THE ENERGY BALANCE

First Law of
Thermodynamics
FORMAL STATEMENT
Although energy assumes many forms, the total quantity of
energy is constant.
When energy disappears in one form it appears simultaneously
in other forms.

First Law of
Thermodynamics

WORK

Expansion/Contraction work: This work relates the change of

the system boundaries.
How the negative-positive sign is put:
Assumption: Energy given to the system is positive. Hence
work to be positive when performed on the system.
Shaft work: Example: Pump, turbine. There is work without
the movement of system boundary

First Law of
Thermodynamics

WORK

Work associated with flow

This involves when fluids flow in a piece of equipment.

Here the work is characterized as the interaction of the

system and surroundings when mass crosses a boundary.

First Law of
Thermodynamics

THE REVERSIBLE PROCESS

A process is reversible when its direction can be reversed at any
point by an infiniteseminal change in external conditions.
If a work is done on the system, the system gives back the same
work back if required.
FRICTION
ENTROPY :Degree of randomness (lost work)
APPROACHING REVERSIBILITY

HEAT FLOW

If
two steel blocks of different temperature are placed in
contact with each other and are insulated from surroundings,
they will come to equilibrium after a time period.
The warmer will be cooled and the colder block will be warmed.

Heat is not a property (but temperature) of the system but a form

of interaction which transfers internal energy.

PATH PROPERTIES AND STATE

PROPERTIES
Isothermal path
Isobaric path
Isochoric path
Adiabatic path

EXAMPLE 2.2

BALANCES
Closed system

Open system: Steady state

Open system: Unsteady state (Complete balance)

DEFINITIONS

Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system.

It includes the system's internal energy and thermodynamic potential, as
well as its volume and pressure.
Constant Volume Heat Capacity
Constant Pressure Heat Capacity

DEFINITIONS

REDUCED TEMPERATURE
IDEAL GAS: Exact; REAL GAS: Valid only if V = constant.

IDEAL GAS: Exact; REAL GAS: Valid only if P = constant.

Liquid below Tr = 0.75 or solid: Reasonable approximation

REFERENCE STATES