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B1 Grammar PDF
B1 Grammar PDF
B1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR
INDEX
TEST YOUR GRAMMAR
p. 3
UNIT 1
WORD ORDER
p. 5
UNIT 2
VERB TENSES
p.10
UNIT 3
p.25
UNIT 4
p.30
UNIT 5
p.37
UNIT 6
p.45
UNIT 7
p.51
PRACTICE TEST
p.59
APPENDIX I
p.62
APPENDIX II
IRREGULAR VERBS
p.64
APPENDIX III
p.67
KEY TO EXERCISES
p.69
th
Verb
made
painted
spent
Direct Object
a cake
the picture
some money
yesterday
th
in the 15 century
last week
Transitive verbs may have an indirect object which precedes the direct object:
Subject
Verb
Indirect Object
Direct Object
He
gave
Jane
a flower
They
sent
me
a letter
I
will buy
her
a book
If the indirect object follows the direct object, then a preposition (usually for or to) is required:
Subject Verb
Direct Object
Preposition
Indirect Object
He
gave
a flower
to
Jane
They
sent
a letter
to
me
I
will buy
a book
for
her
Some verbs that are not immediately followed by the indirect object are: explain, describe, mention and discuss.
He
explained
the plan
to
me
They
described
the project
to
us
The interrogative construction is also S+V+O, but the subject may be preceded by the question word in a content
question, and an auxiliary:
Q word
Auxiliary
Subject
Verb
Complement
What
did
you
do
this morning?
Did
he
see
the film?
Is
he
coming
tomorrow?
Question words are: why, where, which, when, who, whose, how + long/far/big/much/many/old etc.
If the element questioned is the subject, there is no variation from the affirmative form:
Q word
Who
What
Which book
Whose
How many students
Verb
wrote
caused
won
bag
came
Complement
the play?
the fire?
the Booker prize?
was stolen?
to the lesson?
INTERROGATIVE
Exercise 1 Formulate questions asking about the underlined words.
1. I went to Susans house yesterday.
2. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.
3. They went to Rome to study the architecture there.
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The negative construction of a sentence is formed by the word not placed directly after the auxiliary verb and before
the main verb:
Subject
He
We
They
Aux + not
does not
are not
have not
Verb
like
going
been
music
home
to the museum
Negation can also be provided by adverbs and sometimes by another element in a sentence, which is more formal,
but remember that sentences can only contain one negative element to convey negation:
He has never been to France (= He hasnt ever been to France)
They have no money (= They dont have any money)
NEGATIVE
Exercise 3 Write the following sentences in the negative form.
1. He lives in a house.
2. They work in an office.
3. Theyre eating at the moment.
4. Shakespeare wrote novels.
5. Anne has got three dogs.
6. Weve been to Africa.
7. He can play the piano very well.
8. The train left at six.
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WORD ORDER
Exercise 5 Write the words in the correct order.
1. spend / he / in Japan / next year / his holiday / will
2. where / the post office / you / know / do / is?
3. last week / had / at school / an exam / they
4. him / she / did / why / tell / a lie?
5. never / to / we / been / Germany / have
6. play / you / tennis / how often / do?
7. me / you / going to / help / are ?
8. likes / she / very much / jazz
9. what / does / he / look / like?
10. gave / present / they / me / a wonderful
11. to / meaning / the / explained / she / me
12. who / present / you / that / gave /?
13. who / is / Tim / it / the / wrote / letter
14. is / long / the / how / lesson?
15. photocopied / documents / the / were
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EMPHASIS
Exercise 6 Rewrite the sentence with the emphatic form It is/was. that/who, with emphasis on the underlined
word.
1. John gave me the flowers.
___________________________________
2. Vermeer painted the picture.
___________________________________
3. I went to Paris.
___________________________________
4. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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5. We are learning French.
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Exercise 7 Rewrite the sentence in a more emphatic form beginning with the underlined negative adverb.
1. I have never seen such a wonderful painting.
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2. He rarely went to the cinema.
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3. We seldom speak to our neighbors.
___________________________________
4. They had hardly arrived at the beach when it started raining. ___________________________________
5. We had never heard such terrible news.
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SUBJECT
Note that the English language must always have a subject in the sentence. Some exceptions are the imperative form,
but the subject (you) is implied:
Sit down! Dont laugh!
If there is no natural subject, then a dummy subject is required, such as It and There.
It can refer to time, the weather, distance and temperature:
Its 4 oclock Its raining Its 3 kilometres to Venice
Its hot today
It can also be followed by an adjective and that phrase or an infinitive form:
It is likely that prices will go up
Its nice to see you again
It can also introduce a formal passive construction:
It is said that power corrupts
It is thought that the government will raise taxes
There refers to something that exists in a particular place:
There is a cat in the garden There are a lot of people dying of hunger
IT/THERE + BE
Exercise 8 Complete the sentence with it or there and a form of the verb to be.
1. If __________ any difficulty with this exercise, let me know.
2. ___________ ages since I saw you.
3. __________ too cold to swim today.
4. __________ plenty of time before we catch the train.
5. __________ a terrible flood yesterday.
6. Look ! __________ snowing .
7. How far ________ to Milan from Venice?
8. ___________ dangerous to drive in the fog.
9. __________ a lot of nice people here.
th
10. __________ 8 December today.
11. ___________ said he is French.
12. ___________ a very strong wind tomorrow.
age
th
a magnificent 18 -century
shape
colour origin
material
square
purpose
It is unusual, however, to find so many adjectives in the same sentence. (See Unit 6 for more about adjectives).
Exercise 9 Write the adjectives in the following sentences in the correct order.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. catch
7. choose
8. do
9. drink
10.drive
some milk
a car
a dress
something
a train
11. eat
12. fall
13. find
14. fly
15. forget
treasure
someones name
off a chair
a sandwich
in a plane
16. get
17. give
18. go
19. grow
20. hit
a plant
to London
a ball
a present
a sandwich
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
hear
hold
keep
lay
lead
a promise
the table
someones hand
a song
a group of people
26. lie
27. lose
28. let
29. make
30. meet
a cake
someone do something
down on the bed
at the station
the keys
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
pay
read
ride
rise
run
fast
a bike
early
a book
for the meal
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
see
sell
send
sing
sit
a song
on a chair
a film
a car
a letter
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
speak
stand
steal
swim
take
a photo
English
at the bus-stop
the jewels
in the sea
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
teach
tell
think
understand
write
the lesson
about someone
a letter
somebody something
how to do something
Tense refers to the location of an event or action in time. There are only two tenses in English: present simple and
past simple. The tense is marked by an inflection of the verb:
Susan watches television every evening. (present tense)
Reference to other times can be made in different ways, using modal auxiliaries, for instance:
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Susan thinks she will watch the news tonight if she has time. (simple future time)
Susan has watched a really exciting tennis match. (present perfect)
Aspect refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather than its location in time. Aspect
always includes tense, and the auxiliaries are in the past, present or future. There are three aspects: simple (base
form, past form) progressive (to be + present participle), perfect (to have + past participle). Look at Appendix I for
the various verb forms in the active voice.
IDENTIFYING ASPECT
Exercise 12 Say whether the following aspects are simple, perfect or progressive.
1. Jane bought a new car.
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2. I think we have already seen this film. _________________________________________________
3. They are driving to the theatre.
_________________________________________________
4. Simon has left his book on the bus.
_________________________________________________
5. We are leaving today.
_________________________________________________
6. Ok, well go at six.
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7. Jane took a photo.
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8. The sun was shining.
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9. He wants a new computer.
_________________________________________________
10. Theyll be coming on the 8 oclock train. _________________________________________________
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SIMPLE ASPECT
The simple aspect is used for actions that occur at a specific time:
Susan rarely watches television. (habitual action)
Susan watched a good film last night. (action completed in time before speaking)
The present and past simple require a form of the auxiliary do followed by a verb in the infinitive form in the
interrogative and negative form of the verb:
Do you like music?
I dont eat meat.
Does he go to school?
He doesnt understand.
Did they see the film? They didnt go out.
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Present simple: In the affirmative form the third person verb adds -s or -es to the base form: He calls me every day
she watches TV at night .
Verbs ending in a consonant + -y drop the -y and add ies: she studies a lot
Verbs ending in a vowel + -y add s: He often plays tennis
Past simple: In the affirmative form the verb is either regular (base form + ed) or irregular (altered) and the same form
is used for all persons:
I / he / we / they liked the film He / we / you bought a newspaper
Verbs ending in a consonant + -y drop the -y and add ied: she studied all night
Verbs ending in a vowel + -y add ed: They stayed in a luxury hotel
Short verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant double the final consonant: He dropped his glass
Note: the auxiliary do is never used with the verb to be:
Are you English? He isnt at home
Was I too early? They werent busy that day
PRESENT SIMPLE
general truths: Christmas is on 25th December
habitual action: I go to the gym every evening
describing art/literary works: The painting represents the artists dream
timetables: The train leaves at 6 oclock
programmed future event: Term ends on Friday
subordinate clause in future time: Well phone you if we have an answer
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Every (day), on (Saturdays), now, nowadays, these days, once/twice/three times a week/month, in the
morning/afternoon/evening, at night, at weekends, adverbs of frequency (usually, never etc.) , all the time.
Exercise 14 Complete the sentences in the present simple with a verb from the box.
send
listen
speak
watch
wake up
drive
play
work
live
arrive
12
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He is listening.
They were singing.
We will be travelling.
He isnt listening.
They werent singing.
They wont be travelling.
Is he listening?
Were they singing?
Will they be travelling?
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3. They /write/ to the bank.
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4. I / have / lunch / at the moment.
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5. He / teaching / his friend to speak English.
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PRESENT SIMPLE/PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Dynamic and state verbs
Dynamic verbs (describing an action) can be used in the progressive form. State verbs (describing a state) are not
usually used in this form. Some verbs can be both dynamic and state, depending on their meaning.
Some state verbs are:
like
weigh
love
hate
prefer
remember
forget
believe
mean
seem
understand
want
need
know
belong
own
doubt
recognize
cost
owe
matter
contain
suppose
astonish
concern
detest
wish
satisfy
think
look
feel
be
have
hear
taste
see
appear
smell
Exercise 21 Write the correct form of the verb in brackets according to the meaning.
1. I _________ (think) you are wrong.
2. He __________ (have) a shower at the moment.
3. Jane ________ (not see) what I mean.
4. This box __________ (weigh) a lot!
5. We __________ (prefer) the sea to the mountains.
6. The actor __________ (appear) in the new film that comes out tomorrow.
7. They _________ (seem) to know what they are talking about.
8. He ___________ (not understand) anything.
9. What do these words __________ (mean)?
10. I certainly __________ (agree) with you.
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Exercise 22 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
stay
is thinking
speaks
take
doesnt think
is having
are taking
is speaking
do you have
is staying
PAST PROGRESSIVE
description of unfinished action at exact time in the past: At 3.30 we were travelling on the train.
continuing action in the past often in relation to action in simple past which may interrupt progressive action: I was
watching TV when the lights went out.
describing scenes or simultaneous actions: While I was cooking my husband was gardening.
Note: State verbs are not used in the past progressive.
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TIME EXPRESSIONS
while, when, at + time, during.
Answer the following questions.
What were you doing at:
1. 6 p.m. yesterday evening?
2. 9 a.m. this morning?
3. 11 p.m. last Saturday?
4. 3 p.m. on Sunday afternoon?
5. 2 a.m. 3 days ago?
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Exercise 25 Write the questions in the past progressive and answer them.
1. the girls / play / basketball? No, they / play / football.
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2. Jane / sing? No, she / listen to / music.
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3. you / wait / for the bus? No, I / look at / the shop.
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4. he / laugh /? No, he / cry.
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5. the cat / sleep? No, it / eat.
WHILE/WHEN
Exercise 26 Match the sentences and insert while or when.
1. I was driving
a. we saw the strange man.
2. He was cooking
b. they were listening to Jazz.
3. They were having a drink
c. I had an accident.
4. We were leaving the theatre
d. he cut himself.
5. She fell asleep
e. she was watching the film.
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PRESENT PERFECT
action started in past and influences present: The cat has broken the vase again
unspecified time of action in the past: Hes been to Australia twice
period not finished at time of speaking: Ive written 3 letters so far this morning
Note: contrary to the perfect form in Italian, the present perfect in English is not only a past tense. Think of it as a
bridge connecting the past to the present.
The verb to go has two past participles:
She has been to London = she went there and she came back.
She has gone to London = she went and she hasnt come back yet.
Adverbs of frequency go between the auxiliary and the past participle:
He has never been to Rome.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
since (specific point in time), for (period of time), ever, never, yet, already, lately, recently, this week/month/year, until
now, up to now, so far, its the first/second/third time, all my life, before.
Exercise 28 Write the sentences in the affirmative, interrogative and negative forms of the present perfect.
1. I (pass) my exam.
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2. He (lose) his keys.
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3. We (tidy) the room.
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4. She (finish) her work.
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5. They (send) me some money.
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Exercise 29 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.
1. I _______________ (be) very busy lately.
2. _______________ (you-see) a film recently?
3. We ________________ (not-finish) our meal, yet.
4. They _______________ (buy) two new chairs for the garden.
5. What _______________ (you-do) with my book? I cant find it!
6. Mary _______________ (teach) for 30 years now.
7. He ________________ (write) 3 letters so far.
8. Where _______________ (he-go)? He should be here now.
9. Thank you for inviting me. I ________________ (have) a wonderful time here.
10. We _______________ (meet) a really nice person. His names Mike.
18
FOR/SINCE
Exercise 30 Complete the following sentences with for or since.
1. It hasnt rained __________ June.
2. We have been married __________ 10 years now.
3. Ive known John __________ a long time.
4. We have known each other _________we were children.
5. They have had this car __________ 2008.
6. She has been ill _________ several days.
7. We havent seen her _________ last summer.
8. He hasnt eaten anything _________ this morning.
9. This jacket is very old. I have had it _________ ages.
10. It has been hot __________ May.
JUST/ALREADY/YET/EVER/NEVER/STILL
Apart from still, which goes before the auxiliary have, the other adverbs go between the auxiliary and the past
participle:
He still hasnt found his keys. Have you ever been to France? We have just arrived.
Yet is used in the interrogative and negative form and expresses expectation of something to happen:
Has your lesson started, yet? We havent finished the course, yet.
Note: Yet placed at the beginning of a sentence expresses but or nevertheless:
Jane says shes speaks French fluently, yet I have never heard her speak it.
just
already
yet
ever
never
still
Exercise 31 Complete the sentences with one of the words from the box.
1. Bob __________ hasnt phoned me. Im getting worried.
2. Have you ___________ eaten porridge?
3. We have ___________ seen this film, but well watch again as its a classic.
4. Sue has ___________ come back form her holiday in Greece-shes so brown!
5. Have you finished your exams, ___________?
6. I have ___________ been to Turkey, but I would love to go.
7. They havent installed my phone, __________.
8. Has she __________ worked in a restaurant?
9. The books I ordered __________ havent arrived. Where are they?
10. I have ___________ visited Rome, but it would be nice to go there again.
PRESENT PERFECT / PAST SIMPLE
Exercise 32 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. Use the present perfect or past simple and pay attention
to the time expression.
1. Everything is ok. We __________ (not / have) any problems so far.
2. Mary __________ (not / go) to work yesterday because she was tired.
3. John __________ (be) to Australia, but he is back now.
4. They __________ (not / finish) building the bridge, yet.
5. My sister __________ (get) married in London 10 years ago.
6. Is Bob still here? No, he __________ (just / go) out.
7. How many plays __________ (Goldoni / write)?
8. How long __________ (you / know) Tom?
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20
21
22
23
Continuing action completed at some time in the future: She will have been studying English for one year by the end
of term.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
next weekend /week/month/year, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in three days/weeks/months time, by.
Exercise 41 Complete the sentences using one of the future forms above and the correct form of the verb.
1. Look out! We _______________ (crash) the car!
2. The phone is ringing. I _______________ (answer) it.
3. The film _______________ (begin) at 10.
4. I ________________ (not / work) tomorrow, so we can go to the beach.
5. I havent got any money. What ________________ I (do)?
6. If you ________________ (touch) that plate, you _____________ (burn) yourself.
7. She ________________ (apply) for the job that was advertised in the newspaper.
8. The Pope ______________ (visit) Turkey in November.
9. You _______________ (go) to France, I promise.
10. I dont think the exam ______________ (be) very difficult.
11. Jane ________________ (work) on her thesis for the next 3 months.
12. By the time I arrive home, the workers _______________ (repair) my TV.
13. During the next century the climate _______________ (become) warmer.
14. The guided tour ________________ (leave) from the hotel at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
15. I think I___________________ (go) to bed early tonight Im tired.
TIME CLAUSES WITH FUTURE EVENTS
In time clauses with reference to future time, the main (independent) clause has a future reference, but the
subordinate (dependent) clause remains in the simple present. The subordinate clause usually starts with a time
adverbial such as when, after, before, as soon as, until.
main clause:
subordinate clause:
Ill come home
as soon as I finish the test.
Were going to speak to her
when we see her.
If the sentence starts with a subordinate clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma:
When we get home,
well have a shower.
Before he goes,
hell phone you.
Exercise 42 Match the clauses with a time adverbial.
1. We wont get home
2. Ill phone him
3. She wont have breakfast
4. I will go mad
5. He will go for a swim tomorrow
6. We will go to the restaurant
7.He isnt going to sign the contract
8. You wont pass the exam
9. They are going to celebrate
10. You will recognize him
when
after
before
as soon as
until
if
unless
a. he reads it carefully.
b. I have a holiday.
c. the weather is fine.
d. you study hard.
e. they have finished their exams.
f. you see him.
g. after midnight.
h. I get into the office.
i. the concert.
j. she goes out to work.
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25
refuse
*remember
say
start
*stop
threaten
*try
want
wish
*Can have both infinitive and ing form with different meanings:
Compare: a) I remember seeing the Queen when I was young b) Remember to lock the door when you go out a) I
stopped seeing my friend as we had quarrelled b) I stopped to visit my friend on the way back from Venice
a) I
tried taking an aspirin for my headache b) I tried to lift up the heavy box
a) I didnt mean to hurt you b) Going to university means studying a lot
a) I suggest you go to the library tomorrow b) He suggested having a picnic
Exercise 47 Replace the phrase in italics by an infinitive form.
1. She threatened that she would shoot him. _________________________________________________.
2. We hope well arrive early. _____________________________________________________________.
3. I promised that I would send a postcard. __________________________________________________.
4. He reminded me that I had to see my lawyer. _______________________________________________.
5. We remembered that we had to lock the door._______________________________________________.
VERBS + BARE INFINITIVE
Apart from modal auxiliary verbs, the following verbs take the bare infinitive:
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27
2.
3.
4.
5.
-ING FORM
The ing form has a wide variety of functions:
deny
finish
love
resist
suggest
detest
hate
mind
risk
try
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Exercise 54 Complete the sentences with a passive construction, using the verbs in brackets and in the tense
suggested.
1. The play (write) by Shakespeare. (past simple)
2.These books (not read) by children. (present simple)
3. A new art gallery (open) next month. (future simple)
4. I (tell) to go to the information desk. (past simple)
5. She is lucky as she (leave) a lot of money by her aunt. (present perfect)
6. I realized that I (rob) when I opened my bag. (past perfect)
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Exercise 55 Rewrite the sentences in the passive form. Add the agent only where necessary.
1. The police have arrested the thief.
___________________________________
2. The fierce dog bit the man on his leg.
___________________________________
3. Christopher Wren designed this church.
___________________________________
4. The government is going to increase taxes next month.
___________________________________
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___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
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UNIT 4 MODAL AUXILIARIES AND OTHER AUXILIARIES, CONDITIONAL FORM, REPORTED SPEECH
MODAL AUXILIARIES
Modal auxiliary verbs have the following characteristics:
There is no infinitive form of these verbs; they are followed by the bare infinitive of the verb (apart from ought to);
there is no s in the third person singular present; they do not need the auxiliary do to form the interrogative and
negative forms; they have no ed and ing forms. The modal auxiliaries are:
can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, may, might, must
Some forms are known as semi-modals, as they share some, but not all the characteristics:
to be able to, have to, to be allowed to, would rather, to be going to, had better
Ability: I can swim. I could ride a bicycle when I was 5. I have been able to speak English since I was at school.
Permission: Can/Could/May/Might I use your phone? We were allowed to leave the lesson early.
Obligation: You must study more. You have to drive on the left in Britain. They had to go to hospital. Did you have to
tidy your room when you were young? I will have to climb the stairs. The lift is out of order.
Prohibition: You mustnt touch that dog. Its dangerous. He wasnt allowed to go out.
Necessity: The child needs to have his own room. Her hair needs cutting.
No necessity: You dont have to / dont need to / neednt come with me if you dont want to.
Advice: You should / ought to go to bed - you look tired. He had better study harder.
Offers: Ill help you with your homework. Shall I open the window?
Requests: Can / Could / Will / Would you buy me a newspaper, please?
Past habit: He used to / would play football when he was ten.
Preference: We would rather stay at home than go out.
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Probability: Stephen may/might be here, but Im not sure. The bus should be here by now. Dogs can be difficult to
educate. This painting cant be a Picasso-theres no signature. You must be tired after such a hard day. She must have
been tired. He cant have known.
Exercise 57 Rewrite the sentences using one of the modal verbs above.
e.g. I want permission to go home early = Can/Could/May I go home early?
1. I would like to use your phone.
_______________________
2. Jane has the ability to play the violin.
_______________________
3. The doctor has advised me to stop smoking.
_______________________
4. I would like to help you pick up that heavy suitcase.
_______________________
5. It is prohibited to smoke in here.
_______________________
6. It is not necessary to wear a uniform.
_______________________
7. I order you to tidy your room.
_______________________
8. When I was six, I was able to play the piano.
_______________________
9. Open the door, please.
_______________________
10. It would be better if you studied harder.
_______________________
11. He can drive now. He started to drive when he was 18.
_______________________
12. I advise you to read that book.
_______________________
13. It isnt necessary for you to go to the shops today.
_______________________
14. It was obligatory for me to take the dog for a walk every day.
______________________
15. It is prohibited to wear a miniskirt in church. Change your clothes. _______________________
16. It is necessary to clean the floor.
_______________________
17. It is possible that the painting is by Vermeer.
_________________________
18. It isnt possible that your brother is here-hes in America!
________________________
19. I would prefer to go to the cinema.
_________________________
20. It would be better if you left early to catch the train.
________________________
MUST / HAVE TO
Exercise 58 Complete the sentences with a form of must or have to.
1. Im tired. I __________ go to bed early tonight.
2. Mary ___________ go to school on Saturdays.
3. We __________ fly to London for a meeting next week.
4. You __________ visit us again soon.
5. He __________ cook because his wife is away.
6. __________ (you) pay taxes if you live abroad?
7. He __________ study harder if he wants to pass the exam.
8. She __________ go to the post office to renew her passport.
MUST NOT / DONT / DOESNT HAVE TO
Exercise 59 Complete the sentences with a form of must not or dont/doesnt have to
1. Passengers __________ speak to the bus driver.
2. Im lucky. I __________ go to work on Saturdays.
3. My daughter __________ ask permission to go out at night.
4. You __________ go near that building. Its falling down!
5. Schoolchildren __________ wear a uniform in Italy.
6. You ___________ smoke in the restaurant.
7. You __________ come to the party if you dont want to.
8. There is enough bread for lunch. You __________ buy any more.
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32
33
Do sit down.
Exercise 66 Complete the sentences with the correct form of an auxiliary verb.
1. She was out all day and so ___________ I.
2. They didnt see him and neither ___________ we.
3. He doesnt write as well as I __________.
4. You cant speak French, __________ you?
5. Lets have a drink, ___________we?
6. Im slow, __________ I?
7. I dont like meat, but he __________.
8. They never listen, _________ they?
9. Has he arrived? Yes, he __________.
10. Hes been to Paris, __________ he?
CONDITIONAL
Conditionals are made up of a main clause and a subordinate clause beginning with if or unless:
If they dont study, they will never pass the exam.
Unless you turn off the music, Ill get angry.
I would go now if I were you.
He would never do that job unless he were paid enough.
Conditional 0 (situation always true if something happens): If Im late for school, my father gives me a lift.
Conditional 1 (possible result): If I find your watch, Ill tell you. If you dont sleep, youre going to be tired.
Conditional 2 (imaginary result): Im sure Jane would understand if you explained the situation to her.
If I were you I would go to the doctor.
Conditional 3 (past situation with hypothetical result): If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit
you.
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CONDITIONAL 1
Exercise 67 Match the phrases and connect them with if.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
CONDITIONAL 2
Exercise 68 Put the verbs into the correct tense.
1. If I _________ (have) enough money, I ___________ (buy) a house.
2. It __________ (be) lovely if we ___________ (can go) on holiday together.
3. If I __________ (be) you, I __________ (consult) a lawyer.
4. We __________ (come) to the party if we __________ (not-have) so much work.
5. If I __________ (win) the lottery, I __________ (travel).
CONDITIONAL 3
Exercise 69 Rewrite the sentences using the third conditional form.
e.g. I didnt know you were ill, so I didnt visit you = If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 70 Complete the sentences using one of the conditional forms above.
1. If we __________ (catch) the 10.30 train to Venice, we __________ (arrive) in time.
2. You dont look healthy. If you __________ (take) more exercise, you _________ (feel) better.
3. If I ___________ (be) president, I _________ (change) a lot of things.
4. If you __________ (break) a bone, it ________ (hurt) a lot.
5. The view was great. If I _________ (have) a camera, I _________ (take) some pictures.
6. We _________ (enjoy) the holiday more last week if the weather ___________ (be) better.
I WISH/IF ONLY
Reference to present time:
Wish /If only + noun/pronoun + simple past: I dont have much time now = I wish / If only I had more time.
Wish / If only + noun/pronoun + past subjunctive of verb to be: You are not here but I would like you to be here = I
wish / If only you were here.
Wish / If only + same noun/pronoun as subject + could: I cant fly = I wish / If only I could fly.
Wish / If only + different noun/pronoun from subject + would: You dont tidy your room, but I want you to tidy it = I
wish you would tidy your room.
Exercise 71 Rewrite the sentences with I wish + present time reference.
e.g. I want a new car = I wish I had a new car.
1. You are not here. I wish _______________________________________________________________.
2. She wants to be young again. She wishes__________________________________________________.
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Reported speech
Past simple
Past progressive
Past perfect simple + progressive
Past perfect simple + progressive
No change
Was/ were going to
Would
Conditional 2
No change
The day before
The next day, the following day, the day after
Reporting statements: I speak French = She said that she spoke French.
I am going to University = He said that he was going to University.
Reporting questions: Why do you smoke? = He asked me why I smoked.
Do you like beer? = He asked me if / whether I liked beer.
Requests: John, sit down, please. = She told John to sit down.
Jane, dont open your book. = He told Jane not to open her book.
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Other reporting verbs: promise, refuse, offer, decide, agree + (not) to do; ask, advise, encourage, remind, invite +
someone + (not) to do.
Exercise 73 Report the following statements.
1. He said, This is my chair. He said ___________________________________________________.
2. She said, I went to the cinema yesterday. She said ________________________________________.
3. He said, I am writing a book. He said ___________________________________________________.
4. She said, Ill do it tomorrow. She said ___________________________________________________.
5. They said, We have never been to Paris. They said ________________________________________.
6. He said, I would do it if I could. He said _________________________________________________ .
7. Were waiting for the new teacher. They said ____________________________________________.
8. I have made a mistake. She said _______________________________________________________.
Exercise 74 Report the following questions.
1. Whats the time? she asked. She asked _______________________________________________.
2. How are you? Jane asked me. Jane asked me __________________________________________.
3. Wheres the bank? he asked. He asked me ____________________________________________.
4. Where have you been? His mother asked. His mother asked_______________________________.
5. Do you like chocolate? Tom asked. Tom asked _________________________________________.
6. "How many people live in this town?", asked Robert. Robert asked ___________________________.
7. Why is he leaving?, asked Susan. Susan asked ___________________________________________.
8. Was the party a success?, asked Tom. Tom asked _________________________________________.
REPORTING VERBS
Exercise 75 Complete the sentences with one of the reporting verbs from the box.
refused
advised
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
promised
reminded
offered
invited
decided
agreed
advice
economics
work
music
furniture
luggage
traffic
literacy
information
progress
homework
environment
knowledge
permission
money
perspective
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Plural nouns can have both singular and plural forms, but sometimes only have a plural form:
people
clothes
police
pyjamas
clergy
binoculars
trousers
glasses
scissors
scales
Collective nouns, which are countable, are followed by the singular when considered as a group and plural when
considered as individuals. Some examples are:
audience
class
committee
crowd
family
public
staff
team
jury
group
Some nouns are both countable and uncountable, and may change their meaning as a result:
work
hair
glass
space
talk
cold
light
evil
time
wood
experience
rubber
business
iron
paper
Uncountable nouns
much
a little
little
A good/great deal of
Both
Some/any
most
enough
a lot of/lots of
plenty of
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39
its in the
object
possessive
mine
you
him
yourself
hers
it
You
We
reflexive
itself
yourselves
ours
theirs
themselves
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Relative adverbs
relative adverb
When
Where
Why
use
subject/object pronoun -people
subject/object pronoun -things
possession people + things
object pronoun people (formal)
subject/object pronoun people +
things (only in restrictive relative
clauses)
example
The man who gave you a lift
The book which is on the table
The man whose wife is a writer
The woman to whom I wrote
The picture that hangs on the wall
The girl that I met yesterday
use
time expression
place
reason
example
The year when we got married
The house where he lived
The reason why he left
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Object pronouns (but not subject pronouns) in restrictive clauses can be omitted:
The girl (that) I met yesterday is French.
Exercise 84 Join the restrictive clauses with a relative pronoun or adverb.
1. People live in Italy. They are called Italians.
The people ___________________________________________________________________________
2. I chose the dress. It was the cheapest.
I ________________________________________________________________________________
3. We slept in the hotel. It was very comfortable there.
The hotel ____________________________________________________________________________
4. That is the professor. His wife is Russian.
That is the professor _________________________________________________________________
5. The dictionary is on the table. It is mine.
The dictionary _______________________________________________________________________
Exercise 85 Say whether the following pronouns are subject (S) or object (O) pronouns. Which sentences can omit
the relative pronoun?
1. Do you know the man who I was talking to?
2. Do you know the man who was talking to me?
3. The books that are on the shelf are dusty.
4. The books that we borrowed from the library must go back.
5. That is a museum which I love.
6. That is a museum that is 500 years old.
7. Ill stay in a town which is near the sea.
8. Ill stay in a town that I have never visited before.
NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non-restrictive relative clauses add information to the initial term, but do not define it. Commas are used, and the
relative pronoun that cannot be used. The relative pronouns cannot be omitted:
Professor Smith, who teaches Biology, is very nice. I went to a see play by Goldoni, which was performed at the Fenice
Theatre.
Compare the following statements:
a) My sister who lives in London came to visit me.
b) My sister, who lives in London, came to visit me.
Which sentences states that I have only one sister? Which sentence states that I have more than one sister?
Exercise 86 Join the relative clauses with a relative pronoun. Remember to use commas.
1. Charles Darwin was the grandson of a physician. Charles Darwin was born in 1809.
Charles Darwin__________________________________________________________________________
2. He met John Henslow at Cambridge. John Henslow was professor of biology.
He met _____________________________________________________________________________
3. Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle. Darwin acted as a naturalist on board the ship.
Darwin ____________________________________________________________________________
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4. The voyage took 5 years. It included Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
The voyage _________________________________________________________________________
5. In 1859 Darwin completed the Origin of the Species. It sold out the day of publication.
In 1859 ___________________________________________________________________________
6. The Church upheld creationism. It attacked him as a blasphemous radical.
The Church ________________________________________________________________________
FORMAL / INFORMAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
Formal
The woman to whom I spoke
This man about whom I was telling you
The book for which we were looking
The year in which we got married
The house in which he lived
The reason for which he left
Informal
The woman (who) I spoke to
This man (who) I was telling you about
The book (which) we were looking for
The year when we got married
The house where he lived
The reason why he left
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ARTICLES
a + singular noun with initial consonant;
an + singular noun with vowel sound; a + singular noun
with initial consonant sound;
a + job;
A temple.
An arch. A European.
He is a doctor.
The queen
The old lady is feeding the cats in the park.
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45
PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES
Present participle adjectives are active and mean having this effect: The book is interesting.
Past participle adjectives are passive and mean affected in this way: I am interested in this book.
Exercise 91 Complete the sentences with ing or ed.
1. I was __________ (surprise) when he passed the exam.
2. The film was very __________ (excite).
3. She is __________ (bore) with her job.
4. These exercises are __________ (confuse).
5. When he finished studying he was __________(exhaust).
6. The news isnt at all __________ (interest).
7. The children thought the documentary was __________ (fascinate).
8. He is __________ (convince) that he will win the race.
9. The ancient castle is __________ (amaze).
10. She doesnt seem to be __________ (interest) in the project.
ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions that follow adjectives can often be different from those used in Italian. Always learn the adjective with
the preposition. Some examples are:
interested / involved / rich / located /situated + IN
accustomed / adjacent / close / contrary /dedicated/connected/opposed/related/similar/attached /exposed/
limited/opposed/relevant + TO
aware/capable/afraid / conscious/ convinced / full/made + OF
suitable/famous/responsible / known + FOR
doubtful/worried/serious + ABOUT
associated / pleased/popular/ compatible / consistent/ covered / equipped/ familiar + WITH
good/bad + AT
surprised/astonished/amazed + BY
Exercise 93 Complete the sentences with an appropriate preposition.
1. The archeological site is located _________ Crete.
2. Are you interested _________ philosophy?
3. We werent aware __________ the danger involved.
4. Hes worried _________ the exam.
5. Im not good _________ mathematics.
6. The place is famous _________ its cooking.
7. You cant be serious _________ moving abroad!
8. Hes afraid __________ spiders.
9. Im trying to find websites relevant __________ Astrology.
10.This house is suitable __________ a large family.
ADJECTIVES AND COMPARISON
One-syllable adjective: comparative bigger
superlative the biggest
The house is older than mine. It is the oldest in the neighbourhood
Two-syllable or more adjectives: comparative - more important
superlative the most important
The book is more interesting than the film. It is the most interesting book Ive read this year.
However, adjectives ending in y add ier and iest:
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superlative
worse
happy
interesting
farther/further
modern
Exercise 95 Write sentences with the comparative form.
1. Im __________________________ my sister Jane. (young)
2. His room is ______________________ hers. (tidy)
3. That sport is ____________________ it looks. (dangerous)
4. We need _____________________ details about the holiday. (far)
5. Her French accent is _____________________ mine. (bad)
Exercise 96 Write sentences using the superlative form of the adjective in italics.
1. Hes a good driver, probably ____________________.
2. Its a fascinating film, ________________________ Ive ever seen.
3. The dress is pretty, in fact its ______________________ I have.
4. This book is boring, _____________________ Ive read so far.
5. The house is modern, ______________________ in town.
Exercise 97 Choose the comparative or superlative form.
1. Johns car is newer than /newest mine.
2. Your work is better than / the best in the class.
3. Have you read his later / latest novel?
4. The film is the longest / longer than two hours.
5. This tea is the worst / worse than Ive drunk.
To reinforce comparative structures much, far, a great deal can be added:
His house is much bigger than mine. She is far more intelligent than I am.
They can work a great deal better.
For parallel increase we use the + comparative form the + comparative form:
The bigger the house, the better.
To express equality we use as + adjective + as: Jane is as tall as Tom.
Exercise 98 Rewrite the following sentences with as/not as + adjective + as.
1. Jane is less tall than Simon. Jane _________________________________________________________.
2. The box is very light, like a feather. The box _______________________________________________.
3. The lake is less deep than the sea. The lake ________________________________________________.
4. Ive had 4 drinks, the same number as you have had. Ive had _________________________________.
5. John eats less than Tony. John __________________________________________________________.
The absolute superlative in English is usually formed by adding very before the adjective: Its very important.
However, we often substitute the adjective with an absolute adjective:
very big = huge very small = tiny very hungry = starving very tired = exhausted very cold = freezing
47
ADVERBS
(for position of adverbs see Unit 1).
Adverbs of manner are usually formed by adding the suffix ly to an adjective: slow = slowly
There are some exceptions: good = well
Some adverbs retain the same form as the adjective: hard, fast, early, late, high, low
Some adjectives ending in ly cannot be used as adverbs: lovely, friendly, daily, weekly
Exercise 99 Choose the most appropriate form.
1. The children listened careful / carefully to the teacher.
2. He drives fast/fastly.
3. I didnt sleep very good / well last night.
4. They have a week / weekly grammar test.
5. She always gives me a friendly / friendlily smile.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS OF MANNER
The comparative and superlative of adverbs is formed by adding more and most to the positive form:
She speaks French more quickly than I do
There are some exceptions:
well
better
best
badly
worse
worst
fast
faster
fastest
hard
harder
hardest
early
earlier
earliest
little
less
least
much
more
most
He sings well, but she sings better. He sings best. The train arrived earlier than I expected. He writes worse than I do.
Exercise 100 Complete the sentences with a form of the adverb in brackets.
1. He drove ____________ than ever along the motorway. (fast)
2. She plays tennis __________ than me. (good)
3. I think he works __________. (hard)
4. He acts __________ than anyone I know. (badly)
5. If you can come ___________ that would be fine. (early)
Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of the sentence. However, they can start a sentence to emphasize the
time element: We will start working today. Today we will start working and tomorrow we will continue.
Adverbs of frequency are usually placed after the simple tenses of to be: The train is often late
Before the simple tenses of other verbs: They rarely go out
Before the past participle in compound sentences: She has always tried to improve her English
Adverbs of purpose use the infinitive form of the verb with to: Shes learning English to find a job. (see Unit 3).
Exercise 101 Put the adverbs in the correct place in the following sentences.
1. They have been to London. (never)
2. We went to the sea when we were young. (rarely)
3. This phenomenon hadnt been seen before. (ever)
4. We are in a hurry. (always)
5. She spoke very. (softly)
6. I dont know him. (well)
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49
CO-ORDINATION
Joining independent clauses
The following coordinating conjunctions are used to join independent clauses:
For (because), And, Nor, But, Or, Yet (but), So
A comma usually precedes the conjunction: The weather was hot, so I went to the beach.
Exercise 104
Join the independent clauses with an appropriate conjunction.
1. This film is particularly interesting, __________ the director was blind when he made it.
2. She walked into the room, __________ she looked for her friend.
3. She has been to France for a long time, __________ she cant speak French.
4. We could go out, __________ we could stay at home and watch a DVD.
5. I was extremely tired last night, _________ I went early to bed.
6. She hasnt written, __________ has she phoned me.
Conjunction pairs
Conjunction pairs show the relationship between ideas in a sentence. The most common are:
both and, either or, neither nor, rather than, whether or, not only but also.
He has both a computer and a mobile phone.
I should either exercise more or eat less.
I am neither rich, nor famous.
We would rather watch a video than go out.
Have you decided whether you will apply for the job or not?
He is not only very good-looking, but also rich.
Exercise 105 Complete the sentences with one of the pairs above.
1. I will finish my work ____________ today _________ tomorrow.
2. I dont like him very much. He is _________ intelligent __________ ambitious.
3. I dont know __________ I will call them __________ not.
4. She would __________ have a pizza __________ pasta.
5. The lecture was __________ long, _________ boring.
6. I hate __________ cleaning __________ ironing.
Joining dependent and independent clauses
Subordinate conjunctions usually introduce dependent clauses. The most common are:
Although / though + verb phrase: Although / Though it was raining, they still played the football match.
Because / As / Since + verb phrase: We ate quickly because / as / since we had to return to work.
Unless / if + verb phrase : Unless you study / If you dont study harder, you wont pass the exam.
In spite of / Despite + noun phrase: In spite of / Despite the bad weather, we still had a picnic.
While + verb phrase: He is American, while she is Dutch.
So that + verb phrase: We are saving money, so that we can buy a house.
Exercise 106 Choose the most appropriate alternative.
1. Although / Despite he was tired, he carried on working
2. She has a job, while / unless I am unemployed.
3. The price of petrol is high because / so that I wont use my car so often.
4. In spite of / Though what you say, I still think we should talk to him.
5. He bought a new computer as / while the old one no longer worked.
6. Unless / If you hurry up, you will miss the train.
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( not
Prepositions: about, after, at, for, from, in, into, of, on, to, with.
Some of the most common prepositional verbs:
account for
agree with
associate with
believe in
consist of
cope with
depend on
listen to
look for
look into
see to
suffer from
apply for
care about
deal with
look at
pay for
talk about
ask for
care for
decide on
look after
rely on
talk to
find by chance
recover from an illness etc.
increase / decrease
continue
take care of
seek
require
enter / leave bus, train, plane
continue
have good relationship
begin flight
be short of
Exercise 108 Rewrite the sentences substituting the formal phrase in italics with a prepositional verb in its correct
form.
1. Prices will increase next month.____________________________________________________________
2. Doctors are seeking a cure. _____________________________________________________________
3. He continued speaking for 3 hours. _________________________________________________________
4. We have to take care of 5 children. _________________________________________________________
5. I think we are getting short of bread. There is only one loaf left. _________________________________
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ask for
pay for
see to
deal with
suffer from take on
explain to
get on with
Hes a nurse at St. Marys Hospital. He 1. __________ the job last year and was 2. __________ at Christmas. Nurses
don't earn much and they even have to 3. __________ their own uniforms. The nurses are all 4. __________ a pay
rise. It is very tiring work 5.__________ the elderly patients and 6.__________ all their needs, but he 7. ___________
all of them. He often 8.__________ backache and has to 9.__________ the administration that he needs time off to
10. __________ this problem.
PHRASAL VERBS
A phrasal verb is a verb + adverb:
He took the patient away.
It is time to go out now.
The adverb can be placed either before or after the object:
I turned down the job.
I turned the job down.
I turned it down.
(Note: do not place the pronoun after the particle).
Adverbs: about, away, back, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, through, up.
Some phrasal verbs are easy to understand:
I put the book back on the shelf then looked round for another book to take out of the library.
Sometimes the phrasal verb corresponds to another one-word verb:
She always turns up (= arrives) at the last minute.
He turned down ( = refused) all the jobs he was offered.
Adverbs used in phrasal verbs often have common meanings:
UP (= completely)
UP (= increasing)
I have used up all my spare money buying CDs.
The numbers of deaths are going up all the time
DOWN (= completely to the ground)
I fell down and broke my arm.
DOWN (= decreasing)
The price of petrol is going down.
ON (= connect)
Please switch on the heating.
ON (= continue)
After secondary school, many young adults go on to study
at university.
OFF (= disconnect)
She broke off her relationship.
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recognise, distinguish
raise
cause (something to happen)
start a business etc.
Remove
Discontinue
lower; reject
connect/disconnect an appliance
consult a reference book
Postpone
Exercise 111 Rewrite the sentences substituting the formal phrase in italics with a phrasal verb.
1. Please lower the volume of the radio. _____________________________________________________
2. Initiatives were launched to cause government change. ______________________________________________
3. You will have to remove your clothes for the x-ray. ___________________________________________
4. The government has just raised the price of gas. _____________________________________________
5. The meeting will be postponed until next Monday. __________________________________________
6. I find it difficult to distinguish these signs. __________________________________________________
7. They discontinued their relationship. ______________________________________________________
8. He refused the invitation. _______________________________________________________________
9. They have decided to start their own commercial activity. _____________________________________
10. If you dont know the meaning of the word, find it in a dictionary. _____________________________
Exercise 112 Complete the sentences with an appropriate particle from the box.
up
down
off
on
out
for
1. Im afraid weve missed the flight. The plane took __________ five minutes ago.
2. Try looking __________ his phone number in the directory.
3. The number of births in Italy has gone __________ in the last decade. There are fewer children around.
4. Please turn _________ the radio. The music is giving me a headache.
5. I hope to be taken ___________ as an accountant in the near future.
6. Were you looking ___________ me? I was out in the garden.
7. He was so drunk that it was difficult to make __________ what he was saying.
8. I hope he will carry ________ with his English.
9. They are generous. They will pay __________ my courses.
10. The appointment has been put _________ until next month.
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TO BRING
to bring about
to bring down
to bring up a child
to bring up a subject
To bring back
He has put off his appointment with the doctor until next week.
The firemen put out the fire while the policemen held back the crowd.
You should put in an application for that vacant post.
Im putting by some money for my holidays.
While my room was being painted my neighbour put me up for a few days.
I dont know how you can put up with that awful noise!
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TO TAKE
to take into account
to take on
to take place
to take advantage of
to take up
to take over
Employers must take into account the needs of people working for them.
In English nouns can often take on the function of adjectives.
The event will take place at the weekend.
You should take advantage of the discounts in that shop.
Bob wants to take up golf when he retires.
Steve will take over his fathers business.
TO GET
to get (receive)
to get (find/buy)
to get (become)
to get (arrive)
to get (catch)
to get on /off
to get on with
to get in / out of
to get over
to get
to get rid of
to get used to
Exercise 118 Substitute the phrase in italics with an expression for get.
1. I was becoming really bored with the lesson. ______________________________________________
2. We have decided to divorce. ___________________________________________________________
3. Continue with your work, please. ________________________________________________________
4. He found it difficult to recover from his wifes death. ________________________________________
5. We must throw out all that old furniture in the garage. ______________________________________
6. Ill come as soon as I have put some clothes on. ____________________________________________
7. When tourists come to Venice they have to get accustomed to walking. ________________________
8. Where did you find that lovely dress? ____________________________________________________
9. He became really angry when I told him.__________________________________________________
10. Were catching the train at 6 p.m. _______________________________________________________
55
TO KEEP
to keep
to keep + noun/pronoun + adjective
to keep (on) + -ing
to keep up
to keep up with
Exercise 119 Substitute the word or phrase in italics with an expression for keep.
1. If you travel on business you need to know what is happening with your expenses. _________________
2. If at first you dont succeed, continue to try. ________________________________________________
3. This coat will help you stay warm. ________________________________________________________
4. Could you watch the children while I go out?. ______________________________________________
5. You must maintain the repayments to your creditors. ________________________________________
WORDS THAT MAY BE CONFUSED
MAKE / DO
Make means to produce something while do means to perform an action.
MAKE: friends, an excuse, a mistake, a photocopy, an effort, an excuse, an improvement, a decision.
DO: your homework, the shopping, someone a favour, exercises, your best, well/badly, research, a course.
Exercise 120 Complete the sentence with a form of make or do.
1. It is not easy to ___________ friends in a new town.
2. Lets ___________ an excuse and not go out tonight.
3. I _________ quite well in my test yesterday.
4. Redecorating the house has really __________ an improvement.
5. Could you ___________ the shopping today? Im too busy.
6. We will have to __________ a decision quite soon.
7. You havent __________ too many mistakes on your homework.
8. Could you __________ me a favour and buy me a newspaper?
9. How many photocopies do we need to __________?
10. There are a lot of exercises to __________.
HAVE / TAKE
HAVE: a bath, a meal, fun, a party, a look, an argument, an experience, a chat, a dream.
TAKE: a train/bus/plane, a photo, a seat, time off, an interest in something, a trip, charge of something.
Exercise 121 Complete the sentence with a form of have or take.
1. I __________ a lot of experience in accounting.
2. Im sure youll __________ fun on holiday.
3. Yesterday we __________ a trip to the seaside.
4. I think hes __________ an interest in me.
5. Unfortunately we __________ an argument about the car.
6. She has _________ a lot of photos of her cat.
7. Come in and ____________ a chat.
56
57
58
59
60
61
APPENDIX I
PAST:
simple
I watched
perfect
I had watched
perfect progressive
I had been watching
progressive
I am watching
He is watching
perfect
I have watched
He has watched
perfect progressive
I have been watching
He has been watching
She never eats meat. They often have pizza for dinner.
He is studying French at the moment.
They have visited most European countries in the last 20 years.
I have been reading all morning.
FUTURE:
simple
I shall/will watch
progressive
I shall/will be watching
perfect
I shall/will have watched
He will watch
He will be watching
perfect progressive
I shall/will have been
watching
He will have been watching
watching
Past:
watched
progressive
To be watching
perfect
To have watched
perfect progressive
To have been watching
62
progressive
I was being watched
They were being watched
perfect
I had been watched
progressive
I am being watched
He is being watched
perfect
I have been watched
He has been watched
perfect
I shall/will have been
watched
He will have been watched
Present:
INFINITIVES:
simple
To be watched
being watched
perfect
To be have been watched
63
APPENDIX II
IRREGULAR VERBS
BASE FORM
arise
awake
PAST SIMPLE
arose
awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE
arisen
alzarsi, sorgere
awoken
svegliarsi
be
beat
become became
begin
bend
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring
build
burn
buy
was/were
been
beat
beaten
become diventare
began
begun
bent
bent
bit
bitten
bled
bled
blew
blown
broke
broken
brought
brought
built
built
burnt/burned burnt/burned
bought
bought
essere, stare
battere, picchiare
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
afferrare, prendere
scegliere
venire
costare
tagliare
deal
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
dealt
dealt
trattare
dug
dug
scavare
did
done
fare
drew
drawn
disegnare
dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed sognare
drank
drunk
bere
drove
driven
guidare
eat
ate
eaten
mangiare
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
cadere
sentire, sentirsi
combattere
trovare
volare
dimenticare
perdonare
congelare
get
give
go
got
gave
went
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
iniziare
piegare, piegarsi
mordere
sanguinare
soffiare
rompere
portare
costruire
bruciare, scottare
comprare
diventare, ottenere
dare
andare
64
grow
grew
grown
crescere
hang
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
hung
hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
hung
hanged
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
keep
know
kept
knew
kept
known
mantenere, tenere
sapere
lay
lead
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
laid
led
learnt/learned
left
lent
let
lay
lit/lighted
lost
laid
led
learnt/learned
left
lent
let
lain
lit/lighted
lost
distendere, porre
condurre, guidare
imparare
lasciare, partire
prestare
lasciare, permettere
giacere, star sdraiati
accendere, illuminare
perdere
make
mean
meet
made
meant
met
made
meant
met
creare, fare
significare, voler dire
incontrare, conoscere
pay
put
paid
put
paid
put
pagare
mettere
read
ride
ring
rise
run
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
leggere
cavalcare, andare (in)
suonare
sorgere
correre
say
see
sell
send
set
shake
shine
shoot
show
shut
sing
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shook
shone
shot
showed
shut
sang
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shaken
shone
shot
shown
shut
sung
dire
vedere
vendere
mandare, spedire
mettere, sistemare
agitare, tremare
brillare
sparare
mostrare, far vedere
chiudere
cantare
appendere
impiccare
avere
sentire, udire
nascondere, nascondersi
colpire, picchiare
tenere
far male, ferire
65
sink
sit
sleep
smell
speak
spell
spend
stand
steal
stick
strike
swim
sank
sunk
sat
sat
slept
slept
smelt/smelled (Am.E) smelt/smelled
spoke
spoken
spelt/spelled (Am. E)
spelt/spelled
spent
spent
stood
stood
stole
stolen
stuck
stuck
struck
struck
swam
swum
affondare
sedere, sedersi
dormire
annusare, sentire
parlare
formare con lettere
spendere
stare (in piedi)
rubare
attaccare, attaccarsi
colpire, scioperare
nuotare
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understand
understood
understood
capire
wake
wear
win
write
woke
wore
won
wrote
woken
worn
won
written
svegliare, svegliarsi
indossare, portare
vincere
scrivere
66
APPENDIX III
NUMBERS AND TRENDS
Cardinal numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five
twenty-six
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
twenty-nine
thirty
31
40
50
60
thirty-one
forty
fifty
sixty
70
80
90
100
seventy
eighty
ninety
a hundred
1,000
a thousand
1,000,000 a million
1) When reading a number of three or more figures or writing it in words, we place and before the word denoting
tens or units:
104
a hundred and four
2,986
two thousand nine hundred and eighty-six
2) Numbers after twenty are written with a hyphen: twenty-one thirty-four
Otherwise all numbers are written as separate words: 101 one hundred and one
3) Either a or one can be used before hundred, thousand, million:
100
a/one hundred
150
a/one hundred and fifty
4) The words hundred, thousand, million are never made plural unless used with general reference to a large number:
two hundred
There were hundreds of birds in the trees.
five thousand
Thousands of people went to the concert.
5) Unlike Italian, in English the comma is used to divide groups of numbers: 1,000
is used to indicate decimals: 1.5 (one point five)
4.56 (four point five six)
2,300
Ordinal numbers
st
1
nd
2
rd
3
th
4
th
5
th
6
th
7
th
8
th
9
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
th
11
th
12
th
13
th
14
th
15
th
16
th
17
th
18
th
19
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
st
21
nd
22
rd
23
th
24
th
25
th
26
th
27
th
28
th
29
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
twenty-fourth
twenty-fifth
twenty-sixth
twenty-seventh
twenty-eighth
twenty-ninth
67
10
th
tenth
20
st
thirty-first
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
70
th
80
th
90
th
100
31
th
40
th
50
th
60
th
twentieth
th
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
hundredth
th
30
thirtieth
th
1,000 thousandth
th
1,000,000 millionth
1) Ordinal numbers written as figures add the last two letters of the written word:
first - 1st
second - 2nd
third - 3rd
fourth - 4th
2) Ordinal numbers are usually preceded by the definite article:
the first day
the twentieth week
the eighth day
3) The titles of Kings, Wars etc. are written with Roman figures but are read with ordinal numbers:
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth the second)
World War II (the second World War)
4) Ordinal numbers are used when reading dates:
9th December = the ninth of December 25th June = the twenty-fifth of June
5) Dates can be written in different ways:
9th December
December 9
December 9th
Note that American English tends to put the month before the day:
December 9
This requires attention when writing dates in figures:
9.12.1999
= 9th December 1999
(British English)
= 12th September 1999 (American English)
5) Years are usually read in pairs:
1900 = nineteen hundred
1450 = fourteen fifty
1990 = nineteen ninety
1066 = ten sixty-six
but
1901 = nineteen oh one
6) Decades are expressed with the plural form:
the 1900s = the nineteen hundreds
the 1850s = the eighteen fifties
68
KEY TO EXERCISES
Exercise 1
1. Whose house did you go to? 2. Who wrote Romeo and Juliet? 3. Why did they go to Rome?
4. Which wine does she prefer? 5. When are they going to Scotland? 6. Who loves Susan? 7. What happened? 8.
How are they going to Venice? 9. How long did it take them to build the bridge.? 10. How many novels has Stephen
King written?
Exercise 2 (suggestions)
1. How many languages can she speak? 2. What did you have for lunch? 3. How often does she play tennis? 4. Why
are you closing the window? 5. When did you go to Scotland? 6. Who wrote the letter? 7. Who did you see? 8. How
old is he? 9. Whats your favourite food? 10. Whens your appointment? 11. Where are the cups? 12. Which dress
do you prefer? 13. Why did you go to the bank? 14. Whose book is this? 15. What does she look like /What is she
like?
Exercise 3
1. He doesnt live in a house.
2. They dont work in an office. 3. They arent eating at the moment.
4.
Shakespeare didnt write novels. 5. Anne hasnt got three dogs. 6. We havent been to Africa. 7. He cant play the
piano very well. 8. The train didnt leave at six.
9. I didnt find the books I wanted. 10. He isnt going to buy a new
car. 11. They werent cleaning the windows yesterday afternoon. 12. We dont have to wear a uniform at school. 13.
He wont be in his office. 14. The film hadnt started when we arrived at the cinema.
Exercise 4
1. There was nothing to do. 2. I have no money. 3. I decided to give him no help. 4. She can find her keys nowhere. 5.
We saw nobody.
Exercise 5
1. He will spend his holiday in Japan next year 2. Do you know where the post office is? 3. They had an exam at
school last week. 4. Why did she tell him a lie?
5. We have never been to Germany. 6. How often do you play
tennis? 7. Are you going to help me? 8. She like jazz very much. 9. What does he look like?
10. They gave me a wonderful present. 11. She explained the meaning to me. 12. Who gave you that present? 13. It
is Tim who wrote the letter. 14. How long is the lesson? 15. The documents were photocopied.
Exercise 6
1. It was John who gave me the flowers. 2. It was Vermeer who painted the picture. 3. It was Paris that I went to. 4.
It was in 1492 that Columbus discovered America. 5. It is French that we are learning.
Exercise 7
1. Never have I seen such a wonderful painting. 2. Rarely did he go to the cinema. 3. Seldom do we speak to our
neighbors. 4. Hardly had they arrived at the beach when it started raining. 5. Never had we heard such terrible news.
Exercise 8
1. there ; 2. It is; 3. Its; 4. There is; 5. There was; 6. It; 7. Is it; 8. Its; 9. There are; 10. It is; 11. It is;
12. there is.
Exercise 9
1. A pair of dirty brown leather shoes. 2. Some long yellow cotton curtains. 3. A beautiful whote Italian silk shirt. 4.
An antique silver teapot. 5. An authentic Victorian typewriter.
Exercise 10
1. She plays the piano well. 2. The scientists usually hold the annual conference in the hall. 3. I would like to see your
house very much. 4. He didnt run fast enough to catch up with her.5. Her latest novel is rather good. 6. I got lost,
69
but fortunately someone gave me directions to the station. 7. I have finished your book and will return it tomorrow.
8. They quite like the new design. 9. She was often the centre of attention. 10. Im fairly sure that he told me.
Exercise 11
1. become a doctor. 2. begin at 6oclock. 3. break a glass. 4. bring a book with you. 5. buy a house. 6. catch a train.
7. choose a dress. 8. do something. 9. drink some milk. 10. drive a car. 11. eat a sandwich. 12. fall off a chair. 13.
find treasure. 14. fly in a plane. 15. forget someones name. 16. get a sandwich. 17. give a present. 18. go to
London. 19. grow a plant. 20. hit a ball. 21. hear a song. 22. hold someones hand. 23. keep a promise. 24. lay the
table. 25. lead a group of people. 26. lie down on the bed. 27. lose the keys. 28. let someone do something. 29.
make a cake. 30. meet at the station. 31. pay for the meal. 32. read a book. 33. ride a bike. 34. rise early. 35. run
fast. 36. see a film. 37. sell a car. 38. send a letter. 39. sing a song. 40. sit on a chair. 41. speak English. 42. stand at
the bus-stop. 43. steal the jewels. 44. swim in the sea. 45. take a photo. 46. teach how to do something. 47. tell
somebody something. 48. think about someone. 49. understand the lesson. 50. write a letter.
Exercise 12
1. simple; 2. Perfect; 3. Progressive; 4. Perfect; 5. Progressive; 6. Simple; 7. Simple; 8. Progressive; 9. Simple; 10.
Progressive.
Exercise 13
1. present progressive; 2. Present simple ; 3. Present perfect progressive; 4. Future simple; 5. Past simple; 6.
Present perfect simple; 7. Future perfect; 8. Past perfect; 9. Past perfect progressive; 10. Future progressive;
Exercise 14
1. They live in Venice in a large flat by the Grand Canal. 2. I listen to the radio every morning. 3. He often drives to
the coast at weekends. 4. She always sends me a postcard when shes on holiday. 5. The train arrive at 7 p.m. this
evening. 6. I wake up early every morning. 7. We both play the piano at school. 8. That boy watches a lot of
television in the evenings. 9. He works in a bank in London. 10. She speaks three languages fluently.
Exercise 15
1. Where do you live? 2. Do you smoke? 3. When does the train leave? 4. What do you do? 5. Does she work a
lot? 6. What time does he catch the train in the morning? 7. Why do they run every morning? 8. Do we need a
ticket to see the show? 9. Where do you both usually meet? 10. Does he often go to the cinema?
Exercise 16
1. comes; 2.is; 3. Works; 4. Has; 5. Lives; 6.catches/takes; 7.is 8. Likes/loves; 8. Are; 9. Goes; 10. Likes/loves; 11.
Eats/has; 12. Drinks; 13. Stays; 14. Reads; 15. Watches.
Exercise 17
1. woke up; 2. Had; 3. Made; 4. Ate; 5. Drove; 6. Went; 7. Ran; 8. Drank; 9. Wrote; 10. Spent.
Exercise 18
1. Did you learn French at school? 2. Why did he go out so early? 3. When did they arrive at the airport? 4. He did
not stay at home yesterday.
5. We did not see her for a long time.
6. Who did you speak to at the
meeting? 7. Which dress did you choose? 8. I did not pay a lot for the jacket. 9. Did he understand the question? 10.
We did not know about the accident.
Exercise 19
70
1. spent; 2. Stayed; 3. Were; 4.went; 5.saw; 6. Caught/took; 7.was; 8. Had/ sold; 9. Bought; 10. Visited; 11. Was; 12.
Went; 13. Were; 14. Sent/wrote; 15. Was.
Exercise 20
1. She is studying now/ She isnt studying now. Is she studying now?
2. We are listening to the politician/We arent listening to the politician/Are we listening to the politician?
3. They are writing to the bank/They arent writing to the bank/ Are they writing to the bank?
4. I am having lunch at the moment/Im not having lunch at the moment/ Am I having lunch at the moment?
5. He is teaching his friend to speak English/ He isnt teaching his friend to speak English/ Is he teaching his friend to
speak English?
Exercise 21
1. think; 2. is having; 3. doesnt see; 4. Weighs; 5. Prefer; 6. Is appearing; 7. Seem; 8. Doesnt understand; 9. Mean;
10. Agree.
Exercise 22
1. is thinking; 2. are taking; 3. Stay; 4.
having; 10. Speaks.
Exercise 23
1. are you doing; 2. Does he go; 3. Am reading; 4. Arent working; 5. Is it raining; 6. Listen; 7. Clean; 8. Is Smoking; 9.
Am taking; 10. Do you dream.
Exercise 24
1. Are they coming to the party? b. No, they arent. 2. Do we have to pay for it? j. Yes, we do. 3. Is she coming
back? e. No, I dont think she is. 4. Does she eat meat? a. No, she doesnt. 5. Is it still raining? d. Yes, it is. 6.
Does it always rain a lot here? i. Yes, it does at this time of year. 7. Do they have everything they need?
f.
No, they dont. 8. Are you waiting to see the doctor? g. Yes, I am. Hes very late. 9. Do you see your cousin very
often? h. No, I dont. 10. Are we going to Greece this year? c. No, we arent. We dont have any money.
Exercise 25
1. Were the girls playing basketball? No, they were playing football.
2. Was Jane singing? No, she was listening to music.
3. Were you waiting for the bus? No, I was looking at the shop.
4. Was he laughing? No, he was crying.
5. Was the cat sleeping? No, it was eating.
Exercise 26
1. I was driving when I had an accident.2. While he was cooking he cut himself. 3. They were having a drink while
they were listening to Jazz. 4. We were leaving the theatre when we saw the strange man. 5. She fell asleep while
she was watching the film.
Exercise 27
1. saw, was running; 2. Was waiting, arrived; 3. Didnt believe, told; 4. Was tidying, found; 5. What were you doing,
phoned.
Exercise 28
71
1. I have passed/ I havent passed/ Have I passed? 2. He has lost/ he hasnt lost/ has he lost? 3. We have tidied/We
havent tidied/ Have we tidied? 4. She has finished/ she hasnt finished/ has she finished? 5. They have sent/ have
they sent? / they havent sent.
Exercise 29
1. have been. 2. Have you seen? 3. havent finished. 4. have bought. 5. have you done? 6. has taught. 7. has
written. 8. has he gone? 9. have had. 10. have met.
Exercise 30
1. since. 2. for. 3. for. 4. since. 5. since. 6. for. 7. since. 8. since. 9. for. 10. since.
Exercise 31
1. still. 2. ever. 3. already. 4. just. 5. yet. 6. never. 7. yet. 8. ever. 9. still. 10. already.
Exercise 32
1. havent had. 2. didnt go. 3. has been. 4. havent finished. 5. got. 6. has just gone. 7. did Goldoni write. 8. have
you known. 9. have never met. 10. drove.
Exercise 33
1. lived. 2. sank. 3. has stolen. 4. has been. 5. graduated. 6. have seen. 7. has walked. 8. lived. 9. have torn. 10.
lost. 11. havent seen. 12. didnt write. 13. havent completed. 14. went. 15. have emerged.
Exercise 34
1. have been working. 2. has been dreaming. 3. have been watching. 4. have been studying. 5. have been collecting.
6. has been raining. 7. has been learning. 8. have been waiting. 9. has been working. 10. has been sleeping.
Exercise 35
1. have forgotten. 2. have been running. 3. have seen. 4. have you been watching. 5. hasnt eaten. 6. has been
crying. 7. has had. 8. have been listening. 9. have been doing. 10. have known.
Exercise 36
1. Had you forgotten to bring your ticket?/I hadnt forgotten to bring my ticket. 2. Had you slept the night before? / I
hadnt slept the night before. 3. Had she lost her wallet on the train again? / She hadnt lost her wallet on the train
again. 4. Had we visited London before? / We hadnt visited London before. 5. Had they seen a lion before? / They
hadnt seen a lion before.
Exercise 37
1. was walking; thought; had spent. 2. had finished; started. 3. posted; realized; had written. 4. asked; had been. 5.
got; had gone/went. 6. were; had called; didnt answer. 7. arrived; saw; had stolen. 8. met; told; had been; didnt
look. 9. looked; heard; found; had got stuck. 10. invited; couldnt; had made.
Exercise 38
1. Someone had been frying. 2. They had been playing in the garden. 3. She had been cutting onions. 4. He had been
sunbathing all day on the beach. 5. It had been snowing all night.
Exercise 39
1. had invited. 2. had been driving. 3. had been. 4. had you been doing. 5. had been watching. 6. had never seen. 7.
had finished. 8. had started. 9. had been studying. 10. had been waiting.
72
Exercise 40
1. used to smoke. 2. are used to working. 3. am used to driving. 4. used to / would tell me. 5. Did you use to play. 6.
are not used to eating. 7. would /used to do/ is used to doing. 8. used to walk. 9. used to be. 10. is used to taking.
Exercise 41
1. we are going to crash. 2. Ill answer. 3. begins. 4. am not working. 5. shall I do. 6. touch; will burn. 7. is
applying/is going to applying. 8. is to visit. 9. shall go. 10. will be. 11. will be working. 12. will have repaired. 13. will
become. 14. will be leaving. 15. Ill go.
Exercise 42
1. We wont get home until after midnight. 2. Ill phone him as soon as I get into the office. 3. She wont have
breakfast before she goes out to work. 4. I will go mad unless I have a holiday. 5. He will go for a swim tomorrow if
the weather is fine. 6. We will go to the restaurant after the concert. 7. He isnt going to sign the contract until he
reads it carefully. 8. You wont pass the exam unless you study hard. 9. They are going to celebrate after they have
finished their exams. 10. You will recognize him when you see him.
Exercise 43
1. do; wont eat. 2. will get; arrive. 3. finish; will have. 4. return; will be. 5. will go; have visited. 6. will think;
considers. 7. will you do; do not have. 8. will happen; is. 9. will ask; phone. 10. get; will see.
Exercise 44
1. to be. 2. to meet. 3. to hear. 4. to have. 5. to eat.
Exercise 45
1. She isnt old enough to drive. 2. He isnt old enough to drink alcohol. 3. We are to tired to continue studying. 4.
The child is too short to reach the biscuits. 5. Im not strong enough to lift the box.
Exercise 46
1. I have nothing to wear. 2. He hasnt got anything to do. 3. There is a lot to talk about. 4. There are so many books
to read. 5. There is nowhere to go.
Exercise 47
1. She threatened to shoot him. 2. We hope to arrive early. 3. I promised to send him a postcard. 4. He reminded
me to see my lawyer. 5. We remembered to lock the door.
Exercise 48
1. to go. 2. to build. 3. buy. 4. to meet. 5. to participate. 6. hurry. 7. tell. 8. let. 9. to finish. 10. to admire.
Exercise 49 (suggestions)
1. stay outside. 2. her to leave? 3. him not to use the computer. 4. me to buy the coat. 5. her to do some tests.
Exercise 50
1. to book a flight. 2. to learn French. 3. to see the pyramids. 4. to become a doctor. 5. to drive to work.
Exercise 51 (suggestions)
1. playing tennis. 2. eating fish. 3. watching TV. 4. taking the dog for a walk. 5. eating that cake. 6. discussing this
matter. 7. going to the dentist. 8. going to the park.
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Exercise 52
1. to smoke. 2. opening. 3. to pass. 4. study. 5. to go. 6. think. 7. to see. 8. reading. 9. stay. 10. having. 11.
mentioning. 12. watching. 13. to look. 14. riding. 15. looking.
Exercise 53
1. Saving Private Ryan. 2. To Catch a Thief. 3. Being John Malkovich. 4. To Kill a Mockingbird. 5. Regarding Henry. 6.
To Have and have Not. 7. Raising Arizona. 8. To Die For. 9. Educating Rita. 10. To Be Or Not To Be.
Exercise 54
1. was written. 2. are not read. 3. will be opened. 4. was told. 5. has been left. 6. had been robbed.
Exercise 55
1. The thief has been arrested. 2. The man was bitten on his leg by the fierce dog. 3. This church was designed by
Christopher Wren. 4. Taxes are going to be increased next month. 5. Progress is being made in cancer research. 6.
The room was being painted when I came in. 7. My phone has been taken. 8. The roof will be mended next week.
Exercise 56
1. The dog must be walked every day. 2. The letter should be posted now. 3. The vase will be handled with care. 4.
The documents have to be photocopied. 5. The doctor could have been called.
Exercise 57
1. Can I use your phone? 2. Jane can play the violin. 3. I should stop smoking. 4. Shall I help you pick up the suitcase?
5. You mustnt smoke in here. 6. You must /have to wear a uniform. 7. You must tidy your room. 8. I could play the
piano. 9. Will you open the door? 10. Youd better study harder. 11. He has been able to drive since he was 18. 12.
You should read that book. 13. You neednt go to the shops today. 14. I had to take the dog for a walk every day. 15.
You mustnt wear a miniskirt in church. 16. The floor needs cleaning. 17. The painting may be by Vermeer. 18. It
cant be your brother. 19. Id rather go to the cinema. 20. Youd better leave early.
Exercise 58
1. must. 2. has to. 3. have to. 4. must. 5. has to. 6. Do you have to? 7. must. 8. has to.
Exercise 59
1. mustnt. 2. dont have to. 3. doesnt have to. 4. mustnt. 5. dont have to. 6. mustnt. 7. dont have to. 8. dont
have to.
Exercise 60
1. neednt buy. 2. needs to feed. 3. neednt bring. 4. needs repairing. 5. need to provide.
Exercise 61
1. must. 2. cant . 3. may/might. 4. will. 5. may/might.
Exercise 62
1. must have. 2. cant have. 3. may/might. 4. will have. 5. must have.
Exercise 63
1. I neednt have bought some bread. 2. He neednt have taken an umbrella. 3. We didnt need to hurry. 4. She
neednt have taken her camera. 5. He didnt need to explain the situation.
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Exercise 64
1. You should have gone to see the doctor. 2. Jane had a lot of work to so. 3. We had to leave before the end of the
meeting. 4. You should have come to the party. 5. I had to wait for the bus a very long time.
Exercise 65
1. Shall. 2. Could. 3. mustnt. 4. should. 5. cant. 6. must. 7. had to. 8. ought to. 9. have to. 10. shouldnt.
Exercise 66
1. was. 2. did. 3. do. 4. can. 5. shall. 6. arent. 7. does. 8. do. 9. has. 10. has.
Exercise 67
1. Ill drive to work if I miss the bus. 2. If we have enough money, well go on holiday. 3. They will buy the car if they
can afford it. 4. If you give me the phone number, Ill phone her. 5. Well fall asleep if he continues speaking.
Exercise 68
1. had; would buy. 2. would be; could go. 3. were; would consult. 4. would come; didnt have. 5. won; would travel.
Exercise 69
1. I wouldnt have got lost if I had listened to him. 2. If my teacher had explained the rule I would have understood.
3. If I had seen the cat, I wouldnt have fallen down the stairs. 4. If she had been careful, she wouldnt have broken
the glass. 5. If he hadnt gone to the rock concert, he wouldnt have met his future wife.
Exercise 70
1. catch; will arrive. 2. took; would feel. 3. were; would change. 4. break; hurts. 5. had had; would have taken. 6.
would have enjoyed; had been.
Exercise 71
1. I wish you were here. 2. She wishes she were young again. 3. He wishes he could fly. 4. I wish I werent fat. 5.
They wish they had more time.
Exercise 72
1. We wish we had known about the train strike. 2. I wish I hadnt said some terrible things. 3. He wishes he had
posted the letter. 4. She wishes she hadnt broken the precious vase. 5. I wish I had told her.
Exercise 73
1. that was his chair. 2. she had gone to the cinema the day before. 3. he was writing a book. 4. she would do it the
day after. 5. they had never been to Paris. 6. he would do it if he could. 7. they were waiting for the new teacher. 8.
she had made a mistake.
Exercise 74
1. She asked what the time was. 2. Jane asked me how I was. 3. He asked me where the bank was. 4. His mother
asked him where he had been. 5. Tom asked me if/whether I liked chocolate. 6. Robert asked him how many people
lived in the town. 7. Susan asked why he was leaving. 8. Tom asked if /whether the party was a success.
Exercise 75
1. He advised me to go to the doctor. 2. She promised to post the letter. 3. He agreed to help me. 4. She decided to
wash the car. 5. He refused to pay the bill. 6. They offered to help him cook. 7. He reminded me to lock the door. 8.
They invited us to go for a pizza.
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Exercise 76
1. is. 2. a. 3. --. 4. --. 5. homework. 6. --. 7. is. 8. was. 9. works. 10. progress. 11. a. 12. --. 13. --. 14. an. 15. a.
16. --. 17. talks. 18. --. 19. are. 20. are.
Exercise 77
1. some. 2. Neither. 3. Most. 4. a little. 5. Most. 6. much. 7. few. 8. many. 9. enough. 10. Both. 11. plenty of. 12.
much.
Exercise 78
1. I know nobody. 2. He went nowhere. 3. We have done nothing wrong. 4. Some people have no respect. 5. They
have no money left. 6. They never confessed to the crime. 7. I need no more chairs. 8. We had little difficulty. 9.
There are few possibilities. 10. Few people know this.
Exercise 79
1. I think Mozarts best opera is The marriage of Figaro. 2. The musicians wives are accompanying them on the tour.
3. Tom and Susans house is very old. 4. The Womens Movement was very strong in the 1970s. 5. I only had 5 hours
sleep last night.
Exercise 80
1. A computer study course. 2. Ancient manuscript research. 3. University reform issues. 4. Art history texts. 5. An
oil painting appreciation course.
Exercise 81
Subject
I
You
He
She
It
You
We
They
object
me
you
him
her
it
you
us
them
possessive
mine
yours
his
hers
its
yours
ours
theirs
reflexive
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
yourselves
ourselves
themselves
Exercise 82
1. him. 2. them. 3. yours. 4. us. 5. her. 6. his. 7. it. 8. theirs. 9. you. 10. We.
Exercise 83
1. himself. 2. --. 3. each other. 4. myself. 5. --. 6. yourself. 7. each other. 8. --. 9. each other. 10. myself.
Exercise 84
1. The people who live in Italy are called Italians. 2. I chose the dress which was the cheapest. 3. The hotel where we
slept was very comfortable. 4. That is the professor whose wife is Russian. 5. The dictionary that is on the table is
mine.
Exercise 85
The following sentences have object pronouns so the relative pronouns can be omitted: 1, 4, 5, 7.
Exercise 86
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1. Charles Darwin, who was the grandson of a physician, was born in 1809. 2. He met John Henslow at Cambridge,
who was professor of biology. 3. Darwin, who sailed on the HMS Beagle, acted as a naturalist on board the ship. 4.
The voyage, which took 5 years, included Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. 5. In 1859 Darwin completed the Origin of
the Species, sold out the day of publication. 6. The Church, which upheld creationism, attacked him as a blasphemous
radical.
Exercise 87
1. These are our friends we went to Greece with. 2. That was the month when there was the flood. 3. Do you know
the reason why she lost her job? 4. The professor i spoke to was in a hurry. 5. We climbed to the top of the
mountain, where we had a wonderful view.
Exercise 88
1. stolen from the gallery. 2. bringing our meal. 3. wishing to do the exam. 4. eaten by my friend. 5. thinking about
going.
Exercise 89
1. --; --. 2. --. 3. the. 4. the. 5. a. 6. --. 7. the. 8. a. 9. --. 10. the. 11. --. 12. --. 13. The. 14. --. 15. --. 16. --; --. 17.
a. 18. --. 19. --. 20. the.
Exercise 90
1. well-known castle. 2. never-ending. 3. English speaking teacher. 4. far-reaching. 5. hand-painted. 6. well-made.
Exercise 91
th
1. 12 -century castle. 2. 400-hundred-year-old bridge. 3. 3-foot-long table. 4. 5-metre-thick wall. 5. 5-year project.
th
6. 16 -century poem. 7. 14-year-old boy. 8. 5-mile walk. 9. 10-metre-high tree. 10. 3-week holiday.
Exercise 92
1. surprised. 2. exciting. 3. bored. 4. confusing. 5. exhausted. 6. interesting. 7. fascinating. 8. convinced. 9.
amazing. 10. interested.
Exercise 93
1. in. 2. in. 3. of. 4. about. 5. at. 6. for. 7. about. 8. of. 9. to. 10. for.
Exercise 94
Adjective
Good
Bad
Happy
Interesting
Far
Modern
comparative
better
worse
happier
more interesting
farther/further
more modern
superlative
the best
the worst
the happiest
the most interesting
the farthest/furthest
the most modern
Exercise 95
1. younger than. 2. tidier than. 3. more dangerous than. 4. further than. 5. worse than.
Exercise 96
1. the best. 2. the most fascinating. 3. the prettiest. 4. the most boring. 5. the most modern.
Exercise 97
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require
continue
find by chance
enter / leave bus, train, plane
recover from an illness etc.
have good relationship
increase / decrease
continue
take care of
seek
be short of
begin flight
Exercise 108
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1. go up. 2. looking for. 3. went on. 4. look after. 5. running out of. 6. calls for. 7. Get off. 8. came across. 9. get on
with. 10. getting over.
Exercise 109
1. applied for. 2. taken on. 3. pay for. 4. asking for. 5. looking after. 6. seeing to. 7. gets on with. 8. suffers from. 9.
explain to. 10. deal with.
Exercise 110
break off
bring about
look up
make out
put off
put up
set up
take off
turn on/off
turn down
discontinue
cause to happen
consult a reference book
recognise, distinguish
postpone
raise
start a business etc.
remove
connect/disconnect an appliance
lower; reject
Exercise 111
1. turn down. 2. bring about. 3. take off. 4. put up. 5. put off. 6. make out. 7. broke off. 8. turned down. 9. set up.
10. look it up.
Exercise 112
1. off. 2. up. 3. down. 4. off/down. 5. on. 6. for. 7. out. 8. on. 9. for. 10. off.
Exercise 113
1. down. 2. out. 3. up. 4. habit. 5. the law.
Exercise 114
1. up. 2. up. 3. back. 4. about. 5. down.
Exercise 115
1. forward. 2. into. 3. for. 4. out. 5. after.
Exercise 116
1. off. 2. up with. 3. out. 4. by. 5. up.
Exercise 117
1. up. 2. place. 3. over. 4. advantage. 5. into account.
Exercise 118
1. getting. 2. get a divorce. 3. get on with. 4. get over. 5. get rid of. 6. got dressed. 7. get used to. 8. get. 9. got. 10.
getting.
Exercise 119
1. keep track of your expenses. 2. keep on trying. 3. keep you warm. 4. keep an eye on. 5. keep up with.
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Exercise 120
1. make. 2. make. 3. did. 4. made. 5. do. 6. make. 7. made. 8. do. 9. make. 10. do.
Exercise 121
1. have. 2. have. 3. took. 4. taken. 5. had. 6. taken. 7. have. 8. take. 9. take. 10. take.
Exercise 122
1. whole. 2. Everybody. 3. everything. 4. whole. 5. every. 6. whole. 7. every. 8. all. 9. All. 10. all.
Exercise 123
1. other. 2. another. 3. other. 4. another. 5. others. 6. other. 7. other. 8. other. 9. other. 10. another.
Exercise 124
1. say. 2. tell. 3. tell. 4. say. 5. said. 6. told. 7. told. 8. telling. 9. say. 10. told.
Exercise 125
1. as. 2. like. 3. as. 4. as. 5. as.
Exercise 126
1. so. 2. such. 3. such. 4. so. 5. such.
Exercise 127
1. bookshop. 2. currently. 3. economical. 4. topic/subject. 5. Check. 6. attend. 7. news. 8. lately. 9. historian. 10.
records.
Practice Test
1. will see. 2. was. 3. boring. 4. have already. 5. Will. 6. much. 7. to. 8. lives. 9. what the problem was. 10. since.
11. have visited. 12. each other. 13. no. 14. was founded. 15. making. 16. --. 17. arrived. 18. would. 19. did. 20.
which. 21. for. 22. the time is. 23. wouldnt. 24. have I seen. 25. some. 26. to. 27. take. 28. in. 29. used to play.
30. does. 31. arent I. 32. still. 33. --. 34. nobody. 35. cleaning. 36. seeing. 37. to meet. 38. tidy. 39. about. 40.
four-year-old.
Translation
1. This information is interesting. 2. He cant come now. Hes having a bath. 3. What a lovely day! 4. Does Maria
study Philosophy? 5. Which pen do you want? The blue one or the black one? 6. She has black hair. 7. Look! Its
snowing. 8. He lived here until yesterday. 9. I have been here for hours. 10. Ive been here since 9 oclock. 11. Has
she ever been abroad? 12. Ive been writing letters all morning. 13. I go to the gym once a week. 14. Mr Smith is a
doctor. 15. They are his/hers. 16. You should eat more youre too thin. 17. I dont have to/neednt get up early
tomorrow - it s Sunday. 18. I have been able to speak French for 2 years. 19. You neednt/dont need to come
tomorrow. 20. Susan cant have taken the book. 21. Were leaving on Saturday evening. 22. If I were you I wouldnt
go there. 23. The car (that/which) Tom bought is Italian. 24. Stephen King, whose books are very famous, is very rich.
25. They wanted the student s to buy the books. 26. He is afraid of flying. 27. This picture was painted by Rembrandt.
28. It is thought that Jack is very rich. 29. The boy asked me if/whether I knew the town. 30. Jane told me to relax.
31. He told me not to open the window. 32. Look at the plane taking off.
Text
1. that. 2. could. 3. work. 4. made. 5. client. 6. in. 7. as. 8. in. 9. Caravaggio. 10. was cleaned. 11. than. 12. same.
13. number. 14. their. 15. research.
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