a cree ees Teton ee
; Eee aecog
THESSALONIKI 2004Archaic Olive Oil Extraction Plant
in Klazomenai”™
Elif Koparal and Ertan Iplikei
he recent excavations at Klazomenai,
eo which is well-known as a centre of major
pottery and sarcophagi manufacturers
during the Archaic period, produced significant
evidence related to another industrial activity,
namely the production of olive oil. To date, two
olive oil extraction plants have been discovered at
Klazomenai. One of these was located on the south
slope of the acropolis, the industrial district of the
city, where pottery kilns and a bone-carving
‘workshop were also present. The other olive oil
extraction plant, which is the subject of this study,
‘was located on the west side of the modern road
between iskele and Urla, in HBT (Map B), where
an iron-processing workshop and a well-defined
Grainage system and two wells, also dating to the
Archaic period, were uncovered.
Even though olive oil has always been a very
important commercial commodity and a very
‘common source of nutrition, the olive extraction
process in the ancient world is not widely under-
stood. For this reason, it is necessary to include
some brief information about the process of olive
oil production before discussing the peculiar
features of the Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction
Plant. Palaeobotanical research in the Mediterranean
basin proves that wild olive trees existed in the
region before the end of the Tce Age,! but unfortu-
nately evidence for its domestication is much less
abundant. It has been suggested that olive trees
were cultivated as early as 2500 in Crete and that
the large pithoi found in the Cretan palaces were
ai
used for the storage of olive oil Both organic and
material evidence suggest that the eastern coast of
the Mediterranean must have been a centre for
olive growing and olive oil production. The earliest
evidence for olive extraction comes from the
‘eastern Mediterranean coast and Cyprus, and dates
to the Late Bronze Age.? By comparison, the avail-
able evidence about olive oil extraction is very
scanty in the Acgean basin and limited to surface
findings only which are relatively late in date. The
Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant thus repre-
sents a very significant discovery, since it is so far
the only installation for oil production preserved
with its own datable small finds and permanent
elements, in Asia Minor.
‘The procedure of extracting olive oil has not
changed since antiquity. In modern times the
methods used at small-scale local workshops are
essentially the same with only rhinor modifications,
fn spite of new technological developments. This
may be due to conservatism or to economical
reasons. The first stage, the picking of the olives,
was preferably done by hand or by shaking the
branches. It takes place in October when the fruits
begin to get ripe. The depiction of an olive harvest
scene on an Attic black-figured amphora attri-
buted to the Antimenes Painter, shows that it was
done in the same way as today (Fig. 1). After the
harvesting, the following stages involved croshing,
pressing and distilling the olive oil. The olives were
ground either manually with simple portable
mortars, or with « more advanced apparatus, a mill
‘The paste obtained from the olive crushing was222 Symposivom “Klazomenci, Teos and Abdera: Mecropoleis and Colony”
Fig. 1. Olive harvest scene on Attic black-figured neck-
amphora attribuied to the Antimenes Painter. London,
British Museum, B 226 (ABV 273.116). After R. Frankel,
S Avitsur and E. Ayalon, History and Technology of Olive
Oil in the Holy Land (Tel Aviv 1984) 24 fig, 11
poured into woven sacks which were then placed on
the pressing bed to be squeezed. During the press-
ing process, hot or more usually cold water was
poured over the sacks to drain every drop of oil off
the pulp. The final stage was the separation of olive
oil from water. The existing evidence reveals that
there was more than one method to distil olive oil.
‘The simplest was to collect the mixture of olive oil
and water in # vat and to leave it to settle for a
while, so that the olive oil would rise to the surface
due to its lighter density. Then it could be skimmed
off with ladles. A more developed apparatus
featured a tank with a faucet at the bottom which
‘was used to drain off the residue as the water sank
down, Such tanks were in use in the small focal
‘workshops in the Aegean region until recent times.
Annumber of pits, which represent the permanent
elements of the Klzomenai Olive Oil Extraction
Plant, were hewn into bedrock and were preserved
with their own datable finds, thus providing us with
the opportunity to identify the functions of the
elements and to establish a chronology for the
plant (Fig. 2). Only scanty remains of carbonized
‘wood and afew nails were found in the pits indicat-
ing that the devices placed inside must have been
made of wood. The portable parts of the install-
ation seem to have been carried away after the
abandonment of the plant. The pits were un-
covered below remains of Roman edifices and a
Basileia complex dated to the second quarter of the
fourth contury.* There were eleven pits of different
size and shape in the main room of the plant. The
storage spaces were located to the north and west
of the main room, The presence of more than one
Fig. 2. Klazomenai. Aer-
ial view of the Olive Oil
Extraction Plant and the
storage space of the
second phase including a
Late Antique cistern,, Koparal and E ilii, Archaic Olive Oi! Baraction Plant in Klacomenai 223
element serving the same function indicated that
two different systems were used at this plant. Two
press and separation devices were found, while the
crushing basin appears to have been part of both
systems. The two systems appear to have belonged
to two different phases according to the material
evidence which revealed that the smaller-sized
press and collecting vat were terminated earlier
than the larger ones. Apparently the smaller and
simpler devices were replaced with more advanced
versions in order to satisfy the demand for
increased production capacity in the beginning of
the second phase.
First Phase (Figs 3-4)
‘The system applied during the first phase of the plant
‘was quite simple in comparison with the one used in
the second phase, which directly involved the intro-
duction of new technologies. The pits that were used
for the placement of the devices in the first phase are
numbered 1-4 on the plan. Pit 1,2 round depression
ig. 4. Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant; reconstniction ofthe frst phase (E. plik)224
‘Sympositom “Klacomenai, Teos and Abdera: Mesropokeis and Colony"
ig. 5. Klazomanai Olive Oi! Extraction Plant; hypothetical reconstruction of oteril (Ei)
with a cavity at the bottom, served for the first stage
of oil extraction, the crushing of the olives.> The
round cavity at the bottom of the basin was used for
the placement ofthe socket ofthe mill which stabilized
the device. In order to prevent the gnawing of the
surface at the bottom of the basin from the friction
caused by the turning of the millstones, the bottom
‘must have been either paved with stone slabs carved
out of rock or, more likely, a gap may have been left
between the millstones and the floor, what would also
prevent the crushing of the olive pits The location of
thc crushing basin, adjacent to the western border of
the main room, presumably facilitated the hauling of
the olives into the basin through a window in the
western wall. On the other hand, its location must
have prevented anyone from meking a whole torn
around it, since there was not enough space.
‘Therefore we assume that a flat wooden plank on
four feet was placed above the crushing basin to
accommodate the control of the millstones with the
aid of an arm connected to the mill (Fig. 5).
‘Tae filling debris in Pit 1 consisted of two layers
of different texture. The relatively loose layer at the
bottom strongly argue that it was formed uninten-
‘
Fig. 6 . Toe fragment of a Clazomenian amphora, fourth
century (E. Koparal); b Terracotta lamp, Archaic or fourth
century (E. Koparal);¢. Chian kantharos, last quarter of
the sith century (E- Koparal); d. North lonian banded
bowl, second half ofthe sith century (F. Ydmaz)E, Koparal end E.Iplksi, Archaic Olne Oil Beracion Plant in Klazomenai ms
tionally after the abandonment of the plant. A
Chian kantharos (Fig. 6c)? and a North Ionian
banded bow (Fig. 6d)® dated roughly to the second
half of the sixth century were found in this layer.
The layer above this was homogeneous with the
layer formed during the fourth-century levelling for
the construction of the large mansion, the Basile,
‘A Clazomenian amphora toe (Fig. 6a)? and a
terracotta lamp (Fig. 6b)!9 dated to the fourth
century were recovered in this layer.
‘The rectangular Pit 2 and the conical Pit 3
served for the placement of the press device in the
t phase. The shallow cavities on the sides of Pit
2 were used to stabilize the slotted piers made of
‘wood, where one end of the press beam was hinged;
the other end was pulled down by human power
supported by weight stones, during the pressing
process. The press bed, presumably made of wood,
must have been placed above Pit 3, in which any
dripping from the sacks would be collected, before
the start of the pressing procedure."! The rounded
bottom of Pit 3 undoubtedly enabled the oil accu-
mulated in it to be collected.
it 4 with a round conical depression hewn into
bedrock, was located right next to the press device
and served as the collecting vat, It is highly likely
that a gutter connected the press bed with a vessel
placed in this pit, where the mixture of olive oil and
‘water obtained from the pressing was transferred in
order to be distilled. The vessel in Pit 4 could have
beena simple jar, in which the olive oil rising up was
skimmed off, or, perhaps more likely, could have
been a jar with a faucet at the bottom which would
have allowed the removal of the excess water and
residue which sank down, An Attic skyphos bears a
depiction ofa single-beamed lever and weight press
device, similar to the one in Klazomenai (Fig. 7).
“The original fill in Pits 2 and 4 was laxgely dest-
royed during the construction of the Basileiain the
fourth century, but fortunately a part of the
1 fill preserved at the bottom produced
material evidence suggesting a date for the annul-
ment of these elements. A fragmentary Chian
amphora (Fig. 8a)"2 dated to the last quarter of the
sixth century was found in this layer at the bottom
of the press. The rest of the filling above was dest-
royed and replaced with large stones to reinforce
the foundation of a wall laid in an east-west direc-
tion, which belonged to the Basileia. Pit 5 of the
second phase, which was located next to the press
Fig. 7. Attic black-figured skyphos depicting olive oit
‘pressing with human power and weight stones. Boston,
Museum of Fine Arts, 99.525 (H.L. Pierce Fund). After L.
Foxhall, “Oil Extraction and Processing Equipment in
Classical Greece” in M-C. Amoureti and J-P. Brun
(eds), La production du vin et de Uhuile en Méditerranée
(BCH Suppl. 26) (Paris 1993) 185 fg. 1
aes
®
Fig. 8a. Rim fregment of bulbous-necked Chian amphora,
last quarter of the sixth centuy (F. Yilmaz): b. Ac
Dlackeglazed stemmed bows, late sith century (E. Koparal)226 ‘Symposiums “Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoles and Colony”
bn
Fig. 9. North-south section of Olive Oil Extraction Plant (E. Koparal)
of the first phase, was also filled with large stones
to provide a robust foundation for the Basileia
‘The small vat assumed to be located below the
press table was not disturbed during the construc-
tion of the Basilefa and a black-glazed Attic bowl
(Eig. 80), dated to the fate sixth century, was
found in it, It is not possible to suggest a precise
date for the beginning of the first phase based on
the preserved evidence. However, datable ceramic
sherds found in the pits of the first phase provide
4 tetminus post quem for the beginning of the
second phase, since these pits were filled in order
to form a level surface for the installation of the
devices of the second phase,
‘The storage space of the first plant located to
the north of the main room, was a chamber cut into
bedrock. Its borders are not yet firmly determined
due to the presence of foundation walls belonging
to the Basileia, but it may be that the storage space
bordered the main room to the north and east. The
floor level of the storage space was almost a meter
below the main room, Itwas presumably entered by
a portable. ladder placed on the northern wall,
since no doorway opening to the depot was identi-
fied. On the floor of the chamber there were
conical depressions hewn into the bedrock, which
must have been used to stabilize the bottom of
large storage jars. No such jar was preserved in situ,
but great quantities of pithoi fragments were found
scattered around. A pithos was found in situ sunken
into the floor, and two floors were identified in the
‘area around it (Fig. 9). The first floor was a stone
pavement surrounding the rim of the pithos while
the second one above it, made out of beaten earth,
was almost 0.20 m thick. It is highly likely that the
pithos was used to collect the olive oil which
dripped down, since the stone-paved floor was
levelled to the rim of the vessel.
‘The conical depressions on the floor of the
storage space were filled and a level was formed
with the beaten earth floor. The foundation of a
wall running in an east-west direction, located
parallel to the northern border of the main room,
had destroyed both floors, indicating clearly that
the wall was constructed at a date later than both
floors. Although we are dealing here with a
complex stratigraphy, the ceramic finds suggest a
valid answer to the questions about the function of
the floors and the wall. An Attic black-glazed bowl
(Fig. 10a), the rim fragment of an olpe (Fig
10b),} and a one-handled bowl (Fig. 10c)!° were
‘ ,
Fig. 10.4. Attic bowl, late sith contury (F. Yulmaz); b. Ria
Sragment of North Ionian olpe, late sith century (FE.
‘Koparal); . North Ionian one-handled bow, late sixth
century (F. Yilmaz)E, Koparal and E, Iplikei, Archaie Olive Oil Feeracion Plant in Klazomenai 27
found below the earth floor and indicate that this
floor was made no earlier than the last quarter of
the sixth century. The consistency of the filling in
the conical cavities was comparable with that of
the units belonging to the first phase. An olpe (Fig
Lia),}7 and an Attic black-glazed Type C cup (Fig.
L1b),!® both dated to the last quarter of the sixth
century, were found in those cavities and verify
that they were terminated at the same time as the
press and the collecting vat of the first phase, We
may conclude that this storage space was used
uring the first phase of the plant, but it must have
also been in use for 2 certain period at the beginning
of the second phase until the completion of the
second, larger storage space. The stone pavement
and the conical cavities in the bedrock were used
uring the first phase, whilst at the beginning of
the second phase a new level was formed with the
construction of the earth floor and by filling in the
conical pits solidly. ‘The presence of the second
depot and the wall constructed in the first storage
chamber suggest that the first depot went out of
use after the completion of the larger depot and
that the wall was then built to border the northern
side of the main room.
~~
Fig. 11 a, Rim fragment of Norte fonian ole, late sith
century (E. Koparal);b, Attic black glazed Type C cup (E
Koparl); c. Ati blackeglazed bow, ca 380 (F. Yalmaz);
4 Aitic black-glazed bon, ca 380 (E. Koparal)
Second Phase (Figs 12-13)
‘The second phase of the Klazomenai Olive Oil
Extraction Plant directly involved the introduction
of new technology in order to fulfill the demand for
increased production capacity. The elements of the
second plant are numbered 1, 5-8 (a-f) on the plan.
‘As mentioned above, Pit 1, the crushing basin, was
‘used for the same purpose in the second phase as
well. The pits in which the press device and the
collecting vat of the first plant had been placed,
‘were no longer used, a level surface was formed,
‘and a new press and three-compartmented separ-
ation tank were installed. These new devices were
not only larger in size, but also owing to certain
technical modifications were of increased capacity.
‘The compounds of the second press are numbered
8.a-fon the plan, The rectangular pit (8f) dug in an
east-west direction was used for the placement of
the slotted piers of wood where the one end of the
‘beam was fixed. The cavities on the sides of the pit
Fig. 12. Ground plan of the second phase.228 Symposinm "Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Mesropoeis and Colony”
provided stability for the wooden panels into which
the end of the beam was hinged. Three circular
shallow depressions (82-c), located in front of the
rectangular pit, served for the placement of the
‘wooden trunks that supported the press bed. Two
small conical pits in the middle of the three round
depressions were identical with Pit 3 of the first
phase in terms of size and shape. Evidently those
Fig, 13. Klazomenci Olive Oil Ex-
traction Plant; reconstruction of the
second phase (E. iplikei)
pits also had the same function, which was to catch
any amount of oil dripping from the sacks filled
with the olive pulp. It is not surprising that in the
second phase there were two such pits instead of
one due to the expanded amount of pulp pressed at
Fig. 140, Klazomenai Olive Oil Extecton Plan; hypothetical reconstruction of press device used in the second phase (E.
Ils); b. Kazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plan; bluprine of res device (E.Ipik)E.Koparal and ffl, Archie Olive Oi! Beaton Plant in Klazomenai 229
Fig. IS. Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant; hypothet-
fecal reconstruction of fork-shaped press bear used in the
second phase (E. Inlikci)
cone time (Fig. 14a-b). The long width ofthe rectangular
pit suggests that a fork-shaped beam was used
instead of a single one in order to keep it balanced
(Fig. 15).2 ‘The rough alignment ofa square-shaped
pit (number 9 on the plan) with the proposed
location of the press beam strongly argues that a
pulley was connected to the beam in order to
reduce time and energy during the pressing process
(Fig. 16) The use of such a capstan is a remark-
able technological novelty applied to the press
device of the second phase.
‘The final stage of olive oil production, namely
the separation of oil from the bitter juice and water
was done manually in the first phase. The intro-
Fig. 17, Reconstructed view of the three-compantment separation tank (E. Iplitsi)230 Symposium “Klazomenai, Tes and Abdera: Meropoles and Colony”
duction of a three-compartment separation system
(Pits 5, 6 and 7) in the second phase provided con-
tinuous distillation (Fig, 17). The mixture of oil and
water was transferred from the press into Pit 6 with
‘gutter connecting the two and was left to settle for
awhile. The oil, which is naturally lighter in density
rose to the surface and flowed into Pit 5, while the
water sank and passed through a hole with a
stopper into Pit 7. Thus, the separation process was
done without interruption and provided continuous
production, thus allowing greater production
capacity.
‘The ceramic sherds found in the pits that served
as the permenent elements of the second plant ate
dated exclusively to the fourth century. An Attic
black-glazed bowl (Fig. 11)” and a Clazomenian
amphora (Fig. 18b)”? were found in the pits of the
press device. Pits 5-7 that served for the separation
of oil and water also included ceramic material
dated to the second quarter of the fourth century.
An Attic black-glazed saltcellar (Fig. 11d)" and an
Aitic black-glazed fish-plate (Fig. 18a)" found in
the separation tanks confirmed that the pits were
filled in the fourth century.
As mentioned above, another storage space,
larger in size, was built in the second phase to
handle the increased amount of production. This
chamber, likewise hewn into bedrock measured
4.80 m x7.50 m, and was located to the west of the
‘main room (Fig. 19.1). This storage space was also
filled in the fourth century during the construction
of the Basileia. A Clazomenian amphora (Fig
18c)°5 accompanied by an Attic black-glazed bowl?
were found on the floor of the depot, showing that
this was filled at the same time as the other
elements of the second plant,
The presence of ceramic sherds dated to the
fourth century in the units of the second phase
could well give the incorrect impression that the
second plant was used until the fourth century. As
will be mentioned below, however, a hiatus
between the end of the sixth century and the
beginning of the fourth century has been observed
at both the living quarters and the burial grounds of
Klazomenei. Taking this into account, we may
claim that the elements of the second plant
i
Fig, 18 0, Antic black-glaced fisk-plate, early fourth cen-
tury (R. Yilmaz); 6, Rim fragment of Clazomentan
amphora, fourth century (B, Koparl);c. Rim fragment of
Clazomenian amphora, fourth century (E. Koparal)
remained at the site during the fifth century and
that they were then removed by the builders of the
Basileia, At the same time, the pits that had served
‘as the permanent elements of the plant were filled
solidly to form a level for the foundation of the
Jarge mansion in the fourth century.
‘There were no remains of the walls or any
evidence for the roof of the plant, other than a few
disintegrated mud-bricks. Nonetheless, the
evidence from the other sectors for the architecture
of the Archaic period at the site provides some
hints regarding the superstructure of the Olive Oil
Extraction Plant. Stone wall socles topped byE., Koparal and E.Ipliksi, Archaic Olive Oil Betraction Plant in Klazomenai 21
Fig. 19. Ground plan of Olive Oil Bxraction Plant , Main compound; I. Storage area ofthe frst phase; I. Storage area
of the second phase.
mud-bricks are typical for the domestic units. It is
natural to assume that the same masonry will have
beon used for the Olive Oil Plant as well. There are
two types of roofs that may be suggested: a hipped-
thatched roof made of organic material (Fig. 20)"”
or a flat roof composed of beaten earth. A tiled
roof is not an option, since the excavations at the
‘Archaic settlement revealed no evidence for the
use of terracotta roof tiles during this period.
Dating
‘The chronology of the Klazomenai Olive Oil
Extraction Plant must be established after exami
ing the historical events that took place in Klaz0-
‘menai. The excavations carried out at the living
quarters and the necropoleis of the city exposed a
hiatus between 550/546-530 in Klazomenai. Even
‘though itis difficult to determine such a short gap
accurately, the lack of Attic pottery dated to this,
period at the settlement and the burial grounds
confirms that the mainland of Klazomenai was
Fig. 20. Clazomenian sarcophagus imitating a house with
2 hipped-thatched roof. Akpmar necropolis, late seventh
century (E. iplikgi)232 Symposi "Klazomenci, Teor and Abdere: Mesropoleis and Colony”
either not inhabited between 550/546-530 or that
the settlement was diminished.2* This corrclates
well with the ancient sources. The ceramic sherds
found in the compounds of the plant belonging to
the first phase are dated to the last quarter of the
sixth century. Based on this evidence, the beginning
of the second phase must be placed in the last
quarter ofthe sith century. Taking into consideration
the hiatus between 550/546-530, we may assume
that the second Olive Oil Extraction Plant started
to operate around 530/525 and since the mainland
‘was not inhabited between 550/546-530 the first
plant must have been used during the first half of
the sixth century,
‘The ancient sources state that Klazomenai and
Kyme were invaded by the Persians a year after the
Tonian Revolt, which began in 499 (Herodotos
5.123). As a result of the Pers
Clazomenians moved to the island with fear
(Pausanias 7.3.9). The excavations at the settlement
and the burial grounds indicate a long hiatus, which
lasted during the fifth century. The test soundings
on Karantina Island indicated that the inhabitants
of Klazomenai abandoned the mainland and
moved to the island.
Consequently, given the stratified material
evidence, which agrees
the second plant must have been used until the
beginning of the fifth century. Its highly likely that
the devices of the plant were disassembled and
‘carried away in order to be re-used. The area was
inhabited once more a century later and the plant's
pits were filled to form a strong foundation for the
Basileia in the early fourth century.
fn invasion the
the historical events,
Conclusion
‘The Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant is @
reflection of the intellectual and practical
environment, which led to the emergence of the
Pre-Socratic philosophers and scientists of Tonia,
who laid the foundations of moder science.
Certain modifications applied to the plant in its
second phase directly involved the introduction of
new technologies that greatly improved the olive oil
extraction process. These are: the application of
the three-compartment separation system, the use
of a rollermill functioning with a pair of millstones
and the introduction of « capstan used in the press-
ing stage, which allowed greater production cap-
acity and dramatic drop of the time and energy
consumed in the process. The extraction plants and
the technical knowledge they evidence strongly
suggest that olive oil became an important trade
‘commodity for the Clazomenians in the second half
of the sixth century. Klazomenai became a centre
of olive oil export trade, rather than just a local
producer with limited capacity. Some, at least, of
the Clazomenian transport amphorac found at
various sites on the Mediterranean and Black Sea
coasts may have carried Clazomenian oil.
Ortadogu Teknik Universitesi
‘Yerlesim Arkcolojisi Anabilim Dali
Mirmarlik Faktiltesi, Yeni Bina, No. 410
‘TR-Inénii Caddesi Ankara 06531
Altintas Mahallesi
Ege Sokak, No. 4
‘TR-Urla 35430
Abbreviations
Agora XIL = B.A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, Agora XIL
Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th
Centuries BC (Princeton 1970)
Dojer, “Amphores” = E. Doer, “Premitxes remar-
‘ques sur let amphores de Clazoménes” in J.-Y.
Empezeur and Y. Garlan (eds), Recherches sur les
amphores greeques, Actes du Colloque international
‘organisé par le Centre National de ta Recherche
Scientifique, 1" Université de Rennes I et Ecole
Francaise d'Athones. Athones, 10-12 septembre 1984
(BCH Suppl. 13) (Paris 1986) 461-471.
KST = Kan Sonuglan Toplants:
Notes
* We would like to thank Professor Given Baiar for
giving us the opportunity to study and publish the
Azchaic Olive Oil Extraction Plant in Klazomenai,
All dates are BC unless otherwise stated.
1. HLA. Forbes and L, Foxhall, “The Queen of All
‘Trees: Preliminary Notes on the Archaeology of the
Olive” Expedition 21.1 (1978) 38.
2. RI. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology 3 (Leiden
1965) 104, For a ertical review of the available mate~B
10.
Kopzrl and E, Iplitgi, Archaic Ove Oi! Exton lenin Klazomenci
rial regarding botanical and archacological evidence
for the olive in the Prehistoric Aegean see C.N.
‘Runnels and J. Hansen, “The Olive in the Prehistoric
‘Aegean: The Evidence for Domestication in the
Early Bronze Age” OxfTA 5 (1986) 299-308,
SS, Hadjisawas, “Olive Oil Production in Ancient
Cyprus” RDAC 19882, 111-120.
G, Balar and Y. Ersoy, “1997 Yih Klazomenai
Gahigmatant” KST 20.2 (1998) 67; G. Bakar et at,
1999 Klazomenai Kazisi” KST 22.2 (2000) 33.
‘There is no substantial evidence to determine that
the crushing basin was also used during the first
phase, Our assumption is based om the lack of any
other device that could be used for this process. At
the other contemporary plants a oylinder roll on a
flat top was used to grind the olives. In Klazomenai
a cylinérical rock was found, but this is not sufficient
‘to suggest that such a tool was used in the first phase
instead of the crushing basin, as a bed was not found.
For such examples see R. Frankel, S. Avitsur and E,
Ayalon, History and Technology of Olive Oil in the
Holy Land (Tel Aviv 1994) 187, figs 290 and 31a,
During conversations with local olive oil producers,
‘we were informed that if the olive pits were crushed
the oil would have an unpleasant bitter taste,
Similax examples of white-slipped small Chian kan-
tharoi were found at the Emporio on Chios in layers
dated between 550-500: J. Boardman, Excavations in
Chios 1952-1955, Greek Emporio (BSA Suppl. 6)
(London 1967) 161-162 figs 109.763-764, pl. 60.763.
Other similar examples are roughly dated to the
second half of the sixth century: A. Lemos, Archaic
Pottery of Chios. The Decorated Styles (Oxford 1991)
195-177, pl. 214 no. 1635.
Similar bended bowls were found at Tocra in de-
posits dated between 560-510: J. Boardman and J.
Hayes, Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965. The Archaic
Deposits | (BSA Suppl. 4) (London 1966) 55-56 fig.
28.146, 760, pl. 38.751, 759; td., Excavations at Tora
1963-1965. The Archaic Deposits Hand Later Deposits
(BSA Suppl. 10) (London 1973) 23-24 fig. 9.2038. For
further discussion on the banded bowls from Kiazo-
menai see Y.E. Ersoy, Clazomenae: The Archaic Ser
Iement (Ph.D Diss., Bryn Mawr College 1993; Ann
‘Axor 1996) 373-378.
‘This amphora type, which is most likely a local
production, is found in great quantities in the fourth-
century settlement, For farther discussion see Doier,
“Amphores” 469, fig. 15.
‘One cannot be precise on the dating of this simple
plain lamp. Itis a type which is extremely common at
the site particularly throughout the sixth century.
233
‘Some examples, however, randomly attested in the
fourth-century houses suggest that the type
‘continued also in the Classical era. For Archaic
examples of the type cf. KF. Kinch, Fouilles de
Vroulia (Belin 1914) 159-160, pl.27-Sa-b and 27.10a-
b.
LI. Even today at small workshops, a vessel is placed
below the press table o catch the oil dripping off the
sacks as this pure oil which is not yet mixed with
water is of the highest quality.
12, CE W-D. Niemeier, “Die Zierde Toniens" 44 1999,
405, fig. 28.17.
13. CE Agora XII 140-141, 304 no. 969, pl. 35.
14, Similar examples of Attic black-glazed bowis from
the Athenian Agora are dated between 525-500:
Ibid. 125, 288 no. 727, pl. 30.
15, For an identical example of an olpe found at Miletos
and dated to the late sixth century sce W.
Voigtlinder, “Funde aus der Insula westlich des
Buleuterion in Milet” IstAfite 32 (1982) 46 fig. 8.53,
120 no. $3, pl. 17. For another example found at Old
‘Smyrna and dated to the same period sce J.M. Cook,
“Old Smyrna, 1948-1951" BS4 53-54 (1958-59) 29,
pi. db (right).
16, This type of one-handled bowls is extremely common
fn the late sixth-century deposits at the site. For
further discussion see Ersoy, op.cit (n. 8) 378-380.
For the specimens from Miletos, randomly attested
in the Late Archaic-Early Classical contexts see
Niemeier, op.cit. (n. 12) 384-385 figs 14-15;
Voigtlinder, op.cit. 81 fig. 39.241. For another
‘example from Olbia found in a grave with goods
ated to the end of the sixth century see V.M, Skud-
nove, Arkhaicheskii Nekropot’ Ol'vi [Archaic Necro-
polis of Olbia] (Leningrad 1988) 132 no. 208,
17. See note 15, above
18, Cf, Agora XII 91-92, 263-264, no. 398, fig. 4; H.
Bloesch, Formen attischer Schalen von Exekias bis
zum Ende des strengen Stils (Bern 1940) 119-124, pls
32a, 334.
19, Fork-shaped beams were used at installations in
Israel until the recent times: Frankel eta, op.cit. (0.
5) 172, fig, 477.
20, In Israel and Cyprus the use of capstans was intro-
‘duced much later: Frankel et al, pci, figs 42-45;
Hadjisawas, Olive Oil Processing in Cyprus from
Bronze Age to the Byzanilne Period (SIMA 99) (Ni-
‘cosia 1992) 33 and fig. 59.
21. There are similar examples of Attic black glazed.
bowls found at the Athenian Agora that are speci
‘ally dated to 380: Agora XII 134, 298 no. 876,
pl 33.234 Symposium “Klacomenai, Teo and Abdera: Meropoteis end Colony”
22, The type of Clazomenian amphora found in the
‘press unit is extremely common in the fourth-century
deposits at the site. For further discussion see Doier,
“Amphores” 469, fig. 15.
23, Cl. Agora XII 135, 299 no. 882, fig. 9, pl. 33 (dated 10
380).
24, tis dated to the early fourth century, in accordance
vwith similar examples found at Old Smyrna: LM.
Cook, “Old Smyrna: Fourth-Century Black Glaze”
BSA 60 (1965) 152-153 fig, 10.1
25. Dor, “Amphores” 469, fig. 15.
26, For similar examples of black-glazed bowls, highly
likely associated with local Ionian workshops see J
Boehlau and K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos II. Die
Exgebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1902-1934. Die Klein
{unde (Berlin 1942) 184 fig. 894; Cook, op. ci. (n. 24)
147-148 figs 4.1-2, 5, pl. Sa.
21. This terracotta sarchophagus dated to the early years,
of the sixth century was found at the Akpinar necro-
polis during the 1999 campaign. Its lid is shaped like
a hipped-thatched roof and indicates that this root
model was in use during the sixth century.
28, YE. Ersoy, “Klazomenai in the Archaic Period” inJ.
Cobet, V. von Graeve, WD. Niemeier and K.
Zimmermann (eds), Fakes lonien: eine Bestandauf-
nahme, Akten.des Intemationalen Kolloguiwms zum
einhundertidhrigen Tubilaum der Ausgrabungen in
Miles, Panionion/Gizelcamls, 26.09.-01.10.1999 (ia
press, tobe published in 2004); id, supra 60-64,
28. The social order of Ionia was greatly upset asa result
of the offensive intention of the Persian King Cyrus
‘and the fear caused by looters that accompanied the
Persian forces. The hiatus observed in the burial
‘grounds and the living quarters of the city should be
associated with the abandonment of the city by the
Tonians, who fled with fear. To make a suggestion
about the settlements of that period would not be
‘more than a mere guess, however we may claim that
the Clszomenians had spread around the villages and
the surrounding islands and if the mainland was
inhabited the settlement must have been restricted to
‘a small area,
30, See Giingbr, supra 121-131, esp. 124-129.