Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CISCO Documentatie CATV Databook 2 - 2010
CISCO Documentatie CATV Databook 2 - 2010
THE BROADBAND
DATABOOK
Revision 17
March 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
SciCare Broadband Services ...................................1
Cable and off-air frequency charts..........................2
RF characteristics of TV signals..............................3
Amplifier operational tilt characteristics ................4
RF taps & passives characteristics.........................5
Coaxial cable characteristics ...................................6
Standard HFC graphic symbols...............................7
DTV standards worldwide ........................................8
Digital RF signal measurements..............................9
Standard digital interfaces .....................................10
Cable data signals...................................................11
Fiber cable characteristics .....................................12
Optical passives ......................................................13
Passive Optical Networks ......................................14
MPEG packet transport ..........................................15
Optical wavelength designations ..........................16
Analog system performance..................................17
Broadband parameters...........................................18
Weights and Measures ...........................................19
ii
Nobody knows more about cable systems than Scientific Atlanta. We can deliver the
expertise, experience and manpower to help you complete complex jobs better,
faster. Call us today 1 888 SCICARE
1-1
1-2
FREQUENCY CHARTS
CATV channels
EIA channel
designation
new
old
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
2
3
4
1
5
6
95
96
97
98
99
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
2
3
4
A-8
5
6
A-5
A-4
A-3
A-2
A-1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
North America
Standard
Incremental
Harmonic
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
7.0000
13.0000
19.0000
25.0000
31.0000
37.0000
43.0000
55.2500
61.2500
67.2500
NA
77.2500
83.2500
91.2500
97.2500
103.2500
109.2750
115.2750
121.2625
127.2625
133.2625
139.2500
145.2500
151.2500
157.2500
163.2500
169.2500
175.2500
181.2500
187.2500
193.2500
199.2500
205.2500
211.2500
217.2500
223.2500
229.2625
235.2625
241.2625
247.2625
253.2625
259.2625
265.2625
271.2625
277.2625
283.2625
11.5000
17.5000
23.5000
29.5000
35.5000
41.5000
47.5000
59.7500
65.7500
71.7500
NA
81.7500
87.7500
95.7500
101.7500
107.7500
113.7750
119.7750
125.7625
131.7625
137.7625
143.7500
149.7500
155.7500
161.7500
167.7500
173.7500
179.7500
185.7500
191.7500
197.7500
203.7500
209.7500
215.7500
221.7500
227.7500
233.7625
239.7625
245.7625
251.7625
257.7625
263.7625
269.7625
275.7625
281.7625
287.7625
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
55.2625
61.2625
67.2625
73.2625
79.2625
85.2625
91.2625
97.2625
103.2625
109.2750
115.2750
121.2625
127.2625
133.2625
139.2625
145.2625
151.2625
157.2625
163.2625
169.2625
175.2625
181.2625
187.2625
193.2625
199.2625
205.2625
211.2625
217.2625
223.2625
229.2625
235.2625
241.2625
247.2625
253.2625
259.2625
265.2625
271.2625
277.2625
283.2625
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
59.7625
54.0027
58.5027
65.7625
60.0030
64.5030
71.7625
66.0033
70.5033
77.7625
72.0036
76.5036
83.7625
78.0039
82.5039
89.7625
84.0042
88.5042
95.7625
90.0045
94.5045
101.7625
96.0048 100.5048
107.7625 102.0051 106.5051
113.7750 Cannot lock to comb
119.7750 ref: refer to FCC regs.
125.7625 120.0060 124.5060
131.7625 126.0063 130.5063
137.7625 132.0066 136.5066
143.7625 138.0069 142.5069
149.7625 144.0072 148.5072
155.7625 150.0075 154.5075
161.7625 156.0078 160.5078
167.7625 162.0081 166.5081
173.7625 168.0084 172.5084
179.7625 174.0087 178.5087
185.7625 180.0090 184.5090
191.7625 186.0093 190.5093
197.7625 192.0096 196.5096
203.7625 198.0099 202.5099
209.7625 204.0102 208.5102
215.7625 210.0105 214.5105
221.7625 216.0108 220.5108
227.7625 222.0111 226.5111
233.7625 228.0114 232.5114
239.7625 234.0117 238.5117
245.7625 240.0120 244.5120
251.7625 246.0123 250.5123
257.7625 252.0126 256.5126
263.7625 258.0129 262.5129
269.7625 264.0132 268.5132
275.7625 270.0135 274.5135
281.7625 276.0138 280.5138
287.7625 282.0141 286.5141
2-1
Video
Audio
CATV channels
EIA channel
designation
new
old
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
V
W
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
II
JJ
KK
LL
MM
NN
OO
PP
QQ
RR
SS
TT
UU
VV
WW
XX
YY
ZZ
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Standard
Incremental
Harmonic
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
289.2625
295.2625
301.2625
307.2625
313.2625
319.2625
325.2625
331.2750
337.2625
343.2625
349.2625
355.2625
361.2625
367.2625
373.2625
379.2625
385.2625
391.2625
397.2625
403.2500
409.2500
415.2500
421.2500
427.2500
433.2500
439.2500
445.2500
451.2500
457.2500
463.2500
469.2500
475.2500
481.2500
487.2500
493.2500
499.2500
505.2500
511.2500
517.2500
523.2500
529.2500
535.2500
541.2500
547.2500
553.2500
559.2500
565.2500
293.7625
299.7625
305.7625
311.7625
317.7625
323.7625
329.7625
335.7750
341.7625
347.7625
353.7625
359.7625
365.7625
371.7625
377.7625
383.7625
389.7625
395.7625
401.7625
407.7500
413.7500
419.7500
425.7500
431.7500
437.7500
443.7500
449.7500
455.7500
461.7500
467.7500
473.7500
479.7500
485.7500
491.7500
497.7500
503.7500
509.7500
515.7500
521.7500
527.7500
533.7500
539.7500
545.7500
551.7500
557.7500
563.7500
569.7500
289.2625
295.2625
301.2625
307.2625
313.2625
319.2625
325.2625
331.2750
337.2625
343.2625
349.2625
355.2625
361.2625
367.2625
373.2625
379.2625
385.2625
391.2625
397.2625
403.2625
409.2625
415.2625
421.2625
427.2625
433.2625
439.2625
445.2625
451.2625
457.2625
463.2625
469.2625
475.2625
481.2625
487.2625
493.2625
499.2625
505.2625
511.2625
517.2625
523.2625
529.2625
535.2625
541.2625
547.2625
553.2625
559.2625
565.2625
293.7625
299.7625
305.7625
311.7625
317.7625
323.7625
329.7625
335.7750
341.7625
347.7625
353.7625
359.7625
365.7625
371.7625
377.7625
383.7625
389.7625
395.7625
401.7625
407.7625
413.7625
419.7625
425.7625
431.7625
437.7625
443.7625
449.7625
455.7625
461.7625
467.7625
473.7625
479.7625
485.7625
491.7625
497.7625
503.7625
509.7625
515.7625
521.7625
527.7625
533.7625
539.7625
545.7625
551.7625
557.7625
563.7625
569.7625
288.0144
294.0147
300.0150
306.0153
312.0156
318.0159
324.0162
330.0165
336.0168
342.0171
348.0174
354.0177
360.0180
366.0183
372.0186
378.0189
384.0192
390.0195
396.0198
402.0201
408.0204
414.0207
420.0210
426.0213
432.0216
438.0219
444.0222
450.0225
456.0228
462.0231
468.0234
474.0237
480.0240
486.0243
492.0246
498.0249
504.0252
510.0255
516.0258
522.0261
528.0264
534.0267
540.0270
546.0273
552.0276
558.0279
564.0282
292.5144
298.5147
304.5150
310.5153
316.5156
322.5159
328.5162
334.5165
340.5168
346.5171
352.5174
358.5177
364.5180
370.5183
376.5186
382.5189
388.5192
394.5195
400.5198
406.5201
412.5204
418.5207
424.5210
430.5213
436.5216
442.5219
448.5222
454.5225
460.5228
466.5231
472.5234
478.5237
484.5240
490.5243
496.5246
502.5249
508.5252
514.5255
520.5258
526.5261
532.5264
538.5267
544.5270
550.5273
556.5276
562.5279
568.5282
2-2
CATV channels
EIA channel
designation
new
old
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
Standard
Incremental
Harmonic
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
571.2500
577.2500
583.2500
589.2500
595.2500
601.2500
607.2500
613.2500
619.2500
625.2500
631.2500
637.2500
643.2500
649.2500
655.2500
661.2500
667.2500
673.2500
679.2500
685.2500
691.2500
697.2500
703.2500
709.2500
715.2500
721.2500
727.2500
733.2500
739.2500
745.2500
751.2500
757.2500
763.2500
769.2500
775.2500
781.2500
787.2500
793.2500
799.2500
805.2500
811.2500
817.2500
823.2500
829.2500
835.2500
841.2500
847.2500
575.7500
581.7500
587.7500
593.7500
599.7500
605.7500
611.7500
617.7500
623.7500
629.7500
635.7500
641.7500
647.7500
653.7500
659.7500
665.7500
671.7500
677.7500
683.7500
689.7500
695.7500
701.7500
707.7500
713.7500
719.7500
725.7500
731.7500
737.7500
743.7500
749.7500
755.7500
761.7500
767.7500
773.7500
779.7500
785.7500
791.7500
797.7500
803.7500
809.7500
815.7500
821.7500
827.7500
833.7500
839.7500
845.7500
851.7500
571.2625
577.2625
583.2625
589.2625
595.2625
601.2625
607.2625
613.2625
619.2625
625.2625
631.2625
637.2625
643.2625
649.2625
655.2625
661.2625
667.2625
673.2625
679.2625
685.2625
691.2625
697.2625
703.2625
709.2625
715.2625
721.2625
727.2625
733.2625
739.2625
745.2625
751.2625
757.2625
763.2625
769.2625
775.2625
781.2625
787.2625
793.2625
799.2625
805.2625
811.2625
817.2625
823.2625
829.2625
835.2625
841.2625
847.2625
575.7625
581.7625
587.7625
593.7625
599.7625
605.7625
611.7625
617.7625
623.7625
629.7625
635.7625
641.7625
647.7625
653.7625
659.7625
665.7625
671.7625
677.7625
683.7625
689.7625
695.7625
701.7625
707.7625
713.7625
719.7625
725.7625
731.7625
737.7625
743.7625
749.7625
755.7625
761.7625
767.7625
773.7625
779.7625
785.7625
791.7625
797.7625
803.7625
809.7625
815.7625
821.7625
827.7625
833.7625
839.7625
845.7625
851.7625
570.0285
576.0288
582.0291
588.0294
594.0297
600.0300
606.0303
612.0306
618.0309
624.0312
630.0315
636.0318
642.0321
648.0324
654.0327
660.0330
666.0333
672.0336
678.0339
684.0342
690.0345
696.0348
702.0351
708.0354
714.0357
720.0360
726.0363
732.0366
738.0369
744.0372
750.0375
756.0378
762.0381
768.0384
774.0387
780.0390
786.0393
792.0396
798.0399
804.0402
810.0405
816.0408
822.0411
828.0414
834.0417
840.0420
846.0423
574.5285
580.5288
586.5291
592.5294
598.5297
604.5300
610.5303
616.5306
622.5309
628.5312
634.5315
640.5318
646.5321
652.5324
658.5327
664.5330
670.5333
676.5336
682.5339
688.5342
694.5345
700.5348
706.5351
712.5354
718.5357
724.5360
730.5363
736.5366
742.5369
748.5372
754.5375
760.5378
766.5381
772.5384
778.5387
784.5390
790.5393
796.5396
802.5399
808.5402
814.5405
820.5408
826.5411
832.5414
838.5417
844.5420
850.5423
2-3
CATV channels
EIA channel
designation
new
old
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
Standard
Video
Audio
853.2500 857.7500
859.2500 863.7500
865.2500 869.7500
871.2500 875.7500
877.2500 881.7500
883.2500 887.7500
889.2500 893.7500
895.2500 899.7500
901.2500 905.7500
907.2500 911.7500
913.2500 917.7500
919.2500 923.7500
925.2500 929.7500
931.2500 935.7500
937.2500 941.7500
943.2500 947.7500
949.2500 953.7500
955.2500 959.7500
961.2500 965.7500
967.2500 971.7500
973.2500 977.7500
979.2500 983.7500
985.2500 989.7500
991.2500 995.7500
997.2500 1001.7500
Incremental
Video
Audio
853.2625 857.7625
859.2625 863.7625
865.2625 869.7625
871.2625 875.7625
877.2625 881.7625
883.2625 887.7625
889.2625 893.7625
895.2625 899.7625
901.2625 905.7625
907.2625 911.7625
913.2625 917.7625
919.2625 923.7625
925.2625 929.7625
931.2625 935.7625
937.2625 941.7625
943.2625 947.7625
949.2625 953.7625
955.2625 959.7625
961.2625 965.7625
967.2625 971.7625
973.2625 977.7625
979.2625 983.7625
985.2625 989.7625
991.2625 995.7625
997.2625 1001.7625
Harmonic
Video
Audio
852.0426 856.5426
858.0429 862.5429
864.0432 868.5432
870.0435 874.5435
876.0438 880.5438
882.0441 886.5441
888.0444 892.5444
894.0447 898.5447
900.0450 904.5450
906.0453 910.5453
912.0456 916.5456
918.0459 922.5459
924.0462 928.5462
930.0465 934.5465
936.0468 940.5468
942.0471 946.5471
948.0474 952.5474
954.0477 958.5477
960.0480 964.5480
966.0483 970.5483
972.0486 976.5486
978.0489 982.5489
984.0492 988.5492
990.0495 994.5495
996.0498 1000.5498
NOTE:
The EIA channel numbers are those recommended by a joint
committee of the Electronics Industries Association and the
National Cable Television Association (NCTA).
2-4
CATV channels
Japan
(NTSC; standard M)
Channel width: 6 MHz
Ch. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C23
C24
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C30
C31
C32
C33
C34
C35
C36
CATV
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Video
91.25
97.25
103.25
171.25
177.25
183.25
189.25
193.25
199.25
205.25
211.25
217.25
109.25
115.25
121.25
127.25
133.25
139.25
145.25
151.25
157.25
165.25
223.25
231.25
237.25
243.25
249.25
253.25
259.25
265.25
271.25
277.25
283.25
289.25
295.25
301.25
CATV
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Video
307.25
313.25
319.25
325.25
331.25
337.25
343.25
349.25
355.25
361.25
367.25
373.25
379.25
385.25
391.25
397.25
403.25
409.25
415.25
421.25
427.25
433.25
439.25
445.25
451.25
457.25
463.25
471.25
477.25
483.25
489.25
495.25
501.25
507.25
513.25
519.25
Audio
311.75
317.75
323.75
329.75
335.75
341.75
347.75
353.75
359.75
365.75
371.75
377.75
383.75
389.75
395.75
401.75
407.75
413.75
419.75
425.75
431.75
437.75
443.75
449.75
455.75
461.75
467.75
475.75
481.75
487.75
493.75
499.75
505.75
511.75
517.75
523.75
NOTE:
The chrominance subcarrier is located 3.57561149 MHz above the
video carrier.
2-5
CATV channels
Japan (continued)
Channel width: 6 MHz
Ch. No.
U22
U23
U24
U25
U26
U27
U28
U29
U30
U31
U32
U33
U34
U35
U36
U37
U38
U39
U40
U41
U42
CATV
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Video
525.25
531.25
537.25
543.25
549.25
555.25
561.25
567.25
573.25
579.25
585.25
591.25
597.25
603.25
609.25
615.25
621.25
627.25
633.25
639.25
645.25
2-6
CATV
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
Video
651.25
657.25
663.25
669.25
675.25
681.25
687.25
693.25
699.25
705.25
711.25
717.25
723.25
729.25
735.25
741.25
747.25
753.25
759.25
765.25
Audio
655.75
661.75
667.75
673.75
679.75
685.75
691.75
697.75
703.75
709.75
715.75
721.75
727.75
733.75
739.75
745.75
751.75
757.75
763.75
769.75
CATV channels
Ch. No.
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
Z7
DS6
DS7
DS8
DS9
DS10
DS11
DS12
Z8
Z9
Z10
Z11
Z12
Z13
Z14
Z15
Z16
Z17
Z18
Z19
Z20
Z21
Z22
Z23
Z24
Z25
Z26
Z27
Z28
Z29
Z30
Z31
Z32
Z33
Z34
Z35
Z36
Z37
DS13
DS14
DS15
Video
112.25
120.25
128.25
136.25
144.25
152.25
160.25
168.25
176.25
184.25
192.25
200.25
208.25
216.25
224.25
232.25
240.25
248.25
256.25
264.25
272.25
280.25
288.25
296.25
304.25
312.25
320.25
328.25
336.25
344.25
352.25
360.25
368.25
376.25
384.25
392.25
400.25
408.25
416.25
424.25
432.25
440.25
448.25
456.25
471.25
479.25
487.25
Audio
118.75
126.75
134.75
142.75
150.75
158.75
166.75
174.75
182.75
190.75
198.75
206.75
214.75
222.75
230.75
238.75
246.75
254.75
262.75
270.75
278.75
286.75
294.75
302.75
310.75
318.75
326.75
334.75
342.75
350.75
358.75
366.75
374.75
382.75
390.75
398.75
406.75
414.75
422.75
430.75
438.75
446.75
454.75
462.75
477.75
485.75
493.75
Ch. No.
DS16
DS17
DS18
DS19
DS20
DS21
DS22
DS23
DS24
Z38
Z39
Z40
Z41
Z42
DS25
DS26
DS27
DS28
DS29
DS30
DS31
DS32
DS33
DS34
DS35
DS36
DS37
DS38
DS39
DS40
DS41
DS42
DS43
DS44
DS45
DS46
DS47
DS48
DS49
DS50
DS51
DS52
DS53
DS54
DS55
DS56
2-7
Video
495.25
503.25
511.25
519.25
527.25
535.25
543.25
551.25
559.25
567.25
575.25
583.25
591.25
599.25
607.25
615.25
623.25
631.25
639.25
647.25
655.25
663.25
671.25
679.25
687.25
695.25
703.25
711.25
719.25
727.25
735.25
743.25
751.25
759.25
767.25
775.25
783.25
791.25
799.25
807.25
815.25
823.25
831.25
839.25
847.25
855.25
Audio
501.75
509.75
517.75
525.75
533.75
541.75
549.75
557.75
565.75
573.75
581.75
589.75
597.75
605.75
613.75
621.75
629.75
637.75
645.75
653.75
661.75
669.75
677.75
685.75
693.75
701.75
709.75
717.75
725.75
733.75
741.75
749.75
757.75
765.75
773.75
781.75
789.75
797.75
805.75
813.75
821.75
829.75
837.75
845.75
853.75
861.75
CATV channels
Europe
(PAL; standard B/G)
Channel width: 7 and 8 MHz
Ch. No.
Video
Audio
112.25
119.25
126.25
133.25
140.25
147.25
154.25
161.25
168.25
117.75
124.75
131.75
138.75
145.75
152.75
159.75
166.75
173.75
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
E10
E11
E12
175.25
182.25
189.25
196.25
203.25
210.25
217.25
224.25
180.75
187.75
194.75
201.75
208.75
215.75
222.75
229.75
S11
S12
S13
S14
S15
S16
S17
S18
S19
S20
231.25
238.25
245.25
252.25
259.25
266.25
273.25
280.25
287.25
294.25
236.75
243.75
250.75
257.75
264.75
271.75
278.75
285.75
292.75
299.75
Ch. No.
Video
Audio
471.25
479.25
487.25
495.25
503.25
511.25
519.25
527.25
535.25
543.25
551.25
559.25
567.25
575.25
583.25
476.75
484.75
492.75
500.75
508.75
516.75
524.75
532.75
540.75
548.75
556.75
564.75
572.75
580.75
588.75
NOTE:
The channels E2 through E69 are designated K2 through K69 in
Germany.
2-8
CATV channels
Ch. No.
Video
Europe (continued)
Audio
Ch. No.
Video
Audio
NOTE:
The channels E2 through E69 are designated K2 through K69 in
Germany.
2-9
CATV channels
United Kingdom
(PAL; ITU-R* standard I)
Channel width: 8 MHz
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
8.0
16.0
24.0
32.0
40.0
48.0
56.0
64.0
72.0
80.0
88.0
96.0
104.0
112.0
120.0
128.0
136.0
144.0
152.0
160.0
168.0
176.0
184.0
192.0
200.0
208.0
216.0
224.0
232.0
240.0
248.0
256.0
264.0
272.0
280.0
288.0
14.0
22.0
30.0
38.0
46.0
54.0
62.0
70.0
78.0
86.0
94.0
102.0
110.0
118.0
126.0
134.0
142.0
150.0
158.0
166.0
174.0
182.0
190.0
198.0
206.0
214.0
222.0
230.0
238.0
246.0
254.0
262.0
270.0
278.0
286.0
294.0
296.0
304.0
312.0
320.0
328.0
336.0
344.0
352.0
360.0
368.0
376.0
384.0
392.0
400.0
408.0
416.0
424.0
432.0
440.0
448.0
456.0
464.0
472.0
480.0
488.0
496.0
504.0
512.0
520.0
528.0
536.0
544.0
552.0
560.0
568.0
576.0
302.0
310.0
318.0
326.0
334.0
342.0
350.0
358.0
366.0
374.0
382.0
390.0
398.0
406.0
414.0
422.0
430.0
438.0
446.0
454.0
462.0
470.0
478.0
486.0
494.0
502.0
510.0
518.0
526.0
534.0
542.0
550.0
558.0
566.0
574.0
582.0
584.0
592.0
600.0
608.0
616.0
624.0
632.0
640.0
648.0
656.0
664.0
672.0
680.0
688.0
696.0
704.0
712.0
720.0
728.0
736.0
744.0
752.0
760.0
768.0
776.0
784.0
792.0
800.0
808.0
816.0
824.0
832.0
840.0
848.0
856.0
864.0
590.0
598.0
606.0
614.0
622.0
630.0
638.0
646.0
654.0
662.0
670.0
678.0
686.0
694.0
702.0
710.0
718.0
726.0
734.0
742.0
750.0
758.0
766.0
774.0
782.0
790.0
798.0
806.0
814.0
822.0
830.0
838.0
846.0
854.0
862.0
870.0
2 - 10
Off-air channels
CHAN
North America
(ITU-R standard M; NTSC)
BW (MHz)
VIDEO
CHROMA
AUDIO
Lo VHF
2
3
4
5
6
54-60
60-66
66-72
76-82
82-88
55.25
61.25
67.25
77.25
83.25
58.83
64.83
70.83
80.83
86.83
59.75
65.75
71.75
81.75
87.75
Hi VHF
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
174-180
180-186
186-192
192-198
198-204
204-210
210-216
175.25
181.25
187.25
193.25
199.25
205.25
211.25
178.83
184.83
190.83
196.83
202.83
208.83
214.83
179.75
185.75
191.75
197.75
203.75
209.75
215.75
470-476
476-482
482-488
488-494
494-500
500-506
506-512
512-518
518-524
524-530
530-536
536-542
542-548
548-554
554-560
560-566
566-572
572-578
578-584
584-590
590-596
596-602
602-608
608-614
614-620
471.25
477.25
483.25
489.25
495.25
501.25
507.25
513.25
519.25
525.25
531.25
537.25
543.25
549.25
555.25
561.25
567.25
573.25
579.25
585.25
591.25
597.25
603.25
609.25
615.25
474.83
480.83
486.83
492.83
498.83
504.83
510.83
516.83
522.83
528.83
534.83
540.83
546.83
552.83
558.83
564.83
570.83
576.83
582.83
588.83
594.83
600.83
606.83
612.83
618.83
475.75
481.75
487.75
493.75
499.75
505.75
511.75
517.75
523.75
529.75
535.75
541.75
547.75
553.75
559.75
565.75
571.75
577.75
583.75
589.75
595.75
601.75
607.75
613.75
619.75
UHF
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
2 - 11
Off-air channels
CHAN
BW (MHz)
VIDEO
CHROMA
AUDIO
620-626
626-632
632-638
638-644
644-650
650-656
656-662
662-668
668-674
674-680
680-686
686-692
692-698
698-704
704-710
710-716
716-722
722-728
728-734
734-740
740-746
746-752
752-758
758-764
764-770
770-776
776-782
782-788
788-794
794-800
800-806
806-812
812-818
818-824
824-830
830-836
836-842
842-848
848-854
854-860
860-866
866-872
872-878
878-884
884-890
621.25
627.25
633.25
639.25
645.25
651.25
657.25
663.25
669.25
675.25
681.25
687.25
693.25
699.25
705.25
711.25
717.25
723.25
729.25
735.25
741.25
747.25
753.25
759.25
765.25
771.25
777.25
783.25
789.25
795.25
801.25
807.25
813.25
819.25
825.25
831.25
837.25
843.25
849.25
855.25
861.25
867.25
873.25
879.25
885.25
624.83
630.83
636.83
642.83
648.83
654.83
660.83
666.83
672.83
678.83
684.83
690.83
696.83
702.83
708.83
714.83
720.83
726.83
732.83
738.83
744.83
750.83
756.83
762.83
768.83
774.83
780.83
786.83
792.83
798.83
804.83
810.83
816.83
822.83
828.83
834.83
840.83
846.83
852.83
858.83
864.83
870.83
876.83
882.83
888.83
625.75
631.75
637.75
643.75
649.75
655.75
661.75
667.75
673.75
679.75
685.75
691.75
697.75
703.75
709.75
715.75
721.75
727.75
733.75
739.75
745.75
751.75
757.75
763.75
769.75
775.75
781.75
787.75
793.75
799.75
805.75
811.75
817.75
823.75
829.75
835.75
841.75
847.75
853.75
859.75
865.75
871.75
877.75
883.75
889.75
UHF
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
2 - 12
Video
Audio
2 - 13
Channel BW (MHz)
Video
Audio
50.75
60.75
67.75
180.75
187.75
194.75
201.75
208.75
215.75
222.75
2 - 14
Video
Audio
2 - 15
Channel
BW (MHz)
Video
Audio
2 - 16
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Not
defined
AUDIO
BW (MHz)
VIDEO
470-478
478-486
486-494
494-502
502-510
510-518
518-526
526-534
534-542
542-550
550-558
558-566
566-574
574-582
582-590
G,H
K,L
471.25
479.25
487.25
495.25
503.25
511.25
519.25
527.25
535.25
543.25
551.25
559.25
567.25
575.25
583.25
476.75
484.75
492.75
500.75
508.75
516.75
524.75
532.75
540.75
548.75
556.75
564.75
572.75
580.75
588.75
477.25
485.25
493.25
501.25
509.25
517.25
525.25
533.25
541.25
549.25
557.25
565.25
573.25
581.25
589.25
477.75
485.75
493.75
501.75
509.75
517.75
525.75
533.75
541.75
549.75
557.75
565.75
573.75
581.75
589.75
590-598
598-606
591.25
599.25
596.75
604.75
597.25
605.25
597.75
605.75
606-614
614-622
622-630
630-638
638-646
646-654
654-662
662-670
670-678
678-686
686-694
694-702
702-710
710-718
718-726
726-734
734-742
742-750
750-758
758-766
766-774
774-782
782-790
790-798
798-806
806-814
607.25
615.25
623.25
631.25
639.25
647.25
655.25
663.25
671.25
679.25
687.25
695.25
703.25
711.25
719.25
727.25
735.25
743.25
751.25
759.25
767.25
775.25
783.25
791.25
799.25
807.25
612.75
620.75
628.75
636.75
644.75
652.75
660.75
668.75
676.75
684.75
692.75
700.75
708.75
716.75
724.75
732.75
740.75
748.75
756.75
764.75
772.75
780.75
788.75
796.75
804.75
812.75
613.25
621.25
629.25
637.25
645.25
653.25
661.25
669.25
677.25
685.25
693.25
701.25
709.25
717.25
725.25
733.25
741.25
749.25
757.25
765.25
773.25
781.25
789.25
797.25
805.25
813.25
613.75
621.75
629.75
637.75
645.75
653.75
661.75
669.75
677.75
685.75
693.75
701.75
709.75
717.75
725.75
733.75
741.75
749.75
757.75
765.75
773.75
781.75
789.75
797.75
805.75
813.75
UHF band V
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
2 - 17
AUDIO
P.R.
China
UHF band V
64
51
65
52
66
53
67
54
68
55
69
56
57
58
Not
59
defined
60
61
62
Europe
BW (MHz)
VIDEO
814-822
822-830
830-838
838-846
846-854
854-862
862-870
870-878
878-886
815.25
823.25
831.25
839.25
847.25
855.25
863.25
871.25
879.25
886-894
894-902
902-910
887.25
895.25
903.25
G,H
K,L
820.75
828.75
836.75
844.75
852.75
860.75
821.25
829.25
837.25
845.25
853.25
861.25
821.75
829.75
837.75
845.75
853.75
861.75
869.75
877.75
885.75
893.75
901.75
909.75
ITU-R standard B
CHAN
BW (MHz)
VIDEO
CHROMA
AUDIO
526-533
533-540
540-547
547-554
554-561
561-568
568-575
575-582
527.25
534.25
541.25
548.25
555.25
562.25
569.25
576.25
531.68
538.68
545.68
552.68
559.68
566.68
573.68
580.68
532.75
539.75
546.75
553.75
560.75
567.75
574.75
581.75
UHF band IV
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
UHF band V
36
37
38
67
68
69
582-589
583.25
587.68
589-596
590.25
594.68
596-603
597.25
601.68
------- Other channels with 7 MHz spacing ------799-806
806-813
813-820
800.25
807.25
814.25
804.68
811.68
818.68
588.75
595.75
602.75
805.75
812.75
819.75
2 - 18
RF CHARACTERISTICS OF TV SIGNALS
General
There are many different TV standards in use around the world,
defining in detail the baseband and RF structure of the signal, but for
the broadband engineer and technician, the key parameters are the
bandwidth, the dimensions of the lower (vestigial) and upper
sidebands, and the frequency and amplitude relationships of the
vision (luminance), color (chrominance) and audio subcarriers.
In terms of these parameters, the vast majority of TV transmissions
fall into just six categories, which are illustrated in the following
diagrams.
Note that these diagrams do not define such parameters as field
frequency, line frequency, or color encoding technique, which
distinguish the NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems.
The letters B, G, M, etc. are referred to as TV standards, and the
encoding techniques (NTSC, PAL, etc.) are referred to as systems.
Standard:
B
D
G
H
I
K
K1
L
M
N
NTSC:
National Television Standards Committee (U.S.A.)
PAL:
Phase Alternating Line
SECAM: Squentielle mmoire
3-1
6 MHz
0 dB
USB
Cs
Cc
-16 dB
+3.58
-0.75
-1.25
M, N
-7 dB
+4.50
+4.75
VSB
+4.20
Cv
7 MHz
Cv
VSB
0 dB
8 MHz
USB
Cs
+5.50
+5.75
Cc
+4.43
-0.75
-1.25
-16 dB
+5.00
B (7 MHz)
G (8 MHz)
-10 dB
8 MHz
VSB
0 dB
USB
Cs
-10 dB
+4.43
-0.75
-1.25
D, K
Cc
3-2
+6.00
-16 dB
+6.50
+6.75
Cv
8 MHz
VSB
0 dB
USB
Cs
+5.50
+4.43
-1.25
Cc
+5.00
-16 dB
-10 dB
+6.75
Cv
8 MHz
0 dB
USB
Cs
-10 dB
+4.43
-1.25
Cc
+5.50
-16 dB
+6.75
VSB
+6.00
Cv
8 MHz
VSB
0 dB
USB
Cs
-10 dB
+4.43
-1.25
K1, L
Cc
3-3
+6.00
-16 dB
+6.50
+6.75
Cv
System Std.
Country
System Std.
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Angola
Australia
Antigua & Barbuda
Austria
Azores (Portugal)
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Bosnia
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Canary Islands
Central African Rep.
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Egypt
Eire (Ireland)
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
NTSC
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
NTSC
PAL
NTSC
SECAM
NTSC
NTSC
PAL
SECAM
PAL
NTSC
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
French Guiana
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Granada
Guadeloup
Guam
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland (Republic of)
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Korea (P.D.R.)
Korea (South)
Kuwait
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Liberia
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
NTSC
NTSC
SECAM
NTSC
NTSC
SECAM
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
NTSC
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
D
B/G
B
N
I
B
M
B/G
B
M
B
B
M
B/G
M
M
N
M
B/H
B
D
N
M
B
M
B
K
K
M
D
M
D
M
M
B/G
D/K
B/G
M
M
B
I
3-4
M
B
B/G
B
B/G
L
K
K
B/G
B
B
B/G
M
M
K
M
M
M
M
I
B/G
B
B
B
B
B
I
B/G
B/G
K
M
M
B
B
D
M
B/G
M
B/G
B/G
B
Country
System Std.
Country
System Std.
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Martinique
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Reunion
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
St Kitts & Nevis
St Lucia
St Vincent
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
NTSC
SECAM
SECAM
PAL
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
NTSC
NTSC
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
SECAM
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
SECAM
SECAM
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Surinam
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tahiti
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad y Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
U. A. Emirates
United Kingdom
U.S.A.
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Yemen (A.R.)
Yemen (P.D.R.)
Yugoslavia
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
PAL
PAL
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
NTSC
PAL
PAL
NTSC
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
PAL
SECAM
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
SECAM
NTSC
PAL
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
PAL
PAL
B
B/G
B/G
B
K
B/G
K
B
M
L/G
D
B/H
B
G
B
B/G
B/G
M
K
B
B/G
B/G
B
M
N
M
M
D/K
B/G
M
B
K
G
D
K
M
M
M
M
B
K
3-5
B
B
D/K
B/G
B
I
B/G
B
B
M
B/G
B/G
B/G
B
K
M
I
B
M
M
B
B
B
D
B/G
I
M
N
D
M
M
M
B
B
B/H
K
B
B
I
6.75
5.08
B, G
5.75
4.75
3-6
K1, L
7.25
5.58
D, K
6.75
5.75
M, N
4.95
4.00
4-1
1000
900
870
800
750
600
550
13 dB
14.5 dB
15.5 dB
17 dB
700
500
450
400
300
200
108
100
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
50
1000
900
862
800
750
11 dB
13 dB
14 dB
870
700
606
600
550
500
450
400
300
200
108
100
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
86
50
1000
900
870
800
750
600
550
13 dB
14.5 dB
15.5 dB
17 dB
700
500
450
400
300
200
108
100
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
50
1000
900
862
800
750
11 dB
13 dB
14 dB
870
700
606
600
550
500
450
400
300
200
108
100
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
86
50
RF PASSIVES
CHARACTERISTICS
The data in this section refers to Scientific Atlanta outdoor taps and
passives, and the Series 9900 TF Signal Manager modules. They are
taken from Scientific Atlanta published data sheets and, while every
effort has been made to ensure accuracy in transcription, errors
sometimes occur, and therefore these tables should be used for
quick-reference purposes only. For system design work, it is
strongly recommended that the original data be used.
Surge-Gap Passives
The Scientific Atlanta Surge-Gap series of passives are highcurrent devices for use in networks that may incorporate customer
premise equipment powered from the coaxial cable plant. They
incorporate circuitry that allows them to tolerate voltage surges up to
6 kV.
Two- and Three-way Splitters
Part number:
Frequency
5
40
50
Maximum
450
insertion
550
loss (dB)
750
870
1000
712971
2-way
balanced
712972
3-way
balanced
4.4
4.0
4.0
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.9
6.1
5.6
5.6
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.6
6.9
712973
3-way
unbalanced
Low
High
7.5
7.2
7.2
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.3
3.9
3.8
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.9
NOTES:
Surge-Gap splitters can pass 60 or 90v 50/60Hz power at a current of 15A.
Return loss (all ports) is typically 18 dB (15 dB worst case)
5-1
712968
DC-8
712969
DC-12
712970
DC-16
712974
Pwr Inserter
Frequency
5
40
50
Maximum
450
Insertion
550
loss (dB)
750
870
1000
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Frequency
5
40
50
Maximum
450
Tap
550
loss (dB)
750
870
1000
9.3
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.4
9.5
13.8
13.3
13.3
13.2
13.1
13.2
13.2
12.9
17.0
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.6
17.0
17.1
16.8
NOTES:
Multimedia Taps
These Scientific Atlanta taps are also for use in networks that may
incorporate customer premise equipment powered from the coaxial
cable plant. They are capable of carrying a continuous throughcurrent of 12A, and they contain an AC/RF bypass switch that
provides uninterrupted service to downstream customers when the
faceplate is removed.
5-2
Maximum
Insertion
loss (dB)
Tap
loss (dB)
Frequency
5 - 10
11 - 300
301 - 400
401 - 450
451 - 600
601 - 750
751 - 900
901 - 1000
Frequency
5 - 10
11 - 1000
4.0
4.0
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
3.2
3.0
3.6
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.0
4.5
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.8
3.3
3.4
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.0
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.9
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.9
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.9
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.9
Four-way Taps
Tap value
Model No. SAT MM 4-
Maximum
Insertion
loss (dB)
Tap
loss (dB)
Frequency
5 - 10
11 - 300
301 - 400
401 - 450
451 - 600
601 - 750
751 - 900
901 - 1000
Frequency
5 - 10
11 - 1000
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.6
3.8
4.3
4.8
5.1
2.1
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.3
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.2
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.0
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.0
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.0
5-3
Maximum
Insertion
loss (dB)
Tap
loss (dB)
Frequency
5 - 10
11 - 300
301 - 400
401 - 450
451 - 600
601 - 750
751 - 900
901 - 1000
Frequency
5 - 10
11 - 1000
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
3.7
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.4
5.4
2.2
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
3.2
3.5
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.7
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.2
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.2
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.2
NOTES:
5-4
Cable
equalization (dB)
Maximum
Insertion
loss (dB)
Flatness (dB)
Equalization mode
Equalization
bypassed
Frequency
5 42
51 - 750
5
10
40
42
51
54
100
450
550
750
870
0
9
0.7
0.6
1.0
1.3
9.5
9.3
8.5
5.1
4.4
3.0
2.1
0
0
0.7
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.9
Frequency
5 - 42
51 - 750
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
NOTES:
5-5
Maximum
Insertion
loss (dB)
Tap
loss (dB)
Frequency
5
40
50
450
550
750
860
1000
Frequency
5 - 550
550 - 1000
4.5
4.5
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
3.4
3.3
3.3
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.6
4.9
2.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.2
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
Four-way Taps
Tap value
Model No. SAT ST4-
Maximum
Insertion
loss (dB)
Frequency
5
40
50
450
550
750
860
1000
Tap
loss (dB)
Frequency
5 - 550
550 - 750
750 - 1000
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
3.4
3.3
3.3
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.6
4.9
2.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.2
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
5-6
Maximum
Insertion
loss (dB)
Frequency
5
40
50
450
550
750
860
1000
Tap
loss (dB)
Frequency
5 - 750
750 - 860
860 - 1000
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
3.4
3.3
3.3
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.6
4.9
2.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.2
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.7
NOTES:
5-7
5-70
Forward
50-550
550-750
750-870
870-1000
3.7 max
3.3 typ
4.0 max
3.7 typ
4.2 max
3.8 typ
4.3 max
3.9 typ
4.5 max
4.2 typ
24
23
23
23
21
24
32
100 min
110 typ
> 70
23
32
100 min
110 typ
> 70
23
32
100 min
110 typ
> 65
23
32
100 min
110 typ
> 60
21
30
100 min
110 typ
> 60
5-70
7.1 max
6.8 typ
25 min
30 typ
25 min
28 typ
32 min
38 typ
100 min
110 typ
Forward
50-550
8.0 max
7.6 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
5-8
550-750
8.2 max
7.7 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
750-870
8.3 max
7.8 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
870-1000
8.4 max
7.9 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
Forward
5-70
50-550
550-750
750-870
870-1000
10.6 max
10.2 typ
25 min
30 typ
25 min
28 typ
32 min
38 typ
100 min
110 typ
11.8 max
11.3 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
12.2 max
11.5 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
12.4 max
11.9 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
12.8 max
12.0 typ
22 min
26 typ
20 min
24 typ
30 min
34 typ
100 min
110 typ
Forward
5-70
50-550
550-750
750-870
870-1000
1.0 max
0.7 typ
9.6 min
10.0 max
24
31
100 min
110 typ
> 70
1.3 max
1.0 typ
9.5 min
10.0 max
23
31
100 min
110 typ
> 70
1.4 max
1.1 typ
9.5 min
10.0 max
23
31
100 min
110 typ
> 65
1.6 max
1.2 typ
9.5 min
10.0 max
23
31
100 min
110 typ
> 60
1.8 max
1.3 typ
9.3 min
10.0 max
21
31
100 min
110 typ
> 60
Forward
5-70
50-550
550-750
750-870
870-1000
0.7 max
0.4 typ
19.6 min
20.0 max
24
39
100 min
110 typ
> 70
0.9 max
0.5 typ
19.5 min
20.0 max
23
39
100 min
110 typ
> 70
1.0 max
0.6 typ
19.5 min
20.0 max
23
39
100 min
110 typ
> 65
1.0 max
0.6 typ
19.5 min
20.0 max
23
39
100 min
110 typ
> 60
1.2 max
0.8 typ
19.3 min
20.0 max
21
35
100 min
110 typ
> 60
5-9
0.440
0.500
0.650
0.750
1.00
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
0.17
0.56
1.44
1.54
1.64
1.81
1.90
2.13
2.22
2.36
2.49
0.56
1.84
4.72
5.05
5.38
5.94
6.23
6.99
7.30
7.76
8.19
0.14
0.48
1.23
1.32
1.40
1.55
1.63
1.83
1.91
2.03
2.15
0.46
1.57
4.04
4.33
4.60
5.09
5.36
6.00
6.28
6.68
7.07
0.11
0.38
0.99
1.06
1.13
1.25
1.34
1.50
1.56
1.67
1.77
0.36
1.25
3.25
3.48
3.71
4.10
4.41
4.92
5.13
5.49
5.81
0.10
0.34
0.86
0.91
0.97
1.08
1.11
1.25
1.30
1.39
1.47
0.33
1.12
2.82
2.99
3.18
3.54
3.65
4.10
4.28
4.57
4.82
0.07
0.24
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.82
0.87
0.97
1.02
1.09
1.16
0.23
0.79
2.13
2.30
2.43
2.69
2.86
3.18
3.36
3.59
3.82
ft
ft
ft
ft
6.40
1.55
5.09
1.00
3.28
0.69
2.26
0.41
1.35
Frequency (MHz)
5
55
350
400
450
550
600
750
800
900
1000
6-1
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.00
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
0.16
0.55
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.82
1.91
2.16
2.35
2.53
0.52
1.80
4.69
5.02
5.35
5.97
6.27
7.09
7.69
8.30
0.13
0.45
1.18
1.27
1.35
1.51
1.58
1.79
1.95
2.11
0.43
1.46
3.87
4.17
4.43
4.95
5.18
5.87
6.40
6.92
0.11
0.37
0.97
1.05
1.12
1.25
1.31
1.48
1.61
1.74
0.36
1.21
3.18
3.44
3.67
4.10
4.30
4.86
5.28
5.71
0.09
0.32
0.84
0.91
0.97
1.09
1.14
1.29
1.41
1.53
0.30
1.04
2.76
2.99
3.18
3.58
3.74
4.23
4.83
5.02
0.08
0.29
0.78
0.84
0.90
1.01
1.06
1.21
1.33
1.44
0.26
0.95
2.56
2.76
2.95
3.31
3.48
3.97
4.35
4.72
ft
ft
ft
ft
5.58
1.10
3.61
0.75
2.46
0.56
1.80
0.41
1.40
Frequency (MHz)
5
55
350
400
450
550
600
750
870
1000
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.00
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
0.16
0.40
0.54
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.82
1.91
2.16
2.34
2.52
0.52
1.31
1.77
4.69
5.02
5.35
5.97
6.27
7.09
7.68
8.27
0.13
0.32
0.46
1.18
1.27
1.35
1.50
1.58
1.78
1.93
2.07
0.43
1.05
1.51
3.87
4.17
4.43
4.92
5.18
5.84
6.33
6.79
0.11
0.26
0.37
0.97
1.05
1.12
1.24
1.31
1.48
1.61
1.74
0.36
0.85
1.21
3.18
3.44
3.67
4.07
4.30
4.86
5.28
5.71
0.09
0.23
0.33
0.84
0.91
0.97
1.08
1.14
1.29
1.41
1.53
0.30
0.75
1.08
2.76
2.99
3.18
3.54
3.74
4.23
4.63
5.02
0.08
0.21
0.31
0.78
0.84
0.90
1.01
1.06
1.21
1.34
1.44
0.26
0.69
1.02
2.56
2.76
2.95
3.31
3.48
3.97
4.40
4.72
ft
ft
ft
ft
5.64
1.10
3.51
0.76
2.49
0.55
1.81
0.40
1.31
3.96
0.79
2.59
0.56
1.83
0.41
1.35
Frequency (MHz)
5
30
55
350
400
450
550
600
750
865
1000
6-2
0.540
0.715
0.860
1.125
ft
ft
ft
ft
0.14
0.34
0.47
1.23
1.32
1.40
1.56
1.64
1.85
2.00
2.17
0.46
1.12
1.54
4.03
4.33
4.59
5.12
5.38
6.07
6.56
7.12
0.11
0.27
0.36
0.97
1.05
1.12
1.25
1.31
1.49
1.62
1.75
0.36
0.89
1.18
3.18
3.44
3.67
4.10
4.30
4.89
5.31
5.74
0.09
0.23
0.32
0.83
0.88
0.95
1.06
1.10
1.24
1.33
1.44
0.30
0.75
1.05
2.72
2.89
3.12
3.48
3.61
4.07
4.36
4.72
0.07
0.17
0.23
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.84
0.89
1.01
1.11
1.20
0.23
0.56
0.76
2.13
2.30
2.46
2.76
2.92
3.31
3.64
3.94
ft
ft
ft
0.42
1.38
Frequency (MHz)
5
30
55
350
400
450
550
600
750
865
1000
RG-59
RG-6
RG-611
RG-11
ft
ft
ft
ft
0.81
1.45
1.78
4.48
4.81
5.13
5.72
6.00
6.78
7.33
7.50
7.73
7.95
2.66
4.76
5.84
14.7
15.8
16.8
18.8
19.7
22.2
24.0
24.6
25.4
26.1
0.61
1.17
1.44
3.65
3.92
4.17
4.65
4.87
5.50
5.93
6.07
6.25
6.43
2.00
3.84
4.72
12.0
12.9
13.7
15.3
16.0
18.0
19.5
19.9
20.5
21.1
0.56
1.00
1.20
2.98
3.20
3.41
3.80
3.99
4.50
4.85
4.96
5.11
5.25
1.84
3.28
3.94
9.77
10.5
11.2
12.5
13.1
14.8
15.9
16.3
16.8
17.2
0.36
0.75
0.93
2.36
2.53
2.69
3.01
3.16
3.58
3.88
3.97
4.10
4.23
1.18
2.46
3.05
7.74
8.30
8.82
9.87
10.4
11.7
12.7
13.0
13.4
13.9
ft
ft
ft
179
34.1
112
23.5
77.1
16.1
52.8
Frequency (MHz)
5
30
50
350
400
450
550
600
750
862
900
950
1000
6-3
450
550
600
625
750
870
1000
1.47
1.33
1.26
1.18
1.07
1.64
1.48
1.40
1.32
1.19
1.11
1.73
1.56
1.48
1.39
1.25
1.17
1.05
1.77
1.59
1.51
1.42
1.28
1.20
1.08
1.02
1.96
1.76
1.67
1.57
1.42
1.33
1.19
1.13
1.11
2.14
1.93
1.82
1.72
1.55
1.45
1.30
1.24
1.21
1.09
2.30
2.08
1.97
1.85
1.67
1.56
1.40
1.33
1.30
1.18
1.08
6-4
AMPLIFIERS
7-1
SPLITTING DEVICES
LINE DEVICES
7-2
POWERING DEVICES
7-3
SUBSCRIBER TAPS
LINE TERMINATORS
7-4
7-5
750P3
540QR
4-WAY SPLICE
7-6
OPTICAL DEVICES
7-7
7-8
1. TERRESTRIAL TRANSMISSION
NORTH AMERICA (incl. MEXICO and parts of SOUTH AMERICA),
TAIWAN & S. KOREA
RF transmission system characteristics are defined by the ATSC
(Advanced Television Systems Committee) standard, Doc. A/53B, as
amended. Information on this standard may be found at www.atsc.org
and at www.atscforum.org
In Annex D, two transmission modes are defined. The terrestrial
broadcast mode uses 8 VSB (eight-level Vestigial Side-Band), and the
high data-rate mode uses 16 VSB.
8 VSB supports a payload of approximately 19.28 Mbps in a 6 MHz
channel, and 16 VSB supports approximately 38.57 Mbps. In both
cases, the input to the transmission system consists of 188-byte MPEGcompatible transport multiplex packets; the primary difference lies in the
number of transmitted levels (16 vs 8).
Parts of SOUTH AMERICA (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and
Equador), EUROPE, AUSTRALIA, INDIA, SOUTH EAST ASIA AND
CHINA
The standards used in these areas are derived from the work of the
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) project, which has resulted in suite of
8-1
6 MHz channel
lowest
highest
3.732
7.917
7.465
15.834
7 MHz channel
lowest
highest
4.354
9.237
8.709
18.473
8 MHz channel
lowest
highest
4.98
10.56
9.95
21.11
11.197
13.063
14.93
23.751
8-2
27.710
31.67
8-3
2. SATELLITE TRANSMISSION
ALL AREAS
The fundamental standard for satellite transmission of digital video
signals is defined by DVB-S, which is the earliest of the DVB standards
and the most widely accepted.
In Europe, the EBU passed the DVB-S recommendations to ETSI, which
published the standard as ETSI EN 300 421.
In North America, Modulation and Coding Requirements for Digital TV
Applications Over Satellite is an Advanced Television Systems
Committee standard, set forth in ATSC Doc. A/80. This standard is
almost identical to EN 300 421, and differs primarily in the fact that it
allows the transmission of arbitrary data streams, as well as MPEG-2
transport streams, and defines the use of modulation schemes other
than QPSK.
Worldwide, the relevant set of recommendations is contained in the ITU
document ITU-R BO.1516, Digital multiprogramme television systems
for use by satellites operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency range. This
document describes four fundamental systems, with many components
in common. System A is described in an earlier recommendation, ITUR BO.1211, which is actually the ETSI standard referred to above (ETSI
EN 300 421). Systems B and C are described in ITU-R BO.1294 and
refer to Direct Satellite Systems (DSS) services, and System D defines
the satellite component of the Japanese ISDB system. It is fully defined
in ITU-R BO.1408.
Transmission rates for various satellite transponder bandwidths and
convolutional code rates are shown in Tables 8.2 and 8.3, which are
taken from the ETSI standard (ETSI EN 300 421), and the ATSC A/80
standard, respectively. As mentioned above, these standards are very
similar, and the difference in the transmission rates, shown in the two
tables, is due solely to the way in which the Symbol Rate is defined.
8-4
Symbol
rate
(Mbaud)
53.33
40.00
34.07
30.37
26.67
24.44
22.22
20.00
13.33
11.11
8.89
6.67
4.44
3.33
2.22
1.11
8-5
8-6
Symbol
Data
rate
transmission
(Mbaud) rate (Mbps)
5.057
5.361
Usable
bit-rate
(Mbps)
30.342
42.884
26.970
38.811
8 MHz channel
(ETSI EN 300 429)1
Symbol
Data
Usable
rate
transmission bit-rate
(Mbaud) rate (Mbps) (Mbps)
6.952
27.808
25.491
6.952
41.712
38.236
6.952
55.616
50.981
NOTE:
Rates adjusted to produce an occupied bandwidth of 8 MHz.
CONTROL CHANNEL
In order to support interactive video services, a bi-directional control
channel for set-top terminal devices must be established. This can be
implemented under the existing DOCSIS standards (refer to Cable
Modem Signals in this booklet), or the DVB-RCC (Return Channel for
Cable) standard, which is defined in the ETSI publication ETS 300 800.
This standard is almost identical to DAVIC Passband Bi-directional PHY
on coax (see DAVIC 1.2 Specification, Part 8). The signal
characteristics are presented in the following tables. The modulation
scheme for downstream and upstream transmission is QPSK.
Downstream transmission rates and bandwidths:
Symbol rate
(MSps)
Transmission
rate (Mbps)
Channel
spacing
(MHz)
0.772
1.544
1.544
3.088
8-7
Transmission
rate (Mbps)
Channel
spacing
(MHz)
0.128
0.256
0.2
0.772
1.544
1.544
3.088
8-8
DIGITAL SIGNALS
Measurement of signal level
Digitally modulated RF signals using QPSK, QAM, 8VSB and
COFDM formats have characteristics similar to those of white noise,
and must be measured with the aid of a spectrum analyzer.
Frequency-selective level meters will give unreliable results. Many
modern spectrum analyzers designed for the broadband industry
incorporate a useful feature known as channel power measurement,'
which permits the direct reading of digital signal power; however, a
method using a general-purpose spectrum analyzer, will be described
here. A detailed description of the procedures can be found in the
CENELEC standard EN 50083-7, "System Performance," upon which
the following text is based.
The digital signal should be centered in the spectrum analyzer
display, with the resolution bandwidth of the analyzer set to 100 kHz.
(NOTE: the resolution bandwidth of a spectrum analyzer is effectively
the bandwidth of the filter in the IF stage of the instrument. It is
selected either by the operator or by internal optimization software.
For this reason, the resolution bandwidth is often referred to as the
IF bandwidth of the analyzer). The horizontal sweep should be
adjusted so that the shape of the signal is clearly visible, as shown in
the following diagram:
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
9-1
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
0
-10
-20
'Peak'
signal level
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
Equivalent signal
bandwidth
BWE
PT =PRBW +10.log
BWR
9-3
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Correction: 5.35
4.33
3.02
2.20
1.65
1.26
0.97
0.75
0.58
0.46
9-4
Symbol-rate
FSK
= bit rate
BPSK
= bit rate
QPSK
= bit rate 2
16 QAM
= bit rate 4
64 QAM
= bit rate 6
256 QAM
= bit rate 8
9-5
9-6
3 dB
Reduction required
for 2 signals
Reduction
required for
P/A change
Device or system
under test
5.0
65.0
Frequency (MHz)
Device or system
under test
Noise Power
Ratio
5.0
Frequency (MHz)
65.0
A plot of the depth of the notch versus the transmitter input power
results in the NPR curve.
9-8
o
regi
r
a
Line
Transition
region
r
ea
nlin n
No egio
r
C/(N + IMN); dB
Optimum power at
transmitter input
In the linear region of the curve, the NPR increases smoothly as input
power is increased. This is interpreted as a linear increase in CNR
as the carrier (the applied noise signal) rises above the intrinsic
noise of the optical system.
In the transition region, the noise signal begins to cause intermodulation distortion noise and clipping of the laser, and in the
nonlinear region, further increases in the level of the applied noise
result in disproportionate decreases in NPR.
To determine the optimum level of any given signal, its bandwidth
must be known, and then the required level can be obtained by taking
the optimum input level from the NPR curve, and normalising to the
bandwidth of the desired signal.
Example: a 16QAM signal with a bandwidth of 3.2 MHz must be
carried. The optimum input level to the transmitter, as shown by the
NPR curve, is -33 dBmV/Hz. The level of the 16QAM signal should
therefore be:
-33 + 10.log (3,200,000) = 32.1 dBmV
9-9
9 - 10
DS-0
Digital Signal Level 0. The telephony term for the basic channel in
the digital transmission hierarchy, originally representing a single
voice channel, but subsequently used also for data transmission.
The data-rate is 64 kbps.
DS-1
Digital Signal Level 1. The telephony term for the
1.544 Mbps digital signal carried by a T1 facility*. Originally
designed to accommodate 24 DS-0 channels, but subsequently
used also as a multiplex rate for subchannels at other data-rates,
and also as a clear channel for services such as video
teleconferencing.
DS-1C
Digital Signal Level 1C. 3.152 Mbps digital signal; equivalent to
two DS-1 signals.
DS-2
Digital Signal Level 2. 6.312 Mbps signal, equivalent to four DS-1
signals.
10 - 1
DS-3
Digital Signal Level 3. 44.736 Mbps signal, equivalent to 28 DS-1
signals.
* The terms T1 and DS-1 are frequently used interchangeably.
Strictly speaking, however, DS-1 refers to the electrical
characteristics of the 1.544 Mbps signal, and T1 refers to the
facility through which the signal travels. The term T1 was
introduced by AT&T to designate a Terrestrial digital transmission
system.
The DS-x signals are also referred to as Asynchronous digital
signals, to distinguish them from the later, SONET (Synchronous
Optical Network) standards. In Europe, the word Plesiochronous
is used, meaning almost synchronous, and the various signals in
this category are referred to collectively as the Plesiochronous
Digital Hierarchy, or PDH.
E-1
First Order Digital Signal, at 2.048 Mbps. It was designed to
accommodate thirty 64 kbps channels but, like the
DS-1 signal, has also been used as a multiplex for other lowerrate channels and as a clear channel for services such as video
teleconferencing.
E-2
Second Order Digital Signal, at 8.448 Mbps; equivalent to 4 E-1
signals.
E-3
Third Order Digital Signal, at 34.368 Mbps; equivalent to 16 E-1
signals
10 - 2
E-4
Fourth Order Digital Signal, at 139.264 Mbps; equivalent
to 64 E-1 signals.
10 - 3
Payload rate
(Mbps)
51.840
155.520
622.080
2,488.320
9,953.280
39,813.120
50.112
150.336
601.344
2,405.376
9,621.504
38,486.016
SONET
designation
STS-1
STS-3
STS-12
STS-48
STS-192
STS-768
SDH
designation
N/A
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
STM-256
10 - 4
ANSI/SMPTE 259M
This is a family of digital interface specifications for video, which
supports the following transmission rates:
Level A: Digital sampling of an NTSC signal at four times the
chrominance subcarrier frequency (4.fsc), resulting in a data rate
of 143 Mbps.
Level B: Digital sampling of a PAL signal at 4.fsc, resulting in a
data rate of 177 Mbps.
Level C: Digital sampling of a 4:2:2 component video signal
(either 525-line/60 Hz or 625-line/50 Hz) with a data rate of 270
MHz. This interface has essentially the same electrical
characteristics as the DVB-ASI interface (270 MHz; 800 mV
launch amplitude). It is also referred to as the D1 format, and
was introduced as the standard for digital video tape recorders in
the mid-1980s.
Level D: Digital sampling of NTSC or PAL 4:2:2 wide-screen (16
x 9 aspect ratio) video, with a data rate of 360 Mbps.
SMPTE 259 is frequently referred to as Serial Digital Interface (SDI).
As mentioned above, the similarities between ASI and SDI are such
that many pieces of equipment can handle both types of signal.
ANSI/SMPTE 292M
This standard defines the digital sampling of component (4:2:2) highdefinition video (either 1080i or 720p), and transmission at a rate of
1.485 Gbps. An electrical (coaxial cable) interface is defined, with a
transmission loss up to 20 dB, and an optical interface is also
possible, for distances up to 2 km. In general, SMPTE 292M is
regarded as the high-definition extension of SMPTE 259M.
10 - 5
ANSI/SMPTE 305M
Referred to as the Serial Digital Transport Interface (SDTI). This is
not a physical layer specification; rather, it defines a data
communications protocol for systems which employ the physical
layer specifications of SMPTE 259M (SDI).
It allows the transport of MPEG-2 packets, as well as raw digital
data, at a rate of either 270 Mbps or 360 Mbps. (The actual payload
rates are approximately 200 and 270 Mbps, respectively). MPEG-2
packets can be transferred at high speed, to provide a faster than
realtime transmission of video files.
ANSI/SMPTE 310M
This is a synchronous serial interface, designed for short distance
point-to-point applications in the video broadcasting industry, such as
connecting an 8VSB modulator to a transmitter. It carries a simple
MPEG-2 transport stream at a fixed rate of either 19.39 Mbps
(compatible with 8VSB transmission) or 38.78 Mbps (compatible with
16VSB transmission). If RG-59 coaxial cable is used, the range is
approximately 300 ft.
10 - 6
11 - 1
11 - 2
Transmission
rate1 (Mbps)
Channel spacing
(MHz)
64-QAM
modulation
5.056941
6.952000
30.341650
41.712000
6
8
256-QAM
modulation
5.360537
6.952000
42.884296
55.616000
6
8
Symbol rate
(MSps)
Transmission
rate1 (Mbps)
Channel width2
(MHz)
QPSK
modulation
0.160
0.320
0.640
1.280
2.560
0.320
0.640
1.280
2.560
5.120
0.200
0.400
0.800
1.600
3.200
16-QAM
modulation
0.160
0.320
0.640
1.280
2.560
0.640
1.280
2.560
5.120
10.240
0.200
0.400
0.800
1.600
3.200
NOTES:
1. The 'transmission rate' is the rate at which binary digits are
transported. The rate at which useful information is transmitted will
always be less than this figure because of the existence in the
signal of overhead bits. In the downstream signal path, the
overhead accounts for approximately 10% of the transmitted
signal, and in the upstream signal path the figure is approximately
15%.
2. In the case of upstream signals, the 'channel width' is the 30dB
bandwidth.
11 - 3
Frequency
91 to 857 MHz
91 to 857 MHz
Signal level
50 to 61 dBmV
Frequency
Output of
Cable Modem
Input to CMTS1
5 to 42 MHz
5 to 42 MHz
QPSK: 8 to 58 dBmV
16-QAM: 8 to 55 dBmV
Signal level
160 kSps:
320 kSps:
640 kSps:
1280 kSps:
2560 kSps:
-4 to +26 dBmV
Frequency
Signal level
11 - 4
64-QAM:
256-QAM:
43 to 73 dBV
47 to 77 dBV
Frequency
Output of
Cable Modem
Input to CMTS1
5 to 65 MHz
5 to 65 MHz
QPSK:
16-QAM:
68 to 118 dBV
68 to 115 dBV
Signal level
0.160 MSps:
0.320 MSps:
0.640 MSps:
1.280 MSps:
44 to 74 dBV
47 to 77 dBV
50 to 80 dBV
53 to 83 dBV
2.560 MSps:
56 to 86 dBV
NOTES:
1. The CMTS is the Cable Modem Termination System, located at
the headend or a hub, which transmits signals to, and receives
signals from the cable modems.
48 to 162 MHz
Signal level
Modulation
FSK
Bit rate
38.4 kbps
11 - 5
Input to transponder
Upstream characteristics:
Output of transponder
Frequency
5 to 21 MHz
Signal level
Modulation
FSK
Bit rate
38.4 kbps
11 - 6
Input to Headend
receiver
Plastic jacket
(Color coded)
Glass core
Glass cladding
250
125
62.5 (multimode)
10 (singlemode)
12 - 1
Loose tube cables contain hollow buffer tubes with one or more fibers
inside each tube.
12 - 2
Blue
Orange
Green
Brown
Slate
White
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Red
Black
Yellow
Violet
Rose
Aqua
Blue
Orange
Green
Brown
Slate
White
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Red
Black
Yellow
Violet
Rose
Aqua
12 - 3
12 - 4
1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8.0
9.6
11.2
12.8
14.4
16.0
17.6
19.2
0.56
1.12
1.68
2.24
2.80
3.36
3.92
4.48
5.04
5.60
6.16
6.72
0.64
1.28
1.92
2.56
3.20
3.84
4.48
5.12
5.76
6.40
7.04
7.68
1.14
1.78
2.42
3.06
3.70
4.34
4.98
5.62
6.26
6.90
7.54
8.18
Path
length Fiber with
with
mi km loss splices connecto
rs
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
12 - 5
20.8
22.4
24.0
25.6
27.2
28.8
30.4
32.0
33.6
35.2
36.8
38.4
7.28
7.84
8.40
8.96
9.52
10.08
10.64
11.20
11.76
12.32
12.88
13.44
8.32
8.96
9.60
10.24
10.88
11.52
12.16
12.80
13.44
14.08
14.72
15.36
8.82
9.46
10.10
10.74
11.38
12.02
12.66
13.30
13.94
14.58
15.22
15.86
1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8.0
9.6
11.2
12.8
14.4
16.0
17.6
19.2
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00
4.40
4.80
0.48
0.96
1.44
1.92
2.40
2.88
3.36
3.84
4.32
4.80
5.28
5.76
0.98
1.46
1.94
2.42
2.90
3.38
3.86
4.34
4.82
5.30
5.78
6.26
Path
length
Fibe
with
r
mi km loss splices
connectors
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
6.74
7.22
7.70
8.18
8.66
9.14
9.62
10.10
10.58
11.06
11.54
12.02
12 - 6
20.8
22.4
24.0
25.6
27.2
28.8
30.4
32.0
33.6
35.2
36.8
38.4
5.20
5.60
6.00
6.40
6.80
7.20
7.60
8.00
8.40
8.80
9.20
9.60
6.24
6.72
7.20
7.68
8.16
8.64
9.12
9.60
10.08
10.56
11.04
11.52
with
OPTICAL PASSIVES
Singlemode Multiband Couplers and Splitters
The data in this section represents the specifications of the fused
couplers and splitters available from Scientific Atlanta. Two-way
splitters/couplers are available either unconnectorized, or in LGXcompatible modules.
Fused coupler/splitter optical specifications:
Maximum insertion loss (dB)*
Configuration
Split ratio
Through
Tap
1:2
50 / 50
55 / 45
60 / 40
65 / 35
70 / 30
75 / 25
80 / 20
85 / 15
90 / 10
95 / 05
4.00
3.60
3.20
2.75
2.55
2.15
1.80
1.50
1.30
1.05
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.60
6.30
7.00
8.10
9.30
11.25
14.35
1 : 2 dual
50 / 50
4.00
4.00
2:2
2:4
Even
Even
4.00
7.70
4.00
7.70
1:3
Even
35 / 35 / 30
40 / 30 / 30
50 / 25 / 25
40 / 40 / 20
60 / 20 / 20
1:4
1:5
1:6
1:7
1:8
1 : 10
1 : 12
1 : 16
Even
Even
Even
Even
Even
Even
Even
Even
13 - 1
4 ch
8 ch
12 ch 16 ch 20 ch 40 ch
2.3
3.0
3.2
4.0
4.0
n/a
Insertion loss, dB
(max): 100 GHz
(mux/demux)
<1.1 (add/drop)
< 0.8 (other)
n/a
3.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
4.5
Isolation, dB
(max)
> 30 (add/drop)
> 12 (other)
13 - 2
Units
nm
C 0.25
C 0.12
GHz
200
100
dB
0.20
0.20
ps
0.15
0.15
Directivity
dB
55
55
dB
45
45
2.2
3.0
10 ch
3.3
13 - 3
nm
Passband ripple
< 0.5
dB
Uniformity
< 1.0
dB
< 0.25
dB
< 0.2
ps
Passband
< 0.008
Thermal stability
nm/C
Directivity
> 55
dB
> 50
dB
Type
Port
1310 / CWDM
1310
CWDM
1310 / 1550
1310
1550
1260 - 1360
1500 - 1600
1.3
1.1
40
40
Red / blue
Blue
Red
1529.5 1542.5
1548.5 1561.5
1.5
1.3
10
10
Purple
1543.6 1546.2
1528.5 1541.7
1549.0 1561.9
1.0
15
0.7
12
Red/blue/purple
Red/blue
Band 1
Bands 2-5
1558.8 1564.9
1530.1 1557.6
1.2
0.8
25
12
Band 2
Band 1
Bands 3-5
1551.5 1557.6
1558.8 1546.9
1530.1 1550.3
1.2
25
0.8
12
Band 3
Bands 1-2
Bands 4-5
1544.3 1550.3
1530.1 1543.1
1551.5 1565.0
1.2
25
0.8
12
13 - 4
Type
Port
Band 4
Bands 1-3
Band 5
Band 5
Bands 1-4
1530.1 1536.0
1537.2 1564.9
1.2
0.8
25
12
Five-band
Band 1
Band 2
Band 3
Band 4
Band 5
1558.7 1565.0
1551.5 1557.6
1544.3 1550.4
1537.2 1543.2
1530.0 1536.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
25
25
25
25
13
50
dB
50
dB
250 max
mW
Optical power
13 - 5
Dispersion at
1550 nm
(ps per nm)
-340 3%
-510 3%
-680 3%
-850 3%
-1020 3%
-1190 3%
-1360 3%
Maximum loss at
1550 nmC
(dB)
3.5
4.4
5.2
6.1
7.0
7.9
8.9
RDSA
Max. PMDB
(nm-1)
0.0023 20%
0.0023 20%
0.0023 20%
0.0023 20%
0.0023 20%
0.0023 20%
0.0023 20%
(ps)
0.45
0.55
0.63
0.70
0.77
0.83
0.89
Notes
A. RDS: Relative Dispersion Slope
B. PMD: Polarization Mode Dispersion
C. Includes connector losses
DCM optical specifications (low-loss version):
Type
DCM 20
DCM 30
DCM 40
DCM 50
DCM 60
DCM 70
DCM 80
Dispersion at
1550 nm
(ps per nm)
-340 3%
-510 3%
-680 3%
-850 3%
-1020 3%
-1190 3%
-1360 3%
Maximum loss at
1550 nm
(dB)
1.9
2.4
2.8
3.3
3.7
4.2
4.6
RDS
Max. PMD
(nm-1)
0.0015 0.0055
0.0015 0.0056
0.0015 0.0057
0.0015 0.0058
0.0015 0.0059
0.0015 0.0060
0.0015 0.0061
(ps)
0.54
0.66
0.76
0.85
0.93
1.01
1.08
Common
Pass
Reflect
13 - 7
Passband ripple
Again in reference to the pass port, this is the difference between
the maximum and minimum insertion loss within the channel
bandwidth.
The four parameters described above are illustrated in the
following diagram, which shows the optical transfer characteristic
of a 3-port DWDM device from the common to the pass port.
Minimum
insertion loss
Maximum
insertion loss
Passband ripple
Channel
bandwidth
ITU channel
wavelength
13 - 8
13 - 9
13 - 10
13 - 11
14 - 1
E-OLT
WDM
Passive
splitter
SNI
WDM
OLT
ONU
E-ONU
ONU
ONT
Other ONTs
PON architecture
Definitions of terms
SNI: Service Node Interface
The interface between the domains of the access network
operator and the service operator. (These operators may be a
single entity; for example, in the case of a large telephone
company.)
UNI: User Network Interface
The interface between the domains of the access network
operator and the end-user.
OLT: Optical Line Termination
The electro-optical interface between the SNI and the Optical
Distribution Network. (See ODN, below.)
E-OLT: Enhancement band Optical Line Termination
An OLT which provides additional network services via the
Enhancement Band (see below), such as broadband video.
14 - 2
UNI
ODN
14 - 3
Passive
splitter
FTTC*
ONU
ONT
xDSL
FTTC
OLT
ONU
Twisted
pair
ONT
FTTB
ONT
FTTH
ONT
ODN
* Refers to fiber to the cabinet, or Remote Terminal. In
this example, the Remote Terminal contains DSLAMs
14 - 4
WDM
Passive
splitter
WDM
14 - 5
Wavelength range
1260 1360 nm
1480 1500 nm
1539 1565 nm
1550 1566 nm
Purpose
Upstream digital traffic
Downstream digital traffic
Enhancement band 1
(Additional digital traffic)
Enhancement band 2
(Video distribution)
Wavelength allocations
14 - 6
Types of PON
Several types of PONs are the subject of existing or proposed
standards.
The following table provides a list of their key characteristics, and
references to the relevant standards. The data rates are the
transmission rates (not information transfer rates) for the downstream
and upstream digital traffic at wavelengths 1 and 2.
Name
Standard
APON
BPON
EPON
IEEE 802.3ah
GPON
Data rates
downstream
upstream
155 Mbps
155 Mbps
622 Mbps
155 Mbps
155 Mbps
155 Mbps
622 Mbps
622 Mbps
1.25 Gbps
1.25 Gbps
1.244 Gbps
2.488 Gbps
155 Mbps
622 Mbps
1.244 Gbps
2.488 Gbps
Definitions of terms
APON: ATM-based Passive Optical Network
The earliest PON definition, resulting from the work of FSAN in the
mid 1990s, and subsequently incorporated in an ITU standard.
ATM was chosen as the Layer 2 protocol for downstream and
upstream digital traffic, because of its ability to handle multiple
transmission formats. The ATM cells are carried in SONET/SDH
frames. APON did not include a provision for enhanced services
such as video, and therefore the initial deployments were aimed
primarily at the business market.
14 - 7
Classes of ODN
The ODN of a PON, as defined by the ITU standards, is
characterized by one of three classes: A, B and C.
14 - 8
Minimum loss
Maximum loss
Class A
5 dB
Class B
10 dB
25 dB
20 dB
Class C
15 dB
30 dB
14 - 9
15 - 1
Stream identifier
Identifies and specifies the type of the data in the payload. This
allows video and audio elementary streams within the same program
to be distinguished from one another. Thirty two values are available
for audio elementary streams and sixteen for video.
15 - 2
Optional
Header
Payload
END
15 - 3
Optional fields
Additional information can be inserted in these fields, and its
presence or absence is indicated by the flags in Extension bytes 2
and 2. For example, if the PES CRC flag is set in Extension byte 2,
a Cyclic Redundancy Check is performed on the previous PES
packet, using a 2-byte code inserted in the optional fields.
Stuffing bytes (FF16) can also be inserted in the optional fields, but
they must be added to all the other header bytes to compute the total
PES header data length.
Payload
The payload, consisting of video or audio elementary streams of
access units, can have any length up to a maximum of 64 kbyte.
15 - 4
Transport Stream
Adaptation field (stuffing bits)
4 5
Payload
6
PID
(13 bits)
The Packet Elementary Streams are then divided into samples of 184
bytes, and placed into Transport Stream (TS) packets. Each TS
packet has a Header of 4 bytes, giving a total of 188 bytes for the
packet.
15 - 5
This number of bytes was chosen because it would map into an ATM
cell which, when using ATM Adaptation Layer type 1 (AAL 1) for
constant bit-rate traffic, has a length of 47 bytes,
and 4 x 47 = 188.
If a TS packet contains the last bytes of a PES packet, and not all
184 payload bytes are used, an Adaptation Field must be inserted
to fill the TS packet payload. This Adaptation Field is placed at the
beginning of the payload field, and consists of stuffing bits (FF16).
Only one PES packet can start in any given TS payload field.
The first byte of a PES packet must become the first byte in a TS
packet payload field.
The purpose and structure of the bytes in the TS header are as
follows:
15 - 6
15 - 7
15 - 8
For example, the DVD standard ETSI EN 300 468 defines 15 further
PID values. The following diagram shows the relation of the basic
ISO/IEC standard to other, regional standards.
Elaborations:
Basic
specification:
ATSC
A/53E
ETSI
(DVB)
ISDB
ADTB
ISO/IEC 13181-1
ISDB:
15 - 9
PMT (continued)
The PAT contains pointers to other TS packets which carry details
of specific programs. These details are referred to as Program Map
Tables. The following diagram shows the relationships between the
PAT, a typical PMT and the program information.
15 - 10
IP encapsulation
For transmission over an IP-based network that uses Ethernet as the
Layer-2 protocol, MPEG TS packets are encapsulated as shown in
the following diagram.
BEGIN
8
Preamble
14
20
IP packet header
- includes Destination and Source addresses
12
UDP header
- includes Destination and Source ports
RTP field*
Real-time Transport Protocol:
provides end-to-end delivery services for video
and other data with real-time characteristics.
These services include payload type
identification, sequence numbering, timestamping and delivery monitoring.
Payload
maximum of 7 MPEG Transport Stream packets
(7 x 188 = 1,316 bytes)
END
15 - 11
IP encapsulation (continued)
The function of each component of the entire Ethernet frame can be
illustrated by considering the case of an MPEG Transport Stream
that is being delivered to a multi-QAM modulator.
The physical (MAC address) of the multi-QAM device will be the
Destination Address contained in the Ethernet Frame Header.
Similarly, the IP address of the multi-QAM device will be the
Destination Address in the IP Packet Header. The specific QAM
modulator within the multi-QAM device will be identified by the UDP
Port Number.
15 - 12
Original
Extended
Short
Conventional
Long
The C- and L-bands are divided into red and blue sections, as
follows:
C-band, blue:
C-band, red:
1525 to 1544nm
1547 to 1565nm
L-band, blue:
L-band, red:
1560 to 1584nm
1588 to 1620nm
16 - 1
10
Impurities
Infrared
photon
absorption
Rayleigh
scattering
0.1
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600 1800
Band:
1300
1400
1625
1565
1530
1460
1260
10
1360
Wavelength (nanometers)
0.1
1200
1500
1600
Wavelength (nanometers)
Note: The attenuation curve represents the characteristics of SMF-28 fiber, which
is most commonly encountered in existing broadband networks
16 - 2
Prisma II upstream
LaserLink upstream
1569.59
1568.77
1567.95
1567.13
1566.31
1565.50
1564.68
1563.86
1563.05
1562.23
1561.42
1560.61
1559.79
1558.98
1558.17
1557.36
1556.55
1555.75
1554.94
1554.13
1553.33
1552.52
1551.72
1550.92
1550.12
1549.32
1548.51
191.0
191.1
191.2
191.3
191.4
191.5
191.6
191.7
191.8
191.9
192.0
192.1
192.2
192.3
192.4
192.5
192.6
192.7
192.8
192.9
193.0
193.1
193.2
193.3
193.4
193.5
193.6
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Wavelength
(nm)
Prisma DT
Frequency
(THz)
iLynx
Channel No.
Prisma IP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
16 - 3
LaserLink upstream
Prisma II upstream
1547.72
1546.92
1546.12
1545.32
1544.53
1543.73
1542.94
1542.14
1541.35
1540.56
1539.77
1538.98
1538.19
1537.40
1536.61
1535.82
1535.04
1534.25
1533.47
1532.68
1531.90
1531.12
1530.33
1529.55
1528.77
1527.99
1527.22
193.7
193.8
193.9
194.0
194.1
194.2
194.3
194.4
194.5
194.6
194.7
194.8
194.9
195.0
195.1
195.2
195.3
195.4
195.5
195.6
195.7
195.8
195.9
196.0
196.1
196.2
196.3
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
Wavelength
(nm)
Prisma DT
Frequency
(THz)
iLynx
Channel No.
Prisma IP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
16 - 4
299800
Frequency ( in THz )
299800
Wavelength ( in nm)
It may also be noted that the channel number can be derived from
the frequency by taking the units and the tenths from the frequency
in TeraHertz. For example:
Channel 59 is at a frequency of 195.9 THz, and
Channel 37 is at a frequency of 193.7 THz
Optical channels for CWDM systems are defined by ITU in their
standard G.694.2 (Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: CWDM
Wavelength Grid.) The channels are spaced at intervals of 20nm,
and are listed in Table 16-2, which also shows the channels offered
in the Scientific Atlanta digital and analog optical transmission
product lines.
16 - 5
1610
1590
1570
1550
1530
1510
1490
1470
1450
1430
1410
1390
1370
1350
1330
1310
1290
1270
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Wavelength
(nm)
Channel No.
Prisma IP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
16 - 6
17 - 1
CTB (continued)
The totality of all the spurious signals that result from these
combinations is referred to as the Composite Triple-Beat, and
triple-beat groupings generally lie at, or close to, the video
carriers.
Therefore:
Composite Triple-Beat (CTB) is defined as the ratio (in
decibels) of the peak video carrier power to the peak of
the aggregate distortion signal lying at the video carrier
frequency.
This parameter is measured with unmodulated video carriers, and
with the carrier in the channel of interest turned off.
Broadband equipment manufacturers specify the CTB
performance of their amplifiers at a specific output level. Changing
the output level by raising or lowering the level at the inputs of the
internal gain-blocks will cause the CTB to change, as described
below.
Composite Second Order (CSO)
Another category of unwanted signal components produced by an
amplifier consists of the second order beat components, which
result from harmonics and interactions of the form:
2f1
f 1 + f2
f1 - f 2
where f1 and f2 are the frequencies of any two input signals. The
number of such combinations in a large-capacity network is less
than that produced by third-order distortions, but is nevertheless
significant.
17 - 2
CSO (Continued)
The totality of all the spurious signals that result from these
combinations is referred to as the Composite Second Order beat,
and CSO groupings generally lie at either 0.75 or 1.25 MHz above
and below the video carriers. Therefore:
Composite Second Order (CSO) is defined as the ratio (in
decibels) of the peak video carrier power to the peak of
the aggregate distortion signal lying at 0.75 MHz or
1.25 MHz relative to the video carrier frequency.
This parameter is measured with unmodulated video carriers.
As in the case of Composite Triple Beat, Broadband equipment
manufacturers specify the CSO performance of their amplifiers at
a specific output level.
Cross Modulation (XMOD)
Non-linearities in amplifier also give rise to Cross-Modulation,
which is the unwanted modulation of any particular video carrier by
the signals being carried in other channels in the system. Because
each video channel contains a constant, high-level signal
component at the horizontal line frequency (15.734 kHz in the
NTSC system), this is the most noticeable component of CrossModulation. Therefore:
Cross Modulation (XMOD) is defined as the ratio of the
peak-to-peak amplitude of the modulation, on the test
carrier (caused by the signals on other carriers), to the
peak level of the carrier.
It is usually measured on an unmodulated carrier, with all other
carriers in the system being synchronously modulated to a depth
of 100% by a square-wave at the horizontal line-rate.
The Cross Modulation performance of a single amplifier is
specified at a given output level, and changes as that level is
raised or lowered.
17 - 3
Hum Modulation
This form of distortion is a result of the unwanted modulation of a
particular video carrier by components of the system power supply.
Therefore:
Hum Modulation is defined as the ratio (in decibels) of the
peak video carrier power to the peak of the unwanted
modulation sidebands at 50 or 60 Hz and harmonics
(depending on power-line frequency), relative to the video
carrier frequency.
In practice, Hum Modulation is measured as the percentage depth
of modulation of a video carrier, using an oscilloscope, then
converted to decibels.
To convert
percentage
modulation to
decibels:
M
Hum mod ulation in dB = 20 x log
100
CTBnew
CTBref
17 - 4
CSOnew
CSOref
XMODnew
XMODref
CTBnew
CTBref
CSOnew
CSOref
XMODnew
XMODref
17 - 6
CSOEOL
CSO
CSO
CSO1
3
2
10
10
10
+10
+
+10
= 10 x log 10
Where CSO1, CSO2, CSO3 etc. are the Composite Second Order
performance figures for the separate amplifiers in the cascade.
NOTE: It is assumed that CSO is expressed in positive numbers.
And,
For Composite Triple-Beat, Cross Modulation and Hum
Modulation,
CTBEOL
CTB
CTB
CTB1
3
2
20
20
20
= 20 x log 10
+10
+10
+
XMOD
XMOD
XMOD1
3
2
20
20
20
+
+10
+10
XMODEOL= 20 x log 10
HMODEOL
HMOD
HMOD
HMOD1
3
2
20
20
20
= 20 x log 10
+10
+10
+
17 - 7
Where XMOD , XMOD , XMOD , etc. are the CTB, XMOD and
1
2
3
HMOD ,HMOD ,HMOD , etc.
1
2
3
HMOD
Noise: Definition
All amplifiers generate noise, and a broadband network is also
susceptible to noise from external sources. The combined noise level
is measured relative to video carrier level:
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) is defined as the ratio (in decibels)
of the peak video carrier power to the average noise power,
normalized to a specified bandwidth.
The noise performance of a single amplifier is most commonly
specified as the noise figure:
To convert Noise Figure
(NF) to CNR:
I
6.75
5.08
B, G
5.75
4.75
K1, L
7.25
5.58
M, N
4.95
4.00
CNRnew
CNRref
Lnew
Lref
17 - 9
CNREOL
CNR
CNR
CNR1
3
2
10
10
10
+
+10
+10
= 10 x log 10
17 - 10
m2
2 .B. (RIN)
where
m is the single-channel modulation index, and
B is the noise measurement bandwidth (4 MHz for NTSC systems)
In decibel notation,
CNRRIN = 20.log(m) 10.log(2.B) (RIN)
With a typical loading of 78 NTSC channels and 33 QAM signals,
the per-channel OMI will be 3.58% (=0.0358). Therefore,
CNRRIN = 20.log(0.0358) 10.log(8.106) (RIN)
and for a typical laser the RIN is 160 dB/Hz, therefore
CNRRIN = -97.95 + 160 = 62.05 dB
EDFA Noise
17 - 11
Therefore SNRIN =
(1.55 x 10 6 ) .PIN
2 . (6.63 x 10
34
) . (3 x 10 )
The EDFA Noise Factor (F) is obtained from the Noise Figure (NF)
by the identity NF = 10.log(F). Then, converting to decibel
notation, and bearing in mind that 'dBm' is referenced to milliwatts,
CNREDFA = 116.87 + 20.log(m) + PIN 10.log(103) NF
A value of the Noise Figure for a typical EDFA is 5.5 dB, with an
optical input power of +5 dBm, and with m = 0.0358,
CNREDFA = 116.87 28.9 + 5 30 5.5 = 57.47 dB
Receiver Noise
Step 1: determination of receiver responsivity
. q .
h .c
where
is the quantum efficiency of the detector,
q is the electron charge in coulombs,
17 - 12
34
).(3 x 10 )
= 1.0 A.W-1
m2 . .PIN
4 . q .B
m2 .(1.0).PIN
4 .(1.6 x 10
19
).(4 x 10 )
17 - 13
(m . .PIN )2
2 . in2 .B
m2 .(1.0)2 .PIN2
2.(7.0 x 10
12 2
) .(4 x 10 )
CNRtotal =
CNR shot
CNR therm
CNR EDFA
CNR RIN
10 .log 10 10 + 10 10 + 10 10 + 10 10
17 - 14
= 53.15 dB
NOTE: When calculating CNR in a multi-wavelength system, the
CNR is calculated separately for each wavelength. The optical
power referred to in the previous formulas refers to the power of a
single wavelength, not the aggregate power.
17 - 15
BROADBAND PARAMETERS
The Decibel
The decibel (dB) provides a means of representing large power
ratios as manageable, small numbers, and allows the overall gains
and losses in a module or a network to be calculated by addition
and subtraction, rather than by multiplication and division.
The original unit was the Bel (named after Alexander Graham
Bell), and the decibel is one-tenth of a Bel. Thus the ratio of two
power levels is calculated as follows:
Ratio of power P1 to
power P2, in dB:
P1
P2
= 10log
If voltage, rather than power levels are known, and provided that
the impedance is constant, the power ratio can be calculated as
follows:
Ratio of power produced by
voltage V1 to power produced
by voltage V2, in dB:
V1
V
2
= 20log
18 - 1
x
20
dBV
Similarly, a measurement of x dBV in a defined impedance
indicates that the power being measured is x dB greater than that
produced when a voltage of 1 V (rms) is applied across the same
impedance.
To convert x dBV
to microvolts:
x
20
mW
To determine the power, in milliwatts, which is represented by a
reading in dBmV, assuming an impedance of 75:
To convert x dBmV
to milliwatts:
18 - 2
x
10 10
75 1000
dBm
A measurement of x dBm indicates that a particular signal has a
power of x dB greater than (or above) 1 milliwatt. A negative dBm
value indicates that the signal is less than (below) 1 milliwatt.
To convert x dBm
to milliwatts:
x
10
10
10
= 10 * log 75 * 1000 * 10 10
Impedance Mismatch
It frequently happens that the input impedance of a measuring
device (spectrum analyzer; field strength meter, etc.) does not
match the impedance of the system under test. In such a case, a
correction must be made to the reading displayed on the
instrument.
Table of Conversions
The following table lists the conversions between different units of
measurement for the range of signal levels commonly
encountered in broadband networks. The equations described in
the previous two pages were used in the compilation of this table.
dBmV mV
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.8
3.2
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.3
7.1
7.9
8.9
10.0
11.2
12.6
14.1
15.8
17.8
dBV
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
mW
Less
than
0.0010
0.0011
0.0013
0.0017
0.0021
0.0027
0.0033
0.0042
dBm
dBmV
mV
dBV
mW
dBm
-48.8
-47.8
-46.8
-45.8
-44.8
-43.8
-42.8
-41.8
-40.8
-39.8
-38.8
-37.8
-36.8
-35.8
-34.8
-33.8
-32.8
-31.8
-30.8
-29.8
-28.8
-27.8
-26.8
-25.8
-24.8
-23.8
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
20.0
22.4
25.1
28.2
31.6
35.5
39.8
44.7
50.1
56.2
63.1
70.8
79.4
89.1
100.0
112.2
125.9
141.3
158.5
177.8
199.5
223.9
251.2
281.8
316.2
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
0.0053
0.0067
0.0084
0.0106
0.0133
0.0168
0.0211
0.0266
0.0335
0.0422
0.0531
0.0668
0.0841
0.1059
0.1333
0.1679
0.2113
0.2660
0.3349
0.4216
0.5308
0.6682
0.8413
1.0591
1.3333
-22.8
-21.8
-20.8
-19.8
-18.8
-17.8
-16.8
-15.8
-14.8
-13.8
-12.8
-11.8
-10.8
-9.8
-8.8
-7.8
-6.8
-5.8
-4.8
-3.8
-2.8
-1.8
-0.8
0.2
1.2
18 - 4
21 F10
x
20
FH
FL
Example: A 100 ft. length of 0.5 inch coaxial cable has a loss of
1.32 dB at 300 MHz. What is the loss at 600 MHz?
Approximate cable loss ratio =
600
=
300
2 = 1.414
18 - 5
Lf =
Where
Lf
L0
f0
f
L0
1+
f
+
f 0 f 0
f
1
7
4
.
35
x
10
=
because
8
2.3 x 10
18 - 6
BER (continued)
When measuring BER, and particularly when testing for very low
error rates, it is advisable to allow a sufficiently long measurement
interval in order to obtain a statistically meaningful result. As a
general guideline, the measurement interval should be one order
of magnitude greater than the interval in which one error may be
expected.
18 - 7
MER (continued)
Therefore,
MER =
1 N 2
. I j + Q j2
N j =1
1 N
. Ij2 + Q j2
N 1= j
1 N 2
2
N . Ij + Q j
j =1
MER (dB) = 10.log
N
1 . Ij2 + Q j2
N j = 1
The DVB project uses MER as the figure of merit test for
modulation quality.
EVM (%) =
1 N
. Ij2 + Q j2
N j =1
Smax
18 - 8
)
x 100
Irf ,peak
Imod
Irf ,peak =
75
2 . Vrf ,rms .k
75
where Vrf,rms is the input to the laser matching circuit, and k is the
laser match factor. The average laser drive current, Imod, can be
written as:
Imod =
Popt
where Popt is the average output optical power, and is the laser
slope efficiency. Therefore the OMI, m, can be written as:
m=
2 . Vrf ,rms .k .
Popt . 75
m1 V1
=
m2 V2
18 - 9
OMI (continued)
If V1 and V2 are expressed in terms of dBmV, then
m1
=
m2
V1
20
10
V2
20
10
or
V1 V2
20
m1
= 10
m2
N
2
18 - 10
Length (general)
metric to U.S.
1 millimeter (mm)
1 centimeter (cm)
1 meter (m)
1 kilometer (km)
U.S. to metric
1 inch (in)
1 foot (ft)
1 yard (yd)
1 mile (mi)
= 10 mm
= 100 cm
= 1000 m
= 0.0394 inch
= 0.3937 inch
= 1.0936 yard
= 0.6214 mile
= 12 in
= 3 ft
= 1760 yd
= 25.400 mm
= 30.48 cm
= 0.9144 m
= 1.6093 km
Length (optics)
1 angstrom ()
1 nanometer (nm)
1 micrometer (m)
= 10-10 m
= 10-9 m
= 10-6 m
= 10
= 1000 nm
19 - 1
Area
metric to U.S.
1 square centimeter (cm2)
1 square meter (m2)
1 square kilometer (km2)
= 10 cm
= 106 m2
= 100 hectare
U.S. to metric
1 square inch (in2)
1 square foot (ft2)
1 square yard (yd2)
1 acre (ac)
= 144 in2
= 9 ft2
= 4840 yd2
= 640 ac
= 0.1550 sq inch
= 10.7639 sq foot
= 1.1960 sq yard
= 247.105 acre
= 0.3861 sq mile
= 6.4516 cm2
= 0.0929 m2
= 0.8361 m2
= 4046.86 m2
= 0.4047 hectare
= 259 hectare
Mass
metric to U.S.
1 gram (g)
1 kilogram (kg)
1 tonne (t)
= 1000 g
= 1000 kg
= 0.0353 ounce
= 2.2046 pound
= 2204.6 pound
= 0.9842 ton
= 16 oz
= 2240 lb
19 - 2
= 28.35 g
= 0.4536 kg
= 1016.05 kg
= 1.0161 tonne
Volume
metric to U.S.
1 cubic centimeter (cm3)
1 deciliter (dl)
1 liter (l)
= 100 cm3
= 1000 cm3
= 1000 l
U.S. to metric
1 cubic inch (in3)
1 fluid ounce
1 pint (pt)*
1 gallon (gal)*
1 cubic foot (ft3)
1 cubic yard (yd3)
= 1.8047 in3
= 16 fl. ounce
= 8 pint*
= 7.4844
gallon*
= 27 cu. foot
= 7.2307 ft - lb
U.S. to metric
1 foot - pound (ft - lb)
= 0.1383 N.m
19 - 3
Metric multipliers
The following table presents the SI prefixes as defined in ISO
standard 1000:1992
Factor
1024
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
10
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
Prefix
Name
Symbol
yotta
zetta
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
da
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
19 - 4
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco, Cisco Systems, the Cisco logo and the Cisco Systems logo are registered
trademarks or trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and certain other countries. All other trademarks
shown are trademarks of their respective owners. Specifications and product availability are subject to change without notice.
G1049J