Chuyen e boi dng hoc sinh gioi

CHUYEN E 1: PHAN TCH A THC THANH NHAN T

A. CAC KIEN THC CAN NH.
. Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t (hay tha so) la bien oi a thc o
thanh mot tch cua nhng n thc va a thc.
. Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t bang cac phng phap thong thng:
- at nhan t chung (tha so chung).
- Dung hang ang thc ang nh.
- Nhom nhieu hang t.
. Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t bang vai phng phap khac (bo sung)
- Tach mot hang t thanh nhieu hang t.
- Them bt cung mot hang t.
- at an phu (con goi la oi bien so).
- Dung phng phap he bat nh.
- Tm nghiem cua a thc.
- Quy tat HORNER (Hot - N).
B. MOT SO BAI TOAN:
I. PHNG PHAP THEM BT, TACH, NHOM HANG T
Bai1. Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t..
A = x2y2(y - x) + y2x2(z - y) - z2x2(z - x)
Cach 1: Khai trien hai trong ba so hang, chang han khai trien hai so hang
au roi nhom cac so hang lam xuat hien tha so chung z - x
A = x2y3 x3y2 + y2z3 y3z2 z2x2(z x)
= y2(z3 x3) y3(z2 x2) z2x2(z x)
= y2(z x)(z2 + zx + x2) y3(z x)(z + x) z2x2(z x)
= (z x)(y2z2 + y2zx + x2y2 y3z y3x z2x2)
= (z x)[y2z(z y) x2(z y)(z + y) + y2x(z y)
= (z x)(z y)(y2z x2z x2y + y2x)
= (z x)(z y)[z(y x)(y + x) + xy(y x)]
= (z x)(z y)(y x)(xy + xz + yz).
Cach 2: e y rang: (z y) + (y x) = (z x). Do vay ta co:
A = x2y2(y x) + y2z2(z y) z2x2[(z y) + (y x)]
= x2y2(y x) + y2z2(z y) z2x2(z y) z2x2(y x)
= (y x)(x2y2 z2x2) + (z y)(y2z2 z2x2)
= (y x)x2(y z)(y + z) + (z y)z2(y x)(y + x)
= (y x)(z y)(- x2y x2z +yz2 + xz2)
= (y x)(z y)[xz(z x) + y(z x)(z + x)]
= (y x)(z y)(z x)(xz + yz +xy)
Bai 2. Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t
a) a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc

Chuyen e boi dng hoc sinh gioi

b) (x y)3 + (y z)3 + (z x)3
Li giai:
a) Cac hang t cua a thc a thc a cho khong cha tha so chung, khong
co dang mot hang ang thc ang nh nao, cung khong the nhom cac so hang.
Do vay ta phai bien oi a thc bang cach them bt cung mot hang t e co the
van dung c cac phng phap phan tch a biet.
a3 + b3 + c3 = (a3 + 3a2b +3ab2 + b3) + c3 (3a2b +3ab2 + 3abc)
= (a + b)3 +c3 3ab(a + b + c)
= (a + b + c)[(a + b)2 (a + b)c + c2 3ab]
= (a + b + c)(a2 + 2ab + b2 ac bc + c2 3ab]
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab ac bc)
b) Cach 1: at x y = a , y z = b, z x = c th a + b + c = 0. Khi o theo
cau a ta co: a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = 0 hay a3 + b3 +c3 =3abc
Vay: (x y)3 + (y z)3 + (z x)3 = 3(x y)(y z)(z x)
Cach 2: e y rang: (a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3 va (y z) = (y x) + (x z)
(x y)3 + (y z)3 + (z x)3 =
= [(y x) + ( x z)]3 + (z x)3 + (x y)3
= (y x)3 + 3(y x)(x z){(y x) + (x z)] + (x z)3 (x z)3 (y x)3
Bai 3: Tach mot hang t thanh nhieu hang t.
X3 7x 6
Cach 1: Tach so hang -7x thanh x 6x, ta co:
X3 7x 6 = x3 x 6x 6
= x(x 1)(x + 1) 6(x + 1)
= (x + 1)( x2 x 6)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
Cach 2: Tach so hang 6 = 8 14 ,ta co:
X3 7x 6 = x3 + 8 7x 14
= (x + 2)(x2 2x + 4) 7( x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x2 2x + 3)
= (x + 2)(x + 1)(x 3)
II. PHNG PHAP AT AN PHU.
Bai 4: Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t.
a) (x2 + x + 1)(x2 + x + 2) 12
b) 4x(x + y)(x + y + z) (x + z) + y2z2
Giai: a) at x2 + x + 1 = y ta co x2 + x + 2 =y +1
Ta co: (x2 + x + 1)(x2 + x +2) 12 = y(y + 1) 12
= y2 + y 12

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= ( y 3)(y + 4)
2
2
Do o: (x + x + 1)(x + x + 2) 12 = (x2 + x 2)(x2 + x + 5)
= (x 1)(x + 2)(x2 + x +5)
b) 4x(x + y)( x + y + z)(x + z) +y2z2
= 4x(x + y +z)(x + y)( x + z) +y2z2
= 4(x2 + xy + xz)(x2 + xz + xy + yz) + y2z2
at: x2 + xy + xz = m, ta co
4x(x + y)(x + y + z)(x + y) + y2x2 = 4m(m + yz) + y2z2
= 4m2 + 4myz + y2z2
= ( 2m + yz)2
Thay m = x2 +xy +xz, ta c:
4x(x +y)(x + y +z)(x + z) + y2z2 = (2x2 + 2xy + 2xz + yz)2
* DANG AC BIET
Xet Q(x) = ay2 + by + c. Neu co cac so m, n sao cho m.n = a.c, m + n = b
th ay2 + by + c = ay2 + (m + n)y + m.n/a hay ay2 + by + c =a(y + m/a)(y + n/a)
(*) noi rieng a = 1 th y2 + by +c = ( y + m)(y +n).Trong trng hp nay a, b, c
nguyen th trc het phan tch hai so nguyen m.n sao cho gia tr tuyet oi cua m
va n nho hn b sau o chon m, n thoa man m + n = b.
Da thc dang: P(x) = ax4 + bx2 + c
Cach giai: at bien phu y = x2 va ap dung HT (*).
V du: Phan tch P(x) = 6x4 + 19x2 + 15 thanh nhan t.
Giai: at y = x2 ,co Q(y) = 6y2 + 19y + 15
Tm m, n sao cho m.n = 90 va m + n = 19 vi m < 19, n < 19
V 90 = 6.15 = 9.10 nen chon m = 9, n = 10, ta co:
2
6y + 19y + 15 = 6y2 + 9y + 10y + 15
= 3y(2y + 3) + 5(2y +3)
= (2y + 3)(3y + 5)
Do do P(x) = 6x4 + 19x2 + 15 = ( 2x2 + 3)(3x2 + 5)
a thc dang P(x) = (x +a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) + e vi a + b = c + d
Cach giai: at bien phu y = (x + a)(x + b) co the y = (x + c)(x + d) hoac
2
y = x2 + (a + b) x
V du: Phan tch P(x) = (x +1)(x + 2)(x +3)(x +4) 15 thanh nhan t.
Giai: Vi a = 1, b = 4, c = 2, d = 3 th a + b = 5 =c + d. Bien oi:
P(x) = (x + 1)(x + 4)( x + 2)( x + 3) 15 = (x2 + 5x + 4)(x2 + 5x + 6) 15
at y = x2 + 5x + 4 th P(x) tr thanh Q(y) = y(y + 2) 15
= y2 +2y 15
= y2 3y + 5y 15
= y(y 3) + 5( y 3)
= (y 3)(y +5)

Chuyen e boi dng hoc sinh gioi

Do do . P(x) = (x2 +5x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 9)
Tong quat: Neu a dang P(x) = (a1x + a2)(b1x + b2)(c1x + c2)(d1x + d2) thoa
man a1b1 = c1d1 va a1b2 + a2b1 = c1d2 +c2d1 th at y =(a1x + a2)(b1x + b2) roi bien
oi nh tren.
a thc dang: P(x) = (a1x + a2)(b1x + b2)(c1x + c2)(d1x + d2)
vi a1b1 = c1d1 va a2b2 = c2d2
V du: Phan tch P(x) = (3x +2)(3x 5)(x 9)(9x + 10) + 24x2 thanh nhan
t.
Giai: De thay a1b1 =3.3 = 9.1 = c1d1 va a2b2 = 2.(-5) =(-1).10 =c2d2
P(x) = (9x2 9x 10)(9x2 + 9x 10) + 24x2
at y = (3x +2)(3x 5) = 9x2 9x 10 th P(x) tr thanh:
Q(y) = y(y + 10x) = 24x2
Tm m.n = 24x2 va m + n = 10x ta chon c m = 6x , n = 4x
Ta c: Q(y) = y2 + 10xy + 24x2
= (y + 6x)(y + 4x)
Do do P(x) = ( 9x2 3x 10)(9x2 5x 10).
a thc dang: P(x) = ax4 +bx3 + cx2 + kbx + a vi k = 1 hoac k = -1
Cach giai: at y = x2 + k va bien oi P(x) ve dang cha hang t ay2 + bxy
roi s dung HT (*).
V du: Phan tch P(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 9x2 3x + 2 thanh nhan t.
Giai: at y = x2 1 suy ra y2 = x4 2x2 + 1
Bien oi P(x) = 2(x4 2x2 + 1) + 3x3 5x2 3x
= 2(x2 1)2 + 3x( x2 1) 5x
T o Q(y) = 2y2 + 3xy 5x2
Tm m, n sao cho m.n = - 10x2 va m + n = 3x chon m = 5x , n = - 2x
Ta co : Q(y) = 2y2 + 3xy 5x2
= 2y2 2xy + 5xy 5x2
= 2y(y x) + 5x(y x)
= ( y x)( 2y 5x)
Do do , P(x) = (x2 x 1 )(2x2 + 5x 2).
a thc dang: P(x) = x4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e vi e = d2/b2
Cach giai: at bien phu y = x2 + d/b va bien oi P(x) ve dang cha hang
t y2+ bxy roi s dung HT (*).
V du: Phan tch P(x) = x4 - x3 10x2 + 2x + 4 thanh nhan t.
Giai: De thay b = 1, d = 2, e =4 at y = x2 2 suy ra y2 = x4 4x2 + 4
Bien oi P(x) = x4 4x2 + 4 x3 6x2 + 2x
= (x2 2)2 x(x2 2) 6x2
T o Q(y) = y2 xy 6x2
Tm m, n sao cho m.n = - 6x2 va m + n = - x chon m = 2x, n = -3x

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Ta co Q(y) = y2 + 2xy 3xy 6x2
= y(y + 2x) 3x(y + 2x)
= (y + 2x)(y 3x)
Do do, P(x) = (x2 + 2x 2)(x2 3x 2).
* Neu a thc P(x) co cha ax4 th co the xet a thc Q(x) = P(x)/a theo cach
tren.
a thc dang P(x) = (x + a)4 + ( x + b)4 +c
Cach giai: at bien phu y = x + ( a + b)/2 va bien oi P(x) ve dang mx4 + nx2 + p

V du: Phan tch P(x) = (x 3)4 + ( x 1) 4 16 thanh nhan t.

Giai: at y = x 2 luc do P(x) tr thanh Q(y) = (y 1)4 + ( y + 1) 4 16
= 2y4 + 12y2 14
= 2(y2 + 7)( y2 1)
= 2(y2 + 7)(y 1)(y + 1)
Do do P(x) = 2(x2 4x + 11)(x 3)(x 1).
BAI TAP: Phan tch cac a thc sau thanh nhan t.
1) A(x) = (48x2 + 8x 1)(3x2 + 5x + 2) 4
2) B(x) = (12x 1)(6x 1)(4x 1)(3x 1) 330
3) C(x) = 4(x2 + 11x + 30)( x2 + 22x + 120) 3x2
4) D(x) = (7 x)4 + ( 5 x)4 2
5) E(x) = x4 9x3 + 28x2 36x + 16
6) F(x) = x4 3x3 6x2 + 3x + 1

IV. PHNG PHAP HE SO BAT NH.

Bai 5: Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t.
a) x3 19x 30
b) x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 + 6x + 1
Giai:
a) Ket qua tm phai co dang: (x + a)(x2 + bx + c) = x3 + (a +b)x2 + (ab +c)x + ac.
Ta phai tm a, b, c thoa man:
x3 19x 30 = x3 + (a +b)x2 + (ab +c)x + ac
V hai a thc nay ongnhat , nen ta co:
a+b =0
ab + c = 19
ac
= - 30
V a,c thuoc so nguyen va tch ac = - 30, do o a, c la c cua - 30
hay a,c = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
a = 2, c = 15 khi o b = - 2 thoa man he tren. o la mot bo so phai tm
tc la x3 19x 30 = (x + 2)(x2 2x 15)

Chuyen e boi dng hoc sinh gioi

b) De thay 1 khong phai la nghiem cua a thc tren nen a thc khong co
nghiem nguyen, cung khong co nghiem hu t. Nh vay nen a thc a cho phan
tch thanh nhan t th phai co dang:
(x2 + ax + b)( x2 + cx + d) = x4 + (a + c)x3 + (ac + b + d)x2 + (ad +bc)x +bd .
ong nhat a thc nay vi a thc a cho, ta co
x4 + 6x3 +7x2 + 6x + 1 =x4 +(a + c)x3 + (ac + b +d)x2 + (ad + bc)x +bd
a+c
=6
ac + b + d =7
ad + bc
=6
bd
=1
T he nay tm c: a = b = d = 1 , c = 5
Vay: x4 + 6x3 +7x2 + 6x + 1 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 + x + 5).
V. TM NGHIEM CUA A THC.
Neu a thc P(x) co mot nghiem la x = a th ta co the phan tch P(x)
thanh tch cua hai tha so la (x a) va Q(x).
P(x) = (x a) Q(x)
Muon tm tha so Q(x), ta hay chia a thc cho nh thc (x a).
Neu a thc P(x) co hai nghiem phan biet la x = a va x = b th ta co the
phan biet a thc P(x) thanh tch cua ba tha so la (x a), (x b) va Q(x).
P(x) = (x a)(x b) Q(x)
Muon tm Q(x), ta chia a thc P(x) cho tch so (x a)(x b) = x2 + (a + b)x
+ab, ta co thng ung cua phep chia chnh la Q(x).
Neu a thc P(x) co nghiem so kep x1 = x2 = a thsao?
The nao la nghiem so kep?
Gia s P(x) co mot nghiem la x = a suy ra P(x) = (x a)Q(x).
Q(x) lai co nghiem x = a suy ra Q(x) = (x a) R(x).
Do o, ta co: P(x) = (x a)2R(x).
Ta noi a thc P(x) co nghiem kep x1 = x2 = a
Vay: Neu a thc P(x) co nghiem kep la x1 = x2 = a th P(x) = (x a)2R(x).
V du: Phan tch a thc P(x) = x3 2x 4 thanh nhan t .
Giai: Ta nhan thay a thc P(x) = x3 2x 4 co so nghiem la x = 2
Do o, ta co P(x) = ( x 2)Q(x)
Chia a trhc P(x) = x3 2x 4 cho nh thc x 2 , ta c thng so la
Q(x) = x2 + 2x +2 = (x + 1)2 +1
Suy ra P(x) = (x 2)(x2 + 2x + 2)
Vay P(x) = x3 2x 4 = ( x- 2)(x2 + 2x + 2)
V du 2: Phan tch a thc sau thanh nhan t.
P(x) = x4 + x3 2x2 6x 4

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Giai: Ta nhan thay a thc P(x) co 2 nghiem phan biet la -1 va 2
V P(-1) = 0 va P(2) = 0
Do o P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)Q(x)
Chia a thc P(x) cho tam thc (x + 1)(x 2) = x2 x 2 , ta c thng
ung cua phep chia la: Q(x) = x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1
Suy ra: P(x) = (x + 1)(x 2)(x2 + 2x + 2)
Vay : P(x) = (x + 1)(x 2)(x2 + 2x + 2).
VI. QUY TAT HOT N (HORNER)
Quy tat Hot N giup chung ta chia nhanh mot a thc cho mot nh thc
bac nhat.
Bai toan: Gia s chung ta chia c a thc.
P(x) = a0xn + a1xn -1 + a2xn 2 + a3xn 3 + .. + an chia nh thc x - a
Bac cua a thc thng Q(x) nho hn bac cua P(x) mot n v.
Q(x) = b0xn 1 + b1xn 2 + b2xn 3 + + bn - 1
So d r la mot hang so v ba r < bac (x a)
Ta co: a0xn + a1xn 1 + a2xn 2 + .. + an = (x a)(b0xn -1 + b1xn 2 + . + bn 1) + r
Can bang cac he so, ta co: b0 = a0
b1 = a1 + ab0
b2 = a2 + ab1

Ta sap xep thanh bang sau:

a0
a1
b0 = a0 b1 = a1 +ab0

b3 = a3 + ab2
..
bn 1 = an 1 + abn - 2
r = an + abn -1

a2
b2 = a2 +ab1

an - 1
bn 1 = an -1 + abn - 2

V du: Phan tch a thc P(x) = 3x4 4x3 + 1 thanh nhan t.

Giai: Ta co P(1) = 3 4 + 1 = 0
Suy ra, a thc P(x) chia het cho (x 1)
P(x) = (x 1)Q1(x)
Ta xac nh Q1(x) bang quy tat Hot N .

an
r = an + abn -1

Chuyen e boi dng hoc sinh gioi

1

3
3

-4
-1

0
-1

0
-1

1
r = p(1)
=0

Do o Q1(x) = 3x3 x2 x 1
Nhan xet rang Q1(x) = 0 suy ra Q1(x) = (x 1)Q2(x)
Ta xac nh Q2(x) bang cach s dung quy tat Hot N:
3
-1
-1
-1
1
3
2
1
0
2
Suy ra: Q2(x) = 3x + 2x + 1, khong phan tch thanh nhan t c na.
Do o, ta co: P(x) = 3x4 4x3 + 1 = (x 1)2(3x2 + 2x + 1).