan, dugc phéi hop véi nhau nhim huéng dén muc dich phat trién timg gige quan riéng bigt, qua dé nang cao déng thai cac ky nang tut duy, dac biét Ja kha nang sing tao va nho. ‘Sit dung SEM’ dé sip xép va nhé tén cac nhac si dugi day ig kién thic am nhac, gitp nao ne déng tao ra nhiéu lién tung déi voi mdi tac gid lin phong cach am nhac cia ho va nhanh chong tich hgp thanh mot hé théng kign thutc toan din va bé ich. va nhstng thong tin vé ho, ban sé cé duge mét nén Chang han, ban tinh cd nghe t1én dai phat thanh thong tin sau; Smetana von duge biét dén fi mot ngudi glau nghj uc va nbigt huyét, Hai con éng mat som, Ban than ong v8 sau cing qua dai vi bénh tat hanh ha khién nao bi phan 3.‘Tuy vay, Ong van miét mai sang tac va ghi lai chi tiét tinh trang suy sup cia ban than lan tic dong cla bénh d6i v6i tet nhé. Co thé thay, khi bigt duoc nhitng théng tin trén, ban st nghe nhac cia Ong voi su thiu higu va thuong cm sau sic, déng thai ciing am tuéng hon thoi ky lich sit ma ong “Yy) MET ‘Sit dyng SEM’ theo céch nay, ding thoi kh4m pha nhitag bp ée am shge Ton oi thoi dai, ban sé tham gia vo eu tim biém oa nin Joi qua phumng tign am thanh 48 higubiét han vé ban chit con nguii. 1 Philippe de Vitry 1291-1361 Phap ‘Tae phim tiu biéu: Impudenter circumiviVitutibus Phong tch: Thé tuc va theo phong cach Ars Nova ‘Thi ky: Trung dai 2 Guillaume de Machaut 1300-1377 Phap ‘Tae phim tiéu bigu: Messe de Notre Dame Phong céch: Tan gido va thé tye Ghi chi: Chinh khach, giéo siva thi si duge ton sting ‘Thi kj: Trung dai 3 Francesco Landini 1325-1397 Y ‘Tée phim tu bidu: Ecco la primavera Phong ch: Thé tue Chi chi: Khim thi tr nhd ‘Thi kj: Trung dai I% John Dunstable 1380-1453. Anh ‘Tae pham tieu biéw: O Rosa Bella Pheag ich: Ton gido va thé tue Ghi chi’ Nhe cia ng dsc tng La “aB hat? Thi ki: Trung dai Gilles de Bins Binchois 1400-1460 — Phap-Flanders Tée phim tiéu bid: Filles & marier Phong eich: Tén gio va thé tue ‘Thai ki: Phe hug Guillaume Dufay 1400-1474 Phao-Flanders ‘Tee phim tie btu Se la face ay pale Phong cic: Tn gido va thé tuc Thi ky: Phyo rung Johannes Ockeghem 1410-1497 Tée phim tigu biéu: Missa cuiusvi toni Phong ch: Ton giao va thé tue Thoi ki: Phye hung Josquin Desprez 1440-1521 Phap-Fianders ‘Tae pham tiéu bigu: Ave Maria Phong ech: Ton gido va thé we Thi kj: Prive hung Heinrich Isaac 1450-1517 Flanders ‘Tee pham tiéu biéu: Choratis constantinus Pg each: Thanh nhac thee pong céch tOn gio va thé tue ‘Tha kj: Phe hung Andrea Gabrieli 1510-1586 Y Tie pham tigu biéu: Magnificat for 3 choirs and orchestra Phong eith: Ton gido va madrigal Chichi: La mquds git thigu Ky thuat "Cori spezzati” chap using theo phn dean) ‘Tht ky: Phuc nung11 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 1525-1594 Y ‘Tac phim tiéu biéu: Missa Papae Marcelli Phong céch: Thanh nhac theo phong cach t8n giéo va thé tuc Tait kj: Phuc hung 12 Orlande de Lassus 1532-1594 Phap-Flanders, ‘Tac phém tiv biéu: Alma redemploris mater Phong each: Thanh nhac theo phong cach tén gio va thé tuc Thi ki: Phy hung 13 William Byrd 1543-1623 Anh ‘Tie phim tiv hidu: Sing Joytuly/Ave Verum Corpus Phong edch: Nac hgp xuting, thant nhac thinh phéng, nhac trinh dién b&ng nhac khi va nhac cu o& ban phim theo phong cch ton go va thé tuc Ghi chi: Duge migu tla "Cha dé olla nhac Anh’ Thi kj: Phuc hung v4 Giulio Caceini 1545-1618 ¥ ‘Tac phém tiv biu: Toocate d Intavolature di Cimbaie e Organo hing cach: Le Nuove Musiche ‘Thi kj, Baroque 15 Tomas Luis de Vietoria 1548-1611 Ty Ban Nha ‘Tae phim titu bige: Mass Laetatus Sum Phong eich: Ca kha theo cée phong ech méi ‘Thai kj: Phuc hung 16 Luca Marenzio 1553-1599 ‘Tae phim tgu bigu; Dotorosi marie Phong cégh: Thanh nhac thé tuo va thanh nhac t6n gido ‘Thai kj: Phuc hung Giovanni Gabrieli 1555-1612 Y ‘Tae pham tiéu biéu: Canzon XH Phong ech: Thanh nhac tén gio. khi nhac va thanh nhac thé tuc That kf: Phye hunga Thomas Morley 1557-1602 Anh Tie pam tev hee: Now Is the Month of Maying cach; Thanh nhge thé tuc va tén gido, khi nhac Uh chix Chuyén v6 Ballett Madrigal (dang macrigal nhe) The: ky» Phye hung Carlo Gesualdo 1560-1613 Y Tac phat tsa bidw: Deh, coprite i bel sen Prong cach: Thanh nhac thé tuc va tn giao Tey 4): Phue hung Sohn Bull 1562-1628 Anh Toe phi tia biba: Fantasia Pnony eae. Nha Soan nhac cho nhac cu c6 ban phim This hy: Phuc humg John Dowland 1563 - 1626 Anh T ‘tia hitu; In darkness let mee dwell Phang each: Thanh nhac va khi nhac thé ty Tha hi: Phuc hung Claudio Monteverdi 1567-1643 Y ‘Tee phim ti biéu: Madrigals of Love and Wer. I ritorno disse in patria (Uiysses vé auée) Phone cieh: Thanh nhac thé tue, thanh nhac tén gido, madrigal, opera ‘That bj: Phye hungiBaroque 23 Thomes Weelkes 1575-1623. Anh ‘Tac phdim ticu bigu: As Vesta was from Latmos Hill descending Phung each, Madtigal. thanh nhac va iki aha tn gio Thi hi: Phue hung24 Orlando Gibbons 1583-1625 Anh ‘Tie pham teu bigu; Ths is the Record of John, The Siiver Swan Phong edth: Thanh nhac, nhac hgp xuting tan giao, nhac tinh dién bing nhac khi va nhac cy 6 ban phim Thi ki: Phe hung Girolamo Frescobaldi 1583-1043 Y Tac phim ty bigs: Capriccio sopra la baltaglia Phong cach: Thanh nae va nhc tinh dién bang nhac cu ¢6 ban phim Ghi chi: Buoe ménh danh la 'Ngubi kéng 16 trong sé cde nghé Sian Sng Thai Wy: Baroque 26 Heinrich Schiitz 1585-1672 Dic Tac phim tiéu biéw. St Matthew's Passion, Christmas Oratorio Phong each: Thanh nnac thé tue va ton gido Thi ky: Baroque Francesco Cavalli 1602-1676 Y ‘Tie pharm tidu bid: Ercole Amante (Hercules the Lover) Phong céch: Thanh nhac thé tue Thal bj: Baroque 2s Giacomo Carissimi 1605~ 1674 ¥ ‘Tie phim tgu biéu. The Representation of the Bady and Soul Phung eich: Nhac kich ton giao That by: Baroque 2 Jean-Baptiste Lully 1632-1687 ¥ Tec pham tiéu biéx: L'amour médecin Phong eich: Nhac hop xudng ton giao, ba Ié hai kich, opera, ba le va nhac khiéu vd Thii kt: Baroque% Py Dietrich Buxtehude 137-1707 Ban Mach ‘Tie phi bidu: Oratoros, cantatas, organ music Phong each: "Musica rectativa’ mang tinh hu eu hi chi: Khdi xuéng y tudng nhac chiéu, céc budi hoa nhac céng céng trong nha thé va duoc xem 1a 66 anh huting lan dén Bach Thi kj: Baroque Arcangelo Corelli 1653-1713 ¥ ‘Tae phim tig biéu: Christmas Concerto Phong eth: Xé-nat nha the ‘Thai kj: Baroque ‘ Henry Purcell 1659 - 1695 Anh Tae pham teu bigu: My heart is inditing, Fantasia upon One Note Phong eich: Nhgc hap xuéng thé tue va tn giéo, nhac trinh dién bang nhac khi va nhac cy cé ban phim Thi kt: Baroque Alessandro Scarlatti 660-1725 Y ‘Tee phim tigu biéw Le Teodora augusta Phong céch: Tan gid va thé tc, tanh nhac va nhac hop sung, opera, Khi nhac ‘Thi ky: Barogue Frangois Couperin 1668-1733 Phap ‘Tac phim tiéu biéu: Concerts Royaux Phong cach: Nhac biéu dién bang nhac cu c6 ban phim, dac biét 1a dan clavico, nhac thinh phing, thanh nhac ton giao va thé tye Thi kj: Baroque Antonio Vivaldi 1678-1741 Y ‘Tac phim tieu biéu: The Four Seasons Phong céch: Concerto, opera, nhac hop xuéing t6n giao va nhac thinh phong Thil ki: Baroque» Georg Philipp Telemann 1681-1767 Bite ic pdm teu ius Musique de table Phong yirh, Nha soan nhac tén bd Thai bv Baroque s. Jean-Philippe Rameas 1683-1764 hap ir peat teu bits: Hippolve et Aricie Phoes sich, Opera, nhac cho nhac cy 66 Dae ahim, nhac thin hang, nhac hap xuting tén giao ‘kv: Baroque » Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750 Buc in. tin hiew St John's Passion s.ad: Nha bop xutng tn gido, thanh nhac thé tue, nhac ha tau thinh phéng, nae cho nhac cy ban phin, nhac cho dan dng (organ) ui ky Baroque Domenico Scarlatti 1685-1757 ¥ v2 yhain tit ew Esserciai per Gravicembalo ng caet” Nac cy 06 ban phim, nhac hyp xutng t6n gid, khi nhac va opera wi as Baroque, sh) George Frideric Handel 1685-1759 Buic/Anh «plat thu rifu: Water Music Vso cat: Opera, oratorio, thanh nhac tén gido, than nhac thé tye, nhac ha tau. thinh phéng va nhac cho nhac ew ban phim ‘Thi ke. Baroque 4) Christoph Willibald Gluck 1714-1787 ite «phn ts ls Don Juan, Ofeoed Eurdce Phang cen: Opera, bale, ca Ye, thanh nhac 5 tn gido va nhae thin phydng s Thit ky: 68 din‘0 Carl Philip Emanuel Bach 1714-1788 Bile va: :cu bus Rondo wn E Flat Phung each. Nhac cho nhac cu ban phim, hda fu, thinh phdng va hop xuting sul as CB didn mn Franz Joseph Haydn 1732-1809 Ao Tac phar tu big The London Symphony Phong rath. Nhae giao hung, nhac cho nhac cu ban phim va thinh phéng, opera, ofatori, nhiae hap xuding Thut hy. C6 din Sohann Christian Bach 1735-1782 Buc Tye phim ses bi: Concerted Symphony in E fat Phong each: Nhac héa tau, thinh phong, dan dng, nhac cu ban phim, opera va nhac ton gia ht his C8 dién Luigi Boccherini 1743-1805 ¥ Tie pin: neu heu. String Quintet in E major, Opus 13 No. § Phong each: Nac thinh phéng, nhac giao huding va concerto, opera, nhac t6n giao This, fits C8 did Muzio Clementi 1752-1832 ¥ Tat m bu ies: Minuetto pastorale in D Frog cae Vit cho dan piano Ushi etur Bude ménh danh [a "Cha dé olla dan piano™ hw ky ©8 didn Woifgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791 Ao ‘ac phim ritseu! The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni hon rach; Opera, nhge-gao hudng, concer, nhac hop xuting ‘nhac thinh phong, nhac cho dan piano, thanh nhac The: hu: C8 didn2 v 53 Ignace Pleyel 1757-1831 Ao Tée phim fiéubigu: Sinfonies Concertantes Phong eich: Nhgc giao hung, nhac thin phéng Thai ky: C8 aién Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827 Bit ‘Tée phiim tigu biéu: Pastoral Symphony, Fidelio Phong eich: Nhae giao Futing, concerto, nhac hop xuéng. nhac cho dan piano, b6 tu dan day, nhac thinh phdng, ca kh, opera Ghi chi: Chuyén d6i ton dién tt c& cc loa hinh 4m ah ma ng thir nghiéen Thi kj: C6 aién Carl Maria von Weber 1786-1826 Bic ‘Tac phim tiéu biéu: The Freeshooter. Invitation to the Dance Phong caeh: Opera, nhac héa tau, nhac cho dan piano, nhac minh hoa Thai kj: Lang man Gioacchino Rossini 1792-1868 ¥ ‘Tee phim tiga bidu: Barber of Sevile, Willam Tell Phong eich: Opera. nhac hyp xuting ton gido, nhac thé tuc va thin phng Thai ky: Ling man Franz Schubert 1797-1828 Ao ‘Tic phim tw igu: Beautful Maid of the Mil, The Trout Quintet Phong eich: Ca khic, nhac haa tau, thin phong, piano va cpera Ghi chi Qua d6i khi mdi 34 tudi Tht ki: Lang man Vincenzo Bellini 1801-1835 ¥ ‘Tée phim tiéu bigu: | Puritani Phong téch: Thanh nhac. opera, ca khiic va khi nhac ‘That ky: Lang manwo Hector Berlioz 1803-1869 Php ‘Tie phim tie biéu: Symphonie Fentastique, Romeo et Juiete Phong ech: Opera, sha giao hung, nhac hop xuting ton gio. ‘nhac hop xuéng thé tu, than nae Thi kj: Lang man Felix Mendelssohn 1809-1847 Uc ‘Tic phim tit bidu: A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Hebrides Phong edeh: Nhac héa t3u, giae hung, thinh phang, piano, hop u6ing ton giao Thi kf: Lang man Frédéric Chopin 1810-1843 Balan ‘Tie phim tit bidu: The Etudes Phong eéeh: Nhac plano, nhac héa t8u, nhac thinh phong ‘Thal kis Lang man Robert Schumann 1810-1855 Bic Tic phim tgu biéu: A Woman’s Love and tile, Scenes from Faust Phing ch: Ce khiéc, nhac piano, hoa tu, thinh phang, opera vva hop xuong Thi ky: Lang man Franz Liszt 1811-1886 Hung-ga-i ‘Tae gham ewhiéu: The Hungarian Rhapsodies, Faust Symphony Phong céeh: Nnac haa t8u, nhac piano, nhac hop xudng Thi ki: Lang man Richard Wagner 1813-1883 Duc Tac phim tév hieu The Flying Dutchman Phong eich: Opera, nhac hea td, ca Khie Thai ki: Lang man & pyGiuseppe Verdi 1813-1901 V Tae phat tis hin: Rigoletto, Requiem Phurs cach: Opera, hop xuting tén. qo, hap xudng thé tye, nhac thinh phong The ky Lang man Bedrich Smetana 1824-1884 Tiép Khe Tae ohm tu ga The Bartered Bride, Vitava Paong cack: Tho giao hudng, nhac thinh phéng va opera ‘Thin hy Khodng du thé 4) 19 Anton Bruckner 1824-1896 Ao Tac phim fv: Te Deum Phong each: Nhae giao huang, nhac hgp xvéng, nhac thinh phong Thi ky: Khodng du thé ky 19 * Alexander Borodin 1833-1887 Nga “Tae phi teu bigs: Prince Igor Phing ste: Nae giao hung va opera Thi ky: Khodng dau thé Ky 19 Johannes Brahms 1833-1897 Bue Tus phim uu bby: Hungarian Danoe, Tragic Overture, Geran Requiem hong cach: Nhac héa tu, nhac thinh phdng, nhac piano, nhac hop xuéng, ca kde thn &: Lng man Modest Mussorgsky 1839-1881 Nga. Isc phim ces bey, Sunless Phong edeh: Opera, nhac hoa tu, ca kc va nhac piano Tho kis Khodng &4u thé xj 1906 Pyotr Tlyich Tchaikovsky 1840-1893 Nga ‘Ta phim tu bigu: Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker Phong eéth: Opera, ba Ié, nhac hop xuéng, nhac giao hutng, nhac thinh phiong ‘Thi kj: Khodng déu thé ky 19 67 Antonin Dvorak 1841-1904 Tigo Kndc ‘Tae phim tu biéu: New World Symphony. The American Quartet Phong eich: Nhac ha tau, nhac giao huting, opera, nhac thinh hing, nhac hap xuéng ‘Thai kj: Knodng dau thé kj 19 6S Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov 1844-1908 Noa ‘Tée phim tiv biéu: The Snow Maiden Phong eich: Opera, cdc téc phém hoa tdu ‘Thi kj: Khodng du thé ky 19 69 Leos Janacek 1854-1928 Tiép Khac Tac pham tieu biéu: The Cunning Little Vixen Phong eich: Opera, nhac hap xuting, than nhac, nhac hés tu, rihac thinh pang Thi kj: Khong dau thé kj 19 0) Edward Blgar 1857-1934 Arh ‘Tae phim tigu biéw: Pomp and Circumstance, The Apostles Phong eéch: Nhac héa tau, nhac hgp xuéng, thinh phéng, ca hic, piano, nhe minh hoa Thi ki: Khodng du thé ky 19 nigra Variations, 71 Giacomo Puccini 1858-1924 Y ‘Tie phim tigu bigu: La Bohéme, Madame Butterfly Phong céch: Opera, nhac hop xutng ‘Thai ki: Khong dau thé ky 19 ‘Hugo Wolf 1860-1903 Ao ‘Téc pham tigu bieu: Der Corregidor Phong eit: Ca kh, opera, nhac hoa td, nhac thinh phng Thai ki: Khong Bu thé kj 19 Gustav Mahler 1860-1811 Ao ‘Tic phim tiv biéu: The Resurrection, Songs of the Wayfarer, The Boy's Magic Horn Phong eich: Nhac giao hudng, ca khic, nhac hop xudng Thi kj: Khodng du thé kj 19 Claude Debussy 1862~ 1918 Phap ‘Tac phét tiv bu: Prélude & [Aprés-midi dun Faune, La Mer Phong each: Nac hda tis. ba Ie, piano, nha thinn phéng ‘Thai ki: Khodng du thé ky 19 Richard Strauss 1864-1949 Bie ‘Tac phém tid bigu: The Cavalier of the Rose, A Woman without a Shadow Phong edch: Nac hde téu, opera, nhac hap xuéng, ca Khe ‘Thi’ kj: Khong du thé ky 19 Jean Sibelius 1965-1957 Phin Lan Tic phim tigu bu: Tone Poem en Saga, Night Ride and Sunrise, The Tempest Phong eich: Nhac héa tu, minh hea, hop xuéng, thinh phong ‘Thal kj: Khodng dau thé kj 19 Ralph Vaughan Williams 1872-1958 Anh Tic phim téu bigu: Pastoral Symphony, Fantasia on Greensleeves Phong eich: Opera, ba ie, chac héa tu, minh hoa, thanh nhac, ‘nhac thin pong Thai kj: That Hién Gai78 Sergei Rachmaninov 1873-1943 Nga ‘Tat phém tiu biéu: Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini for Piano and Orchestra, The Bells Phong eéch: Nhe hoa t Thi kj: Thét Hién dai , piano va nhac hop xudng 79 Amold Schoenberg 1874-1951 Ao ‘Téc phim tigubidu: The Blessed Hand, The Transfigured Knight Phong eéch: Opera, nhac hp xing, hoa t8u, tinh phéng va thanh nhac ‘Thai kj: Tho Hign dai SO Charles Ives 1874~ 1954 Mj ‘Tee phim tig bu: The Circus Band, Three Places in New England, The Unanswered Question Phong eéch: Nhac héa tu, hgp xuting, thinh phing va piano ‘Thi ky: Tha ibn dai NI Maurice Ravel 1875-1837 Phap Tic phém tiéu biéu: Rapsodie Espagnole, Mother Goose Phong eéch: Nae hoa tau, piano. nhac thinh phang, ca kc Thi ks Thot Hién dai 82 Manuela de Falla 1876-1946 Tay Ban Nha ‘Tie pha tgubigu: The Threo-cornered Hal, Allantida Phong cich: Opera, ba ¥é, nhac hgp xuting va piano Thi kj: Thea Hien Bai S3 Béla Bartok 1881-1945 Hung-ga-ri Tée phim teu bu: Duke Biuebeard’s Castle The Wooden Prince, The Miraculous Mandarin Phong eich: Opera, ba 18. nhac hoa tau, thinh phong va nhac piano Thi kj: That Hien dai ‘Vgor Stravinsky 1882-1971 Nga Tac phim tio Yiu: The Firebitd, The Rite of Spring, Orpheus, The Soldiers Tale Phong eich: Opera. ba I, nhac ha téu, nhac hap xudng Thit ke: Tha Hién dai Anton Webern 1883~1945 Ao ‘Tie phim tits bu: Passacaglia, Das Augenlicht Phong edch: Nha hd tdu, hac hop xuéng, thinh phong va thanh nhac Thal ys The Hig dan Edgard Varése 1863-1965 PhapiMy Tac pha tea bidu: Amériques, Hyperprism Phong ech: Nhge hea tu, thanh nh, khi hac va nhc dién ti Thai ky: Théi Hién dai Alban Berg 1885-1935 Ao Tie pha tu hiv; Wozzeck, Lulu Phong tich: Opera, nhac hoa tau, nhac thinh phang, ca Khu. rihac piano ‘Tht i Thai ibn dai Louis Durey 1888-1979 Phap ‘Tic phi tity bigu: Le Printemps au fond de la mer Phong cick: Opera, ki nhac va than nhac Ghi chi: Thanh vién cla ‘Les Six’ ‘Tht kj: Tha Hign dt Sergei Prokofiev 1891-1953 U-crarna Tie phi tiga bigu: The Gambler, War and Peace. Romeo and Juliet ong eéch: Opera, ba Ié, nhac héa tu, nhc hop xudng, nhac thinh phong, nite piano Thai ki: Thoi Hién daim1 ot 4 5 Henry Cowell 1897-1965 Mj Darius Milhaud 1892-1974 Phap Te phim tity bu: Les Malheurs ¢ Orphée Phong cach: Nhac hda tau, nhac hap xuting,thinh phéng va nhac dnh cho nhac cy ban phim Gu chi: Thanh vign cia ‘Les Six’ ‘Thi ki: That Hin dai Germaine Tailleferre 1892-1983 Phap ‘Te phim lieu biéu: 6 Chansons Frangaises Phong eich: Opera, khi nhac va thanh nhac hi chi: Thanh vidn ca ‘Les Six ‘Thi ki: Thal Hién dai Arthur Honegger 1892-1955 Phap Tee pdm tiéu hi Le Roi David Phong cath: Opera, bal, nhac hoa t3u va thanh nhac Ghi chi: Thanh vign cba ‘Les Six’ ‘Thai ky: That Hin dei Paul Hindemith 1895-1963 Béc ‘Tae phim tu bigu: Matthias The Painter, The Four ‘Temperaments Phong eich: Opera, ba Ie, ahac ha téu, thinh phang, piano, dan éng, than nhac, nhac bgp xuong Thi ki: Thél Hién dai Carl Orff 1895-1982 Due Tac phan tig biéu: Carmina Burana Phong eich: Cantatas Thi ks Thai Hién dai ‘Toe phim téu big: Synchrony, Hymn and y 2 Fuguing Tune, Mosaic ope Phong eéch: Nac ha tau, khi nhac, piano : Thi kh: Thol Hign dai0 6 Francis Poulenc 1899-1963 Phap ‘Tie pham tiéu biéu: A Sonata for Two Clarinets, Dialogues des Carmélites: Phang céth: Opera. khi nhac va nhac ho xuéng Chi chi: Nowei ding déu ‘Les Si ‘Tht ky Thai Hign dai 7 Georges Auric 1899-1983 Phap ‘Tée phim tu biéu: Les Facheux, The Birds Phong eich: Opera, kni nhac va nhac hap xuéng Gti chi: Thanh vién ola ‘Les Six’ Thai: That Hin dai 98 Kurt Weill 1900-1950 Buc ‘Tae phim tiuhitu: The Threepenny Opera, The Knickerbocker Holiday, The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny Phong eich: Opera, ba Ié, nhac hda td, nhac hgp xutng va thinh hong ‘Thai ky: That Hig dai 49 Dmitti Shostakovich 1906-1975 Nga ‘Téc phim tigubigu: The First of May, Leningrad, The Nose Phong eich: Nhac hia téu, opera, nhac thinh phéng va nhac piano ‘Tha ky: That ién dai 100 Benjamin Britten 1913-1976 Arh ‘Te phim tiéu bigw, The Turn of the Screw. A Midsummer Night's Dream, Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge, Spring Symphony Phong cich: Opera, nhac gio duéng, nhac hda téu, nhac hop ung va thinh phong Thi kj: That Hién daiNha van LD LE ae “ a a) Nha vin khOng chi 1a ngudi oé tai vin dung ngén ti, C6 thé miéu ‘ho chinh sé hom Ja nhitng ngui sit dyng ngén tt lim cing cy Xo sét et cd cde lin we kin thie eda nh lg Khi Kham pha thé gioi van chuong, ban dng thoi kham pha ch thé gigi tam ly, dia ly, triét hoc, lich si, thign vin, kinh t8, toan hoc, chinh tri, sinh hoc, vat ly, thém hiém, tuéng tugng va hu cu. Nhit vay, khi tao dung Ma tran Nhé Chi dao vé nhing dai van hao, ban déng thdi phat trién vo sé nec méc lien tudng dén tt c& céc dia hat kién thite khdc nbau. Biét duac mot tac gid hay tac phdm nao do, kha nang két néi voi cae téc gid va tac phdm khac sé tng lén dag ké.“1 La oh Tih ob i Ba MED ga ting kin thie tu dng eo theo a chuyén bin 8 te ‘hg, qué trinh Khim ph ngn ng, vn chusng va cuje sng cing them phdn hing kh. 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 Anh ‘Téc pdm tu biéu: The Canterbury Tales ‘Hoe tai: London, hi eis 8uge ménh danh ta “Cha d cba nén van hoc Anh’ 2 Edmund Spenser 1552-1599 An ‘Tée phém titu biéu: The Faerie Queene, Colin Clout's Come Home Againe pe tai: Merchant Taylors School, Northampton va Cambridge hi chi: Thug éuge ménh danh la "Cha dé cia truyén 06 tich ‘Ant 3 Sir Walter Raleigh 1552-1618 Anh ‘We phim tu tu: The History of the World, The Discoverie of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empyre of Guiana Hoe tai: Oxford (ngnh Lust) Ghi chi: Nha thar hiém va phiéu lwu, chuyén hudng dan cac oan tham hiém dn Chau My va Nam Mj. Ong 06 6c tim tei va kha nang hiém c6 vé van chuong, 4 Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam) 1561-1626 Anh ‘Tée phém ti biéu: The Advanoement of Learning Hoge tai: Trinity College, Cambridge (nganh Luat) Gi chi: Lun khao khat tim hidu vé ban chdt thé gidi va hanh vi con nguéWilliam Shakespeare 1564-1616 Anh Tée phim tiu bi: Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony anct Cleopatra. vv Hoc (ai: Holy Trinity Church, Stratford hi chi: That Ky séng tac sung man nhl, 1604-1608. ‘Shakespeare duge nou di ca tung: ‘Ong khéng phai 2 ngubi eda mot théi ma cia moi th Christopher Marlowe 1864-1593 Anh Tie phim ti biéu: The Passionate Shepherd Hoe tai: Corpus Christi College. Cambridge Ghi chu; Qua dai vi bi dam trong cudc au da lc chai danh bac mon a6 thd co (backgammon) John Donne 1572-1631 Anh ‘Tae phim tiéu béw Devotions, Elegies va Sonnets Hoe tai: Oxtord va Cambndge (Ghi chi: Mot trong hing nha tho thuée phai Sigu hinh (Metaphysical), tr thanh Trung tu vién St Paul's nam 1621 va tng vidt 180 bai thuyét gio. Ben Jonson 1572-1637 Anh Tae phim tiu biéw: Volpone, Bartholomew Fayre, Timber Hoe ais Westminster School hi chi: Ngu éing du cc nha tha aia thé hé mal thuéc nhdmi The Tribe of Ber’ John Milton 1608-1674 Anh Tie phim teu bigur Paradise Lost, On His Blindness. I Penseroso Hoo tai Chriss College Cambridge hi chu: Ong tap trung tam iva sit luc vao déu tanh nghi ‘truding va chinh tri trong cudc Ndi chién. Ong vidt Paradise Lost va On His Blindness sau ki bi mi.to Ww Jobn Bunyan 1628-1688 Anh Tac phim tits bigu: The Pilgrim's Progress, Grace Abounding Hc ti: Vilage schoo, Elstow Ghi chi: Ong viét The Pilgrin's Progress trong 12 nam bi cém ti vé toi thuyét gidng bat hop phap John Dryden = 1631-170) Anh ‘Tac pham tiéu biéu: Marriage a ta Mode, The Rehearsal Foc ti: Westminster School va Tanity College, Cambridge Ghi chu: La nha tho Qué gia vio nam 1668 Samuel Pepys 1633-1703 Ant. ‘Tac pham tiéu biéw Diary Hoc li: St Paul School va Magdalene College, Cambridge Ghi chi: Mai dn nam 1825, Diary moi duce gidi ma Daniel Defoe 1860-1731 Anh Tic phan tu biéu: Robinson Crusoe Hoge tai: Stoke Newington Academy Ghi cha: That ky sang tac sung man nbét l& sau tudi 60. Ong duce ménh danh la “nguti sang lap nganh bao chi Ant Jonathan Swift 1667-1745 Anh ‘Tie phim tiu bu: Gullvers Travels He ti: Kakenny School va Trinity College, Dublin GGhi chi: Mac ching Méniére’s Disease (mét bénih vé ta) tir nam 28 tush Joseph Addisen 1672-1719 Anh ‘Tae phim tieu bidw: Cato Hoe tai: Charterhouse School va Magdalen College, Oxtord Ghi chi: Noh viénGeorge Berkeley 1685-1753 Ailen Tac phim tig bi: An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, Alciphron Hoe tg: Trinity College, Dublin Ghi chu: Nhing tc phém xuét ban dau tn la céc lun van vé toan noe, vit béing tiéng La-tinh Alexander Pope 1688-1744 Anh ‘Tae ph tgubigu: The Rape of the Lock va ban dich tac phim The lliad and Odyssey Hye vin: Ty hoc Ghi chi: Bénh tat gan nhu sudt doi Samuel Richardson 1683-1761 Anh Tic phim tiv bitu: Pamela, Clanssa Hge vén: Sinn tring trong cdnh bn Nan, hoc van dé dang Chichi Am anh vé tinh duc - dac &ém ni bat trong tac pdm cia 6ng. Buse xem 1a "mot trong ninthg nguh hai sinh tid thuyét ign dai? Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790 Mj ‘Tae phim titu bigu: Observation on the Relationships of Britain to her Colonies, Rules by which a Great Empire may be Reduced to a Small One Hoc vin: Sinh & Boston, hoe vain dé dang Chi chi: Khoa hoc gia va chinh tr gia, gép phn soan thao High chap My. Sang lap hdi giao t& va tranh luan ob uy thé (The Junto Club) Henry Fielding 1707-1754 Anh ‘Tic phim tiu biéu: Tom Jones, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Ancrews, Hoe ti: Eton Ghi chi: Bi suyn va pho nang gn nhs sub di21 Samuel Johnson 1709-1784 Anh ‘Tae phim tieu hi‘: Dictionary, The Vanity of Human Wishes Hoc tsi: Pembroke College, Oxford Chichi: Nha ty didn hoe tu bidu, aha ph inh, ngub mdi chuy8n sde sd0 va oi dim 22 Thomas Gray 1716-1771 Anh ‘Tie phim tiéu biéu: Elegy Written in @ Country Churchyard Fie tai: Eton and Peterhouse College, Cambridge Gi hi: Viet nhing la thu thud loai dac sc nhat trong ngin agit Anh, 06 kha nang migu t& va di dém la thuong 23 Oliver Goldsmith 1728-1774 A-len ‘Tie pham tiéu biéu: The Vicar of Wakefield, She Stoops to Conquer, The Citizen of the Word Hot tai: Trinity College, Dublin Gi ehi: Theo nha van ty Banh gid, dng mau me cB bac va 8 lay n6 déi ldo luyén Edmund Burke 1729-1797 Aiten ‘Tae phim tie bigs: Reflections on the Revolution in France Wor tax: Quakers School, Balilore va Trinity College, Dublin Chi cha: Chinh tf gia thudc dng Whig va ly thuyét gia chin tr. Sng lp The Annual Register S William Cowper 1731-1800 Anh Tic plein tif hago: Table Talk. The Task Sloe tax: Westminster School, The inner Temple (nganh Lust) (hu chu: Hoc nghé luat va edi dao theo phai Co dc Phic am » James Boswell 1740-1795 Xcdtlen Tac phits ta bigu. The Life of Or Johnson Jlye ti: Edinburgh University (nganh Luat) (hi cu: Th&t wong vi khong dat due sv nighigp chinh tinh mong muéin2° Fanny Burney 4752-1840 Anh Tae phim tieu higu: Evelina, Cecia, Camila Hoe vine Tu hoc Gh chi: Nt ky cia ba 1 mét trong nhiing nguén tu liéu migu 18 sing dong nat v8 con nguti v8 cube sdng cubi thé Kj 18 2s George Crabbe 1754-1832 Anh Tac phim teu bigu: The Vilage Hue vin: Hoc nghé y véi mat bac si Chi chu: Nha tho ty su pha lin nét kn hai cay nghit William Blake 1757-1827 Anh Tac phim tu biéu: Songs of Innocence and Experience, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Hos ta: Royal Academy 6 Somerset House Ghi eho: ¥ nghie vo cing sav s&e ham cha rong nhing dng tho gidu nhac digu tutng ching nhu dan gin ca ong Xv Robert Burns 1759-1798 Xcétien Tic phim cig btw: TaroShanter, Auld Lang Syne Hye vin: Basic cha me day Sch: Vidt bn can-tt (nhac tén gido) c& tua The Jolly Beggar rét dn wong |, William Cobbett (‘Peter Porcupine’) 1762-1835 Anh ic pham uu bie: Rural Rides, Cobbett’s Political Register, Porcupine’s Gazette Hoe vin: Tu hoc trong quan 41 s Ong 06 rt nhigu tac phéim duoc xuat ban, tis sach trong nghé néng d6n sch vé chinh tr 82 William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Anh 1 eu bw Datos, Sonnets. Ode onthe Intmations of Immortality, Prelude {Incas Hawkshead Grammar Schoo! va St John's College Cambridge34 v Ghi chi: Sinh ra 8 ving Lake District oda Anh, 18 mét thi st Lang man hang du Sir Walter Scott 1771-1832 _Xcdtlen Tae phim tigu bu: Ivanhoe, Kenilworth Hoe tai: Royal High Schoo! va University & Edinburgh Ohi chu: Sang tac gan 40 cus tu thuyét trong khodng thai ian tis nam 1814 dén 1832 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-1834 Anh Tae phim ti bigu, Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan Hoe tai: Jesus College, Cambridge Ghi chi: Thi si Lang man, séng tac tap the Lyrical Ballads cing V6i Wiliam Wordsworth: nghién ma tdy Jane Austen 1775-1817 Any ‘Tae phd téu biéu: Emma, Mansfield Park, Pride and Prejudice Foe vin: Bue cha day (Gi chs Migu tx HOI trung tue tinh Charles Lamb 1775-1834 Anh ‘Tac phim teu biéu: Essays of Ei, Tales from Shakespeare (vidt chung véi chi gi Mary) Hoe tai: Christ's Hospital Ghi chu: Danh tron cude i cham séc nguéi chi mac bénh tam than William Hazlitt 1778-1830 Anh ‘Tc phim tgubiu; The Characters of Shakespeare's Plays Hor tai: Hackney College, London (Nghé thuat va Siéu hinh) Chi chi: Lanna pé binh 06 kha nang miu & hinh thé bing con mat nghé thuat inh tung» Ww 41 Thomas de Quincey 1785-1859 Anh Tac phim tieu biéu: Confessions of an Opium-cater Hope tai: Manchester Grammar Schoo! Ghi chi: Ngbién ma ty. tac phim lic hay le dé bat thuéng Lord George Gordon Byron 17881824 Anh Tée phim tiv bigu: Manfted, Don Juan, Childe Harold Hoc tai: Aberdeen Grammar School, Hartow School, Trinity College, Cambridge hi chi: Thi stLang man o6 anh huéing ln, tham gia céch mang chink tri ¥ va Hy Lap James Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851 My Tac phim ti bitu: The Spy, The Last of the Mohicans Hoe ta: Albany va Yale Ghi chi: La thdm phan Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822 Anh ‘Tax phim tie hu; Prometheus Unbound, Ode to the Wes! Wind Foe tir Unversity College, Oxtord Ghi chi: Bing ou tae iu Lang man; chét 6udi tai ¥ nam 30 tuoi John Clare 1793-1864 Anh Tic phim tite biéu: The Shepherd's Calendar, Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery He vin: Buoe cha day Chi chi: Buge ménh dan [a Nha tho Nong dan, sng phi Ken cube dét trong bénh vin tém than John Keats 1795-1821 Anh ‘Tac phat tieu biéw: Hyperion, Ode to Autamn Hoe tai: Hartow Schooi va Enfield Academy Chi chi: Nha tho’ Lang man, noe-nghé thud vet mot iucng y va i diéu kién hoc man gidi phdu tai Guy's Hospital. Chat vi bésh lao nm 26 tuiI 4 ! Thomas Carlyle 1795-1881 Xcéten ‘Tic phim tig li: Sartor Resartus Hpe ti: Annian Grammar School, E¢inburgh University Ghi chu: Mat kh nng str dung ban tay hal va khéng cn viét duce nea Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1806-1861 Anh him tfu brew: The Cry ofthe Children, Sonnets from the Portuguese, Aurora Leigh Hoe tai: Nha ring hi ch: Chéng '@ nha tho Robert Browning. BA duoc dé cit Ia Nha tho Quéc gia Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807-1882 My Téc phi ceu bieu: Song of Hiawatha, The Courtship of Miles Standish Hie 1: Bowdoin, Portland, Maine Xudt ban nhiing bai tho d4u tién vao nam 13 tui Edgar Allan Poe 1809-1849 My Tae aha tu big: The Pil ang the Pendulum Hoc ai: University of Virginia (Gh chi: Theo nghé Wat su. Truyén cia Ong theting mang tin ioang tung va quai din Lord Alfred Tennyson 1809-1892 Anh ‘ie phim tidu iéu: Maud, In Memoriam, The Eagle Hoe tai: Louth Grammar Schoo! va Trinity College. Cambnuige Ghi chi: Nha the Qué gia William Makepeace Thackeray 1811-1863. Anh Tae phim tiéu bieu: Vanity Fair, The Virginians Hoe tai: Trinity College, Cambridge (nganh Luat) hi chu: Hoc luat tue khi tr than nha béo gz va nha van. Ting sang Hoa Ky va mat ME rnd 52 tui vi bah tim Preea Charles Dickens 1812-1870 Anh Tae phim tie hu: Pickwick Papers, Olver Twist, vv Hue vn: Dang d& Ghi chi: Nha van duoc biét dén véi nhiéu nhan vat é2ng nd. Phoj bay nhiing té nan xa hdi théi Victoria Robert Browning 1812-1889 Anh Tic phim gu béu The Pied Piper of Hamelin. Home Thoughts from Abroad Hye: Phin ton tai nha Chi ehu: MBi finn lang man trong lich sit van chucng véi Elizabeth Barrett Anthony Trollope 1815-1882 Anh Tae phim tu higu: The Barchester Chronicles, The Way We Live Now Hoe tai: Harrow Schoo! Ghi chi: Nan vgn buy ¢ién Charlotte Bronté 1816-1855 Anh Tae phim ig bu: Jane Eyre oe ta: Mt truéng n6i tn rat kde nghét, sau nay duce miéu 1 dul cai tan Lowood trong tac ohm Jane Eyre chi: Day hoc & Brussels, Emily Bronté 1618-1848 Anh Tee phim tig bidue Wuthering Heights Ee Hoe tai: Nn& é Haworth ae hi chi: Mal vi b&nh lao ee Charles Kingsley 1819-1875 Anh ‘Tae phim tiéu higu: The Water-Babies, Westward Ho! Hue tai: King’s College. London va Magdalene College. Cambridge Gihi chu: Quan tém sau se d6n cdi cdch x8 hi nhung phn Xiang su thay dBi bing phuong thu bao déng<6 au) ol George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) 1819-1860 Anh Tée pham tide bigu: Silas Mamer, Middlemarch Hog ta: Tring tu 3 Coventry Ghi chi: Nghién cfu séu vé than hoe va ngén ngd. Nghi hoc sau khi me qua di Walt Whitman 1819-1892 My ‘Tic phim tidu bigu: Leaves of Grass Hoe tal: Brooklyn hi chi: Sng nay day mai d6 va lam viéc trong bénh vign vao thai Noi chign My Jobn Ruskin 18191900 Anh ‘Tae phim tieu bigu: Modem Painters Hye vn: Do cha me day va hos & Christchurch, Oxford Ghi chs Nha phé binh nghé thudt va cai cach x8 h6i. Bat nén mdng cho tro hau Arts and Crafts Anne Bronté 1820-1849 Anh “Tae phim tvs: Agnes Grey Hoe tai: Nha ¢ Haworth Ghi chi: But danh [a Acton Bell. Mii bénh lao nam 29 tudi Matthew Arnold 1822-1888 Anh ‘Tae phim tit bigu: Dover Beach Hee tai Rugby School va Balliol College, Oxford hi eh: Nha tho va nha phé binh Emily Dickinson 1830-1886 My ‘Tic phém tiéu biéu; The Chariot Hoe tai: Amherst School va Academy, seu 6614 Mount Holyoke Female Seminary Ghi cha: Nha tho néf vi dai nat aa MY, |uén luén sang tac {cong thém lang. Trén 2.000 bai the duce phat hign Sau khi ba qua a6aa 2 Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) 1832-1898 Anh Tie phim tidy bigu: Alice Through the Looking Glass, Alice in Wonderland Woe tai: Rugby School va Oxford nganh Toan) Gh chi: Gidng vién Toan tai Bai hoc Oxford 3 Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorn Clemens) 1835-1919 My ‘Tee phim tiv bigu: Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn He vin: Nghi hoc nam 12 tudi Chi eh: Thg in tap sy va hoa tiéu. Sau tr thank van si cham biém hang du cla My 64 Algernon Charles Swinburne 1837-1909 Anh ‘Tae phim tiu bigu: Atalanta in Calydon, Aeschylus and Sappho ti: Eton College va Ballo! College, Orford hi ehu: The ng thung gay vi khuynh hung tinh dye 63 Thomas Hardy 1840-1928 Anh Tae phim tiv biéu: Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the DUrenvilies Hoe tai: Cac tring dia phuong & Dorset hi chi: Hoo nghé voi mét kién trae su nhung vé sau, éng tc than nha van va nha the 66 Henry James 1843-1916 My Tac phim titu biéu: The Tum of the Serew, The Wings of the Dove Hoe vin: C6 gia su riéng va hoc mét thai gian & truéing Luat Ghi chi: Yéu thicn Chau Au, viét nhiéu tac phdm tim higu vé nd sau ngan céch gida Anh va MY. Ty sut day dc, d6i khi géy kh hidu cho nguai doc57 Gerard Manley Hopkins 1844-1889 Anh Tae phim tu hiéw: The Wreck of the Deutschland Hoe tar: Batoi Colege, Oxford Gh chi: Linh myc dug thu phong va giao su tiéng Hy Lap tal Bai hoc Dublin. Cm nhn sy mau thud gid the va dao. Na vi bénn thong han OS Oscar Wilde 1854-1900 Alen Tae phim tity higu: The Importance of Being Earnest, The Picture of Dorian Gray Hoc li: Pontora Rayal School, Trnty College, Dublin va Magdalen College, Oxford Chi dh: N&i tng vé ti sc so va ti tr80 phing, Bing dau trao luy Nghé thuat vi nghé thuat, bi giam cm vé t6i dng tinh 09 George Bernard Shaw 1856-1950 Avlen Tae phim sev bio: Man and Superman, Pygmalion pe van’ Nghi hoc ban trd nam 15 tudi Ghi ch: Tr then nha bao va nha one binh, Viet g&n 60 ve kich. Cac a thy duoc D. H. Lawrence bigs tp «Joseph Conrad 1857-1924 Anh 3c pid tity én" Lord Jim, The Secret Agent, Under Western Nostromo ur Cracow. Ba Lan Chi vhu: La ngugi Ukraine géc Ba Lan nhung phai sng tha huong, Tra tanh thay thi tung trong Hai thuting Ann (British Merchant Navy). Giong van trong sang shung chy tung ni lus lost tiéng Anh Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 1859-1930 Anh Teo ‘hiv, BO truyén Sherlock Holmes 1 Edinburgh Unversity (aganh ¥) 1 te, La bae si, viét truyén ngan dé tang thu mhap. “Cha dé dia nhan vit hucdu Sherlock Holmes, Lam bac sitrudng 6 Nam Phi trong cus chién Boer. Bude phiong tutic higp si nam 1902ns +2 J(ames) M(atthew) Barrie 1860-1937 Xotitten Tac phim tiéu bidu: Peter Pan Hoe vin: Buge me day. hoc tai Dumfries Academy va Edinburgh University Ghi chu: The Boy David. vé kich cudi cla dng, dang chd thém dinh lai gi tri 3 W(iitiam) B(utler) Yeats 1865-1939 AHen Tac phim tigu biéu: Adoration ofthe Magi. The Wild Swans at Coole Hoe tai: London, Ant School Ghi chi: Bue sy khuyén khich va ké thifa di san Celtic ti cha minh, Thanh lap t6 chi Dublin Hermetic Society nhiim xc tién vige nghién cit ton gido phucng Béng va théng thién ho (theosophy). Yeu Maude Gonne nhung ob nay ti ch lay ong, ‘Sau, dnig KEL nén val ba ding Georgie Hyde-Lees. Ho 08 ging sif dung thuat “cdu co” (automatic wnting) va dat duse két qua kha 8 tuong + Rudyard Kipling 1865-1996 Anh Ta phim siéu hieu: Jungle Book, Just So Stories « tg: United Services College, Devon Gh: chi. Sinh tai Bombay, nhung bj gia dit 89 roi & London Bost giai Nobel vo nam 1907 > HG, (Herbert George) Wells 1866-1946 Ant , ‘vs hint The Time Machine, Island of Dr Moreau, Whee's of Chance, Love and Mr Lewisham, Kipps. Hue ‘at, Royal College of Science. Kensington (Chi du. Vila vit bao Khoa hoe vila day foc. Vit trayén Khoa hoe gié tubng va truyén ttoang tung. Nhiéu phat minh ma éng tién oan a tr thant hign thu7 John Galsworthy 1867-1933 Anh ‘Tac phim tigu biéu: The Forsyte Saga, The Silver Spoon, The Modern Comedy Hoc tsi: Harrow School va New College, Oxtord (nganh Ludt) Chi chi: Dung bat danh John Sinjohn cho dén hic vét xong cousin séch this néim. 4 séng té¢ 31 vé kich hoan chinh 7 Arnold Bennett 1867-1931 Anh ‘Tic phém tigubiéu: The Old Wives’ Tale, Clayhanger, Anna af the Five Towns, Riceyman Steps Ha tg: Burslem Endowed School Chi chi: Nam 18 tui theo lam vie cho cha, mat \uat su. Tr thanh nha bao va nha van véi khéi lugng te phdm kha a6 5, lay ving Potteries thude Staffordshire [am béi cnh cho nhiéu tigu thuyét cba minh 78 Walter de la Mare 1873-1956 Anh ‘Tee phim ti bu The Listeners Hoe tai: St Pauls Choir School ‘Shi chi: Nha tho, ngudi KE chuyén va nha van. Trong tac pham tun phng phét khong khi huyén bi, Ong ¢é téc phim danh niéng cho thiéu nhi va kién th sang tac khi tuéi ngoai 80. Thinh thoding, éng ding but dann Walter Ramal *) G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 1874-1936 Anh ‘Tie phim tu bigu: The Innocence of Father Brown, The Flying Inn lige wi: St Pauls School, Slade School of Art Ghi chi: Nghién cau nghé thuat, tr thaah nha bao va theo dao Thién Chia vao nam 1922SO William Somerset Maugham 1874-1965 Anh Tic phn tiv biéu Liza of Lambeth, Of Human Bondage Hoc tai: King’s School, Canterbury va St Thomas’ Ho: (nganh Y) Ghi chi: Nha vain o6 tai ké chuyén véi quan diém cham biém hanh vi con nguti, phan lang man va cé de quan sat séc S30, 05 kha nang tao c20 tr20 (climax) kh6 ai sénh kip SL John Masefield 1878-1967 Anh ‘Tie pham tiéu biéu: Saltwater Ballads, Reynard the Fox Hoe tai King's School, Warwickshire Chi chi: Bi én nhung do sic khde Kem nén ang auyét din tr thanh nha van 82 E(dward) M(organ) Forster 1879-1970 Anh Tic phim tid btu, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View, Where Angels Fear to Tread, Passage to India Hac tai: Tonbridge School, King’s College, Cambridge Ghi cht: Thich tim higu su 46; lp gid van héa oo thi’ cla Anh va van héa séi ndi, néng nhiét cba céc qué gia Khao. Thanh vién cia hoi Apostle Society, Chicago 88 James Joyce 1882-1969 Aten “Ti pham tigu bigu: Ulysses, Finnegans Wake, Portrait of he Artist as a Young Man tai: Jesuit School, Kildare, University College, Dublin Ghi chi: Ban du. tc phdm Ulysses duge xuét ban theo ting ky nhung vé sau bi din ban vd fy do ndi dung tue Ga S4 D(avid) Herbert) Lawrence 1885-1930 Anh ‘Tée phim tie biéu: Sons and Lovers, Lady Chatterley Lover Hoe tai: Nottingham High Schoo hi chi: C6 g8ng nghién cu cm xic va tinh duc & eép a Au, Gia dinh va cha me bat hoa da 66 tac dng lon dén dngSo re Ezra Pound 1885-1972 My ‘Tee phim teu bea: The Spirit of Romance Hoc tai: University of Pennsyivania va Hamilton College, New York Ghi chi: Du lich dn Chau Au va gap 96 véb cdc nha van TS. Eliot, W.B. Yeats va Emest Hemingway. Khuynh hutng bai Do “Thai v2 cm tinh véi Mussolini Khién Ong bi bat va sau bi quan {hdc trong bénh vign tém thdn dn nam 1958 Olaf Stapledon 1886-1950 Ann ‘Tae phim ti biew: Star Maker, Last and First Men, Last Men in London, Sirius, A Man Divided {Ye tai: Abbotsnolme School: Baliol College, Oxtord: Liverpoot University Gi chi: Cha 68 cla tigu thuyét khoa hoo gid tudng bien dai va 1a ngubi tranh dau eho tw do. Ging vién ging day Van huang Anh, Tam ly, Triéf hoc va Lich sit Géng nghiép Edith Sitwell 1887-1964 Ann ‘ic phim tigu bev: Fagade (do Wiliam Walton phé nhac), Gold Coast Customs He tis Nha siéng Chi chi: Mét rong nhdng phu nG Ant tidu bid, dug trao bén ‘bang tién si danh du. Doat giai Nobel nam 1948 Joyce Cary 1888-1957 Anh ac yham tgu biéu Mister Johnson, The Horse's Mouth Hye ti: Tonbridge Wels, Ciiton College, Ttrty College. Oxford Ghi chi: Lam vie 6 Héi Chi thap dd Anh trang Cude chién Balkan va la Théim phan dia phuong 6 Nigeria. Sang tc cuén tidu thuyét dau tién 6 tudi 44SY T(homas) S(tearns) Eliot 1888-1965 Anh ‘Tic phim tigu bitu: The Waste Land, The Four Quartets, Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (lam oo s8 cha vi nhac kich Cats } Hoc tai: Harvard University va Merton College, Oxford Gh. chi: Tu'Old Possum’ ia tén than mat cla Eliot do Ezra Pound goi dé chi tac phong loanh quan, ryt ré alia Eliol. Sinh ra 6 St Louis, Missouri, 6ng vd thanh cing dan Anh vio nam 1927. ‘4 Ivy Compton-Burnett 1892-1969 Anh Tac phim tiv btu: Pastors and Masters, Hoe tai: Royal Holloway College, University of London hi chd; Sach cla ba ban vé cae méi quan he gia dinh mot ccch khach quan va thudn Ij tr 91 John) B(oynton) Priestley 1894-1984 Anh ‘Tae phim tigu bigu: The Good Companions, Dangerous Comer Fige tai: Trinity College, Cambxidge Chi chu: Vit tu van, phé Binh van hoc, du ky, tu thuyéi, ty truyén va trén 40 vi kich 92 R(rancis) Scott Fitzgerald 1896-1940 Ny Tae phim tiv bigu. Tender Is the Night, The Great Gatsby Hoe tai: Newman School, New Jersey va Princeton Gihi chii: C6 I6i s6ng phOng tng theo kidu ‘thoi dai jazz. CS vo quyéin #0 Zelda bi bénh tam than, cn 6ng mac ching eghién ruou kinh nién 9 William Harrison Faulkner 1897-1962 My ‘Tac phim tid biéw: The Sound and the Fury, As | Lay Dying Hoe tg: University of Mississipoi Ghi chi: Boat gidi Pulitzer va Nobel, Téu thuyét ca dng gitip ngudi doc thay hiéu sau sac vé mét thai dai u 4m va phic tap trong nép séng My.94 98 Emest Hemingway 1898-1961 My ‘Tée ph tie biéu A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Sell Tol, The Old Man and the Sea Hoe tai: Oak Park School, Itlinois Gi chi: Tiéu bidu vi van phong ‘nam tint. Boat gidi Nobel nam 1954, Tusat Noél Coward 1809-1973 Anh ‘Tac phém tiéu biéu: Private Lives, Blithe Spirit, Brief Encounter oc ti: Halla Conti Stage School hi chi: Gat hdi nhiéu thanh cong trong nghiép din vien va bién kich. Co kha nang xuat sc vé vin d6i thoai George Orwell 1903-1950 Anh ‘Tée phdm tiéu bigu: Animal Farm, 1984 Hoe tai: Eton College Ghi chi: Lam vie cho Indian Civil Police & Myanmar, sau it vé Chau Au day hoc. Nha binh lun sink dng vé hién thuc 46 va 06 thal d6 ngy cang bi quan a6 vd nhcng vn & trong va ngoai nue 7 Evelyn Waugh 1903-1965 An Tée phim tigu bi: Vile Bodies, Brideshead Revisited Hoe ti: Lancing School va Hertford College, Oxtord Ghi ch: Lam nghé day hoc va viet bao Cecil) Day Lewis 1904-1972 Aah ‘Tic phim ti btu: From €eathers to Iron, Overtures to Death Hoe tai: Sherborme School, Wadham College, Oxford Ghi chi: Nha tho Que gia v nha phé binh, Viel 20 tidu thuyét trinh tham duéi but danh Nicholas Blake9 Graham Greene 1904-1991 Anh ‘Tie phim ligu bu: The Heart ofthe Matter, Brighton Rock Hoc tai: Serkhamsted School, Balliol College, Oxford Gi chi: Nha van, nha bo va ika bién kich, Buoc tang thuting huan chuong British Order of Merit vao nam 1986 (0 Samue! Beckett 1906-1987 Anh —Ai-len ‘Te phim tic bu: Waiting for Godot, Malone Dies, Endgame Hoe tai: Trinity College, Dublin Ghi chu: Nan vat tiéu biéu cla trutng phi Theatre of the Absurd. Tac phdm ela ang béc [6 khuynh Auting khdi hai quai di (black humour) va dc thea gi tam v &m,20 Thién tai vi dai cua moi thdi dai ‘Thién tai thudng duge hidu 1A tai nang hiém o6, diéu kho long dink ghia, bi dn va chi dién ra mt lin trong bi, The ra, thiém ai ‘hod ton khde han. ‘Thién tai la mét loat phdm chat tri tué co thé do hutng va quan trong bon, c6 thé béi dudng va phat trign (gi6ng cach ban thuc hién d6i voi cic kha nang tri tug cia minh theo sich may), Cac phém chat ti@u chudn cia thién tai gbm: Tam nhin; Khat vong: Niém tin; Gin bo; Hoach dink; Kien tr; Hoc tir 18i im; Am hidu chuyén nginh; Kha nang tf tue; Tudng tugng; Thai dé tich cuc; Tu 4m thi; Tre gic; Nhom Tri tue Bac thay Thyc té (Nhom ban than va nhing ngudi c6 van); Whom Tet tué Bac thdy Bén trong (Cac anh hang, nit anh hing va khuén mau dién hink); Chan ly/Tinh trung thuc; Déi mat voi Sy hai/Long ding cam; Tinh sing tao/Linh hoat; Yeu nghé va Nang Ie ~ Thé cht/Giac quan,Hay kiém tra qua trinh tin bo cia ban than theo céc tiga chudn trén, Tiép tuc phét buy nhting mat manh va van dung ching dé Kage phyc nhiing mat con han ché. Tw danh gia theo thang diém 100 (0 = khong c6, 100 = hoan hio). C6 ging cang trung thc cang t6t va cir vai thang, ban hay kiém tra lai mot lin Déi v6i cdc thién tai dugc xem la vi dai trong lich sit, gan nhu tét ci nang phém chat trén déu duge phat trién dén mic t6i uu, Vay lam cach nao ban <6 thé phan dinh nung phim chat thién tai-trong-thién tai? Thuc té, c6 thé do long nang phan hang bing céch danb gis sv vuct tr6i trong linh vue hoat dong; tudi tho; kign thie da nganh (loai kién thite ma ban dang phat trién trong Lam chil Tri nkd ciia Ban) va su da tai; site manh va nghi lc; chi s6 thong minh; tim anh hudng dén su phat trién cia nnhan loai; st phong phi va dat duoc muc tiéu chink. Néubé sung vao nhéng phan hang nay cac dac tinh nhs tam nhin phé quat, tinh dot pha, long khat khao duoc truyén thu kién thuc thi vige phan dinh sé d& dang hon, Tony Buzan, Dai Kign tuéng Raymond Keene, OBE, va ly ban gbm nhtng nha link dao trong cic linh vue gido duc, khoa hoc, nghé thuat, thé thao va thé thao tri tué trén thé gidi, sau nhiéu pam thao lun séi néi da chéng nhit bing xép hang duoi day. Ban co thé ty phan loai tnzde khi hoc thude dan muc dudi dé xem ban nhdt tri vdi céc tac gid v8 nhting Tinh nao! (Bé tim higu thém chong tin vé thién tai, xem Suich vé Thién tdi cia Bucan.)20 Thien tai vi dai nha 1 Lemardo da Vin 2 Wiliam Shakespeare 8 hog au sy De ‘um w thap 4 dohann Wolfgang von Goce 5 Michelangelo 8 Sine Nevin 17 Thomas Jefferson 8 Alexander Bai a& 9 Phidias ‘10 Albert Binstein 11 Tha A Baton 12 Homer 18 Po 4 Euclid ‘5 Eliaabeth I 18 Arne WT Aristotle ‘18 Filippo Branelesehi 19 Andrew Carnegie 90 Tl Thy Haig Nao sink 162 16 hang 250 tte a m4 rr 1s 1 B56 (ON S00 eae CN is we THEA) thi tN +28 vc ON ong 00 ta 181 Brite S84 wt 185 259 te Nain mt 159 188 156 um 1995 ‘a re ON 2 tre ON 1955 1981 te 1603 212 re ON ‘rte ON 6 198 210 eae CN Linh oe Husa sgh Vinh ida trieat Vin bieToan bé cdc v6 kich cua Shakespeare + Kich Hy Lap + Kich La Ma » Kich lich stt Anh + Bikich + Hai kich » Kich luan ly + Cac v8 kich cuéi cing (Céctée phim kich eda Shakespeare due xem la nhig kiét tée van hoe cia me Anh hay n6iKhéng ngoa lt ed tan thé gi Nhhng ti ng va kbd nim trong ede igt te may 44 dug s dung ng ii, tn tabi oa nhidu nn wt cing trdchinh mot b phn quan trong trong di sin vin héa hn log. as Khi nfm duve c6t truyén va nbin vat chinh trong ci v6 kich ciia Shakespeare, ban st dé dang hiéu duge cic téc phdmm van hoc khac va lién hé dén nang su kién hay nban vat trong kich Shakespeare. Ngodi ra, ban cdn giai dap dugccac cau héi ma rhiéu ngudi gap phai: “Ai lin quan dén ai, trong va kich nao, khi nao va 6 dau?” Thay vi ling ting trudc kh6i lugng tac phim dd s6 cia Shakespeare, ban s& hoa thin thanh tham tit Sherlock Holmes va bam sat cic “muc tigu” thdng tin, Mét phuong phip ung dung SEM? dé nhé tac phdm Shakespeare la danh riéng mot phan thich hop cia SEM* cho Shakespeare va nhé cét trayén cing céc nhin vat chinh truéc khi ban xem hay nghe mot vé kich nao dé. Ching ti trich ra 6 mBi tac phém mot cau n6i tiu biéu ala céc nhan vat chink va tom tit cét truyén, Digu nay sé giup ban higu va nb duge vi kich sip xem. Xét & khia canh khac, viéc sit dung SEM? dé nha cac tac phdm cla Shakespeare s8 tao diéu kign cho ban tim hiéu lai vé vin hao nay, qua dé nang cao chat tong sinh hoat xa hoi va van héa cila ban. Dusi day la danh muc cac vd kich dusc sip xép theo thai gian sang tac: 1583-921, Henry VI, 2. Henry V1, 3. Henry VI 1592-93 4, Richard III, 5. The Comedy of Ervors 593-94 6, Titus Andronicus, 7. The Taming of the Shrew 594-95 8, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, 8, Love's Laborw's Lost, 10. Romeo and Fuliet 1595-96 11, Rickard If, 12. A Midsuonmer Night's Dream 1596-9713. King John, 14, The Merchant of Venice 1597-9815. Henry IV, 16, Henry IV 1598-9917. Much Ado About Nothing, 18. Henry V 1599-1600 19. Julius Caesar, 20. As You Like It 1600-0121. Hamlet, 22. The Meny Wives of Windsor 160-02 23. Twelfth Night, 24. Troilus and Cressida1602-0325, All's Well That Ends Well 1608-05 26, Measure For Measure, 27. Othello 1605-06 28, King Lear, 28. Macbeth 1606-0730, Antony and Cleopatra 1607-08 31, Coriolanus, 32. Timon of Athens 1608-0333, Pericles 1609-10 34, Cymbeline 1610-11 35, The Winter's Tale 111-42 36. The Tempest 1612-1337. Henry VIII Cac vé kich duoc phan loai theo huong dé hiéu va d& nho bao gm kich Hy Lap, kich La Ma, kich lich sit An, bi kich, hai kich, kich luan ly va cc vé kich cu6i cang. (© BBR Lap Khac voi kich La Ma, kich Hy Lap cia Shakespeare khong dua trén dé tai lich sit nao, Ching da phan la nhiing cau chuyén déc lap, ly tit tir thé gisi cd dién Hy Lap. Trong dé, dang cho y la vo Troilus and Cressida, tac phim dé cap dén mot trong nhiing truyén thuyét vi dai nhat cia moi thoi dai, dé la cau chuyén Siege of Tray (Cuéc vay ham thanh Troy) ca Homer. (©) the Tempest dae cong nin Iv Kh et cng in Shkespae, Tuy vib Henry PIE ocho think ou A nha ng sco rng ng it xc ly lng wh lecber v Besuont, (Gh chin ci itn)1» Pericles Prince of Tyre (Civ trich: Hor cée vi than! Tai sao khién chiing con yeu thich nhiing tang phém cao quy ctia céc ngai rot tiie khdc tntic ching di?’ Nhén vit 1. PERICLES, hoang ti dong Tyre 2. CERIMON, mét yuong céng ving Ephesus 3. MARINA, con gai cla Pericles va Thaisa V6 kich dua vao cau chuyén cé phigu hm Apollonius of Tyre cia Hy Lap. Truyén ké vé cugc hanh trinh tim kiém c6 con ‘gai bi mat tich cia hoang ti Pericles. Trai qua nhiéu phong ba, hai an bj dém tau, cudi cing, nha sy gidp do cia Cerimon, m6t vuong cong ving Ephesus va cing [a thy thuéc, hoang tit da tim duge con gai, V8 kich c6 thé due tom t&t nhu-sau: cha mat con gai, lon durong thm kiém va im usc con gai. 2+ Timon of Athens (Cu trict: Loat ngubt ding cua khé mat trot tan,” Nhan vit 1. TIMON dang Athens Timon of Athens la vi kich cham biém sau cay thoi vO on va long phan tréc cla ngubi doi. Kich mé dau bing phan cinh Timon, mot Ong chit gitu c6 va hao phong, dang rong tay ban phat cho ban be. Bot nhién, Ong bi céc chi ng vay quanh 6i tién va cui cing lam vao canh pha san.‘Timon xem day la co hoi hiém 6 dé ban be Ong ching t6 tinh bang hiu va cling c6 niém tin cia Ong vao thign tam con nguoi. Tuy nhién, tét c& ban be déu bé roi ong. Bing hhoang va chua chat truée sy boi phan nay, Ong tr thanh mot An si yém thé, vo mong va qua dvi trong mot ngoi m> ben bo bién, 3+ Troilus and Cressida (Chu tech: ‘vee fy’ cuong phép nurie mat d, cung dan & i6t nhip thi hay nghe xem! Chéi tai biét duéng nao!’ Nhin vit |. HECTOR 2. TROILUS 3. PANDARUS, cau clla Cressida 4. AGAMEMNON, v tung Hy Lap 5, ACHILLES: 6. ULYSSES, cil huy quan Hy Lap 7. THERSITES, mot nqubi Hy Lap d dang va 16 mang 8. CRESSIDA, con gi cia Calchas 9. CALCHAS, cha cia Cressida, gio sthanh Troy 10. PARIS Vo kich Troilus and Cressida tai hién thién sit thi The Miad cia Homer dudi hinh thitc san khiu. Tac pham thuat lai cuge vay ham thanh Troy va sy vigc dai anh hang Achilles tit ch6i tham gia tran chién vi bi Agamemnon lang ma. Vd kich mo ta cAc cudc tranh gianh quyén luc n6i bd, cudc xung tran va bao tha Hector, vén la nguoi hang thanh Troy, cia Achilles, Tren nén cudc chién kéo dai dai ding suét mudi nam la moi0 ‘inh gitta Troilus va ngudi tinh bdi bac cua minh la Cressida. Vo kich két thtic voi sut dai bai ciia thanh Troy. (Rigila ma Kich La Ma cia Shakespeare thau tom gin nh toan bo boi canh lich sit La Ma. V8 Coriolanus khdc hoa mot khoanh bute bi hang cia nén Cong bda La Ma. Vé Julius Caesar vi Aniony and Cleopatra mig ta can quan quai thud khai sinh, con v6 Titus Andronicus tai hig thoi ky suy tan cia BE ché La Ma. Tai day, vé kich di s4u vio phan tich sit suy d6i cic gid tr dao dite, co cdu chinh tri bi sup 6 nghiém trong, truyén thdng va dudng 16i phat trién bj in at dudi ap lye iia cc bo tc man khai. 1+ Coriolanus Cau trich: “Tinh cach cila ngai qué déi cao qui so vei thé’ gian nay.’ Nhan vat 1. CAIUS MARCIUS, vé sau id CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS 2. TULLUS AUFIDIUS, tuéng fnh cia quan Volsce 3. VOLUMNIA, m¢ ola Corilanus 4. VIRGILLA, vo cia Coriolanus Cau chuyén la truyén thuyét vé budi du binh thank La Ma Wi dai, Dénh bai ké tha cia La Ma la quin Volsce, tuéng Coriolanus tré v8 La Ma trong khtic khéi hotn va mong dai én nghy ndm quyén lanh dao. Tuy nbién, vic thai do kiéu cng, ngao man nén Ong khong dugc long dan ching. BEbao tha, ong gia nhap lyc lugng quan Volsce, trd thanh tuong linh va thé sé tiéu digt La Ma. Tuy nhién, vao thoi digm quyét dinh, me va vg cla Coriolanus da thuyét phuc ‘Ong tit bé y dinh tan cong La Ma. Cudi cng, éng bi quan Volsce 4m sat vi tdi phan béi. 2» Julius Caesar Cau trich: “Hoi ban bé, ngubt din La Ma, déng bao, hay nghe téi nde’ ‘Nhan vit 1. JULIUS CABSAR, vé sau la mbt HON MA 2. OCTAVIUS CAESAR 3, MARCUS ANTONIUS ith a 4. MARCUS BRUTUS, Leis) CASSIUS c/ 6. MOT THAY BOL Bang cich mo t8 su kién Julius Caesar bi am sat, v8 kich Julius Caesar di vao phan tich ban ch&t cila Dé ché La Ma. Vé kich thuat lai am muu am sat Julius Caesar va dua Brutus en nfm quyén cita Cassius va nhiing ké phan loan. Ching dam chét Julius Caesar vao ngay 15 thang ba (the Ides of March) nhu lai tién tri. Trong bai diéu van day xic dong, ‘Antony da vach tran ém muni tao phan, khai goi long cam phn cba dan ching. Hai ké phan loan Cassius va Brutus trigu tap binh ma dé chéng cit song bai tran va cuéi cing ty sat.we 3» Antony and Cleopatra Céu trich: “Tudt téc khéng thé lam phai tan nhan séc cing ‘hur tap tuc khéng x6a bé stic hp dan v6 han cilia nang” Nhin vit 1. MARK ANTONY OCTAVIUS CAESAR DOMITIUS ENOBARBUS CLEOPATRA, Ni hoang Ai Cap. M, ABMILIUS LEPIDUS 6, OCTAYIA, ch cia Caesar va wg cla Antony Vo kich Antony and Cleopatra la phan tiép theo cia va Julius Caesar. Kich m® t& cuge hanh trinh cla Mark Antony, mot trong cdc tuéng linh chinh ciia Caesar, dén Ai Cap dé tiép quan phan nita phia dong cdc wing lanh thé La Ma. Tai day, anh yéu Cleopatra, Nit hoing Ai Cap, nhumg bi bude phai tr’ vé La Ma. Antony déng ¢ két hon voi Octavia, chi gai cia Caesar, nhumg vin sang Ai Cap chung sng cing Cleopatra. Antony 6 ging sit dung Ai Cap lam can ait kiém sodt toan b6 Dé quéc La Ma cé nhumg bj déi thi la Octavius, chau trai cia Caesar, danh bai. Sau chin théng nay, Octavius tr thanh Hoang dé Augustus d@ nbit. That tran va nghe tin Cleopatra qua di, Antony tu vin. Biét tin anh chét, Cleopatra citng ty tit. Cudi cing, doi tinh nhan “bat ti” duge mai tang bén nhau,4» Titus Andronicus Clu trich: ‘Nang la phu nw nén ta cé thé tan tinh. Nang la phu nit nén ta cé thé chinh phuc." i ‘Nhan vat 1. SATURNINUS, con tral tung cla Hoang dé La Ma 6a bang ha, sau lén ng6i HOANG DE 2. TITUS ANDRONICUS, tuéng Le M8 xudt than tu dong doi qui t6c, d6i du vai quan Goth 3, TAMORA. Ni hong cla quan Goth 4. LAVINIA, con gai cia Titus Andronicus Day la mot vd kich kinh vign, day tham vong véi két «du tuyét voi chit chita nhiéu tinh tiét va cao trao lén dén dinh diém, Chuyén xdy ra vao thé kj tha tw sau Cong nguyen, thoi kj. Dé quéc La Ma suy thoai va bi quin Goth vay ham. Sau Khi ha sat vua ciia quan Goth, Dai tuéng La Ma la Titus lao vio tin cOng cac ngudi con cia vj vua nay. Tuy nhién, Titus khong ngo rang quyén luc cia éng 6 triéu dinh dang din roi vao tay cdc phe cnh d6i dich. Vo kich m6 t& sy tra tha Khiing Khiép ciia Ong nhu vie nuéng cic con trai cia ké tha lam nhan bénh ngot! ‘Tra tha xong, Titus ty van. (© Biiiien sit ant Ben canh vigc dua vio mt s6 nhan vat tiéu bigu nhu Ngai John Falstaff va Hoang ttt Hal, kich lich sit ciia Shakespeare khéc hoa mot thoi ky dang nbé trong lich stt Anb, bat du voi su kign phé tradt Vua Richard II, cugc xm hige nude Phap ciia Henry V trong cudc chién Hai Hoa héng (The Wars,of the Roses)” va dinh diém la su kién thanh lap vuong trigu Tudor. V6 kich 6 su gop mat aia Nu hoang Elizabeth I, nha bio tro chinh cho Shakespeare, trong vai mot trong s6 cic quéc vuong Tudor. Vé kich mé dau bing hinh anh nuoc Anh thai logn lac, phut huy hoang ngén ngii tit chién théng quan sut cia Henry V r6i nhanh chong chim vao cénh hén loan trong giai doan cudc chin Hai Hoa hong, Mai dén khi Vua Henry VII thudc vuong triéu Tudor én ngéi, trat tu moi duge van héi. Thoi ky lich sit dvigc mo t& trong kich Shakespeare kéo dai 100 nam, tir nam 1385 dén 1485. Ngoai lé duy nhét a v6 kjch King John khOng nim trong giai doan trén, do do cing hiém khi duce cong din. | The Life and Death of King John Céu trich: ‘Dau tat cd cae nuéc cling kéo quan dén, ta vin di stic dénh bai ho.’ ‘Nhin vat 1. WuAsoHN - HOANG TU HENRY, contro Vu John ARTHUR, tng tue dg Bretagne, cau rai Vua John HUBERT DE BURGH PHILIP THE BASTARD, anh cing me kh cha vl Hubert de Burgh, sau ny tn a Richard Plantagenet 6. HONG Y PANDULPH, gio sida din Gido hong Vé kich phan tich dong co va hanh dng tranh gianh quyén luc cia con ngydi, Cac tinh budng déu xoay quanh s6 phan (0) The War of the Roe (455-5): hi jn tanh ep og an, mt bn dng Lancs ia rc An gi ba dng hei wc tug me boa hg, cn be a ig Ysk (hi tg mt ho ing ting) (ND)cla Arthur, thao tac rit ngin trinh tu thai gian gop phan day cac xung dot kich dén dinh diém. Thoi dam mé quyén lye én hii bai cia Vua John d6i lap véi thai d6 cudng tin dén khdt khe cia Pandulph. Trong khi d6, Hubert va The Bastard tir thai do hoai nghi va lanh dam hic ban du cudi cing ty chi va chink tric 6 dau vd kich, John duge mé t4 la vi vua khong hoan hio, nhu nhugc va dé pham sai lim, chi dat duge vinh quang ngén ngti, theo truyén théng Tin lank, khi déi diu voi Pandulph. Tuy nhién, vi vua nay ngay cang bi tha hoa boi quyén lc chinh tri nén cuéi cing, vuong quyén da sup 46 hoan toan, 2. The Tragedy of King Richard 11 Cau trih: ‘Loaé ngudt aanh phuic nay, thé’ gidi nid bé nay, vién dé quy nay ndm gitta bién bac ... nude Anh nay.” ‘Nhan vit 1. VUA RICHARD I 2. JOHN OF GAUNT, CONG TUGC DONG LANCASTER 3. HENRY BOLINGBROKE, CONG TUGC DONG HEREFORD, ccon trai clla John of Gaunt, sau nay la VUA HENRY IV |. BA TUGC DONG NORTHUMBERLAND 5. NGAI PIERCE EXTON Vi bat tai nén Vua Richard II khOng gitt dugc vi thé quan su cia Anh trong mét ké tha ci la Phap. Nha vua lign tiép gay ra vO s6 hanh dng thiéu sang suét nhu danh nhiéu loai thug trai luat va chiém doat tai san cla John of Gaunt (cha caBolingbroke) khi 6ng nay qua doi. Cudi cing, Bolingbroke da lat dé Richard va day nha vua dén Pontefract. Tai day, Exton ra tay sat hai nha vua rdi mang xac vé trinh dién Bolingbroke. An han trude cdi chét cla nha vua, Bolingbroke da tién hanh mot cudc van dong nham chudc ldi. Cudi cing, Bolingbroke len ngoi Vua Henry IV. 3» Phan dau cia King Henry IV (Cu tech: “Dann a fa gi? Chi mée tt, di te... Khéng kit.” Nha vt 1, VUA HENRY DB TU 2. HENRY, THAI TU KE V] HENRY PERCY, BA TUOC DONG NORTHUMBERLAND HENRY PERCY HOTSPUR, con trai cis dng NGAI JOHN FALSTAFF 6. BA QUICKLY, chi quan Eastcheap 7. THOMAS PERCY, BA TUGC DONG WORCESTER Henry Bolingbroke, hién da lén ng6i vua, gp vain dé voi con trai minh la Henry, Thai tit ké vi (Hal). Anh chang nay hay la cA quan rugu, ba khii voi ga Falstaff “ha luu” va gay ta vO 56 toi vat vanh. Henry cing xung dot voi Ba tudc dong Worcester, Ba tuéc dong Northumberland va con trai 1a Hotspur. Nhom nay lp muu tao phan va gay ra tran chién Shrewsbury. Trong tran chién nay, Thai ti Hal giét duge Hotspur nhung cau chuyén tr nén phuc tap do Falstaff tuyén bé chinh ga la nguoi lam viéc dy. V8 kich két thc bing c4nh Vua Henry chudn bi chién d&u voi nhitng ké 6 muu a6 tao phan khéc,4. phan hai ciia King Henry IV (Cu ticks ‘Ta king chi thar thay riéng bn than ta ma con gidp ngwdi khéc nhan ra su tham thiy cia ho.” Nhin vit |, VUA HENRY IV HENRY, THAI TU KE VI, sau ndy (8 VUA HENRY V QUAN TOA cla wa NGAI JOHN FALSTAFF SHALLOW 6, SILENCE 7. HOANG Ti JOHN DONG LANCASTER 8. BA TUSC DONG NORTHUMBERLAND 9. SCROOP, TONG GIAM MUC DONG YORK Jove Lan nay, céc cude bao loan xudt phat tir Téng giam muc dong York va Ba tuéc dong Northumberland, Sau, Téng giam muc bj Hoang tit John dong Lancaster danh bai. Con Ba tuéc dong Northumberland cing thic thi duoi tay Quin trutng ving Yorkshire, Sau khi dap t8t c&c cudc bao loan, Vua Henry bang ha. Trude dé, nha vua di hoa giai véi con trai mink la Hel. Thai tir tir mét chang trai phong ting gi day da tré thanh mot ‘nha chm quyén cong bang va khon ngoan. Nguoi ban ci cla thai tir la Falstaff, hign duge phong tutéc hiép si, do vin gitt théi ranh manh nén khéng con dui tu c4ch lam ban cia nha vvua va bi giam trong tt, May m&n cho anh nay la Thai tit Hal hnifa tro cp mOt khoan tin nhé.S» The Life of King Henry V (Cu trich: “Hay tn céng vao 16 thing nay mot lén nia, hot cdc chién hat, mgt lin nua." Nhin vit UA HENRY V PISTOL Lewis, THAI TY PHAP KATHERINE, con gai cia Chates va Isabel CONG TUOC DONG BEDFORD. anh trai cla wa BA TUSC DONG SALISBURY "TONG GIAM MUC DIA PHAN CANTERBURY” Téng giam muc dia phin Canterbury thong bao voi Vua Henry V ring vi nha vua xudt chan tir dong doi cia Isabella, Hoang hau nguoi Phép cia Edward Il, nén vua c6 quyén d6i voi ngai ving cla Phap. Giao hoi sé hé trg cho nha vua tuyén chin v6i Phép. V8 phin Vua Henry V, ngai nhén théy hank, dong nay sé gitip xoa diu m6i bit an trong Jang cdc nam tuéc dudi quyén vi gia toc cha ngai vén ia dong son ngoi. Dap lai yéu chu doi mot phan lanh thé Phap cia Vua Henry V, Thi tur Phap té thai do giéu cot bang c4ch gdi cho ha vua mot hop bong quan vot. Ngay lap tic, Vua Henry tuyén chién. Tuy chiém duge Harfleur nhung quan Anh nhanh chéng sy yéu do bénh tat. Them vao d6, quan Phap cng manh hon. ua Henry ra sttc déng vien binh si vuot qua moi khé khan, danh bai quan Phap va lén ng6i vua 6 Phap. Co thé noi, Henry la hin mu quan vuong dign hink. Sau (7) Ardbichp of Canterbury: io ing ts Gio Wit Anh ge (80),hi danh bai quan Phap, ong két hon voi Katherine, con gai vua Phap va théng nbét lanh thé. 6» Phan dau cia King Henry VI ‘Céu trich: “Tir cay thach nam nay, hay ciing ta ngat mot béng ites tite? ‘Hay cling ta ngdt mét bong hong dé khoi cay gai nay. Nhan vat UA HENRY VI CONG TUGC DONG GLOUCESTER, bac cla wa va Vuong hu Bao ho HENRY BEAUFORT, GIAM MUC DONG WINCHESTER, bac 3 ciia wa va sau nay la HONG Y CONG TUOC DONG BEDFORD, chi cila wa va Quan nhiép chinh cia Phap RICHARD PLANTAGENET, con trai cla Richard, o6 Ba tute dang Cambridge, sau nay la CONG TUGC DONG YORK BA TUGC DONG SALISBURY \VUONG HAU TALBOT, sau nay la Ba tude dong Shrewsbury CHARLES, Thai tiv sau may la Vua muse Phap ‘CONG TUG DONG BURGUNDY MARGARET, con géi cia Reignier, sau nay két hén véi Vua Henry JOAN LA PUCELLE, thudng duoc goi a Joan of Arc Henry V bang ha khi con tré. Au nhi cia vua la Henry VI lén n6i ng6i cha. Tuy nhién, cc be phai nam tuéc d6i dich lai thita co tranh gianh quyén luc khién vuong quéc suy yéu din. Vo kich 8 cap dén v6 6 mau thuin gia Anh va Phap.Vé phia Phap, Joan of Arc ding tai hang bién dé xii give Cong tude dong Burgundy roi bé hang nga cita quan Anh, Vo kich két thic bang su kién Margaret xit Anjou bi bit va Henry hia hon véi c6. Déng thoi, Joan bj Cong tuéc dong York giam git, sau d6 bj dua ra xét xit va hanh quyét 7» Phan hai cia King Henry VI ‘tu trich: “Hay giét nét bon tude suc’ ‘han vit 1, VUA HENRY VE 2. HUMPHREY, CONG TUGC DONG GLOUCESTER, bic cla vua 3. HONG Y BEAUFORT, GIAM MUC BiA PHAN WINCHESTER bac c& cla ua 4. JACK CADE, quan phién loan ic nay, Henry da lén ng6i vua nhumg céc nam tuéc trong tridu chi mai mé tranh gianh quyén Ic. Ho xau xé lin nhau thay vi hgp stfc danh bai ké tha cd Ja Phap. V6 kich miéu ta tinh trang m&t phuong hudng va nguy co sup dé trat tu xa hoi cla mot d&t nude. Trong vb kich nay, Henry bi vo, cac vuong cong quy téc va ngudi dan coi thiting. Luat phép ling Io, cong If trd thanh nan nhan cia théi béc déng va tham vong. Bite hanh bj gia dinh lin xa hdi ré ring. Dao dite Co Wc giao dutng nhur bat luc trude thoi tu loi tro tréo, Bao dong dién va khdp noi, Cac yéu t6 can cé cla minh quan dugc thé hién qua nhan vat Vua Henry va Cong nite dong Gloucester, Vuong hiu Bao hd. Vé kich tap trung phan tich din bién tam ly vaphan ttag cla hai nhan vat nay khi d6i mat voi hign thc x8 hoi r6i ren, vitmng quyén cé nguy ca sup 46 8» Phan ba cia King Henry VI (Cu trich: “Tu nao la nguot dua cée vj vua tén ngoi va phe trudt ho.” han vat 1. VUA HENRY VI RICHARD PLANTAGENET, CONG TUGC DONG YORK EDWARD. Ba tue déng March, sau nay la VUA EDWARD IV GEORGE, sau nay la CONG TUGC DONG CLARENCE RICHARD, sau nay la CONG TUGC DONG GLOUCESTER BA TUGC DONG WARWICK HOANG HAU MARGARET Boi cinh vé kich difn ra trong 20 nam, tir 1455 dén 1475, giai doan xay ra cugc chién Hai Hoa héng. Vé kjch mo ti ém miu soan ng6i Vua Henry VI ca Cong tudc dong York cing cAc con trai la Edward, George va Richard, Nude Anh dan suy yéu vi xung dot ngi bd. Nude Phap bi xim higc, con Cong tute dong York tir tran, da dong York gianh duoc chién théng. Sau khi Vua Henty VI bi am sat, con trai cia Cong tude dong York la Edward len ngoi. 181182 9» The Tragedy of King Richard IIT Cau trich: ‘Mée con ngua, mét con ngua, dét vuong quéc cia ta léy mét con gua.’ ‘Nhin vét 1. VUA EDWARD IV 2. RICHARD, CONG TUGC DONG GLOUCESTER, vé sau li VUA RICHARD tit 2. HENRY, BA TUOC DONG RICHMOND, vé sav la VUA HENRY VIL 4, CONG TUSC DONG BUCKINGHAM, vé sau la mot HON MA Richard, Cong tuéc dong Gloucester va cing 1a con trai dt cia Cong tude dong York, am muu soan ngoi Vua Edward IV. Tuy nin, Richard lai xép hang thit nam trong vi tri n6i doi, V6 kich tién hanh mo t4 timg thi doan cia Richard khi vj cOng tude nay Am sat cic d6i tha c6 kh nang chiém ngoi, ac bigt, phan cénh ha sat hai vi hoang ti té dugc danh gia Ja mot cimh tigu biéu, Cu6i cang, Richard doat ngoi vua va chudn bi két hn vai con gai cla Edward la Elizabeth. Cuéi v8 kich, sau khi lén ngol, Richard bj am anh béi nhting hanh dong t6i Wi cia minh, Hén ma cia tit c& cic nan nhan truée day cia Richard hign ra va bao truéc cdi chét cia vua, Ong bi Henry, Ba tuéc dong Richmond, phé truat trong tran chién 8 Bosworth. Cu6i cing, Henry tré thanh Vua Henry VII va hoo nhét cic nhom nam tude xung dot hau ciia hai dong York va Lancaster. Dat nude duge thai bink, thinh tr.10 » The Famous History of the Life of King Henry VIII (Cau trich; ‘Va thot cia ba, moi ngudt cb com no do am du6i mai nha cla minh... vt hdt lén khuic ca thé binh cho tat cé lang giéng cing nghe.” ‘han vit 1. VA HENRY VIL 2. HONG Y WOLSEY 3. CONG TUGC DONG BUCKINGHAM 4. HOANG HAU KATHARINE, vo Vua Henry nhung sau nay ly d 5. ANNE BULLEN, thi nd, vé sau te thanh HOANG HAU Day la vd kich duy abst cia Shakespeare c6 tua “Famous History” (Kich lich str dién hinh) va dugc tac gia cham chat. ti mi nham dat dén d6 chinh xac cao nhit vé mat lich sit. Vo ich mo t& nbting thing tram, vinh quang nhumg nhanh chong bat hanb clia nba vua vA céc tuéng linh. Do thach thutc vi Héng y héng hich Wolsey nén Cong tude dong Buckingham bi bit trade khi kip phong thi hay phan cong. Truéc tinh thé d6, Hoang hau Katharine da diing cam bénh vyc cong tude va phan d6i Héng y Wolsey. Tuy vay, cOng tuéc dong Buckingham van bj hanh quyét. Sau sit vige nay, hoang hau bj chat sing, nha vua tign cit Anne Boleyn (Bullen) lén ngoi Hau. Héng y Wolsey vé sau bi két toi bidn thi va bi phé trast. Dé tai lap trat tu, Anne dugc phong lam hoang bau va ha sinh Cong chia Elizabeth. Vo kich Henry VIII két thuc trong bau kh6ng khi han hoan, béc 16 ¥ dé ton vinh vuong tridu cila tac gid.Vao giai doan nay, Henry va Anne Boleyn di sinh mot céng chtia, sau tré thanh Nit hoang Elizabeth. Vo kich la Khuc hoan ca ca nggi viong trisu Tudor va Na hoang Elizabeth, hign dang tri vi vao thoi diém Shakespeare sing tac vd kich nay. [Bikich Bi kich cia Shakespeare chju nhiéu nh huting tt quan nigm bi kich ma Aristotle khdi sung trong tac phdm Poetics. Nhan vat vi dai trong cic v6 bi kich thuong phai chiu ket thie bi thim tir mét sai lim mang tinh dink ménh cla ban than, Sai lim nay, trong mot s6 tinh huéng, c6 thé la ata ede nlhumg khi vé kich phat trién dén cao trag thi tinh céch nay lai trd thanh dim yéu. Ching han, chinh khat vong la déng luc thoi thiic Macbeth phiin dit cho sur nghiép nhtmg kkhat vong phat trién thanh tham vong da Knién nhan vat ny phdi tra gia. Voi vua Lear, sai im bi dat chink [a tinh kiéu ngao. © Othello, dé la tinh ghen tuong (da ban du, chinh mudn chiém hitu Desdemona cia Othello €3 gitp anh léy duge mot ngubi vg tai sfc ven toan). Déi voi nhan vit Hamlet, d6la tinh do dee. Nh thet hai mat ofa Iy Ie va hoai nghi vé dong co ca nhiin c6 thé la uu diém nhumg trong vé kich, Hamlet da di qua xa1+ Macbeth (Cau trich: “Hay nhan ién gap doi khé'nhoc va wu phién. Lita hay thiéu dét va vac dau hay s6i tén.’ Nhin vit |. MACBETH BANQUO | macpur® | PHU NHAN MACBETH BA MY PHU THOY 6. DUNCAN, Vua Scotland FLBANCE, con tai cla Banquo tutng trong déi quan cia vua Néu chi dé cia kich King Lear a théi kiéu ngao thi & ‘Macbeth 1a tham vong. V8 Kich thuat lai nhting hanh dong vo nbn dao cia nha quy tie ngudi Scotland, Macbeth, him chim ngoi vio thé Igy 1i sau Cong nguyén. Bi va va céc thé luc than bf ti glue, Macbeth ra tay sat hai hét nguei nay dén ngudi Ihde nhumg cu6i cng da bi céc luc hong chinh nghia dan bai Theo lai tién dodn cia ba mu phi thiiy, Macbeth sé lam. vvua, con Banquo la cha cia mot dong vua. Nghe vay, phu nhan Macbeth thi giuc chéng giét vua. Sau khi lén ngoi, dé ngin [oi tién tri tré thamh sv that, Macbeth thué ngudi giét Banquo cing con trai la Fleance nhung Fleance trén thoat, ‘Ma thay hén ma cia Banquo hign vé, Macbeth tim gap cc ‘mu pha thy va duge cin dan phai dé phong Macduff. Déng thai, ba my pha thay cing nbc lai cho Macbeth biét con chau cia Banquo sé len ngoi vua. 155Macbeth cho nguti giét va va cc con alia Macduff khién Macduff va binh linh vay ham lau dai cia Macbeth dé bao thi, Roi vao bude dung cing, phu nhan Macbeth tu vAn. Cu6i cing, Macduff giét duge Macbeth va Malcolm, con trai trudng cia Duncan, lén lam vua. 2+ Othello, the Moor of Venice Cau trich: ‘Chua céng oi, hay dé phong tinh ghen tudng. D6 1a con quai vat mat xanh giéu cot miéng thit ma 16 an.” hin vit OTHELLO, mot ngudi da den cao quy phung su nude Venice CASIO, phu té cla Othello IAGO, nguii hu RODERIGO, mot nguai dan nube Venice DESDEMONA, con gai ciia Brabantio va vg cla Othello BIANCA, finh nhan ela Cassio oe Othetio duoc xem la vé kich rigng tu nhit cla Shakespeare ‘V6 kich mé td cudc hén nhan giita chang trai A Rap da den Othello voi trinh nit da tring Desdemona thai Phuc Hung Tago va Roderigo, nguti yéu Desdemona, lap mum ham hai Othello va phu té ciia anh la Cassio bing cach khién Othello nghi ngd Desdemona va Cassio dan diu véi nhau. Cudi vo ich, sau khi giét Desdemona, Othello méi nhan ra minh bi tén ngudi hau gian 4c Jago lita d6i, Qué an han va bj t0i Idi day vo, Othello ty sat. Sut boc phat con ghen dén mite dién loan, 4p luc va cm xtic dir doi duoc thé hién qua nhan vat Othello khién nhiéuaha phé binh tin rang, day cing chinh la nheng cAm xtc ma c4 nhan Shakespeare timg trai qua. 3» King Lear Cu trich: “Co moe dita con bat hiéiu con nhute nhét hon eraim nghin lan so voi Rhi bj rén dc can.” han vat LEAR, Vua nitic Anh 1 2. THANG He ~! 3. GONERIL » a) 4s meaan } co gh a Ler 4) 5. CORDELIA Tuong tu vb Cymbeline, v6 kich King Lear lay b6i cinh nude Anh cé. Sau Khi thoai vi, Vua Lear chia vuong quéc cho Goneril va Regan, hai cO con géi nh khéo ninh ma chiém dugc cam tinh cla éng. Gidng nhu vd Timon of Athens, chi 8 vo on thé hign r6 qua canh hai c6 con gai mai mé tranh gianh quyén luc, bé roi va tham cht la duéi Vua Lear di. C6 con gai con lai cia Lear la Cordelia do khong chju tang. bc cha nén khong duge Lear phan chia tai san, Do dé, khi két hOn voi vua Phap, nang khdng c6 hoi mon. Tuy rhién, Ki nghe tin cha lam vao cinh hoan nan, Cordelia litn mang quan tir Phap dén ctu cha nhumg lai bi sit hai. Ngudi con bi bac dai vi cit ong ma lam nan, con nhing ngudi ong hét mic yéu thuong li bé roi Ong, Vua Lear hoa din va qua dai. ss4+ Hamlet Cau trich: “Tén tai hay khéng tén tai. BS mot la vin dé." Nhin vit |. CLAUDIUS, Vua Ban Mach 2. HAMLET, con trai cia vi va vie bang ha va chau cia wua mai 3, POLONIUS, Quan dai thén 4. HORATIO, ban cla Hamlet 5. LAERTES, con rai cla Polonius 6. HAL TEN HB, ké da0 mé 7. HON MA, cha Hamiet 8, GERTRUDE, Hoang hau Dan Mach, me cia Hamlet 9. OPHBLIA, con gai cia Polonius 10. ROSENCRANTZ 11. GUILDENSTERN 12. RORTINBRAS, Hoang tii Na Uy ) an tin Hamlet 1a bi kich bio thi. cia ngudi con bj lta déi va tim cach trimg trj nhitng ké giét cha minh va son ngOi. Chi dé von kich tinh nay con them phn hap din 6 chi tiét Hamlet qua théng minh nén khong bio tha mot cach don thudn va non c6 thai do hoai nghi dong co cia minh, Cuéi cing, chinh sig hoai nghi da dn anb di qué xa, bién cfc van dé ma anh dang c6 ging gidi quyét trd nén phic tap. Hén ma ciia ngudi cha bao cho Hamlet bit Ong da bi sat hai bai em trai minh la Claudius, nha vua hién thei. Bé bao tha, Hamlet dan dyng mot vé kich va gia dién dé migu ta ci chét cia vua cha nhim vach tran t0i Ac cla Claudius. Trong Jac cAnh béo me minh, Hamlet giét Polonius dang rinh nghe.Biét chuyén, Claudius phai Hamlet dén Anh voi muc dich thi tigu anh nhung Hamlet thoat duge va trd v8 Dan Mach. Ophelia, con gai cia Polonius, nguoi yéu cd cia Hamlet, qua dau khé trate cai chét cla cha nén tram minh ty vin. Nha vua ben dé nghi mot cudc d4u kim gitta Hamlet va Laertes, con trai cia Polonius. Bj thurong bai luoi kiém tim Oc nhung sau 6, Hamlet ding chinh hibi kiém nay dé giét Laertes va nha vua. Hoang hau qua doi vi u6ng phi ly rugu doc danh cho Hamlet, con Hamlet chét vi vét thuong ciia minh. © Hitch Chi yéu dua vao thé loai truy8n th6ng Commedia del Arte cia ¥, voi sir xndt hién cc nhan vat la nhting cep song sinh, rngubi ging nhau, anh va chj em, mac trang phyc cla ngudi khac phai va nhing trudng hop nhim lan vi ging nhau, Shakespeare di vin dung Khi chat thién tai cla minh dé sang tac nén cdc vé hai kich, 1+ The Comedy of Errors Chu trich: “Tei dang d Tran gian, Thién dubng hay Dia nguc, nati hay thiéc, aién hay tinh?” Nhén vit SOLIKUS, CONG TUGC DONG EPHESUS [ABGEOX, thuong gia 6 Syracuse ANTIPHOLUS dong EPHESUS Anh em sinh di, con ta AATIAOLS ing SYRACUSE la eo vo DROMIO dong EPHESUS Anh em sinh d6i, phuc dich 6. DROMIO ding SYRACUSE Jaan em Antipholus7. ABMILIA. vg Aegoon, Trung tu vign tai Ephesus 8. ADRIANA, vo Antipholus 6 Ephesus 9, LUCIANA, chi cla Adriana The Comedy of Brrors, dua trén tac phim Menaechmi cia Plautus, 1a cau chuyén vui vé céc cap song sinh, anh em va chi em, vo va ngudi tinh, Tét cd déu dinh Ifu vao mét loat ham an vui nhén. Vo kich chi yéu xoay quanh cau chuyén cia hai anh em sinh doi Antipholus, Ngudi em bé nha ra di khi con nhd. Ngudi cha vi qua budn phién ma qua dai. Caubé nay lon len va lap gia dinh. Cau chuyén bit dau voi vigcanh dah cp chiéc 40 choang aia vo ting cho ngudi tinh. Cang lic 6, nguéi anh dén tim dita em bi that lac tir lau. Dang lic nay, c6 nin tink di nhdm ngudi anb la ngudi yeu cia minh, Tinh huéng dat dén cao trio khi ngudi anh 6 duge chiée 40 choang, déng thai gap vg em trai minh, Ngudi em tré vé diing lic cita nha tinh nhan Min nha minh, déu bj Khoa trai. Tuy nhién, cubi cing hai anh em 48 doan tu bén nhau, nham lin duge sang t6. Ho chuyén dén séng & Syracuse 2+ The Taming of the Shrew Chu trich: “Vi ta 1& nguéi sinh ra dé thuan hda em, bién em ti mét Kate danh da thanh mét Kate ngoan hién nhut bao nhiéu Kate dam dang khac.’ Nhin vit 1. BAPTISTA MINOLA, mét guj dng giau 06 6 Padua 2. PETRUCHIO, mot chang tra 6 Verona, cu hén Katharina3. KATHARINA, c® nang danh da 4. BIANCR 5. LUCENTIO, con trai ca Vincentio, yéu Bianca } con gai cia Baptista ‘Vo kich cham biém moi quan hé gitta nam va nit, Bianca chi duge phép két hon khi nao Kate, ngudi chi bin tinh léy chéng. Cha cé la Baptista bén tim cho Bianca mét gia sut va ngubi cu hon Katharina. Chang trai Lucentio vin dem long yeu Bianca da cai trang thanh gia su va hai nguoi bi mat trén di. Kate la c6 nang danh da dén mite khién cho bat ky ngui dan Ong nao cling ngin ngim. Petruchio, mét chang trai 6 Verona, sin sang két hon véi bit ky ai vi tién, din din “thuan hoa” Kate bing mOt loat thii doan ma git day c6 thé goi la va phu. Cudi vd kich, c& hai ngudi déu dat duoc su quin binh va hoa hgp trong hon nhan, 3» The fwo Gentlemen of Verona Cu trich: “Lam thé’ nao ma sd thich tao nén théi quen 4 ‘mgt ngut." Nhin vit 1. CONS TUGC DONG MILAN, cha cla Sivia VALENTINE PROTEUS ANTONIO, cha cla Proteus JULIA, nui yéu cia Proteus 6. SILVIA, ngusi yéu cia Valentine } pai cng The Tevo Gentlemen of Verona m6 ta chuyén tinh yéu muon thud, qua do tinh yeu phai trai qua thi thach tu tac dongben ngoai lin néi tm bén trong. Antonio, cha cla Proteus, budc con trai minh phai chia tay vei ngudi yeu dé r6i sau 46, chinh Ong lai lao vaio dam mé nhuc duc nhft thei Valentine, vj cong tit con lai, bj céng tudc hu day vi hanh vi “thiéu cdn trong”, Vo kich tap trung phan tich xung dot xudt phat tir nhting dam mé tinh i va yéu cu tinh ban cita ho. Trai qua v6 s& khé khan, cudi cing Valentine khdi phuc Jai vi thé cho Proteus, tham cht cdn tang anh ngudi yéu cba minh. 4» Love's Labour's Lost Gi tech: “Ho os mat tai mét dal tiée ngén nett va da lay dé nhang dau thita dudi theo,’ Nh vit: 1. FERDINAND, VUA XU NAVARRE 2. BEROWNE 3. LONGAVILLE | cae quan can than 4. DUMAIN 5. CONG CHUA NUOC PHAP 6. ROSALINE 7. MARIA i nd cla céng chia 8. KATHARINE Ferdinand, Vua xi Navarre, thuyét phuc ba cin thin aia minh [a Berowne, Longaville va Dumain xa lanh phy nit trong ba nam. Tuy nhién, tinh hinh hoan toan thay déi trade sy xudt hién ala céng chia Phap cing doan tay tung. Ca bon ngudi dé vudng vao mai tén tinh ai: Berowne yéu Rosaline, vua yéu cong chiia, Longaville yeu Maria va Dumain yéu Katharine,Khi ci nhom dang tan tinh, gi tho tinh cho nhau thi céc thiu nt phi trd v8 Phap vi nba vua bing ha. Cac nang hita s@ trd lai sau thdi gian dé tang néu trong thai gian 46, bin ngutsi dan Ong danh thai gian lam vigc thign 5+ AMidsummer Night's Dream Cu trick: (C6 te ta da yéu phai mét con lita.” Nhin vit |. THESEUS, Cong tute dong Athens we 2. LYSANDER } en 2s Hernia wei pemerrrus/ “"?” LS 4. BOTTOM, tho dét 5. HERMIA, con gai Egous, yéu Lysander 6, HELENA, yéu Demetrius 7. OBERON, Vua cila cdc tién nd 8. TITANIA, Hoang hau cla cdc ten nit 9, PUCK, hay con goi la Robin Goodfellow 10, HIPPOLYTA, Ni hoang cia cae chién binh Amazon, dinh hén vl Theseus A Midsummer Night's Dream |a mét cudc thit nghiém vui hon vé cic méi quan hé bi dn gitta nam va nit. Kich ching minh tinh yeu vita ¢6 Iy te lai via phi ly tr Theseus, Cong tude dong Athens sp két hén voi Hippolyta, Nat hoang cia cac chién binh Amazon. Vi khong chju tir bd ngudi minh you 18 Lysander dé két hon voi Demetrius nén Hermia va Lysander chay trén vio rimg Demetrius tn dudi theo. Dén ligt Demetrius Iai bj Helena, cO gai ma anh khong quan tim, theo duéi.Whiéu tinh hudng nyc cubs da diém ra trong ring. Oberon me hoic Titania, con Puck choi kham Bottom. Vi kich chiing minh site man tink cim <6 thé gin két nhiing déi tugng hoi hai mbit, chang han nh Titania phai long m6t con lta do Bottom nguy trang. Cu6i v8 kich, tét cé phap thuat déu dugc hoa gidi. Cac nan vat quay tr vé Athens dé tham dy dam cudi ctia ba doi tinh nban cing mot lic. Nhan dip nay, vd kich Pyramus and Thishe cing duoc trinh dién 6» Much Ado About Nothing Cau trich: “Vi chua c6 triét gia nao ting chi chung daw ring dat ding? Nhio vit 1. DON PEDRO, Ho’ng txts Aragon DON JOHN, gut anh hu din cla Hoang ti BENEDICK, mét vuong céng Wé 6 Padua DOGBERRY, mot vi tuting sod MBONATO, quan cai tri ving Messina BEATRICE, chau gai cia Leonato HERO, con gai cla Leonato 8, CLAUDIO, mot weng cong tré 6 Florence Much Ado Abou Nothing la vai kich vé cach cx sat, Don Pedro, Hoang tit xtt Aragon va hai ngudi ban a Claudio va Benedick lu lai ving Messina, quan cai tri trong ving I Leonato, Nhan Idi ciia Claudio, Don Pedro déng y thay mat anh té tink véi con gai cla Leonato la Hero. Déng thoi, ca ba sp xép dé két duyén chau gai cla Leonato la Beatrice véi Benedick.Do nhim lin ma Hero bi danh gia la c6 gai thiéu chung thiiy va chiu su két ti ciia Claudio. Vi chuyén nay ma c& Benedick lan Leonato déu thach du vei Claudio. Tuy nhién, 4m mu boi nho danh dy Hero cudi cing bj phat giéc. Cau chuyén két thitc tét dep. Dam cudi déi di&n ra gitta Claudio va Hero, Beatrice va Benedick. Vo kich chit yéu xoay quan chuyén tinh yéu gitta Beatrice va Benedick. Da yéu nhau say dm nhumg c& hai Iai lao vio tranh cai va day nghién nhau bing tai tr{ sfc s4o ca minh, Tuy nhién, khi nhitng chuyén tranh cai lat vat c6 nguy co de doa tinh cim gitta d0i bén, ho gat bé tat ca nhiing bit déng va han gén tré lai 7» As You Like It (Cau trich: “Thé gidi nay ta mét sin Khéu va moi ngubi déu la dién vin." han vat 1. CONG TUBC SENIOR, sting cube dis uu day 2, FREDERICK, anh cia céng tude va |& nguti chiém doat gla san cla em JAQUES, mat cing tude bi day TOUCHSTONE, anh hé ROSALIND, con gai ca Céng twe Senior CELIA, con gai cia Frederick As You Like It 1a vi hai kich dng qué tha vi, Cau chuyén xoay quanh nhan vat Senior, mot cong tuéc bi phé trudt, sng trong ring nhu mot ké bi ruéng bé va fp ti hy vong doan tu cdc cip tinh nhan voi nhau. Nhim thyc hign cac 1smuu dé chinh trj va gia dink, cac c§p tinh nhan héa trang thanh ning vai khéc nhau, ching han Rosalind céi trang thanh nam, tao ra vo s6 chuyén khoi hai. Sau nhiéu phen nhim Mn vui nhon, digu thudng thy trong hai kich Shakespeare, tit cA cac méi quan hé déu tré nén sang td, tinh yéu chan chinh dugc thang hoa va vé kich két thiic bing bon dam cusi 8» The Merry Wives of Windsor Cau trich: ‘Ta co thé dat duge bat ky diéu gi minh mun.’ hin vit 1, NGAI JOHN FALSTAFF FENTON, mét chang tral lich lam FORD PAGE PHU NHAN FORD 6, PHU NHAN PAGE 7. €0 QUICKLY. ngudi héu cia bac si Caius } nat ching trai 8 windsor Nagwoi ta n6i sé di Shakespeare viét vé kich nay vi Na hoang Elizabeth I thich lao déu cang Falstaff trong loat kich Henry IV dén mitc ba yéu cau nhan vat nay phai xudt hién tré lai. Cau chuyén ké vé cugc tim chéng ciia hai cé nang dam dang, thao vat tai Windsor. Falstaff xudt hién, ting bin nhu moi khi va 6 gang moi tién tir cac ba n6i tro trong vang dé chi tiéu. Tuong tu nhiéu hai kich cia Shakespeare, vé kich dan xen vO sé céc méi quan hé véi sy xudt hin cia nhing nhan vat tidu biéu trong cong ddng: hai nha chuyén mon, mot bac si, muc su, cht quén ruou va mot ngudi chuyén tan glu.V6 kich thuat lai mhing trd ghen tudng sai lam aia céc ‘ng chéng ct nghi minh bj cdm sitng. Cudi cing, Falstaff bi nhst vao mét sot dung dd, ném xubng s6ng va tré thank tro cui cho cae Ong chéng khi mang trén diu mot cap sing trong budi Ié din ra vio nita dém 6 rig Windsor. 9» Twelfth Night hay What You Will (Cau trich: M6e 56 nga sinh ra da vidal, mét s6 ngucdi dat duoc sue vi dai va mét so khdc bi bat bude phai vi at’ Nhin vit 1, ORSINO, CONG TUGC DONG ILLYRIA OLIVIA 3. VIOLA SEBASTIAN, anh cl Viola NGAI TOBY BELCH, chi cia Olivia NGAI ANDREW AGUECHEEK MALVOLIO, quan gia cia Olivia 8. FESTE, ANH HE Tuong ty cic vs The Teo Gentlemen of Verona va A Mid- summer Night's Dream, Tevelfth Night a hai kich v8 cach cur ant voi su xudt hign cia nhting d6i tinh nhan nhdm lin nhau keo theo nhiu tinh hudng r6i ram. V6 kich tap trung m6 ta nhaing hang ngudi dang bj béu riéu nhu anh chang ngudi hdu vénh vo Malvolio, ua quan trong héa vin 48, cu6i cling bj tong giam va thudng xuyén bj am anh béi nhing hon ma tuéng tugng; nhing ngudi hau quy quy@t; vi vuong cong ao tuéng minh dang yéu va ca nhitng cong nuong yéu nham gu.Twelfth Night cing cO su xudt bign cia mot nhan vat mang tinh cach nhu Falstaff, dé la ngai Toby Belch, mot ké nat rugu va hay thich du tay doi, Nhu tat cd céc hai kich cia Shakespeare, va kich két thiic Khi moi vie duge git quyét én théa, Tét ca cdc nhan vat déu vui vé lam tron phan sit cia minh. 10- All's Well That Ends Well Cau trich: ‘Ho noi bay git khéng con phép la niza.” Nhin vit 1. VUA NUOC PHAP 2. BERTRAM, Bé tude dong Rousllon 3. NOBA TUGC DONG ROUSILLON, me cia Bertram 4. HELENA, m6t phy nif duge ni ba tute bao ve La hai kjch cudi cung ciia Shakespeare, AU's Well That Ends Well danh du bude chuyén tip tir hai kich sang kich luan ly va thutng duge xem la mot “hai kich bf an” hay “kich van 48” bai ve kich chuta dumg nhutng vin dé khién nguoi xem phai vat 6c suy nghi, Noi dung vd kich cé thé xem la mot chuyén tinh, song khong hoan toan hanh phiic. Dau vay, Kich vin co mot két thiic tét dep. Tuy Helena bi Bertram khude tit do xuét than hén mon nhung Shakespeare di dé cho nha wa thét lén nhiing lei le dam triét ly va nbiee thanh dé ca nggi su vuot tréi cia dic hanh so v6i xudt than, Cénh bat du bang viéc khdi su “liéu phap” ciia Helena. Co thé xem day 1a mot “thi thuat goi chan”; dinh lita dé chéng quan hé véi cé ma vin khéng biét d6 1a cd. Su vide dign ra theo y muén cia Helena nhung di co mang thai,ngudi chéng vin chi yéu “cdi bong” cia ¢6. Kich chim dutt nhung khéng c6 két cuc 16 rang. >) ERiGiiltan ty Khdng thuan ty la hai kich hay bi kich, kich luan ly két hop. nhing yéu t6 cia cd hai thé loai tren. Cac vd kich nay thudng dé cap dén nhing vén dé nan giai 6 Khia canh dao ditc, bude ngudi xem déi mat voi cu héi: “Toi s@ hanh dong nhu thé nao trong tinh huéng nay?” 1+ Romeo and Juliet Cau trich: ‘Romeo of, Romeo hdl, tai sao chang lai la Romeo?" ‘Mét cai tén 06 ¥ nghia gi? Hoa héng gol bing cai tén khac cing cé hutong thom nh vay.” Nhén vat 1. PARIS, chang tai qu t6c 2. MONTAGUE | nhan vat ding dau hai dong ho 3. CAPULET } 06 hiém khich voi nhau 4. ROMEO, con trai cla Montague 5. MERCUTIO, ban cia Romeo 6. TYBALT, chau trai cla Phu nhan Capulet 7. THAY DONG LAURENCE, dng Frencis Lx) 8. JULIT, con gai cla Capulet o/ 9. NHU MAU cua Juliet Vao thai Phuc hung, hai dong ho Montague va Capulet tranh chp quyén théng linh tai ¥. Mot chang trai quy toc tén la Paris ngo loi chu hon Juliet, 6 con gai 13 tuéi cha Capulet nhung gia dinh tir chéi vai ly do c6 con qua tre.470 Linc ina ci an Nguoi con tai ciia dong ho Montague la Romeo trong mot lan du tic héa trang 6 nha Capulet €4 tinh c& gap go Juliet va nay sinh Jong yéu mén, Ho bi mat dinh uéc nhung Romeo bj hm day sau cudc tranh chap gitta hai gia dinh din En céi chét cia ban anh la Mercutio va déi th la Tybalt ca dong ho Capulet. Gitta lic tinh hinh dang cing thang, Capulet dt ngbt 461 ¥ va thic gic Paris va Juliet phai két hon trong vong hai ngay. Quan tri, Juliet bén ding muu uéng mét loai thuée gitp cO gid chét. Khi trd vé, ct ngo Juliet da chét, Romeo uuéng thudc dc ty vin, Lic tinh day, nhin thay xic Romeo bén canh mink, Juliet qué dau long ma ty vin theo ching Cai chét bi thim cia déi tink nhan di héa giai hiém tha gitta hai dong ho, hoa binh vé lai trén thanh phé. 2» The Merchant of Venice (Clu trich: ‘Long x6t chuong khong thé guong ép. Ma nhuw mua nhe nhang roi xuéng tit trén trot.’ ‘Nhan vat 1. ANTONIO, ngué lai buba 6 Venice 2. SHYLOCK, nguéi Do Thai gi od 3. JESSICA, con gai cla Shylock 4. LORENZO, yéu Jessica 5. BASSANIO, ban cia Lorenzo, ngudi cu hén Portia 6. PORTIA, 06 gai thisa ké giau c6 7. NBRISSA, nguti hau cla Potia ‘Va kich The Merchant of Venice a8 cap dén long xot thuong va tréc dn cia con ngudi.X atespane 171 Dé chu hon Portia, Bassanio mugn tign ty ban minh la Antonio. Trong Khi 46, Antonio phai mugn tin tt Shylock, mét ngudi Do Thai chuyén cho vay nang lai. Antonio théa thuan néu Khong trd lai tid trong ba thang, Shylock sé xé0 mot can thit cia anh. Shylock co mot cO con gai la Jessica, C6 nay trén nha theo Lorenzo, m6t tin 4 Co d6c gito. Trong khi d6, Bassanio nho mugn duoc tién nén két hon véi Portia, Vé phin Antonio, vi tau cia anh bi mac can nén anh khong thé tra duce ng. Thita co, Shylock doi xéo thit Antonio, Cai trang thanh mot luat su tr’, Portia cling nang hau la Nerissa gitp Antonio thdng kién trudc toa. Shylock mit toan bé gia sin va theo yéu cdu cia Antonio, y tré thanh tin dé Co déc giéo, Tau ciia Antonio may min duge citu thoat. 3+ Measure for Measure Cau trich: ‘Thdé tay tién vo mat cong Wy." Nhin vat 1. VINCENTIO, céng tude 2. ANGELO, nguti thifa quyén cila Vincentio CLAUDIO, mét chang thanh nién 4. ISABELLA, em gai cla Claudio 5. MARIANA, dinh hén véi Angelo Measure for Measure la ban nghién citu tinh vi vé bin chat ca cong ly: ligu c6 cong ly tuyét d6i hay c6 thé kem theo khoan héng? Déng thoi, kich dimg len tim guong phan chigu ban tinh cia con gui.m Nhuimg quyén cai quin Vienna cho Angelo, Cong tudc Vincentio cdi trang thanh mot thay dong nhim theo dai tinh inh, Angelo thita co tién han tri thd cd nban, bit ddu bang viéc két an tir hinh mot thanh nién la Claudio vé tb gian dam, Em gai cia Claudio la Isabella, nguoi s4p vao tu vign, van xin Angelo khoan héng cho Claudio. Si mé Isabella cudng nhiét, Angelo ra diéu kign sé tha cho Claudio néu c6 hién minh cho y. Khong may cho y, “thay dong” aa chiing kién toan b6 su vide. Theo loi khuyén ciia ng, Isabella gia vo chap nhan lai cdu hon cila Angelo nhumng Iai dua Mariana, ngudi da dinh hon voi Angelo, dén thé chd cho cd. Bi quyén luc tha hoa, Angelo khong git loi hita ma van ha Ienh hanh quyét Claudio. Cie nhan vat “dao ditc” sdp xép cho mét ten cudp bién thé ché Claudio, con vi Cong tudc “trd ve” két an tit hinh Angelo, Cuéi cing, dé chiing té long nhan dao, Cong tude tha chét cho ca Angelo Lin Claudio va do trot dem long yéu mén Isabella trong khi gia trang lam thay dong, ngai ngé lai cdu hon véi 6. >) BEBBHOIKIeh cnsi cing Quan diém ciia Shakespeare da phan nao tién bé hon so vdi tur tudng truyén théng thudng duoc thé hien trong céc tuyet tac trude day, dé la su kién bi dat hubn lun din dén két cuc bi dat. Cac wa kich cudi cia Shakespeare béc 16 nhimng giai phap thong minh va nhan dao cho nhtng tinh hudng “moi thoat nhin” én chita mim m6ng tai hoa.1» Cymbeline King of Britain Céu trich; ‘Ding so nia stic néng cia mat tri hay giéng bao det d6i ctia mia déng.’ han vit 1, CYMBELINE, Vua nude Anh CLOTEN, con trai cla Hoang hu vok nguétchéng ride POSTHUMUS LEONATUS, chéing ciia Imogen IMOGEN, con gai cia Cymbeline voi Hoang hau true BELARIUS, vuong cing bi Iuu day dud i tén Morgan GUIDERIUS ARVIRAGUS HOANG HAU, vo cla Cymbeline } con ri cia Cymbetne ena ewND V kich ldy béi canh vao thai ky ma vé co ban, Anh quéc thoat khdi su 1é thude ella BE quéc La Ma va vuon lén td thanh mt cuéng quéc ngang tm voi La Ma. Vi phan déi cue bon nhan cia con géi minh la Imogen v6i Posthumus nén Cymbeline day chang trai nay dén Y. Trong khi do, Hoang hau am muu gianh quyén kiém soat dat nudc tir tay Cymbeline nh&m dua con trai riéng la Cloten lén ngoi vua va cho ngui nay ly Imogen lam vg. R6t cudc, ba da thanh cong trong viéc kich dong ngudi La MA tuyén chién véi mudc Anh, Quy ké cita Hoang hau da khién cho Posthumus higu Jam rang Imogen khong chung thy va ha lénh giét nang, Rit may la Posthumus da Khong dat duge § va7 Cau chuyén tré nén phite tap hon véi sw aust bién cia Belarius, nguai da dn minh trong hang dong sau khi bit coc Guiderius va Arviragus, hai con trai ctia Cymbeline, V8 sau, Guiderius giét duge Cloten, quan La Ma bj danh bai va hoa binh duge thiét lap. ‘Trong cic cdnh cuéi, Posthumus h6i han va hda giai voi Imogen. Hoang hau quy quyét chét, con nha vua duge doan tu véi cic con cia minh. 2+ The Winter's Tale Clu rich: “Di ra, phia sau la ga rust.” ‘han vat 1, LEONTES, Vua xi Sicilia 2. AUTOLYCUS, métténdéu cng 3, HERMIONE, Hoang héu, vd Leontes _ 4. PERDITA, con gai ca Leones va Hermione EW | 5, POLIKENES, Vua xi Bohemia a 6. PLORIZEL, Hoang tix Bohemia Tuong tu vd Orhello, The Winter's Tale la cau chuyén vé mot nngui dan Ong e6 quyén luc nghi ng® long chung thiy cia vo ‘minh. Vua Leontes trong vo kich nay nghi ngo Hoang hav Hermione ¢ quan hé bat chinh vai ban minh la Polixenes, ua xt Bohemia. Méi nghi ngd mdi hic mot gia tang, Leontes ra lénh giam hoang h§u vao ti va vit bé cong chia mai lot long la Perdita.Tuy nhien, Perdita (c6 nghia la “lac mat”) khong bi lu lac hay giét hai ma duoc mot nguoi chan citu tim thy. Cu6i cing, nang tré vé cung. Hoang hu, ngudi ma nha vua cho la da chét, hi sinh tir mot cOt tru bang dé. Trong phin ket cia vé kich, hai vi vua cing doan tu v6i gia dink, con Perdita va Florizel tré thanh vg chong. 3+ The Tempest Cu trch: “Cue vui cua chit ta dén dy la chéim ait.” Nhin vat 1. PROSPERO, Céng luc hyp phap ding Milan FERDINAND, con ral Vua xu Naples CALIBAN, moi né Ié man Khai va di dang TRINCULO, anh hé . STEPHANO, mot quan gia soy xin MIRANDA, con gai cla Prospero ARIEL, quj than ALONSO, Vua xif Naples eo NA AP YN The Tempest dugc xem la vd kich cudi cing ciia Shakespeare va ban vé chi 48 quen thudc la tha thi. Vé kich lan theo cudc s6ng luu day cia Prospero, Cong tuéc dong Milan, trén ‘mét hon dio xa x6i, noi chi c6 quy thin huyén bi va cac yéu tinh nhs Caliban ngu tr) Sau khi duoc Prospero phéng thich, quj thin Ariel pha phép mét tran bao Khién Vua Alonso (ké chi mim dem bd Prospero ciing con gai Ong la Miranda ra bién) va doan tay ting bi dim thuyén, 1%1% Prospero lai sit dung phép thuat 16i kéo nhang ké tig chiém doat dit dai cia minh lén dio va tring phat thich dang. Tuy nhién, khi con trai ciia Alonso la Ferdinand dem long yéu Miranda, Alonso hoan tr& lai dit dai cho Prospero vva xin Ong tha thu. The Tempest két thuc bing su hoa giai got ngio pha lin cay ding va moi nguai tra vé Y.Tu vung: Tiép dau ngi, Tiép vi ngii va Negi can pg > « Tiép dau nga + Tigp ving + Ngot cin So vi oe kf ning ke, st dung va vin dung tt wg Ia nang tri tf ign quan mét thiét én ay thanh cdng ela mi of nhén. Vi vy, ban edn thudng xuyén trav di khd nang hiv fch ndy dén sudt ati Cong viée nay c6 thé khién ban nan long thdi gian dau nhung may m&n la ching ta c6 m6t phuong phap d& thyc hién, ft tn thoi gian ma dem lai két qué t6i wu. Tuong tur cach cdu tao cia cac b6 dé choi Meccano va Lego sit dung vai mi€ng rap co ban dé tao nén v6 sé hinh dang hay két cdu, co s@ cita v6n tit phong phui chi la mot s6 tip dau ngu, tiép vi ng va ngit can.18 Lie oh cin Ba Trong cac trang tip theo ban s@ thy, theo thirty, cac tigp du nga, tiép vi ngit va ngtt can co bin xudt hign trong bau hét céc cugc tro chuyén ciing nhu trong tat cd céc sich bao ban doc. Bang cach van dung SEM® dé nhé céc don vj tir vung then chét nay, ban sé nang cao tri nhé, vén tu va “kha nang than céng” theo do ciing gia tang, Ngoai ra, trf thong minh iia ban chfc chin s@ duge cdi thién ding ké vi ky nang nho vva tir vung la hai yéu t6 chinh trong cac bai kiém tra tri thong minh (1Q) tiéu chudn. tigng Latnh; = tiéng Hy Lap = titag Php B= tidng Anh. Mot s6 nguin king ri.) absent fg mit advent (dén gin), advance (én en) aeroplane (may bay), aeronaut (agua ahi ig hing) ambiguous (ling nga) amphitheatre (hin di ong cg) antenatal ib si) antidote (thuét gidi dé), antitoxic (ohding dc) apostasy (a bil) archbishop ng gsm mi), arch-criminal (4 pgm quan tong) automatic (tw dimg), autocrat (ngucn dic doin) belittle (coi nhe), beguile (quyén ri), beset de da)ore "benediction (kink ue ‘biennial (cy ha ndm), bicycle (xe dep) ‘byways (ding phn), bye-laws (ini 8 die ‘phaamg) catalogue (dank myc), cataract (de mie ) centigrade (hick pn), centenary (kj itm 100 nim) circumference (tan), circumambient (came gua) companion (yn dng hind), collect itu ‘hip, co-operate (hp ti) pit yi contradict (phi nhin), contraceptive (idk tha) enue (i), decentrais (phi gu) decade (hip), decagon (kink thie) thin denigod (bin thin) upén qua, git diameter (duiuy Ami) raeki like (hing hh), disagree hong dng 2 - duologue (cwic déi shogi ay déi), duplex (ke dysentery (ink) exhale th ra), excavate (ha gu) eccentric (he sing) ‘io mg Khng ——_enrage (im ho gin), inabllty Bh 66 thing), embolden (ck 1), cermulate (ih dua) impress dng) tn int thin lo epidemic (nh ic), epidermis is) Wagan ——— equidistant gcc ng nha) a nsw Ki extramarital (goin) tne foresee (dr doin) in i hemisphere (bin cx) ty Iheptagon chink hi gid) si ‘hexagon (hink luc gid), hexateuch (6 cain sch cia Kink iu) ‘Bing haa homonyms dng dn thc nia)160 Limca Teme 0 a PETE ‘isobaric (ing png pn), isosceles a) (aie) metaphysical itu ink a) misfit (nguct hing thick agp), mislead (Un ing) monotonous (dom diéu), monocular obstruct (cin ri), obstacle (dit ‘ng, Oppose (phin dei) ‘octahedron (ink bt gid), octave ang in) heh oft i dip vot cutrumber (dng hm), outstanding ss nibs) one overhear (ge lin), overcharge (hin ud dt) sta ‘parable (mon nin dey), paradox: ti 9 ‘pentagon (hnk ng gid), pentateuch (Scan sc ca Kink Crewe)prologue (doa mé din), pro-British (akin cn) quadrennial (in mim mi in), ‘quadrangle (ink gi) _ reappear (cd sud hi), recivilise (hai él) retrograde (thi hi), retrospect ft ng) secede (ly thai) self-control (chi, selFtaught ae se) semicircle (inh bén new), semi-detached (chug mmg) submarine (a nd), subterranean bu i) ‘superfluous (thi), superior (ca om) syllogism tom do In) sympathy (ing cm) synchronise hip voi) telegram bc dit), telepathy hin sia ci) tercentenary (i i 30 in) ‘tetrahedron (bhi nt difn), tetralogy (ic phn) transatlantic (xan Dui Zé Dung), translate ich) tangle amp, tripartite yb)482 Lich Tn on Ban tramarine (sah bi) ultra-violet sin) ‘unbroken hn), button hi, tunable (hing thé) _ underfd ina, undering chin) umicellular (dan), uniform (ng poe) viceroy (ph ume), vice-president (os thing) Tea 2 6th, hich hop durable (lin dai), comprehen- 4 ‘able (c6 thé hid dha) Auk |accracy ik hk) i } Lap), African (thule chit Phi) tinh cite hah og cin insurance (ho idm), 5 S097 NITROGENOKYGEN ‘Tu phosphoros, hay ‘vat mang anh sing’, duoc phat hién sto nam 1669. Phosphorus t8n tai 6 ba dang chink: tring, dé va den (hig gap). Mau tring thuong khéng én dinb, chuyén sang vang rid, sing ruc trong bong t6i, con goi la Ian tinh (phosphorescence), Phosphate la than phan sin wut bot iat. 16 SUPHUR S 52084 NITROGENOXVGEN “Tx sulphur, hay ‘law huynh ty nién’, duge nhgn bigt ti thei. Nauyén t6 nay duge tng dung trong tét c& cic mganh cong nghiép hign dai nhu sin xust diém quet, thud tn sau va Isp cao su. Hang nam ¢6 gin 200 pound axit sulfuric duge sin xust 6 Hoa Ky.ae Sobigu Nguyen td KY higw Khoi Iulgng Ho nguyen ti nguyen tt a cuoRNE 5.459 HALOGEN, ‘Ta chloros, hay ‘ving xank’, dugc phat hién vao namn 174. Két hop voi cang nhiéu nguyén t8 nhu fluorine, chlorine cang f¢ co khi nang an mon nhumg vin dit mank 4é lam chat tdy tring, tdy ué va Kt db. Chlorine nguyen chit duge tg0 ra tr mudi thuéng, 18 ARGON ” woos HIM ‘Tie argon, hay “Khong c6 hoat tin’, duge phat bién vao nam 1894, La Jogi Kat hiém c6 nhidw nbit, argon chiém 0,934% kong Kht. Loai Kh nay dic biet hit tch trong kp thuat han, né tao ra mot bau kt ero shu cic kim loai duge hin khong bée chay. Bay cing la cht Ys duge nap diy trong bong den tron dy t6c thong thing. 19 porassum —k a ALKANE ‘Te patash, mot dang carbonate kali pha l8n tap chit ma ngui thai cB da biét, ky higu K tir tén La Tinh la kalium, dugc phat hién vao nam: 1807, La nguyen t6 nbigu vao hang thi biy trong vd Trai D&t. Phong xa cia nguyén t6 nay tuy nhe nhung trong mét sé tnutng hop lai 1a nguyén nhin ey nhién gly ra ddt bign gen 4 con nguts. 20 cacUM Ga 008 ALKALINE Tit caly, hay “chat vo!" — mot éxit eda calcium, duge phat hién vao ‘nim 1808. Day Ib nguyén t6 nhigu vio hing thit nam trong vb Trai Dit, cdn thiét cho co thé con ngudi, Dinh mite thong thuémg & mu Jon vio khodng 2 pound, chi yéu phin bé 8 ring va suong. Calcium con dong vai tr quan trong trong vigc ditu hoa nip tis 2 SCANDIUM SC. 44.956 KIM LOAICT SON ‘Tu Scandinavia, duoc phat hitn vao nam 1879. Da céng dung thie ‘ien cia kira loai nay cha disc ghi nhan nhung n6 cb tiém nang st dung rit lon vi nke gin bang nhom va cé 40 néng chy cao hon nhém. Mét pound [8 s6 Ivong scandium diu tién duge sin xust va0 nam 1960Séhigu Nguyen té KF higu Ki Idong Ho nguyen ti nguyen tt 2 manu ot 479 KIM LOAICT SOM Tu Titans, cic siéu nhan trong thén thoai Hy Lap, duoc phat zim 1791. Tuy niu vio hang thit chin nhumng titanium chi m6 duge ting dung vio cuse séng,con ngubi trong thoi gian gin day. Dioxit mau tring cia n6 duge ding trong cic loai son maui sing. Ban than kim Jogi nay dug ding dé ché tao may bay siéu am nhu Concorde 3 VANADIUM ov 5092 KIMLOAI CT SoM Tir Vanadis, mét nit thin ca Scandinavia, duoc phat hién vo nam 1830. Chi cam thera chuta dn 1% vanadium (v8 mt it chromium) vio thep s@ ta0 ra mét trong nhing hap kim oing uhat, cb khi ning chiu vvadap va chin dong, ding é ché t30 lép sit boc, truc bah xe, thanh diy pit-tong va tay quay. 24 CHROMIUM cr 51985 KMLOAICT SO Tu chroma, hay ‘mau sfc’, duc phat hig v8o nam 1797. La mot kim Toai bac sing, chromium tg0 ra nhing hop chét hau ich nhue thaéc nhubm nha chung co cac mau xanb, vang, 43 va cam sic so. Mau cia hhdng ngoc cling xust phat tit chromium. Ngoai tim ma crém bong lang, hop kim cia né con Ta nbng loai thep cng dic biet. 25 MANGANESE tn 54998 KIM LOALCT SOM ‘Tir magnes, hay ‘nam cham’ — quing cla né Iie dfu bj nhém vi quang sit tu, duge phat hign vio nam 1774, Nho manganese, thep vita cé 49 cing ma vio dé uén. Nguyén t6 nay cing dong val tro tuong tu trong mong déng vat: khang cO manganese, muong sé mém, xp va dB gly. Manganese co khd ning hoat héa nhiéu loai enzim. 2% skt Fe 55887 NHOM HOA TRIB ‘Tu iren, tén ting Anh trade day, ky higu Fe wudt phat tir tigng La ‘Tinh la ferrum, durge ngudi tin sit ding du tién. La nguyén t6 nhigu vio hang thet tu va ld kim loai ré nbét, sft la thanh phin ca bin cia tt ci cac loaithep. LA mor thanh phn trong hop chit haemoglobin, sft van chuyén oxygen trong mat. ns26 Séhigu Nguyen t Ky higu Kh Idong Ho nguyen ti nguyen ti a coer w 88.933 NHOM HOA TRI BA Tir kobolé, hay ‘ta Kh’ (Khai quang doc cobalt truse day rit nguy hidm), duge phat hign vao nim 1735, Trong mhigu thé kj, cic mudi _miu xanh cia cobait f cht tg0 mau cho d6 sit, ngoi va men. Cc hap kim cia cobalt dave dang dé ché tao dong co diy phan luc, con dng. vi phong x2 eda nd phyc wy cho vige difu te ben ung thu. 28 Ken i 87 NHOM HOA TRI BA ‘Tar Kupfernickel (theo tiéng Dic), hay dng gi — m6t quang mau hot 4, 6 chit kn ma khong c6 ééng, duc phat hign vio nim 1751, Do 6 dac tinh cimg va bén nan tirlau, kén di duge stt dung rong rai dé sin xuat titn kim loai, Béng S cent ata My chia 25% ken, phin con Jai la déng, Tém ma kén c6 chite nang bio vé nhitng kim loai mém 2» 0NG cu #35 KIM LON CT TRE Tu cuprum, bit ngudn tir ten o8 cba Cyprus, néi tiéng vei nhing md 4 sapep: a u N x swore " wm w Huopa wag Foora eH Tuomuea, — gon gg ENO mm ‘yon POH Bupa ae wa on gon AgNho cudc ddi ban: Tri nhdé va Tuong lai cua ban Hoe edch vin dung SEM’ sé gidp ban nhé nhitng sy kign quan trong trong qué kh, hign tai va tuong lai. Hay sit dung mot Tu nho Then chét cho mdi thang, Nhu vay, khi thém cac tiéu myc chinh cha thang trén mot Hé Lien két, ban 6 thé nhé duge tam ndm trong pham vi 100 Tir Hinh anh, Then ch6t trong Ma tran Nhé Chi dao Tu nang cao. Dé nhé cudc doi dé dang va tht vi, ban co thé sit dung mot hé nhat ky hay quan ly nhu Cong cu Té chite Cé nhan (UPO) (cé sain te To chite Buzan, xem tr.262). Hé théng nay sit dung tat cd cdc Nguyen ly va Ky thuat Nhé, sép xép nam, thang va ngay sao cho ban c6 thé van dung tat cd cac ky nang v6 nao va nhé, déng thoi ghi lai tt cA nhing su kién dang he bang cach sit dung So dé Tu duy va cic Nguyén ly Nha. Nhé tron ven cudc dai la mot trong nhiing wée mg nhan loai hing &p 4. Trong chuong 7, ban da c6 dip tim hiéu vé tri nhé ky digu cila Ireneo Funes véi nhitng ky tich ma co thé, trtdc khi doc sach nay, ban nght la bat khs. Gia day, ban da biét day la diéu co thé va rit nén thuc hién. Jean-Jacques28 Rousseau, nha vin, nha tho, ding thai a wriét gia nguai Phap, timg viét nhu sau vao nam 1770: “Khe vidi hoi ky, i nhd lai nhimg khodnh khac da qua, nhiy ody ma nhin doi cubc soi cia minh.” IM? sé gidp ban nam bat co hoi nhan déi cude sng cing nhu nhan adi mie 46 nhan thttc va tin hudng cude song dy. Hay dén lay ca'hoi dang nam trong tim tay cla ban. Ket lugn — Tuong lai cia ban Khi da doc xong Lim chii Tri nhé ctia Ban, ban dang ving tién trén con duéng tao dung “ghén mém” hau ich cho “phin cig” ky digu cia chiéc si¢u may tinh sinh hog, tic bo nio cia ban. Cong vigc nay sé mang lai cho ban nhiéu tri nang va nigra vvui trong cude dai. Ké tu khi SEM’ duge phat minh, ngay cang nhiéu ngudi ‘am gia vio céc mang ludi va cau lac bo c6 chute nang tim iém ban déng hanh va tro gidp cho Cudc hanh trinh Ky digu nay, Tharn khac thém théng tin vé cdc td chitc nay trang 261-262 néu ban mudn tiép tuc cudc hanh trinh, Néu ban nghi dén vic tham du Gidi Vo dich Tri nho The gidi va vén luyén tri nho clla minh trong cic “Phong Thé duc Tri nho”, trang web dudi day sé mang dén cho ban nhting sin choi lon dé rén luyén Co bép Tri nhé cia ban than: www.buzanworld.com ‘That vui khi duac chia sé ning trdi nghiém voi ban. Toi cing mong muda duge cing ban chia sé nbiing ky the tang lai!Sach nén doc Atkinson, Richard C. and Shiffrin, Richard M. The Camsral o! Shortsteem Memory” Semi American. August 1971 Baddeley, Alan D. The Pvcholegy lof Memary. New York: Harper & Row, 1976, Borges, Jorge L., Ficxians {especially Funes. the Mesnori= tous’) London: J. Calder, 185, Brown, Mark. Memory Mater Newton Abbot David & Charles 1977 Buzan, Tony. The Mind Set: Use "ue Head. Use Your Memery. The Speed Reading Book and 7he Mind Map Book, Al Londan: BBC Worldwide, 2000, Buran, Tony. WH Smith GCSE Reviion Guides (60 Busan, Tony. Head First, The Power 9 Creative Intlingece, The Power of Spiritual Pueligence, The Power of Soot liga, Te Power of Verbal ineligence, Head Siang, How 10 Mind Map. al! London Harper Collins, 2002. 1 Michael J ow Think Like Léonard da Vine. New York Delacorce Press. 1298 Haber, Ralph N. How We Remember What We See Stemi America. May 197% Hunt, E.-and Love. T. How Good Cai Memory Be> tn Coding Process in Human Memory. pp Gel 257-60, edie by A.W. Melton and E. Marin, Washington, DC: Winston, Wiley, 1922, op Hunter, LM.L.’An Exceptional Memory’, British fournal of Prychology 68. 155-64, 197, Luria, ALR, The Mind ofa ‘nemonis, Cambrlage, Moss Harvard University Press, 1987, North, Vanda, witl Buzan, “Tony, Get Aivad. UK: Buran Centres Ltd, 1991 Penry, J. Lookig at Faces and ‘Remembering Then Guide to Pasi idermieanon. London: lek Books, 197 Ruger, H.A.. and Bussenius, C. EE. Memory. New Yorks Teachets allege Press, 1913 (OP). Stratton, George M. The Mnentonic Feat of the °Shass ollak’." Physlological Review 24, 244-7. ‘Thomas. E-4."The Variation of ‘Memory svt Time Sor Inlormation Appearing During sa Lectnr.” Stes Ault Education, 57-62. April 1972. Wagner, D. ‘Memories of ‘Moraces the influence af age schooling and environment on memory Cognitive Paychoay 0, 1-28, 1978, Yates, BA. The Art of Memon Tondan: Routledge & Kexan Poul, 1966: Atk, 1984,Bag acne NTW Nhan Tri Viet Ban mud: ‘¢ -nho duge gap dol thong tin s0 vot hién tal? ‘¢ -nho dy dis danh sach 100 dé muc trong vong chua day hal gi6? ‘¢ tang cudng tri nho va mé réng kién thuc vé cac danh boa, nhac st va vin hao vi dai nhs thé gla? ‘¢ nang cao chi sé 1Q va gat hak thanh cong trong moi linh vuc? ¢ nho's6 dign thoal va cac s6 lieu quan trong khac? rer batt ky diéu gi ban mudn? Lam chi Tri nhd ctia Ban, edt trong loat sch mang tinh dt pha cia Tony Buzan, sé gidp ban thye hién nhang mye tiéu ten ‘S202 9 gi thu v6i ban phat minh quan rong nhat v6 tr nh, 66 8 Ma tran Nhé Chi 4630 Ty nang cao (SEM). Kj thud may cho phep ban nhg dB dng bd ky théng tin 0 bao gdm ti muh dn nm muh wan iéu myc, dng that lip ban rénluyén v8 cdi thin "Co bap Te nh" cla ban than, ‘Tony Buszan, nqul phat minh Kj thuat So-46 Tu du’, la chuyn gia hing GSU thé git v6 no bd va kién the, Cac tac phim cia Ong 48 thanh cBng Vang d6i Shon 100 que aia va Guge dich sang 30 thu téng. Ong. iain thuyét kp thé gid va giva td 0 vain cho ahi chinh phi cong nhucéng ty da qué ga Gia 84.0002