Evolution II (8%)

I. Classification
a. 5Kingdoms
i. Prokaryotae
1. Singlecellular
2. Prokaryotes
3. Autotrophs/Heterotrophs
4. Nonuclei
ii. Protists
1. Singlecellular/Collonial
2. Eukaryotes
3. Autotrophs/Heterotrophs
iii. Fungi
1. Singlecellular/Multicellular
2. Eukaryotes
3. Heterotrophs
4. Cellwalls:Chitin
iv. Plants
1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotes
3. Autotrophs
a. Chloroplasts
4. Cellwalls:Cellulose
v. Animalia
1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotes
3. Heterotrophs
4. Nocellwalls
vi. FurtherClassification
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
(KidsPlayingChessOnFreewayGetSquashed)
vii. BinomialNomenclature

1. Genus+Species
a. i.e.HomoSapien
b. 3Domains
i. Bacteria
1. Prokaryotes
a. Prokaryotae
ii. Archaea
1. Prokaryotes
a. Prokaryotae
2. Liveinharshenvironments
3. Lipidsaredifferent
iii. Eukarya
1. Eukaryotes
a. Protists
b. Fungi
c. Plants
d. Animals

II. Phylogeny
a. Relationshipbetweenorganisms
i. XAxis:
EvolutionaryChange
ii. YAxis:
Time
b. Types
i. Monophyletic:

Organismsthathaveasinglecommon
ancestor
ii. Polyphyletic:

Organismsthatmayhaveacommon
ancestor,yetgroupdoesnotincludethe
commonancestor
c. Examples
i. PunctuatedEquilibrium: Lotofchangeovershortamountoftime
ii. Gradualism:

Gradualchangeovertime

III. RelationshipsBetweenOrganisms
a. Parasitism:

Goodforone,badforanother
b. Commensalism:

Goodforone,nothingforanother
c. Mutualism:

Goodforboth
i. i.e.
1. Myccorhiza(+Plant)
a. Fungithatgrowontherootofaplant

b. Fungi(heterotroph)absorbmineralsfromsoiltogive
toplant
c. Plant(autotroph)givesorganicnutrientstofungi
2. Lichen(+Cynaobacteria)or(+GreenAlgae)
a. Fungithatgrowsonthebacteriaoralgae
b. Fungi(heterotroph)absorbmineralsfromsoiltogive
toplant
c. Plant(autotroph)givesorganicnutrientstofungi

IV. FungalGenetics
a. Asexualreproduction
i. Asexualspores
1. Ontopofaerialhyphae

Hyphae

V. BacterialGenetics
a. Asexualreproduction
i. BacteriaexchangeDNA
ii. Types
1. Transduction(1bacterium)
a. Bacteriophageinjectsvirusintobacterium
b. DNAinsertedintochromosomeofbacterium
c. Newgenesinbacterium
d. Result:Geneticallydifferentbacterium
2. Transformation(1bacterium)
a. ExternalDNAfrombrokencellsentersbacterium
i. i.e.PlasmidDNA
b. Result:Geneticallydifferentbacterium
3. Conjugation(2bacteria)
a. Bacteriacometogether
b. Proteinstrandformsbetweenbacteria:ProteinPillus
c. Bacteriasendgeneticinformationbetweenone
another
d. Result:Geneticallydifferentbacteria

VI. RandomInformation
a. Saprobes
i. Feedondeadordecayingmatter