2

2.1
(expression)
a, b, c, A, B, C 3, 6x, x+y , 11 ,
x2-y2-xy ,
(variable) (constant)

1.
2x5xaxb 10ab
2. 1 -1

(-1)xnxm

-mn

3.
3x4xaxbxbxaxa 12a3b2
1
5x(-2)xaxdxc

.........................................................

(-4)x(-2)xbxbxaxa

.........................................................

3x5xpxpxrxs

.........................................................

(-1)xqxqxqxp

.........................................................
1................... 2

 (monomial)
(exponent)
2
7x ,
7x
2
3

2
3

ab, 8ab c ,0 ,5 , 3x x

7 x 1

ab

2
3

a, b

8ab3c 8 a, b c

0
0 0a3

5
5a0 5 (a)

3x x 2x

3
4x-1y ,

, 2 3x, a+b+c

4x-1y x -1

xy-1 y -1

2 3x
a+b+c

2................... 2


2


4
2xy

= 1 + 1 = 2

-xy2 =

-1

= 1 + 2 = 3

23a3b4 =

23

= 3 + 4 = 7

-8

-8

= 0

= 1

-a

-1

= 1

2
3

1
3

= 1+1+2 = 4

0 0
0 0x3 0y4 0
0
0 0 3x0, 3a0b0,3y0
3

...
1

3................... 2

 1

1.
.............. 1.1 5-2a

1.2 15xy-2

1.3 4(x+y)

.............. 1.4 -5.5 a3b0

1.5 32xy2z3

1.6 13m-3n

.............. 1.7 11p2qr

1.8

.............. 1.10

1.11 2.7

1.12 14pq

1.14 15x0y-1z2

1.15

5 3 3

.............. 1.13 3x + 2y

1.9

0.5
( )4

7xy

2.

1
2
3
4
5

-2p2q
7 2 5
xy
13
-9ab2c3
-16x0yz4

6
7
8
9

3
8

10

23

m2n5

3.6p5q7
3 2 03
93 2
3

3
1

4................... 2

2.2

1
3x

- 5xy2
5

2
- 7x

- 6x - 5y

3x2y

2xy2

4x

3x2

3m2n

5m2nt

= ( )x( )

-7x -7y
(-7)x + (-7)y

3
1.

11a + 7a = (11+7)a

= 18a

2. -6x2y + 9x2y = [(-6) + 9] x2y = 3x2y

3. 10a2bc + 3a2bc = (10+3)a2bc = 13a2bc
4. 7xy2z + (-5xy2z) = [7+(-5)]xy2z = 2xy2z
5.

-2pqr + (-4pqr) = [(-2)+(-4)]pqr = -6pqr

5................... 2





a b = a + (-b)

a , b
-b b

4a5 3a5 = 4a5 + (3a5)
4
1. 5xy 2xy = 5xy + (-2xy) = [5+(-2)]xy = 3xy
2. 6a2b (-3a2b) = 6a2b + 3a2b = (6+3)a2b = 9a2b
3. (-2x2) 4x2 = (-2x2) + (-4x2) = [(-2)+(-4)]x2 = -6x2
4. 7m2n 10m2n = 7m2n + (10m2n) = [7 +(-10)]m2n = -3m2n
5. (-7st2) (-2st2) = (-7st2) + 2st2 = [(-7)+2]st2 = - 5st2
3x2y4 x3y3
3x2y4 - x3y3

6................... 2

 2

1.
1.1 5w2 2w2

1.2 -19y5 -5y5

1.3

x3 y3

1.4

-a2 -4a2

1.5

xy2z3 x3y2z

1.6 xyz xzy

1.7 x2y xy2

1.8 -4u 3u

1.9 -5x3y2 -5x2y3

1.10

x x

2.
2.1 -12x+13x

2.2 3ab+5ab

2.3 17m2+(-3m2)

2.4 (-3ab4)+(-17ab4)

2.5 25p2q4+6p2q4

2.6 (-5x2y)+3yx2

7................... 2

2.7 10a2b2c2 + 21a2b2c2

2.8 ( x2yz)+ (- x2yz)

2.9 (-2m2n5)+( -18m2n5)

2.10

15yxz + 13xyz

3.
3.1

15mn 13mn

3.2 27x2 (-11x2)

3.3 (-8p2q) -6p2q

3.4 (9a4bc) (- 6a4bc)

3.5 (-16m2n3) (-11m2n3)

3.6 -12st2 5st2

3.7 20c2d2 15c2d2

3.8 8pq (-10pq)

3.9 (-10x2y2z2) - (-9x2y2z2)

3.10 13xy2- (-7y2x)

4.
4.1 7m + (-3m) + (-4m)

4.2 (4c2-3c2) + 6c2

8................... 2

4.3 9xy3z - 4xy3z - xy3z

4.4 12x2y + (-8x2y) - 4x2y

4.5 18abc 13abc + 2abc

4.6 (-10p2q3) + 2p2q3 - 6p2q3

4.7 5a3b + a3b+ a3b

4.8 1.5xy3z + 3.3xy3z 2.2xy3z

4.9 5x + 3xz + (-7x) (-3xz)

4.10 (4y2+7y2) (6y2 20y2)

.......................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.......................................................................................

9................... 2

2.3
(polynomial)

1
7

-3x

4x3+7

4x3 7

5x3+3xy+(-2x)
5x3 , 3xy
-2x 5x3+3xy -2x

1 7

2x + 7

2 2x 7

x2 2x +7

3 x2, 2x 7

x2 2x + 4x +7 4 x2,2x,4x 7 -2x 4x

(polynomial in
the simplest form)

10................... 2

 2
1.

7x2+5x+2x2-3x = (7x2+2x2)+(5x-3x)
= (7+2)x2+(5-3)x

= 9x2+2x
2. 4z2+18 z2

= (4z2-z2) + 18
= (4-1)z2 + 18

= 3z2 + 18

3. 2x2y + y2 3 + x2y + 9 = (2x2y + x2y) + [(-3) + 9] + y2

= (2+1) x2y + 6 + y2
= 3x2y + y2 +6

( )
3
1.

7x5 5x4 + 2xy 3y2

7x5

5x4

2xy

3y2

2. 0 0
0

11................... 2

3a3b2c 22a2b2 + 7abc3 33a3b3

3.

()
3a3b2c 22a2b2 + 7abc3 33a3b3 6
4
1. 3a3b2 4a2b2 + 5ab5 + 4a3b2 = (3a3b2+ 4a3b2) 4a2b2 + 5ab5
= 7a3b2 4a2b2 + 5ab5
7a3b2 4a2b2 + 5ab5 6
2. 3n2 + 5 + mn2 + 2mn2 - 8mn2 7 - 3n2
= (3n2- 3n2)+ (5 - 7) + (mn2 + 2mn2 - 8mn2)
= -2 (1 + 2 8) mn2
= - 2 5mn2
- 2 5mn2 3
3. 4x3 5x2y 6y4+ 2x2y +3x3+y4 = (4x3+3x3)+( 5x2y+ 2x2y)+( 6y4+y4)
= 7x3 3x2y 5y4
7x3 3x2y 5y4 4
5
1. 2x2 + 5 3x = 2x2 3x + 5
2. 5 2x = - 2x + 5
3. 6x2 + 4 x + 8x3 = 8x3 + 6x2 x + 4

12................... 2

 3

1.
1.1

17x + 2 8x 11

1.2 5y + ( -3x2) + 6x2 + 2y

1.3 10st + (-2x2)+ 6x2 8st

1.4 6xy 5x3 + 7xy + 18x3

1.5 9x2 + 3x2y 7x2y 4x2 + 5

.
..
2.
2.1

a2 2ab + b2 a2 + b2

2.2 4x5 4x2 + 5x2 3x5 x5

2.3 4a6 3a3 + 1 + 5a3 + 2

2.4 x2y 4xy2 x3 + x2y

13................... 2

2.5 m2 7m + 6 + 2m2 12

2.6 y3 + 3y 5y2 4y y2 + 1

2.7 3x2 + 4y5 2x + 5 5x2 + y2 1 2.8 2m2n 3mn2 + m2n 4m2n 2mn2
.

2.9 5c3d 4cd3 2c3d 2cd2

2.10 9x2-3xy-y2-3x2-5xy-x2-4xy+y2-7y2

3.

3.1 4x5 3x2 +5x2 3x4 x5

.
.
3.2 m2 7m + 6 + 3m2 12m
.
.
3.3 2y3 + 8y 5y2 4y y2 + 7
.
.

14................... 2

3.4 - 6a2 3a3 + a + 4a3+ 8a2

.
.
3.5 - 8x + 5x3 + x2 5x3 + 4x 7
.
.

2.4

2
1.
1
2
3
1
1. 5x + 3 - 12x + 15

2. 3s + 5st - 9s 3st

3. 2x2 3x + 7 x2 + x 8
1. (5x + 3) + (- 12x + 15) = 5x + 3 - 12x + 15
= (5x 12x)+ (3+15)
= - 7x + 18

.............................
15................... 2

2. (3s + 5st) + (- 9s 3st)

= 3s + 5st - 9s 3st
= (3s - 9s)+ (5st 3st)
= - 6s + 2st

3. (2x2 3x + 7)+( x2 + x 8)

.............................

= 2x2 3x + 7 x2 + x 8
= (2x2 x2)+( 3x+x)+ (7 8)
= x2 2x 1

.............................

2 2ab 3b2+5a2 2a2 +2ab + 3b2

(2ab 3b2+5a2) + (2a2 +2ab + 3b2) = 2ab 3b2+5a2 + 2a2 +2ab + 3b2
= (2ab+2ab)+(3b2+ 3b2)+(5a2 + 2a2)
= 4ab +0 + 7a2
= 4ab + 7a2

.............................

3 3c3 8c2 + 2c 1 5c3+2c2+7

(3c3 8c2+ 2c 1)+( 5c3+2c2+7) = 3c3 8c2 + 2c 1 + 5c3 + 2c2 + 7
= (3c3+ 5c3)+( 8c2+ 2c2) + 2c+(1 + 7)
= 8c3- 6c2 + 2c + 6

.............................

2.
1
2
3

16................... 2

 4
1. 7xy - st 10st + 3xy

2. 3x + 9y - 15 2 + 8y - z

3. 7y , -16y+ 2 y2 + 6y
1.

3.

7xy st

2.

3x + 9y

- 15

3xy 10st

8y z + 2

10xy 11st

3x +17y z 13

7y
-16y + 2 +

y2 + 6y
y2 3y + 2

5 2ab 3b2+5a2 2a2 +2ab + 3b2

5a2 +2ab 3b2

2

2a +2ab +3b

7a2 +4ab + 0 =

7a2 +4ab

............................

6 3c3 8c2 + 2c 1 5c3+2c2+7

3c3 8c2 + 2c 1
3

5c + 2c

+7

8c3 6c2 +2c +6

+
............................

17................... 2

(inverse polynomial for addition)

x5
- x3 + 5y

- (x 5) = -x (- 5) = -x + 5
-(- x3 + 5y) = -(-x3) -5y = x3 - 5y

= +
2
1.
1

2
3
7
1. (3 + 5x + x2) (8x2 9x)

2. (4z2+7z - 5) (9z +1)

3. (5x2 + 6x - 4) (3x2 12x 1)

1. (3 + 5x + x2) (8x2 9x)

= (3 + 5x + x2) + [-(8x2 9x)]

= (3 + 5x + x2) + (-8x2 + 9x)
= 3 + 5x + x2 -8x2 + 9x
= 3 + ( 5x + 9x) + (x2 -8x2)
= 3 + 14x 7x2

..
18................... 2

2. (4z2+7z - 5) (9z +1) = (4z2+7z - 5) + [ (9z +1)]

= (4z2+7z - 5) + [ 9z -1 ]
= 4z2+7z - 5 9z -1
= 4z2+(7z 9z) - 5 -1
= 4z2 2z 6

3. (5x2 + 6x - 4) (3x2 12x 1) = (5x2 + 6x - 4) + [ (3x2 12x 1)]

= (5x2 + 6x - 4) + [ 3x2 + 12x + 1 ]
= 5x2 + 6x - 4 3x2 + 12x + 1
= (5x2 3x2) + (6x + 12x) + (- 4 + 1)
= 2x2 + 18x 3

8 5y3 + 2y2 y 2y3 + 3y

(5y3 + 2y2 y) - (2y3 + 3y) =

=
=
=

9 4x2- 3xy -2y2 2x2 + 3xy 5y2

(4x2- 3xy -2y2) - (2x2 +3xy 5y2) =
=
=
=

19................... 2

1.

2.

2.
2
10 4x2 2x 1 x2 x + 4
1

4x2 2x 1

x2 x + 4

()

3x2 x - 5

2
(4x2 2x 1) - (x2 x + 4) = (4x2 2x 1) + (- x2 + x - 4)

4x2 2x 1
2

-x +x -4

3x2 x - 5

20................... 2

 11 4x2 3xy 2y2 2x2 + 3xy 5y2

1

4x2 3xy 2y2

2x2 + 3xy 5y2

2 (4x23xy 2y2) - (2x2+3xy5y2) = (4x23xy 2y2) + (- 2x2 -3xy + 5y2)
4x2 3xy 2y2
2

2x + 3xy 5y

12 [(2x2 - 5xy + 6y2)+( 3y2 + 7- 8xy)] - (3x2 + 2xy - 5)

[(2x2 - 5xy + 6y2)+(3y2 + 7- 8xy)]- (3x2 + 2xy - 5)

= (2x2 - 5xy + 6y2 + 3y2 + 7 - 8xy) - (3x2 + 2xy - 5)
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.

2x2 - 5xy + 6y2

- 8xy + 3y2 + 7

21................... 2

 4

1.
1.1 5a3+a 2a3 + 3a
..

..
..

1.2 x2 + x + 3 4x2 4
..

..
..

1.3 3xy2 x2y 2xy2 1

..

..
..

1.4 5y2 3y 9 16y2 +5y 8

..
..

..

1.5 3m2 + 4 5m2 2m 7

..

..
..
22................... 2

1.6 3c3 8c2 + 2c 1 5c3 + 2c2 + 7

1.7 4x2 3xy + 5x2y 4x 3x2 5xy + 3x2y

1.8 2a2b + b3 a3 + 2a2b +3ab2 + b3

1.9 x2 4xy + 4y2 3x2 + 2xy y2

1.10 3yz 7xy 5x2yz 4x2yz 3yz + 5xy

23................... 2

2.
2.1 5m2 3m + 2 4m2 7m

2.2 3a2 4b2 + ab a2 10b2 5

2.3 4y2 5y 2y2 + 3y 4

2.4 3x2 + 2xy - 5 2x2 5xy + 7

2.5 4a4 + 3a2b2 2b4 - 5a4 a2b2 + b4

24................... 2

2.6 2x3 7x2 5x + 2 3x2 + 2x x3 1

2.7 5y3 + 2y2 + 7 3y3- 8y2 + 2y 1

2.8 3c4 2c3d + 5c2d2 cd3 6c3d 4c2d2 + 3d4

.
.
.

2.9 5x2 x3 + 2x 7 - 2x3 4x2 + 8x 9

.
.
.

2.10 3y3 2y2 + 4y + 1 - 4y3 + y2 2y + 6

.
.
.

25................... 2

3.
3.1 (a3 b3) + (ab2 a2b)

3.2 (3x4 2x3 + x2 3) (x3 3x x + 5)

3.3 (3m - 2n) + (2m 3n) (m + n 3)

3.4 (5t4 2t3 + 3t 4) (- 2t3 + 3t2 + 4)

3.5 (5a2+ 2a + 5) + (- 2a2 + 3a - 5) - (4a2 + 5a)

26................... 2

3.6 (4x2 3xy 2y2) + (2x3 + 3xy 5y2) (2x3 10y2)

3.7 (3y2 4y + 5) (y3 + 2y2 + 3) + (2y3+ 5y 1)

3.8 (3x4 + 4x3 2x2 8x + 5) (4x4 9x3+ 3x2 6x + 3 )

!..........

27................... 2

2.5

28................... 2