RECONSTRUCTION:

The Civil War had ended.

Slavery and secession were
no more.
Now what?
How does the Union
integrate the South back
into American society?
How do 4 million newly
freed African slaves
integrate themselves into
society?

1865-1877

EOC Review
Reconstruction period between 1865 -1877.
Trying to rebuild United States after Civil War.

THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION

ANDREW JOHNSON

The politics of
Reconstruction was
complicated by the fact
that Lincoln, his VP and
successor Andrew
Johnson, and the
Congress all had
different ideas of how
Reconstruction should
be handled

Different Views
Lincoln Plan 10% plan Forgive and move on
Johnsons Plan include high ranking
confederates. took middle ground
Wade Davis Bill- Congress
Radical Reconstruction
Punish the South

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT

One of the important
acts passed by Congress
was the Civil Rights Act 1866
This law gave African
Americans citizenship
and forbade states from
passing laws
discriminating against
former slaves (Black
Codes)
FROM HARPERS MAGAZINE 1866 BLACKS
CELEBRATE

Question
How did Congress uphold individual
property rights of southerners
during Reconstruction?
It returned confiscated land to former
confederates

Question ???
Why did Congress pass laws protecting civil
rights during Reconstruction?
A. to reverse the Dred Scott decision
B. to abolish black codes in the South
C. to punish former Confederate soldiers
D. to help former slaves migrate to the North

Western Frontier
Manifest Destiny the right of the United
States to expand from coast to coast.
Homestead Act gave 160 acres of land to
those that would move West. Goal to
encourage people to settle the West
.

The West
Mining gold and silver brought people to
the west.
Native Americans pushed onto reservations
land set aside.
Dawes Act law to Americanize Native
Americans.
Cattle Drives cowtowns
Mining towns boomtowns/ghost towns

The West
Transcontinental Railroad connected east
and west coast. People, goods, supplies
could move West. Built with the help of the
Irish and Chinese.

End of the Open Range and Native American

way of life.

Invention of barbed wire technological

improvement one cause of the end of the
open range.

Question: How did the governments policy

of manifest destiny affect Native
Americans living on the plains in the late
1800s? Native Americans were forced onto
reservations while settlers took their land

Populist Movement
Populism the movement of the people.
Populist Party wanted economic reform to
help farmers.

The West More questions???

Why did the Homestead Act attract farmers
to the frontier?
It offered free land to farmers who would
improve it within five years.
One effect of the building of the transcontinental
railroad was to
attract more migrants to the West

Question ???
In the late 1800s, why did the Great Plains
region become closely
associated with the Populist movement?
A. A large portion of the population was
industrial workers.
B. Many cattle ranchers worked there.
C. A large portion of the population was farmers.
D. Many immigrants settled there.

Industrial Age
Expansion of the railroad transcontinental
Big Business - Carnegie steel

Rockefeller oil

BUSINESS GROWTH &

CONSOLIDATION
Mergers could result in a
monopoly (Trust)

A monopoly is
complete control over
an industry
An example of
consolidation: In 1870,
Rockefeller Standard Oil
Company owned 2% of
the countrys crude oil
By 1880 it controlled
90% of U.S. crude oil

CHICAGOS STANDARD OIL BUILDING IS ONE

OF THE WORLDS TALLEST

Stock
Companies sell stock so that can
expand.
Question??? Why do Companies sell
stocks
to raise investment capital $

Laws
Taft-Hartley bill limited the actions workers
could take against their employees.
President Truman vetoed the bill (example of
checks and balances )
Republican Congress overrode his veto.

Question ??
Which of these actions is an example of
checks and balances?
A. President Reagan sent troops to Grenada.
B. Congress passed a law raising income tax.
C. President Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley
Act.
D. State governments passed laws setting
speed limits

SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT

In 1890, the Sherman AntiTrust Act made it illegal to
form a monopoly (Trust)
Prosecuting companies
under the Act was not easy
a business would simply
reorganize into single
companies to avoid
prosecution
Seven of eight cases
brought before the
Supreme Court were
thrown out

Question ????
The federal governments approach to
regulating monopolies in the early
1900s was to
A. break up corporate trusts
B. avoid interfering with strikes
C. regulate corporate profits
D. avoid free and open competition

Questions
What did the Sherman Anti-trust
Act do?
Prevented companies from
forming monopolies to try and
take over an industry example
Standard Oil.

Labor Unions
Unions were formed so workers could have
better working conditions and better pay.
Many of the early unions excluded different
minority groups.

Question ????
How did labor unions affect the lives of many
workers during the late
nineteenth century?
A. They won shorter hours and better pay for
workers.
B. They helped workers take over ownership of
factories and mines.
C. They worked with lawmakers to pass probusiness legislation.
D. They welcomed workers of any race or gender
to join in their strikes.

Gilded Age
Time when some had extreme
wealth and others were suffered
from being poor.
Government took laissez-faire
hands off approach to big
business.
Rockefeller and Carnegie benefited.

Question ????
How did government policies of the Gilded Age of the
late 1800s promote
industrialization?
A. Imperialism fueled steel production in the United
States.
B. New Deal policies created jobs for many of the
unemployed.
C. The Sherman Antitrust Act allowed for regulation
of big business.
D. Laissez-faire economic policies allowed private
businesses to operate freely

Immigrants
Most came for jobs.
Sufferer discrimination because
they would work for lower wages.
Government will pass laws
restricting number coming in to
United States quotas limits

EUROPEANS
Between 1870 and 1920,
about 20 million Europeans
arrived in the United States
Before 1890, most were from
western and northern Europe
After 1890, most came from
southern and eastern Europe
All were looking for
opportunity

SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF

URBANIZATION

Rapid urbanization
occurred in the late 19th
century in the Northeast &
Midwest
Most immigrants settled in
cities because of the
available jobs & affordable
housing
By 1910, immigrants made
up more than half the
population of 18 major
American cities

IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS
As immigration increased, so
did anti-immigrant feelings
among natives
Nativism (favoritism toward
native-born Americans) led to
anti-immigrant organizations
and governmental restrictions
against immigration
In 1882, Congress passed the
Chinese Exclusion Act which
limited Chinese immigration
until 1943
Anti-Asian feelings included
restaurant boycotts

MIGRATION FROM
COUNTRY TO CITY

Discrimination and segregation were often

the reality for African Americans who
migrated North

Rapid improvements in farm

technology (tractors, reapers,
steel plows) made farming
more efficient in the late 19th
century
It also meant less labor was
needed to do the job
Many rural people left for
cities to find work- including
almost million African
Americans

URBAN PROBLEMS
Problems in American
cities in the late 19th and
early 20th century
included:
Housing: overcrowded
tenements were
unsanitary
Sanitation: garbage was
often not collected,
polluted air
Famous photographer Jacob Riis
captured the struggle of living in
crowded tenements

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED

Transportation: Cities struggled to
provide adequate transit systems
Water: Without safe drinking water
cholera and typhoid fever was
common
Crime: As populations increased
thieves flourished
Fire: Limited water supply and
wooden structures combined with
the use of candles led to many major
urban fires Chicago 1871 and San
Francisco 1906 were two major fires
Harpers Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing
the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in
1871

PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED

IMAGES OF THE CITY

REFORMERS MOBILIZE
Jacob Riis was a reformer who
through his pictures hoped for
change he influenced many
The Social Gospel Movement
preached salvation through service
to the poor
Some reformers established
Settlement Homes
These homes provided a place to
stay, classes, health care and other
social services
Jane Addams was the most famous
member of the Settlement
Movement (founded Hull House in
Chicago)

Jane
Addams
and Hull
House

Other Laws
Chinese Exclusion
Act -1st law to
limit the number
of Chinese that
could enter
United States,

Gentlemen's
Agreement between
Teddy Roosevelt and
Japans govt. U.S.
would repeal
segregation order of
Japanese children and
Japan would limit
emigration of unskilled
worker to U.S.

Question????
Which of these statements describes an obstacle
to the assimilation of immigrant groups in the
United States in the late 1800s?
A. Anti-Semitism caused Jewish immigrants to settle in
mostly rural areas.
B. Chinese immigrants working for lower wages caused
resentment.
C. The war made United States citizens view German
immigrants as enemy combatants.
D. McCarthyism caused United States citizens to be
suspicious of Soviet immigrants

Migration from country to city

Why?
Farming technology
made farming more
efficient meant
fewer laborers
needed.

1890-1910 200,000
African Americans
moved north to find
jobs, escape racial
violence, political
oppression.

Question ?
What effect did anti-immigration sentiment
have on domestic policy in the
early twentieth century?
A. The government placed quotas on
immigration.
B. The government restricted job opportunities
for immigrants.
C. The government required immigrants to
attend public schools.
D. The government insisted on more
immigration for economic growth.

Immigration Today
What effect did the Immigration Act of 1965 have?
A. Floridas immigrant population declined
dramatically.
B. Asians immigrated to the Northeast in great
numbers.
C. Big cities in the Midwest lost a large percentage of
their foreign-born
population.
D. Southwestern border states such as Arizona
experienced massive population
growth.

Progressive Movement
Progressive
Muckrakers
movement was journalists who
wrote about the
all about
corrupt side of
reform.
business and public
life.

Progressive Movement
Upton Sinclair
wrote the Jungle.
Book about the
meat-packing
industry.

Pure Food and Drug

Act halted the sale
of contaminated
foods and medicines
and called for truth
in labeling.

Problems today
What was the primary challenge faced by
Hispanic immigrants since the 1940s?
A. a lack of jobs in cities
B. unfair treatment by employers
C. a lack of jobs in agriculture
D. unfair legislation by the federal
government

THE JUNGLE LEADS TO FOOD

REGULATION
After reading The Jungle
by Upton Sinclair,
Roosevelt pushed for
passage of the Meat
Inspection Act of 1906
The Act mandated cleaner
conditions for
meatpacking plants

PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT

The Pure Food and Drug Act took

medicines with cocaine and other
harmful ingredients off the market

In response to unregulated
claims and unhealthy
products, Congress passed
the Pure Food and Drug Act
in 1906
The Act halted the sale of
contaminated foods and
medicines and called for
truth in labeling

ELECTION REFORM
Citizens fought for, and won,
initiative a bill originated by
the people.
Referendum voters reject
or accept initiative by a vote.
Recall allows voters to
remove public officials from
office.
17th amendment called for
direct election of Senators.

Question ???

Reforms of the Progressive Movement

Direct primary
Initiative, referendum, and recall
Direct election of senators
What was the purpose of these reforms?
A. expanding participation in the political process
B. reducing governments influence in the economy
C. giving more power to political parties
D. increasing federal control over the states

Reform for Women

19th
Amendment
gave women
the right to
vote.

Suffrage to
vote

How did the Pure Food and Drug Act change the way government
regulated
business?
A. The government prevented businesses from raising prices due to
research
and development costs.
B. The government provided business incentives to companies in
order to lower
prices for the consumer.
C. The government established fair business practices to prevent
manufacturers
from forming monopolies.
D. The government required businesses to indicate the ingredients
in their
products in order to protect the consumer

Imperialism
Driven by the search Open Door Policy
with China
for markets and
materials.
Annex Hawaii
Anti-imperialism
Purchased Alaska
rich in oil, gold,
Against the U.S. taking
timber.
land against the will
of the people

Spanish American War

U.S. wanted to help
Cuba.
Yellow journalism
writing that
exaggerates the
truth to sell more
newspapers

Monroe Doctrine
European countries
stay out of the affairs
of Latin America.
Roosevelt Corollary
U.S. would use force
to protect interest.

Questions ???
During the late nineteenth
century, many antiimperialists worried that
imperialism might threaten
United States democratic
values by
A. opening more doors of
diplomacy
B. considering the needs of
native peoples
C. violating fundamental
human rights
D. establishing protection for
weaker countries

Why did United States

business interests favor
overseas expansion in the
late 1800s?
A. to establish a
commonwealth of colonies
B. to establish military bases
around the world
C. to acquire new markets
and sources of raw materials
D. to spread democratic ideals
to other areas of the world

Question ???
Why was the purchase of Alaska in
1867 important to the development of
the United States economy?
A. The land was rich in timber, gold,
and oil.
B. The region set up an extensive
trading network.
C. It made the country a dominant
imperialistic force.
D. It established thousands of square
miles of national forests

World War One

Four MAIN reasons
M militarism building up military
A alliances agreement with another
country
I imperialism building empire
N nationalism pride in your country and
willing to defend it.

Ending the war

Treaty of Versailles ended war. Tough on
Germany war guilt clause.
Created League of Nations peace keeper
nations to settle grievances without war.
U.S. Senate rejected treaty example of
checks and balance system.

Question ???
Why were the League of Nations and the
United Nations created?
A. to end world hunger
B. to prevent future wars
C. to unify the world economy
D. to spread democracy in the world

Question ?

That which the German power represents today spells death to the
aspirations of Negroes and all darker races for equality, freedom, and
democracy. Let us not hesitate. Let us, while this war lasts, forget our
special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our
own white fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fi ghting for
democracy.
W. E. B. Du Bois
This quotation reflects which attitude of many African Americans during
World War I?
A. African Americans should not pay attention to the war.
B. African Americans should participate fully and fi ght in the war.
C. African Americans should support the war only in non-combat roles.
D. African Americans should pressure the nation to withdraw from the
war.

Roaring Twenties
Time of change Prohibition women
working outside of home, Scopes trial, Jazz
Age

Great Depression
1929 with stock market crash start of
trouble.
Buying on margin paying some down for
stock and paying rest later.
Speculation believing price on stock will go
up.

SEEDS OF TROUBLE
By the late 1920s, problems
with the economy emerged
Speculation: Too many
Americans were engaged in
speculation buying stocks &
bonds hoping for a quick profit
Margin: Americans were
buying on margin paying a
small percentage of a stocks
price as a down payment and
borrowing the rest

The Stock Markets bubble was about to

break

Great Depression
President Hoover did little to help people.
Hoovervilles shacks made out of whatever
the people could find.

HARDSHIPS DURING DEPRESSION

The Great Depression
brought hardship,
homelessness, and hunger to
millions
Across the country, people
lost their jobs, and their
homes
Some built makeshifts shacks
out of scrap material
Before long whole
shantytowns (sometimes
called Hoovervilles in mock
reference to the president)
sprung up

THE DUST BOWL

A severe drought gripped the
Great Plains in the early
1930s
Wind scattered the topsoil,
exposing sand and grit
The resulting dust traveled
hundreds of miles
One storm in 1934 picked up
millions of tons of dust from
the Plains an carried it to the
East Coast

Kansas Farmer, 1933

HARDEST HIT REGIONS

Kansas, Oklahoma,
Texas, New Mexico, and
Colorado were the
hardest hit regions
during the Dust Bowl
Many farmers migrated
to California and other
Pacific Coast states
Boy covers his mouth to avoid dust, 1935

Questions ???
Why did people in the Great Depression call
their temporary settlement
communities Hoovervilles?
A. President Hoover was very popular during the
depression.
B. They blamed President Hoover for the
depression.
C. They wanted to remember President Hoover.
D. President Hoover grew up in similar housing

Question ???
How did the Dust Bowl affect the Great Plains
during the Great Depression?
A. Thousands of families left for the West Coast.
B. It brought economic prosperity to urban
areas.
C. Thousands of individuals relocated to the
East.
D. It caused a population decline in northeastern
cities

Question ???
How did the Federal Reserves higher interest
rates in the 1930s complicate
the Great Depression?
A. People were less likely to leave their money
in unstable banks.
B. People began spending their money rather
than saving it.
C. People saved money rather than spending it.
D. People were more likely to take out loans.

The New Deal

Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelts plan to beat
depression.
New Deal Programs programs aimed at
putting people back to work.

Programs
WPA Works Progress Administration
created all types of jobs.
PWA created jobs on govt. projects.
TVA developed electricity for Tn. Valley
area.
Programs increase federal deficit. Supreme
Court will rule several programs
unconstitutional judicial review

Question ???
What was the purpose of the federal Works Progress
Administration
(WPA)?
A. to track cost overruns in state Medicare programs
B. to monitor corporate compliance with Federal
Reserve regulations
C. to provide jobs to unemployed workers during the
New Deal
D. to judge the benefits of military spending after the
expensive Manhattan project

Question ?????
Which constitutional check did the Supreme
Court use when declaring
several New Deal programs unconstitutional?
A. judicial review
B. executive privilege
C. popular sovereignty
D. indirect democracy

World War Two

Long term causes MAIN
Short term cause Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor.
Americans wanted to stay with policy of
isolationism stay out of world affairs.

WW II
Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 will end
isolationism.
Population shifts towns and cities with
defense industries increased population.
African Americans left South for factory jobs
in the North.
After the war United States will stay
involved in world affairs.

POPULATION SHIFTS
The war triggered the
greatest mass migration
in American history
More than a million
newcomers poured into
California between 19411944
African Americans again
shifted from south to
north -jobs and to get
away from Jim Crow laws

Peace - War
Factories went from peacetime production to
wartime production.
War Production Board converted business
to wartime production.
Everyone did their part.

GI BILL HELPS RETURNING VETS

To help returning
servicemen ease back
into civilian life, Congress
passed the Servicemens
Readjustment Act (GI Bill
of Rights)
The act provided
education for 7.8 million
vets

Rebuilding
Marshall Plan massive rebuilding loan plan
to help Europe rebuild after WWII. Congress
was afraid that if the United States did not
spend the money Europe would fall into the
hands of the Communist.

Question ????
Even though President Roosevelt supported the
Allies with war
supplies before 1941, why was the United States
unable to enter the war until after the bombing
of Pearl Harbor?
A. The Supreme Court disapproved of war.
B. Most citizens refused to support England.
C. Many state governors approved of the Axis.
D. Most of Congress refused to support a war

Question
One consequence of World War II was that
the United States
A. returned to its isolationist tendencies
B. avoided foreign conflicts
C. remained deeply involved in world affairs
D. reduced its military spending

Question ???
Why did large numbers of African Americans
migrate to the North in the
early twentieth century?
A. Northern states offered them free farmland.
B. Labor unions in the North recruited them as
members.
C. Southern Jim Crow laws restricted their job
opportunities.
D. New laws forced them to leave the South or
pay heavy fines.

Question?
How did the United States government
help the veterans of World War Two?

Cold War
Between United States and Soviet Union.
United States going to follow containment
stop communism from spreading around the
world.
Reds- nickname given to those believed to
belong to the communist party.

Cold War
Truman Doctrine U.S. would help any
country resisting communism.
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
signed by U.S. and other free nations
alliance.
Warsaw Pact formed because of NATO by
Soviet Union and eastern communist
countries.

Cold War at home

McCarthyism the witch hunt for
communist by Senator Joseph McCarthy.
People were accused of being spies,
Rosenbergs put to death, some blacklisted in
Hollywood.

Korean War
North Korea backed by Communist
countries Soviet Union and China invades
South Korea backed by the United States.
Country divided at 38th parallel.
1950-1953 after three years of fighting
war in a stalemate nothing really changed
DMZ zone.

Question ?
How did McCarthyism affect people
lives during the Cold War?

Question ?
Why was the end of the Korean War
considered a stalemate?
A. The cold war continued.
B. The North and South were still divided.
C. Both the North and South lost many lives.
D. The United States removed all of its
troops.

1950s
Growth of the middle class.
Interstate highway system improves industry
and gave rise to suburban living.
The baby boom increase in birth rates and
decrease in death rate advances in
medicine.

Question
The automobile and the expansion of the
roadway system in the 1950s led
to the growth of
A. ethnic neighborhoods
B. suburban areas
C. urban areas
D. rural zones

Question
How was the economy affected by corporate
expansion in the 1950s?
A. It improved with more information
technology jobs.
B. It struggled as strikes interrupted
production.
C. It boomed as the middle class grew.
D. It declined as regulation increased

Question ?
During the 1950s, how did the Republican
Party hope to support a balanced
federal budget and counter communist
countries?
A. by relying on a large army and navy
B. by relying on long-range bombers
C. by relying on nuclear weapons
D. by relying on foreign aid

Civil Rights
Plessy v. Ferguson ruled separate but
equal was equal.
Brown v. Board of Education overturned
Plessy decision ruled it violated 14th
Amendment guarantees all Americans
equal treatment under the law.

Civil Rights Laws

Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited
discrimination because of race, religion,
national origin, and gender. Gave all citizens
the right to enter libraries, parks, restrooms,
restaurants, theaters, and other public
accommodations.

Civil Rights Laws

Voting Rights Act of 1965 act eliminated
literacy tests and stated the federal
examiners could enroll voters who had been
denied suffrage.
LBJ was President.
Affirmative action result of the Civil Rights
movement. Involves making special efforts to
hire or enroll groups that have suffered
discrimination.

Question ?
Which of these statements describes both the
Fifteenth Amendment and the
Voting Rights Act of 1965?
A. Suffrage cannot be denied on the basis of
race.
B. Anyone born in the United States is a citizen.
C. Congress has the power to collect taxes.
D. Slavery cannot exist in the United States.

Civil Rights Laws

Civil Right Act of 1968 outlawed
discrimination in housing.

LBJ Lyndon Baines Johnson

Great Society name for his domestic
programs. Declared war on poverty
Immigration Act of 1965 opened the door
for many non-European immigrants to settle
in U.S. Ended quotas based on nationality.
Job Corp. part of the Economic Opportunity
Act - provided 1 million your youth
programs, antipoverty, small business loans,
etc.

Vietnam
U.S. gets involved because of policy of
containment stop spread of communism.
Domino theory by Eisenhower said if one
country in SE Asia fell to communism they
would all fall.

Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh leader of the Vietcong would
not give up.
Geneva Accords temporarily divided
Vietnam along 17 parallel.
Doves wanted peace
Hawks backed war movement
War will end with Paris Peace Accords

Vietnam
War Powers Act
A. Pres. Must inform Congress within 48
hours of sending troop aboard.
B. Troops may remain there no longer than
90 days unless Congress approves or declares
war.
26th Amendment lowered voting age to 18
created in 1971

Question ?
How did the Paris Peace Accords lead to the end
of the Vietnam War in
1973?
A. It called for a final withdrawal of United
States troops.
B. It called for a withdrawal of Soviet troops.
C. It allowed the United States to rightly claim
victory in Vietnam.
D. It allowed French leaders to intervene with
the Vietnamese.

President Nixon
Watergate scandal brought about the
resignation of Nixon and let to distrust of the
government.
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries controls oil prices around world.
Raised prices to U.S. during 1970s because
U.S. backed Israel worsened inflation.
OPEC reduced amount of oil sent to U.S. and
price of gasoline increased.

Question ?
Which of these changes influenced political
participation in the 1970s?
A. directly electing United States senators
B. lowering the voting age to eighteen
C. granting women the right to vote
D. introducing national conventions

Question ??
Which situation resulted from the OPEC oil
embargo of 1973?
A. oil shortages and rising prices
B. oil shortages and falling prices
C. oil surpluses and rising prices
D. oil surpluses and falling prices

Pres. Carter and Pres. Reagan

Carter foreign policy human rights.
Camp David Accords Egyptian-Israeli peace
treaty 1st time Israel and Arab nation
reached peace agreement
Reagan deregulation cut rules and
regulations govt. agencies placed on
businesses.
Reaganomics supply-side economics
increase the supply of goods and services to
stimulate economy.

Regions of United States

Rust Belt name for the North Central and
Northeast region because of the aging
factories that had been closed.
Sunbelt South and Southwest part of U.S.
Many people move there because of the
warm climate to retire.

Question
Which of these factors led to the formation of a
region called the Rust Belt
during the late twentieth century?
A. a shrinking industrial base in the North
B. more agricultural jobs in the Mountain West
C. a growing commercial base on the East Coast
D. more manufacturing jobs in the Great Plains

Regions
Ozarks Plateau
An upland region of the
south-central United States
extending from southwest
Missouri across northwest
Arkansas into eastern
Oklahoma.

Regions
Appalachian mountain system of eastern North
America extending about 2,574 km (1,600 mi) southwest
from Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec,
Canada, to central Alabama. The range includes the
Allegheny, Blue Ridge, and Cumberland mountains. Mount
Mitchell in western North Carolina is the highest peak, rising
to 2,038.6 m (6,684 ft).

Terms
Checks and balances a system under which
each branch of government limits the power
of the other branches.
Separation of Powers the division of
governmental power into separate branches.
Judicial Review The power of the Supreme
Court to declare national, state, or local acts
of government invalid.

Terms
Fiscal policy a government tool for
influencing the economy by deliberately
changing levels of taxing and spending.
Recession mild short-term economic
downturn.
Inflation prices rise quickly
Capitalism free enterprise system
factories, businesses, etc. are owned and
controlled by individuals and corporations.

Amendments

13th ended slavery

14th - defined citizenship
15th grant black men the right to vote
16th income tax
17th direct election of Senators
19th women vote
24th outlawed poll tax
26th lowered voting age