HNOLOGY Try using # com- fer algebra system, such as Maple, Ine, Mathematica, Mathcad, or the 149, o solve the integrals given in Bxamples | and 2. Do you obtain the tne antiderivatives that are listed in be examples? presence of fla(2) and 4). No Guside function f and an inside function & f factor ofthe integrand i gecnowss iesnionbysxbinan 3 show how to apply Theorem 4.12 directly, by recognizing the re that the composite function in the integrand has an Moreover, the derivative g'(x) is present as Examples 1 and 2 + [recede = Fat + € rample 1_ Recognizing the f(e@)s'(8) Find Je + 17x) de Solutio Leting g(2) = 2° + 1, you obtain ay) =28 and : Flgs)) = fl? + 1) = G+ VF. t From this, you can recognize tht the integrand follows the /l(s)e"@ pater. Using the Power Rule for integration and Theorem 4.12, you can write sa) 2) 7 i G+ eddr= 30 + IP + ‘Try using the Chain Rule to check that the derivative of Qa + 1) + Cis the inte- rand of the original integral ple 2 Recognizing the f(g(s)s() Pattern Find free Solution Letting g(x) = Sx, you obtain g@)=5 and figs) = (52) = &*. rom tis, you ean reGoghize that he integrand follows the /e())e() patter. Using the Enpovental Rule for Integration and Theorem 4.12, you can write S@) 8") Vi feo weet tC ‘You can check this by differentiating e+ C to obtain the original integrand. —————EEEEE——E———————__ 7 324 CHAPTER 4 Integration ste inwgrands in Examples 1 and2fitthe ft) (8) pater exacns30 O ad ee the pater You can extend tis teeigne considerably with the Constant Multiple Rule fue d= [roa the essential part (the variable pat) of (3) but are missing ly and divide by the necessary Con- Many integrands contain ‘cases, you ean multiph ‘constant multiple. In such ‘tant maltiple, as demonstrated in Example 3. eangple 3 Meltilying and Dividing bya Constant_ Find fe + 1P dk. Solution This is similar tothe integral given in Example 1, excePy thatthe in se inissing a factor of 2. Resognizing that 2x isthe derivative of x? + 1, you can ig) = 32 + Land supply the 2x as follows. fue + ipar= foe a 1p(2)e ae sony am aie fae) 8) psu H1(Ge eae Ga dx Consanrntninte Rate 2. 1f@2 +P yes Jee em Lara pee 6 would not write as many steps as are shown 12 In practice, most people raluate the integral by simply writing 3. For instance, you could ev fe +1Par= sfe + 1p axde ee [7] ager +C. thatthe Constant Multiple Rate applies ony t0 const NOTE Be sure you see iS then move the variable outside the HI multiply and divide by a variable an instance, fiesnaced fers vene utside the intent ‘Afier al ft were legitimate to move variable quantities ity the whole process. But the rest rove the entire integrand out and simp| | | | | [stopy TP Because integration is [fsuaty more dicot then differentiation [you should aways chock your answer to {so tegration problem by diferentang. for instance, in Example 4 you should (ifrentiate 2x = 1)°? + C 10 verify [tat you obtain the original integrand ee SECTION 4.5 Integration by Substitution 328 Change of Variables ‘With a formal change of variables, you completely rewrite the integral in terms of u and du (or any other convenient variable). Although this procedure can involve more written steps than the pattern recognition illustrated in Examples 1 to 3, itis useful for complicated integrands. The change of variable technique uses the Leibniz. notation for the differential. That is, if u = g(x), then du = g(x) dx, and the integral in ‘Theorem 4.12 takes the form Jrconetaa = fro du = Flu) + € Example 4 Change of Variables find [ Y25=Ta Vine Solution First, let « be the inner function, u = 2x — 1. Then calculate the differen- tial du to be du = 2 ds. Now, using /2x— 1 = Ju and dx = du/2, substitute 10 obtain the following, [ria Integral in terms of 2 in terms of w Lor- pate Asturian terme ox Example 5 Change of Variables Find fue Tas. Solution As in the previous example, let w= 2x1 and obtain ax = du/2. Because the integrand contains a factor of x, you must also solve for x in terms of tu, as follows. 2x-1 > 2 w+ y/o Now, using substitution, you obtain the following. ove for xin terms of fee + 0 au Uf? we isa 5a) *¢ 1 sn y 1 3/2 9 1s? 6 IF c326 CHAPTER 4 Integration STUDY'IP When making 4 change of variables, be sure tat your answer is Sven using the same variables a in ‘he original integrand Fr instance, in Example 6, you should no eave yout wee but rather, replace u by sin 3x ‘To complete the change of variables in Example 5, we solved for x in terms of y ‘Sometimes this is very difficult. Fortunately itis not always necessary, as shown in the next example, Example 6 _Change of Variables tt fan sete Solution Because sin? 3x = (sin 32), you can let u = sin 3a. Then du = (cos 32)(3) de Now, because cos 3x de is part of the given integral, you can write au GF = 08 3x de. ‘Substituting uw and du/3 in the given integral yields the following. arses ‘You can check this by differentiating. in] = (5) eysn 30716082213) sin? 3x cos 3x Because differentiation produces the original integrand, you know that you ha obtained the correct antiderivative. ‘We summarize the steps used for integration by substitution in the follow ‘guidelines. Guidelines for Making a Change of Variables 1. Choose a substitution = g(x). Usually, it is best to choose the énner part ‘a composite function, such as a quantity raised to a power, 2. Compute du = g(2) dx 43. Rewnte the integral in terms of the variable u 4, Find the resulting integral in terms of « 5. Replace u by g(x) to obtain an antiderivative in terms of x 6. Check your answer by differentiating,fhe following integrals. Which one ald you choose? Explain your cma 3 Tres I SECTION 4.5 Integration by Substitution 327 ‘The General Power Rule for Integration One of the most common w-substitutions involves quantities in the integrand that are raised to a power. Because of the importance of this type of substitution, it is given a special name—the General Power Rule for integration. A proof of this rule follows directly from the (simple) Power Rule for integration, together with Theorem 4.12. ‘THEOREM 4.13 The General Power Rule for Integration If g isa differentiable function of x, then fiecor et ar= WOU nen nei Equivalently, if « = g(x), then ni Example 7 _ Substitution and the General Power Rule aw “/s a prox nar= [or 116) de = BW 2 vp » fe: + ler + a) de fee +94 Dac= EA ge ae) « fever Bae= fo- avaartydr = PP" ow een ae ee eon Gey o [pa fa 222)-2(— da) de = + ed ep e. foots sinxde = = feos? sin) Some integrals whose integrands involve a quantity raised to @ power cannot be found by the General Power Rule. Consider the two integrals, poe + 1Pdx and foe + Dd, ‘The substitution w= x? + 1 works in the first integral but not in the second, (In the second, the substitution fails because the integrand lacks the factor x needed for du.) Fortunately, for this particular integral, you can expand the integrand as (2 + 1)? = x! + 2x + 1 and use the (simple) Power Rule to integrate each term,