GRACE T.

SUPERALES
BSCE-5
CE103

Preliminary
Treatment
The purpose of preliminary
treatment is to protect the
operation of the wastewater
treatment plant. This is achieved
by removing from the
wastewater any constituents
which can clog or damage
pumps, or interfere with
subsequent treatment processes.

Water
Treat
ment
Proce
ss
Raw Water
Source

Aeration
The process of bringing water and air into close
contact in order to remove dissolved gases, such
as carbon dioxide, and to oxidize dissolved
metals such as iron.

During coagulation, liquid aluminium sulfate (alum)

and/or polymer is added to untreated (raw) water.
When mixed with the water, this causes the tiny
particles of dirt in the water to stick together or
coagulate. Next, groups of dirt particles stick
together to form larger, heavier particles called flocs
which are easier to remove by settling or filtration.

Coagulation
and
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Basin

The filters are made of layers of sand and

gravel, and in some cases, crushed anthracite.
Filtration collects the suspended impurities in
water and enhances the effectiveness of
disinfection.

Filtration

Next, the water flows into sedimentation

basins, where the heavy floc particles sink
to the bottom and are removed.

Softening

Disinfection and Fluoride

Adjustment
The water is disinfected to
protect it against bacteria.
Charleston Water System uses
chlorine dioxide and a
combination of chlorine and
ammonia called chloramines to
disinfect the water. Fluoride is
also added support good dental
health.

Water softening is the removal of

calcium, magnesium, and certain
other metal cations in hard water. The
resulting soft water is more
compatible with soap and extends the
lifetime of plumbing.

Taste-and-Odor
Control

Most customers judge the quality of drinking water by taste and

odor. If the customer is satisfied with these qualities, it is assumed
the water is safe to drink.

Excessive iron and manganese can result in

aesthetic and operational problems.

Iron and
Corrosion
Special
and
Corrosion can be defined as the
Manganese ScaleA.Control
Processes
Demineralization
deterioration of metal by direct chemical or
B. Removal of Volatile Organic
Control electrochemical
reaction with its
The clean water is then pumped into
pipes for distribution.

Compounds
environment.
Scale
refers to an
C. Industrial water treatment
accumulation of solids precipitated out of the
water.