Cr eet Gre Hay On Tar Sur Hye Pak, Coat Ga Gee ee rent tay ages wer ouae Bemgen Panes ee eae © with ames of cinemas, theatres, hotels, museums, newspapers, ships, trains, pla institutions and organisations: ‘The Plaza, The Odeon, The Rex; The Theatre Royal, The Globe; The Savoy, The Ft {iton; The Museum of Modem Ar, The Loum, The Briish Museum, The National Gat The Independent, The Ties, The Economist: The Orient Express; The Brtish Counc Royal Academy of Art, The (House of) Commons university, hospital, prison, when we ‘and withthe nouns work and home: & oxo te prone ih ey Thee ni es eo wi a, eh gq pao wn n "resi 1@ Prince of Wales; the director of studies, etc. ‘She ie not at home. She must be at use of Egan te Peso te Pcs oN: te sector oso, ee ee 8. with names of musical instruments when we refer to the ‘of playing them: wi 5 nore She cae Pat by ie. 9. mtnagectesandadvot used ne peste NOTE: In exclamations with what, we use: ile with singular countable nouns: 3 specialist he is! ‘uncountable nouns an ‘This is the.oldest power plant inthe country the, most respected man inthe firm 10. inceriain phrases: i) plural countable nouns: to tell the time, by the way, on the who, atthe moment, the time, something ofthe king NOTE: We never use the definite article with pats ofthe body; with these we use the possossia adjectives: Look! The GM has had his haircut. ‘The secretary has broken her arm and now she can’ type THE ZERO ARTICLE What interesting devices! THE TENSES There is no artic: PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE 1. with) uneounta ‘nouns and b) countable nouns in the plural, used in a general sense: rease il we use more advanced equipment >) Robots are now boing used more and more widely. a rome repeated, regular actions (it may be accompanied by ad le frequency such as: always, usualy, often, frequently, so ‘ccasionally, seldom, rarely, never, ever,’ and of definite frequency, such as: every day ‘month /year etc, ance a month, twice weekly, on Saturdays, etc 2. with names of sports, days, months, holidays, meals, tanguages: We are leaving on Monday, Sales increase si ly at Christmas, ae Bo you speak German? He attends the board meeting every 3. _Wwith proper names of continents, counties, regione, isrts, cite, streets, squares, pals Fallway stations, mountain peaks, indvicual islands, lakes: Asia, Europe, Australia, America; aly, France, Jepan, Romania, etc. ‘BUT: the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, the Argentine Lancashire, Essex; Paris, London, Manchester, New York, atc BUT: the Hague, the Vatican City 202MIMARLREFERE NEE (GRAMMAR REFEREN( 2. toexpress general truths, statoments of general validity, laws of nature: 11m looking for @ new job these days, Refrigerated equipment keeps food cool during carage. ‘And what's Linda doing these days?" — “She's doing a course in engineering” 3. to express a permanent stato, activity or characteris: ‘That machine isn't w broke down this morning He sits on the board as a representative ofthe goverment 1s more clearly seen as an exce ‘The factory produces a wide range of refrigerated equipment fr the cartiage of p a limited period in the present. n this case the opposition between the press foodstuts nse continuous is obvious: je and the present | normally work in an ofice, but this week I'm doing some field work. 1ons (especially wth verbs describing che 4. with state verbs (those verbs which describe sentiments, thoughts, states rather ‘activities and which cannot be used in the continuous form, such as fo hope, know, think ‘belong, understand, remember, ike, prefer, imagine, concer, require, mean, want, consist, own, suppose e ‘express changing or developing Jopment, such as fo ge, to grow, et, an Prices are sing nowadays with adverbs such as always, constantly, continually forever, al ion happen very often You're constant The board of directors consists of eight people. 5. with future reference: 2) to express a future a fo express annoyance, ination, sarcasm or 8 n which is part of an oficial programme already fixed, fertupting me when I'm talking. (expressing annoyance iia timetable (planes, trains, ete; o ‘Accidents are always happening on this terrible road, th fat the near future, especially when the ‘associated with announcements about ference (we must mention the future 12) to express personal arran 1e and place have been decided (particularly s arrangements, especially wth verbs of motion such as to come, fo arrive, to go, begin, start, h, close, open) —itis accompanied by adverbials indicating future time: ‘The plane from Brussels arrives at 8.90 The ime Minister stats his offi I visi to France tomorrow. We are moving nto new offices next week b) in calendar references: He's fying back on Saturday. “Tomorrow is payday. ‘The day tomorrow is Junetst PAST TENSE SIMPLE ©) in temporal clauses instead of the future tense (alter: when, belore, after, unt is usee: ‘soon as, whenever, etc) 10 actions or events completed ata definite time in the past when the time is stated (ime expressions such as: yesterday, then, when, F 2, lastnight / week / month / year / Tuesday, three days / weeks / months / year ) We launched this model two years ago. I give her the message wien she comes back 4) incon a you tell m nal clauses instead of the future tense (after: f unless, etc) you receive any news from the research team? PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS won the time is asked about “When di you launch this model?” — "We launchec when the action clearly took place at a defn used 2002" in the past even if this ti 1. to express an action / a in progress at the moment of speaking (with tne express such as: now, at the moment, at present etc, We are checking the sales figures again at the moment. We didn't know what the manager meant, 2. to express temporary actions around the moment of speaking, tat is actions taking to express actions whicnbolong to the past and cannot be repeated (uch as whan ‘over a more extended period of time including the time of speaking (usualy accompanied ned) Mentioned: it is known or im 3 ror the context: People who are no longer alive or when we ret He worked ina bank io someone whose care ‘adverblals such as: these days, this week, today, this month, et) his if, (Either he is now dead or he has retired) 208GRAMMAR REFERENCE 2. to express past habits or states which no longer exist at present. n such cases we can, ae the future too (especialy with state verbs such as: be, have we often use forand since: FOR expresses the length ofthe per te) He has worked as Production Manager for almost three years. (He started as Pr Manager almost three years ago and he ts SINCE expresses the beginning ofthe time po snes you came, etc) He has worked as Production Manager since 2002. (He started as Production Ms £2002 and he is stil Production Manager today.) HOW LONG (ln questions) refers to a period How long have you had this problem? (You stl have the problem) when the reterence ie to a time period which is not tis morning / evening /weok /month /year, these days, otc) We have launched wo new models his yar. to refer to things that people have done and experinces they have had — to ox happened, once oF mere than once, within the speaker's or water's experience. panied by adverbs of indefinite time or of frequency (ever, never, often, seldom times, sometimes, before, etc use the expression used to: Advertising campaigns were / used tobe very dtfaentfity years ago. We can also use would to express repeated actions or routines in the past, but we do not would with state verbs When Mr Barton was CEO, the Board of Directors mat / used to / would mest every of time (for along time, for ten minutes, fort morning. BUT; They sed tolive in London. (NOT: They woulivedaLonden) reduction Manager today.) (since yesterday, since 1981, PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS tis uses 4. to express an action which was in progress at a certain moment in the past ( we do lon started or Frished}: ‘At seven o'clock yesterday evening the meeting was stil going on, ime extending into the present mention when the ished at the moment of 2. to-express an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it; we use imuous for the on longer action — the background) and the pasts {or the action which interrupted it (shorter action — the “They were preparing to launch another model when the war started and the plant had to closed down, 8. to-express two or more simultaneous past action, th i, two or more actions which wer ne same time in the past: ‘Our company has received the international quality award twice. \Write the Production Manager was presenting the poor results the company had had that 5 “This is the first time we've had to deal wth such complaints, = We've never had to ‘such complaints before ‘She isthe most efficient assistant Ive ever had, = Ive never had such an efficient (betere) {in a) conditional clauses (after, unless etc) and 6) in time clauses (atte: af ther, as soon as, by the time, the moment) to express a future action pri ture action (the one in the main clause) which is expressed by the future tense "paces the future perfect) year, the GM was trying to come up with some measures meant to cut costs, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ‘The present portect simple is used: to-express recent events, without a del given; activities completed inthe immed : past ‘generally accompanied by: just, recent, lately, of at, latety, etc: We have just received the repor from the research team, 2, to express an action which happened at an unstated time in the past and whose rest Visible inthe present the exa "ed because its lther unknown or unm ime Is not men 2) Ita new order has been placed, our agents wil deal witht ight away. \We are interested in the esuit the action has inthe present, the emphasis is placed on the acton: Fee eet aerate ier a eerie acer a ») We will have @ press conference as soon as we have received the c¢ 1d a new, more efficient computer system in the company, (The exact is unknown or unimportant. What Is important isthe fact that we now have a new c We have inst to the use af the present perfect withthe adverbs yet and already. Yet is used in questions and negative sentences. Itingicates that the question is "yes"/ no" answer is expected system whichis more efficient) | s8e you have installed a new assembly line find out whether the action is hished or not 206—————— Have you received the company's annual report yet? + Already shows su is over: ‘The research team has already issued a report, which will be made public on Monday, thatthe PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS The present perfect continuous is used: 1.0 emphasise the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to present and may go on in the future as well it may be accompanied by time expressions win romning / day / nigh) He has been examining the sales figures all morning 2. to express an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The action relevant fo the current situation have (recenty) finished or may stil be going on, but the result ofthe action is visible inthe present this problem and he thinks we should adopt another stra red... ve been checking all hose new pieces of equipment. |e been talking to Tom abou NoTEs: > Both the present perfect simple and continuous can be accompanied by stu expressing: 12) the length ofthe period of We've known each other for many years. Ive been waiting 1Do not use forin expressions with al (all morning, al day, all week, all mye, etc "ve worked in tho power plant b) the beginning ofthe period — sinee (since December, since he graduated, etc.) SINCE can be used as: — a prepositor He has been a quality engineer since 1998, — a conjunction (folowed by a sentence): ninutes, for five years, for ages, 1 other board representatives for two hours, jowed by a noun or a numer ‘She's been working here since she left school. = an adver | haven't spoken to the manager (ever) since. ©) a period of time extending inte the present — how long: (used by itso; sometimes accompanied by the adverb “ever for more emphasis): 1 poe: 2 Nore: > Peto ‘GRAMMAR REFERENCE How long have you been working here? Remember to use the pat He hasn't had a holiday Sinod he became GM Note the structures: “How long is It since.. ive.vears, ete). since..." Make sure you use a verb In the affirmative form, pat ‘since in these constructions: How longs it since you had a holiday? i's two years since had a holiday. It’s ages since we had such a successful product, the equivalence between these two structures: I'S. (“PERION).... SINCE + PAST its two years since | had a holiday. = | haven't had a holiday fortwo years. It's ages since we had such a suocessful product, = We haven't had such a su product since we had such a successful product. = We haven't ha successtul product fr along time PAST PERFECT SIMPLE his used: for a past action which happened before another past action or before a stated tin ‘The company had foran ready fled a petition in bankruptcy when they got the notice, ished in the past and whose resuit was visible in the past lon whieh Productivity started to go up. They had installed a new, mare efficent assembly ine I we narrate the events in the order in which they occurred, there is no need for Jane MacDonald started working for the company when she was twenty. She when the person performing he action (he agent) is unknown, unimportant or obvious 1 verbs to bel the context. The focus is either on the action ital or on the entities affected by it ‘aro used inthe fol pect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, suppose, unde ing passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions fre trequent especially in nows report): subject (person) + passive verb + TO-Infinitive of the main verb (a personal construc -mey expec that prices will so by an annual avorago of 5%. — Prices are expected to i an annusl average of 5%, People believe that many smi to have suffered losses last year. me euflered losses last year. — Many small fme are b it passive verb + THAT-Clause (an impersonal con: tices, formal, polite or businesslike statements, in business correspond ler wants to be impersonal, and in and documents etc Only ten out yesterday. ‘Apparently, the contract has no! been properly made rmal writing in general: reports, legal 1 twenty items that were ordered from you were delivered in good conan, All the appeals must be settled within thirty days. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Notes: Conditional clauses are used to express the relationship between a possible situat > By+agent is omitted consequences. when the agent is unknown, unimportant, Seer ree types, function oftheir me reference: when the agent is obvious from the context, wher They wi omitted) consists of words such as someone, people, ve more information soon, — More information wil be given soon. (by ther is Present simpie Present simple Present Present pertect Imp By + agent is used to say who or what did the action ‘She was very surprised by the memo the manager had sent. With + instrumentimaterial is used to say what (instrument or material) the agent ‘order to perform the action: ‘The meme has been written with a blue pen. Tryou don’ Rave the best people forthe 65, your product suers ‘Wol, i you make alot of money, invest some of it prices are rising, people buy less You can take partin the auction only if your bidding documents have been accepted type of sentences, we can use In the case of verbs that take two objects, itis more usual to begin the sentence withthe P wnen where the meaning is ‘every tin 18 subject ofthe passive sentence: When you receive damaged goods, you can ask tor a refund.———————— ime reference (what was always tru Wain Clause Past vanes 1F=Clause Past tense Whe made more money than usual, he vealed. Wain Clause Future simple (wil + ver®) Present simpio (ther fture forms (be going to) Present continuous Future pertect Present Perfect Modal verb Imperative you place a very large order, we offer you a Gscourt they are making good progress withthe project, we'll be ready on time. you place a very large order, you're going fo get a substantial discount I the project is rejected, we'l have done a lot of work for nothing, Hf you have already sent them the report, we can expecta reply very soon. ‘succeed, you must have a sound business plan 1 goods you receive are damaged, lodge a complaint as soon as possible! > Note the following inverted construction where itis omitted ‘Should any of the contracting parties be in breach of the agreement, the other party take legal action (if any of the contracting parties is.) future, main clause (result clause) refering a It we checked everything twice, such errors wouldnt accu. If we were stil producing this kind of equipment, we would probably be incur losses at present tithe demand increased, we might contact more supplies. te the folowing stru were you, | would infor advice) wore to change careers, | would really ke to ty Engineering. (quite unlikely si ifand use an inverted construction such as: ke to ty Enginesring the manager about it. this Is pantularly used in orde type of structure, we may oF fo change careers, | would nt wer silat, wo can have: it were not for convection currents, it would be very di ul to boll water. + Were conveetion currents, It would be very di such constructions may be replaced by the But for your constant support | wouldn't be able 1o cope wi what really happened, ims 1F= Clause Past perfect ‘ain Clause ‘Would > fave + past panicle Modal verb (could, might) + past parti TTT had krown how serious the problem was, | would have fxedit immediately. It we had solved the problem then, we could have avoided this absolutely emb uation, > Note the inverted construction with omission of it ts might have sued us. (= If we had missed Had we missed the deadine, th “Wain Clause iF Clause Present tense resort tanse (ample / continuous) iny ofc, ve manager asks Tor me, Tim working i present, i.e. imagi nikely, impossible or hypothetical events 1F Clause Past tense (simple / continuous) Wain Clause ‘Would + verb Shor Ifntive Modal verb (could, might, shoula) Similarly, we can have: it hadnt been for your help, | wouldnt have managed 1 finish the report on Hach it been for your hep, | would ish the report on time. ‘Such constructions may be replaced by the structure: but for (+n0un} But for your help. | woukin't have managed to finish the report on time. have managed Mixed Types: TF Clause = not true inthe pst - Past perfect wouRdcould + verbGRAMMAR REFERENCE SpE UNENIURI ETE SE TE ETETETEEEITEIEEE \¥ me had solved the problem then, we wouldn't be in so much trouble now. THOUGH (Clauses of hypothetical similarity, unreal comparison) We had concluded that deal, we could be making @ huge pr multaneous actions: = Clause Wain Clause “Tho management is behaving as if there were no problems, but everyone knows not true at present / generally = not true in the past - company is on the verge of bankruptcy. ost nee wouldrnighcould + Rave + past partie {she was willing to listen to further deta. (she wa Wi were better quallied, Twourd have gor terior action: +Other ways of expressing conditions “The manager went on as i nothing had happened. not © Unless = {me dont send all the documents on time, they won't accept our project. = Uniess we. rect. © On condition that, provided (that), providing, as long as, 50 long as (used ‘emphasis all the documents high ime | was/were going. 2. Ifnive (when the subject ofthe ver® is not expressed) ime to 90. [As long as our products mest all the technical requirements, we can continue to p them. We can receive more funds provided we come up with sound projects, lak about doing something in order to avoid a potential problem inthe future: Weil fax you a copy in case you want to have more details about our oer, Imagine, suppose, supposing (especially used in informal speech): Imagine they sued you for this technical error, what would you do then? | WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER, ie use the past tense form when the two subjects are diferent rather you didn't inform the press of the merger agreement yet ‘Compe to: rather work as an engineer than a technician. (same subject —+ © Incas OULD PREFER - can be used as part of a (type 2) conditional sentence: ‘you did't tell the press about it yet. Fd profer you not to ell he press about it as yet. THE SUBJUNCTIVE The subjunctive has two forms: synthetic subjunctive ~ identical in form withthe short 2 the analytical subjunctive ~ with should “The subjunctive is usedin contexts ol a non-asserive, potential nature ands sele atain pre ‘VERB FORMS USED AFTER: 1. wish for / regret over a present / simultaneous fact — past tense form | wish you weren't leaving. (You are leaving) proposal 3. wish + could (1* person); would (2 and @ persons)=not vary hopeful wish about the f (would = decided fo orto describe an annoying habit | wish you would hefp us more withthe advertising campaign, I wish | could halp you 4. wish + would lke", but more authoritative I wish fo see the manager tes such as: ae1 Insist, urgo, give orders et. SEAMIMARL IEEE RES ee Verbs of command: 10 command, demand, instruct, order, recommend, suggest, it seems they have already let. — They seem to have already teft. It seems that he finished his project last week. — He seems to have finished his last week appeared they had been there before. — They appeared to have been there bef offer ‘The management insisted thal he accept th He suggested to i hat she should not accept the batches before inspecting every 2. Certain verbs and adjectives which express a subjective / emotional evaluation ofa, It seems th of aff ‘seems to have been finished Adjectives: good, righ, best, better, bad. important, essential, natural, normal, she vill have finished the project by Friday. She expects his. — She expects imperative, urgent, vital, advisable, unnatur finished the project by Friday inconceivable, odd, strange, funny, incredible, rag, crazy, amazing, surprising, a finished by Friday, We expect this. — We expect the p surprised ete. + the hhave been finished by Friday. that we shouid arive tt seems that she has bean working alot these days. — She seems to have been 3 the Government should take some immediate stops inthe direction ot these days, institut ms. pears that ho vas sleeping at hat time. — He appears to have been sleepin | am anxious / eager that he should get the job. Ws odd pity / annoy holders should object o our proposal It seemed they had been planning it for a long time. — They seemed to hat |1was sorry / pleased that they should think that planning tor along time. itis remarkable thatthe model should prove so successtl so soon, By the ready, she vill have been working on the project for weeks. We ox . Verbs: to amaze, alarm, bother, surprise ete — We expect her te have been working on the project for weeks by the time It It surprises us that the company should consider closing down several outlets, to express purpose ‘Sam went tothe bank to get some money. Make the ctference a) we use the fo ive to express particular purpose: | want a paper cutter o cut these sheets with, ) we use for + gerund to express general purpose: ‘eutting paper wit, THE INFINITIVE AND THE GERUND THE LONG INFINITIVE (THE TOJNFINITIVE) A paper cutters a tool ive forms — study these examples: -20ms that we arg in trouble, — We seem to bein trouble, sppears that this report ‘They wil anive tomorrow. We expe: ‘She wile promoted soon, She expect It seems that she is working outside the the offi 2 after certain verbs: to agree, appear, decide, expect, plan, promise, refuse, ftompt, ask, choose, demand, deserve, fal, grow, hasten, happen, hope, hurry, ‘manage, neglect, oer, pay, pledge, pretend, resoive, seek, seem, struggle, swear, thred want, wish, et: bby him. — This report appears to be written by him. —We expect them to ar — She expects to be promoted soon. ice today. — She scoms to be working out “The ere to agree, poe ‘mo. seen sea Toeobe decide, comand expect happen, hope, lam, pan, pide, preter We will bo tving to Manchester this time tomorrow. We expect this. — We expect 12 to Manchest time tomorrow,ater the pronouns: something, somewhere, anyone, nothing, et. there's no one here to deal with your problem at the moment. ‘ath verbs followed by prepositions, used after nouns / pronouns, in order to rep clause: | need someone to talk to, We need a table to write on with be +80 + adjective + as: Would you be s0 kind as to help mo with these files? See He promised to help us with the new advertising campaign. ‘Thore are certain verbs which are folowed by an object and a long infinitive: 1o advise, beg, bribe, command, dare, employ, enable, encourage, instruct, invite, lead, persuade, ‘send, teach, tel, train, urge, war. “The manager told me to make a ist with all our suppliers. “The company has employed a a ty engineer to monitor the whole production pr to the end products 3 certain adjectives: with be + the first /second, ete/ next/last/the best, et. 2) Which describe feeings / emotions: happy, glad, obliged, sory, annoyed ete to break the news, He was happy to hear he had been promat happy o hear he had been promoted to antive at the board meeting, b) which express wilingness / unwilingness: wiling, unwilling, eager, reluctant, anxious and the adjectives able, unable: He ie reluctant to help, fo late to do anything about it now he's experienced enough to be appointed Sales Manager. ©) which refer toa person's character: mean, clave, etc You were clever net to believe them. ater I would like /ove / prefer to express specific preference: ) lucky, fortunate: ike to look at last year's figures, He was lucky to find athe documents in the office where he had lft them the day before, eee eae cen pa ee ena ©) adjectives such as easy, dificut, et: ‘ete, when they are followed by question words (who, what, where, how, ¢ that whys followed by a subject + verb, not by an it He explained to us how to operate the machine. I don't know why let, Inthe expressions t v ‘This project is easy o cary out. 1) followed by @ noun: ‘This isa stupid idea to put into practice! NoTE: start {0 be honest, to sum up the truth, to begin wit to introduce our new manager, Mr Jones. To begin as subject: To hesitate would have been ve is used as subject usually when we re 1d me personally and it was impossible to also in a general sense (with anticipatory if \ ‘when we use the gerund as subject, the Refusing invitations from important peopl inthe With adjectives which refer to character we can also use an impersonal construction: I+ ‘would have been fatal to hesitate, toa particular action: was rude ofthe receptionist to speak tothe cent lik that, 4. withthe constructions: + be + adjective (important, necessary, etc.) — an impersonal construction: the job 's important to employ the best peo not always easy to refuse your boss's invitations, + be + noun: rad in a general sens ways consi im is not always easy, ‘was her ambition to set up her own business, Its my privilege to present the winner of the comps 5. after certain nouns such as: homework, task, pr We've got a lat of work to do. wo ini the to ofthe second infinitive can be omit: He The ater a fos are joined by and or 1d to come and hejp us can be reduced to jes / modal: have, ought, need: | didnt mean to conceal this from the GM, but | had to | have leters to wr (duty: must be writen) zeWill you come along? — Yes, I'd ike to. ©) alter: to want, wish, lke, hate, hope, try: "You should have informed me about the technical err." — "tried to, but I did't h ‘courage to admit.” ‘THE SHORT / BARE INFINITIVE (THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT To) The bi ive is usec: 1. after modal verbs (can, may, must We should in ould, et) i we want to increase productivity lla new assembly You may use the phone. BUT: Oughtis followed by the tov ‘She ought to find a job, ‘had better, would rather, would sooner and rather / soo You had b 2 828 the manager about it prefer to work in my office in rather than the verbs fo let, make, see, hear, fee They saw her Notes: Ik to the manager. (They saw the com » Inthe passive (be made, be seen, be heard), they take the to-infinitive: ‘She was seen to fo the manager. ‘She was made to work overtime. > —Tolettums into be allowed followed by a to-infinitive in the passive: He wasn't allowed to park in the company car park > When to soe, hear, watch are followed by an —ing form (present participle) in the there is no change in the passive: | saw her typing letters as | walked by her office (I saw part ofthe action.) She was seen typing letters. When we use can / could + see / hear we can use only an ~ing form a We could see smoke coming out of the welding shop. (NOT: We could see smoke oom. 4. aftor the prepositions but, except Ho did everything else but work. NoTE: > Theverb to help can be She helped me ( 224 ion, from beginning o end em, not ‘THE GERUND (THE -ING FORM) form is used: ‘as subject ectuting personnel is quite a dificult job. iter prepositions and phrasal verbs: He lft the conference room without being seen. pon't put of writing that report anymore! tention 10 the use of fo @s a preposition (in expressions or to, be / get used to, be / get accustomed to, admit to, object to, get round to, in ade to... 0t0): ‘She objects to working on Saturdays. i, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, contemplate, co dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, explain, face, {a 90 (+ activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind (= obje feport, resent, resist, risk, save, lor verbs such as: 1 postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recole tolerate, understand, et: “They considered moving headquarters. The CEO avoided answering my question. ‘She doesn't mind working long hours. after the verbs to lke, love, enjoy, prefer, dislike, detest, hate to exoress g ‘She likes working in the Public Relations office. we use would lke / would love / would prefer + infinitive o express specie preference | would like 10 work with you on that project. ke +to-infinitive means "to think wise or We ike to pay our bills on time, ater expressions such as: be busy, i's no use, its (no) good, i's (not) worth (0 ‘8 good idea’ What's the use of waiting fora reply? ‘She is busy writing the repgrt ater to spend, waste, lose (time, money, etc): ie trying to find an appro He lost a fortune investing in unsuccesstul companies. tomorrows meeting, He wasted a lot 1 solution tothe technical faults‘We don't normally have two ing forms together It the vetb is a ver® of cogni the action expressed by the main verb, and to remember, forget, regret + gerund when the 1d bythe gerund precedes the act expressed by the main ver. + foxinfinitive = rien | to mean + gerund=invowve (wih | To mean + that-claus an impersonal subject) meaning i being © es Taian dong sh andstat | fo go on + gerund = continue doing the he inspector meant. iva= Trish doing eh and 1090 0n + gerund ang | began to understand wh fe speak but on another thing which nas bee allow, permit, recommend, encourage, require, forbid: es 2) take the to-infnitive wnen they are followed by an objector when they ar inthe ; y y an bj y arin the pa rai greeted everyone then went on fo ack He advised me to hand in the repor the folowing day. he day's agenda ee eee oe nL eeoe peter + Tne = peels | fe roar + goin (10> 1) take the ~ing form when they re not followed by an object - ‘gorund) = gone proterence: | He advised handing in the report as soon as possible. ror look ata te offers weve | Iprefer working inthe ‘The School does nat allow smoking, before I make 2 decison. moming. + to need, require, want + -Ing otien show that it {8 necessary to repair or img Something We can also use a passive infinitive a To need can also be followed by a to-infinitive (but the meaning isa bt changed) spare pars. [fo remember + | mecting? ight [To regret + tosnfntive =e sony t (normally weed | to regret + gerund’ have second troughs inthe presen foowod by ver about something already done, tell sor abou about to do say We regret to inform you that you have fad the examination 226 The machines need overhaul Tolike + gerund = any ese verbs with this meaning: fink hat sth. ie good or right 1 do, | (general preference): ‘The machines need to be overhauled. ls good dee: ‘irs Pips realy thes working | tke to turd colleagues at | with people that's why she's ‘You need to overhaul those machines as soon as possible. ‘such a goed PA offic. preconces: eto have the board meeting on sy mornings, Tate +To-infnve = 60t ike wha one = 10 0: tate 1 argue, but you ae definitely wrong To hate + gerund’= a) Yeo sary for what one 1 hate bothering you again, but I need you t sition for the frst tim, p08 Si papers for me. 2) not enjoy st, ‘Temember + gerund = acai a past @varE | don' remember seuing him atthe apo ist | nate hancing customer complaint. ) —weare sory torsin.we are | past event ‘The CEO regretted not accepting thi iil otter.to be sorry + to-infinitive = regret, apologise for imutaneous action 10 say ths, but your work has been rather unsatisfactory lately. to be sorry + gerund = apologise for an earl MODAL VERBS We are sory for keeping you wating but we {ust having a board meeting. Te be afraid + tovnfinlive tobe un 100 frightened todo st, hesitate Clumsy as he is, hei alta to use the new is the modal they utter. One of the realizations of modal ‘can, could, may, might, must etc. A varioly of functions can be performed by m: tobe afraid of + gorund= be aad hat way lescibed by the gerund may happen: When using such advanced, I'm always afraid o¢ pushing the wrong buttons Te want-+ tonne = wish The company wants strategy. totye The union feaders 110 persuade the ‘management to agree 1 a pay rise of 5% To siop + fo-nfnive = pau Tamer sth. else (the infinitive shows the purpose for stopping) The driver stopped to i the tank wit pet continued ervng | fo propose + foafintive= wierd oe ‘I propose to start as san as possible. cexresees an opin: [Mr Stones is considered fo be the best in his fd of work [Te imagine + object + to-infinitive = bala an image of sth. in your imagined his job tobe a lot more citfeut 28 (de one’s best | to ty + gorund’= G si. as an axperirant To want gerund sh. needs to be done ‘These machines want overhauling Remember also: These machines need ‘overhauling. = These machines need to be overhauled. They tied applying a new procedure inorder to with the situation. Te stop + gorund = Toish, Coase, GS Ui We stopped producing this mode! two years ago, ‘They cannot occur as in may ~"to may, ‘maying, “mayed ‘They have no ~s form f You must to write, ~She likes to wit, ‘Their past forms can be used to present and future time (often with a t ing ird person singular of the present simple tense. | propose considering athe offers before we maka cision You To consider > gerund = Tink about, Take 10 consideration: {tone point we considered closing down the latoy ink he mayimight be outside Wilvwould you phone him tomorow? inversion wih the subject Must come? can speak three foreign languages and so ean he negative form wth nator shor form n't question forms and other inverted structures) positon of GM ‘He will be there.24 ABILITY Canis used in the present and future. Could’s the past tense of ean. We use be able to to form all the other tenses and forms that can/could lacks, a8 well ag present and past Ability inthe present: Ss | Can you reach that file on the top anal? | SRe'S able To ype 120 words por + Ability nthe fate [ean = when we decide now about something | be able fo when we lak abou 3 we will doin the ne ure: be acquired in the future: Thaven' got copy ofthe report right now, but Wail be able fo answer al hese GUEStons | can send you one by fax + Ability nthe past je to (wasiwere abe fo used] be able to” (waSware able to) 1 expe to (repeated, gene’ the past (to refer toa inthe past: single past action} 3 thing tomorrow. | once we've seen the report ‘could and Be 10 be able to) to fr the old equipment we could only produce | Tr was a dificult task, but in the end wo ware 20 items a day. able to find the best sol | NOTE: In negations we can use couldn't or wasn'Uworen'T able fo with no diference in meaning: | couldn't / wasr't able to reach him on the phone. * We normally use ean and could with verbs of parcopton and of thing (io Pea, sme taste, fel understand, guess, remember, imagine} can't imagine how he would aver do sch a thing She listened carefuly and she coud hear people talking in the next room, + Weuse be able tofor various grammatical forms thet are not possible wth ean ike being able to work at home, We'd lke to be able to elp you with this technical problem, but we can (ve boon able to work much faster since | got that new compter. + We use can, could and could have in conditional sentences and in sentences wit implies condition | can help you i you want me to, 230 forbidden to do sth, you are not allowed to do. We use must duly, necessity ‘You must copy this research paper out again. We use have to| ‘We have to be at I have to go to S8e the head of the department. S: We use must when the o ion Is imposed by the speaker or writer ofthe sent be an individual or some kind of authority | must fish the report by tomorrow. (The speaker decides.) We must get up early tomorrow. Welve gota ot to do. (We are imposing the obiiga ves.) Passengers must fasten the! cat bet (The obligation is imposed by the airtne t notice) We use have fo when somebody else than the speaker has made the decision, \ comes from the si nish the report by tomorrow. (Somebody else has made the decision.) We have to get up early tomorrow to catch the plane. (The time of the plane is th the obligation.) Do you have to pay for the goods in advance? He has to wear an overall at work We can also use have got to to express obligation. It has the same meaning as its often used in everyday speech "ve got to phone the Sales Department right away. er, somatimes there isa difference in meaning have to.can be used both for habitual actions and | ave to call the Sales Department whenever | get a new order. | have to call the Sales Department right away — there's a problem with some of th dolivered goods, hhave got to can only be used for single actions lve got to phone the Salas Department right away. igation, prohibition, we use must not /mustn't. is against the rules / the law to do single actions: To express negativeover 35 mph.) ses or verb forms that must lacks: After geting so many complaints, we had to revise our quality control procedures, No one likes having to handle customer complaints. + Weuse must to give strong advice and recommendations. It can refor to present or time: + Weuse should / ought to to express duty or advisabilty (that course of a 900d idea, it would be the bes ing todo). They can reler to present time or to People should take / ought to take better care of the environment, You should / ought to try and pay more at ‘You should not / ought not to overlook technical dotal focus more on the technical spe were you... Everything's going to be allright. should stop worrying about it. (| were you) + Wecan also use the structure had better to give advice: You'd better book your flight early. ''d better not take out a loan; m afraid | won't be able to pay it back, NoTEs: > Weuse should and ought toto express general or specific advice: ‘You should stop missing deadlines. (general advice; | advise you) ‘You ought to comply wi > Weuse had betterto give advice on a specitic situation: You had better not conceal this regulations. (| advise you: m: > Had betters more emphatic than should / ought to but not as emphatic as must, which Used to give strong advice ‘You must see a lawyer. (strong advice) 282 usually use these structures to had.) {OT J ought to...) to give advice to someone else when theres used as a main verb me. (an order which You had belter see a lawyer. sss emphatic than must) You should see / ought to see a lawyer. (less emphatic than had better) ‘You should follow / ought to follow the instructions when dealing wi ‘such soph lent" my friend said to me. (a plece of advice which may or may not be followed) ‘To refer to the past, we use should have / ought fo have, which means that the J do the right thing: ‘You should have Informed the manager about it. (but you didn't) jr. (but you didn't) You ought to have contacted a lawyer ‘Should I have phoned you back? ize someone else's actions (it would have been You should have come / ought to have come to me for help. (but you didnt), ‘You shouldn't have agreed to deliver damaged goods. (but you did, and fas th thing to have done) ‘They shouldn't have been talking when the exam started We use need to express necessity Need | ask forthe boss's approval before | accept the tender? S: [Need can be used as a main verb or as a modal vero, with no difference in meanin Hive and takes ~ In the third parson sing {questions and negations with the auxiliary de/does: We need to purchase some new equipment it we want to be competitive. You don't need to do this right away. Do! need to bring anything with me? ‘They'll need to take on more stat if they keep getting such huge orders. Is. used as modal verb mainly in questions and ne Need | book a room in advance? (Also: Do I need to book @ room in advance?) You needn't give me all the det Remember also the structure: The cat needs feeding. or The cat needs to be fed ight now. (Also: You don't need to give...) To express lack of necessity, we use the folowing structures: ‘needn't/ don't have to / don't need to for present and future time: You needn't don't have te / don't need to wor tonight) We're expecting a fax with all the details so you don’t need to / needn't / don haven't got to phone them again, necessary for you t‘Boss to employees: "You've worked hard today so you needn't come tomorrow mom — didn’t need to / didn't have to to show that an action did not happen in the past ‘we knew then that it was not necessary We dig’ could | have an extension of the deadline?" — “Im sory, but you can’t eoulde't* ‘Talking about permission in the past We use could or was/were allowed to 0 say that we had general pe eed fo didnt have to order any other spare parts because we had a k jon to do the previous order. (it wasnt necessary, 50 we di — needn't have to show that an action happened in the past, even though it was necessary: ‘You needn't have phoned them. I already settled everything with them necessary, but you did.) ‘when Mr Jones was our supervisor, we could / were allowed to have several breaks. We use wasiwere allowed to and not could, to say that we had permission to do s jar situation in the past: \We wore allowed to have @ longer lunch break yesterday, as there were very few or handle. wasnt 23° PERMISSION ‘+ Asking for permission — Can /Could /May /Might /SSIBILITY, PROBABILITY, LOGICAL ASSUMPTION, CERTAINTY Present and future time reference: moc possi ing is possibie theoretically or in general, that is, when we are not referring to a Can is more informal. Could and may are more polite than ean. Might is the most formal, fare used to ask for permission when we do not know the other person very well reply with ‘Certanly."/*OF course."/"Why not?*/ "No, Im: We use can to express gener an | borrow your pen, please?” — "Yes, of course you can. ‘usually unpleasant characteristics: ‘Such equipment can be quite expensive. ploasant qualities are not excluded, however: ‘Such equipment can be quite useful if a company wants to be more competitive, "May | use your phone, please?” We use can or may to talk about something that is possible to do at any time: Mechanically refrigerated equipment can be bought at al We use could, may and might to show that somet fc i We use ean (informal) and may (formal) (=be allowed fo do sth. to give permission: You can stay here f you want to You may borrow these fies whenever you I NOTE: We do not use could or might to give permission: “Could | borrow your dictionary?" —"Yes, you can / may! eauldimighs.” = We use can or be allowed to to express permission when referring to laws ly, possible to happ 50% ce fon (present and future reference). Note that with could and may is 40% certain (perhaps). Could used for future possi igh theoretical possibilty. The roads could / may / might get very busy tomorrow afternoon because a demon Is planned to take place. ‘Any disputes that may ar settle. ity ref fens over the age of 18 can / are allowed to vote, (law) NOTE: There is a May | use your phone? (=will yu allow me to use your phone?) ‘Are we allowed to use the ofice phone? (=what isthe rule?) + Refusing pe hot (=not be allowed to do sth} 1m sorry, but you can't / mus ''m alld you can't / mustn't have visitors. Customers may not enter this area fom the interpretation of the contract should be a fence in meaning between may and be allowed to in questions: ive tomorcow, possible to take a train there if you wanted to do ‘Alison's not inthe office today, so she may be working at hore. Meaning of could or might igused in warnings: postpone wr In questions we use can The parcel may / might You could go by ission — cannoves mal ~ more frequent in writing)» ig that report; you could / might make the manager quite angry. ing working hours. talk about general or specific possibili ) could or mi t use may. 24"te got another parcel, bt there's no card." —“Who can / could / mightit be from7™ In questions, ean and could may be used to express disbelet, to inquire after possibly Can Jane make such a mistake? Who could be so incompetent as to deliver clearly damaged goods? Can this be true? (emust her now, she'll be having a meeting: she always has a staff meeting on M [pont mornings. ‘The equipment you've ordered willbe in Spain tomorrow. (prediction — 100% certain) past time relerence: modal verb + perfect infinitive ‘To express past possibilty we use could, may, might + perfect infinitive: We could have had an accident while trying to repair that machine. (lucky we didn't) 1 office party lastnight. She might have been feeling too tired to come + We use should / ought to to make assumptions, what may be reasonably expected or logic Should / Ought known facts, conditions, et. \We placed the order ten days ago so the goods should be delivered soon. The introduction of new machinery should contribute greatly to an increase in prod next year. Should / Ought to is weaker than must. With must, the speaker's inference seems to be ‘on inductive inference, while should apparently in You must be nuts express supposition, expectation, ‘sue wasn! te aitference: He could hav He may / might have forgotten to Send us that fax. (perhaps he forgot about i) We use should / ought to + perfect infinitive 1 make assumptions, to express prot (0 sth, that was suppesed to happen and may indicate that expect ‘The goods should get there before long. + We use must to make a positive logical assumption, to express logical necessity, k ‘a high degree of certainty 10 be the most likely interpretation of asi itis almost cera ‘The parcel | sent you shoul / ought to have arrived by now. Let's go and see Cathy: she should have finished working by now. We use must + perfect infinitive to express a positive logical assumption, almost ce sth. in the past: ‘The spare parts are already in the warehouse; they must have been delivered the morning, Surely you must have noticed some We use can't / couldn't + perfect inthe past: He can't have forgotten about the meeting: he talked to me about it only this morning Surely you c We use have to + perfect i is 90% certain). We assert what we in 3; we don't know for a fact that cone ue, but we Jane's not at home $0 she must be on her way here. Barbara's back at work now so she must be feeling beter. Logical necessity is often weakened to an assumption or even a guess: the pieces were damaged! You must be Mi Jones, 10 express negative logical assumption He must be well ver seventy. 4 + Weuse cannot the nagative form of must} 3 couldn’ in negations to express negative logical assumptions ( ave forgotten abot Itis Sunday. He can't/ couldn't be at work. (Im sure he isn't at work) He cantt be working in his office; the “He must be atleast exoress probability, logical necessity, int atthe present time about a past ac be anything as old as that” + We may also use have to to express logical necessity, probability, inference made at ti , almost certal present moment about a present action or ‘There has to be some reason is absurd behaviour. ‘There has to be a way out. + Wo can use will 10 make a prediction about the present we believe, assume to happen /to be happening ‘ave heard that | am going to America The invitations will have been sont by now, Study these examples: ''m gure she knows him well. — She must know him wel (0), that is to 88 236It's possible that he's working late tonight. — He could be working late tonight, offers 1m sure she'll be working tomorrow. — She must be working tomorrow. fuld you ike me to help you withthe presentation? ''m sure he didn’t know the truth. — He ean't have known the |SUGGESTIONS Perhaps they have forgotten about our order. — They might have forgotten, We use Shall/we....? or /we can / could. to make suggestions: order. It's possible he had misplaced our order. — He may have misplaced our order. 1'm certain he was working. — He must have been working, Perhaps she has been lying about her qual her qu I's likely they had been hiding the deficiencies of the equipment. — They could been hiding the deficiencies of the equipment. sghall we G0 tomorrow?" — "Td rather not. We can / coi to the car show instead.” ‘To make @ suggestion about the past we can use could have. We could have discussed the introduction of new technology as we ions. — She may have been lying. . ‘To make suggestions we car about ..2"; “What about .. Lets send the in ‘Why don't we take another look at those technical spet se the following structures: Let's; “Why don't we fon manuals along with the spare parts. ons? 28 How about replacing the mechani igeratod equipment with a more efficient uni ‘What about revising our position as to ther offer? tons when we are asking for suggestions or instructions: 19 you sometime next week about the new advertising campaign we intend to lau Sere eee 26 REQUESTS camessu + Weuse Can / Could / Will / Would you ....? © ask someone to do something fr us, faSmec tenet nme eee (eee eee — ‘and will ae informal. Would and could are more polite ee ieee ee Seen cee ielar eae You could at least call them and cancel that order. (present) Will you send them a fax with our offer today? eee ‘Could / Would you type these letters for me, please? (more polite) You could at least have informed us about the change of plans. (pas ee ser eae nese cea You should have come / ought to have come to me for help. (But you didnt. ~ It woul We normally reply with: “Yes, I'd (would) be happy to." / "Yes, 'd be glad to." / "Certainly." you had.) : Shouldn't sperfect in course."/"I'm sony, but | can't." + Would you mind ...? is polite structure used to ask someone to do something Wg overtime? (polite; formal) ive can also be used as a ‘expression of than nga gift or a favour. The intonation should be friendly, as this isnot a ertcism: "Wve typed these letters for you." — “Oh, you really shouldn't havel™ to make 27 . 'm willing to do something) is used to express an offer informally: these papers, J we...? («Would you like me/us to...?/Do you want me/us 1 are used to express offers informally. Couldis ‘Shall / Can / Could | give you a hand with the prepa Can | halp you with that report? (informal) SShail we collect your correspondence? (informal) inefficient, you know! Might + perfect Is used to express annoyance at someone's failure ing. There is strong stress on the words underlined You might have told me the report was due today! ‘You might have told me the-Boes was angry with me! + Can/ Could / st 282.10 EXPRESSIONS SIMILAR TO MODAL VERBS + Be supposed to + infinitive (=should) expresses tho idea that someone og to happen or wants to happen: | shall definitely finish this project by next week. We shall win! (she simlaty, shallis used No participant shall use addtional instruments du stressed in this sentence) something to be done: rmal rules and reg) ''m supposed to work this weekend, (My boss expects me to do so.) : Make the diference: You are supposed to be helpful to customers. (Your boss expects, the proceedings. you to) You should be helpful to customers. (I's @ good idea because it m {good impression.) & Be to + infinitive (=r may be used to give orders: You are to subr May can bo used to exoress causes of concession (synonymous with although lau ‘ghe may be the boss, but that is no excuse for shouting lke that. May / Might as well describes the only thing left todo, something which the speak t) expresses the idea that someone else demands someth siastic about: Nobody else is going to tum up new for the presentation, so you may as wel star. the documents by Thursday. (You must submit.) > Be supposed to and be to can also be usod in the past tense to express what som ‘There is an idiomatic expression with try, using may for present reference and eterence’ ‘Try as | might, | could net find an acceptable solution to the problem. ( = althou hard.) else expected or to refer to a previously arranged event: + Be bound to + infinitive is used to make a future prediction of certainty * fan annoying habit, typical ofa person he? It's typical! use (=probably) are used to @ je than should / ought to: Would + present infinitive can 1 Jack would miss the deadine, woul Would is used in sentences expressing certainty, where the sentence is @ sur they are more emphatic than may but less erp company ly to win the auction. (ly that the Austrian company will win the auction. ;gotten to inform the manager about tional sentence: Nobody would agree with that idea. (if you asked them) Would not expresses unwilingness inthe past: Everyone was angry because the manageme Would + perfect infinitive can refer to events in the past wich didnot actually ha | would have accepted the job, but I cnt want to relocate 3t wouldn't rise their pay. Itis possible the delivery has boen delayed, + The adverbs perhaps, probably: Pemaps he wil Perhaps he sold He will probably get there around 4 o'clock. (zhe should get there around 3 o'clock) ‘They have probably started the course by now. (they ought to have started the course) Would + pertec “Someone with a strange accent called after you ett but lent, probably.” infinitive can also express assumptions abot ould have been our OTHER USES OF MODAL VERBS {s used with comparative adjectives 10 6 240~ REPORTED SPEECH INE SEVVENVE VE er In English, the tonse the vero in @ subordinate clause (generally an object gj usually depends on the tense of the verb in the main clause. This is known as the sequen tenses, and its main rules are the following clause is in one of the present tenses. ‘The rules of the sequence of tenses apply especially in reported speech, When you report what someone says / has said, certain changes occur. These chan to tenses, pronouns, word order, adverbs. Reported statements are frequently introduced by the verbs fo say oF 10 duced by other verbs such as: fo add, admit, explain, complain, deny, argue, be eee er eee eee ‘answer, assure, remark, promise, point out, advise, warn, beg, remind. These are g | suppose the manager knows abo 10.88 reporting verbs. ‘TENSES / VERB FORMS, When the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect, no change w © action ofthe verb in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action of reported speech: the verb in the main clause, we use a past tense form ofthe verb in the subordinate clause, “tean't reach them on the phone,” she says. + She says (that) he cart reach ther She told me she was very busy that day. phone. Iwas certain that he was doing his job pretty well iniroductory verb isin the present € action of the verb in the subordinate clause is ante won we pass on messages or we report @ conversation t ping on action ofthe vero in the main clause, then the past perfect is used ‘The secretary knew he had been very busy lately. ‘She told me she had never seen that report before 2.3. tthe action of the verb in the subordinate clause is posterior or subsequent tothe past action of the verb in the main clause, then the future-in-the-past tense (should/would + bare infinitive) is used in the subordinate clause. don't agree with your proposal” + He says reported by Andrew Flint 1o Michae! Simpsor Tom Smith ( during a meeting) doesn't agree with our proposal beside him during the same meeting] when we report a statement that someone trequ The manager of SoftEmp by myself” + The manager says that he'l never make decisions by him: the manager's secretary to another sharehold cle etc, while reading it ly makes: never make d (rep was certain that he would refuse again o receive anyone. She remembered her colleague had told her he would help her with the report the following when we report the content of a fet day. WAIN CLAUSE TIME RELATIONS | SUBORDINATE CLAUSE ‘resent tenes forms ‘simatanety ‘any tense | present tense Inetrutions. ature tense forms required by the [present parect7 Tom's letter: “1 am in high context past simple ‘says that Tom isin high spits as he has been appointed manager of SoftEmy I Tatura Tense teling her secretary what the letter is about] past tense “The researchers have been studying the phenomenon f past tense forms past perect ticle says that the resegzchers have been studying the phenomenon for thee ye Tture-inthe-past |When the reporting verb is in one of the past tenses, there will be the folowing Ording to the sequence of tenses: 221. Tense changes: [DIRECT SPEECH Present simple "want to reach a compromise today", he ined, ple “yesterday | forgot to call up the French delegates", he apologized [Past continuous | “They were already working on the project at the time of the meeting’, the secretary formed us. REPORTED SPEECH Past simple He explained that he wanted to reach ‘compromise that day. Past continuous She said that she was waiting for sharoholders. perfect He apologized that he had forgoton to call pl the French delegates the day before. Past perfect continuous ‘The secretary informed us that they had already bbeen working on the project at the time ofthe meeting Present perfect simple 1ave lost my copy of the agenda’, one of the participants said Past perfect simple (One of the participants said that he had lost a ig agenda. Present perfect continuous: ‘ave been trying to reach a compromise for ‘two hours", the Chair added. Continuous ir added that he had boon tying to reach a compromise for two hours. be in New York tomorrow, the manager announced. Future continuous | shallwill be fying my own plane the day Future ‘The president said that he would be flying his ‘own plane in two days' time. la and | are the best sales agents in this company," Jack said to me, — Jack sa sme that he and Paula were the best sales agents in the company, but ther colleagu told me otherwise, Exceptions: Past Perfect Simpl + had worked for them before.” —+ She said she had worked Past Simple changes to Past Perfect or remains the same. were living in New York, we used to vist the company frequently’, iving in New York they used to visit the conn snd Continuous do not change in reported speech. them before, when we said, -+ Tom said that when they wer frequently, the reported sentence contains time clause, the tenses of the time clause remain ged: She came to my office while | was in @ meeting," he sald. —» He said she had came to is office while he was in a meeting In Type 2 and Type 3 conditionals tenses do not change: ‘ite had more resources, we would purchase some new equipment.” the manage ime. + The manager told me (that) i they had more resources, they would purchas ew equipment. fi the products, they wouldn't have been pen: they hadn't been late in delivering the produ ey hadn't been late in deliver agent said, + The agent said ‘wouldn't have been penalize. Cenain modal verbs change as follows: DIRECT SPEECH ‘REPORTED SPEECH would He said (that) Erica wouldn't help him sai, "Erica won't help me withthe report” si, “1 can speak French." ) he could speak French, present (ifclause) you ask Liz, sh report” he sai, help you withthe Future-in-the-pasveonditional (main clause) + past tense (itclause) ‘These changes occur: 2) in out-of-date reporting: asked Liz, she would help me| 4 (Monday 2 May) The Procurement officor sac: We borrowed some money from the bank inorder to pay forthe new acquisitions” + (Thursday § May) The procurement office sel they had borrowed some money from the bankn order to pay forthe new acquisitions. 26 future reve He said (that) we could / would be abi the next day. might He sai me should Tasking for ave) He asked when he should come, offer (expressing otters) She offered to help me type the report. He said, "We can meet tomorrow” (that) he might call us to di may call you to discuss this matter In id, ‘When shall | come?” tid, “Shall |help you type the report”| must/ had to finish th required a lot of work. they change to it/they / them when used as pronouns (= not “This an unusual situation” the Chair said. ~The C? He said, “You must finish this report by | He s tomorrow.” | the next day. need needn't didnt need to ain't have te He said, "You needa pay in cash” situation. have to pay in cash. > Exceptions: 1) Would, could, might, should, ought to, had better, used to and mustn't do net chan might tak to the manager about a pay ise," Danny said, ~» Danny sai ik to the manager about a pay rise. 2) Must does not change when it expresses a logical assumption “You must be tired,” he told his assistant. + He told his assista [ADVERBS ~ TIME AND PLACE EXPRESSIONS some other words and expressions (time expressions and place adverbs) also ding to the meaning ofthe sentence: DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Then [at hat tine /immediately at once (that) she must be ted, hat week month / yee That week / month/year ~The day before the previous day > No tense change To night before the previous night eri Two days before The week 7 month / year be week / month / year Two days / wosks / months / years befor he ext day 71h Tolowing day the intwo days'tme The WEEK afer, the following week 7 A coe ‘something that is always true} change or remain the sams day batore yesterday yweek month 7 year ruth or a law of nature, permanent states or condtions (ie. Ey year, the next week / month / year said ee “The research team is making realy god progress at the moment he said. He sad - = (ha) he esoarch eam is making ely good progress athe moment REPORTING COMMANDS AND REQUESTS vein reported speech, Commands are 5. PRONOUNS ind the infinitive, and requests are reported with the verb to ask and th ronouns and possessive adjectives change according fo context. They usually ' reporting his own words: lld her. + The manager > Persons change trom first or second to third person except when the speaker “Lam not at all happy with your work this month,” the manage told her (that) he was not at all happy with her work that month. Ibe expecting you tomorrow,” he told me. —+ He told me he would be expecting me te | next day. > When this /these are used in time expressions, they change to that / those: igures!” he told them, —+ He told them to look atthe figures. you send ther this report by fax, please?” —» She asked him fo send them th by fax, I REPORTING QUESTIONS. There are word order ehanges when reporting questions: the word order in ) statement. (That is why we must rememb this week —+ that week; these days — those days tions is tike a normal (atfirmatvelnega When this /these /that /those are not used in time expressions, they change as follows: ‘auxiliary when reporting questions in the present simple or past simple (do / dia) an 8) they change to the when used as adjectives (= when they are followed by @ noun} 28verb.) “Whereis the fax machine?” ~> He asked me where the fax machine was. “How do you usually deal with customer problems?" —~ He asked her how she usualy, with customer problems. diference lies in Satemente Guestions: as a predicate: “Have you solved that problem?" —. He wanted to know if we had solved the problem, > Reported questions begin with a verb of asking and not one of telling. I the introdu verb is fo say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry: f0 ask, inquire, wonder, want to know et, “Where is the power plant?" the Swedish dispatcher said. -+ The Swedish dispatcher were the power plant was. > When reporting yes / no questions, in that the new Head of the Department. _| fs he the new Head of the Depar have launched a new line of products. | Have they launched a new line aad eee F whether must be used: ject” the president asked. — The president asked in that project tude sroduction of an auxiliary in case the verb phrase does not ble?" he asked, —+ He asked Hf / whether the operator on ety they agreed on the dea Did they agree on the deal? "The change of word order doas nol Sécur in case the question word i a F REMARKS When we report someone else's words, we usually try to make a summary and give the general meaning, stead of reporting the exact words, especially when we report longer sentences, or places of discourse: 1, Yes /No~ Qui ter answer is either yes or no. They start with a modal, an auxilary or the ver to be “Are you in charge of the "Yes, Lam. No, nol” “Have you made a deci fom what | can see, the team is making really good progress in their research” — He sald / concluded thatthe team were making really good progress. ‘Wel, ve been trying to reach him Could you ay on the phone but he’s always in a meeting all again tomorrow" —. Ms Stevens phoned. She said she would call you again tomorrow. io 1 “Did you look over the “Can you set a dea “Wi hey publish the report?” —*Yes, they 2 Whe Questions are called so because they start with a question w jon (ke. when the question w ‘#0 3 bolow), the change in word order isnot diferent rom yesino questions. Why are you in charge of the project? QUESTIONS a7 How to ask a question There are many ways of asking @ question in Eng How long have you made a decision? by changing the word order used in the statement - examples 1 and 2 below eae eerste b. by using combinations of statements and questions — example 5 below When canyou seta deedine? Where will thgy publish the report? Questions are used to: a a request information (examples 1 ~ 3 below) bask agrooment (example 5 below} express the speaker's reply, attitude or mood (examples 4 ~7 below) 2483. “The word order Tips: But Wh-word as Subject kind of questions is the same asin a statement: Subject Verb (predicate) Other Statement | told him about the merger! Questions: Who told yout? Never use da/does/id or it in this kind of questions: ‘Who named her to this postion? (she was named by sb. ls! Who = subject) Who aid she name to this position? (she named sb. else! Who = direct object, not subject) ‘What has convinced you to accept the disagreement: lust because we did not work as a team? ‘Don'tyou enjoy informal meetings?” 'No, Lam afraid | don't” express su ‘Don't they have a Customer Service Department?" Question Tags Form We change statements into questions by adding at the end of the statement a short “tag? that includes the following verbs: au You are in charge ofthe project, She set ar ‘She hasa't managed the project very well, has she? The form of the tag is apposite to the form of the statement: ifthe statement is positive, the tag is negative and vice versa: Tags are used for 250 He can meet the de ine, can'the? (asking for confirmation) He cant meet the deadtine, can he? (asking fo Use: mation) fous purposes as a very polte way of communicat You haven't finished your report, have you? ‘You are not going to ertcise me again, are you? (expressing offensive position) | did my best, ict 1? {expressing defensive position) ‘Your “best means” taking 3 hour lunches, doesn'tit!" (expressing cris) Ist Use doin tags after a statement whore have is a main verb tem to check, don't |? J ans am right, aren Jet's: Let's look over the results once again, shall we? Use wil or can depending on whether you make a request or give an order Give me the latest figures, will you? (order) Give me the latest figures, can you? (request) Reply questions. them to express a particular mood: “prbus opened a new subsidiary in Tokyo last month.” — "Did they?” “The light bulb isthe best sold piece of equipment all over the word” —" "Are we? (uncertainty) “know we are going to Indirect questions ‘To emphasize polite attude, you may Introduce your questions with phrases suc know/eeVbelive that... can you tell me itwhether, I was wondering it... Vd like ete. | was wondering you could send us that report by fax. Do not forget: word order "Reported Speech — Reporting Quest Could you publish our company’s advertorial in your magazine? (direct question) Do you think you gould publish our company’s advertorial in your magazine? tion) _ [Compare to: You could publish it, | am sure you could! ~ statement} Prepositions in questions ‘Wh-words with changed meaning i'could mean how or why when used together with lke oF for What s your boss like? (How? Good or bad?) Whatis this promo for? (Why have you launched it? What is the purpose?)10. Question phrases. {Question words often appear in combination with other words: + How: how often, how far, how long, how much, how many ‘+ Which: which of, which one (to express selection) Rule of thumb - Word Order in Questions ‘Question Word Aux. Subject Verb ‘other —] ~ ving | be vedien | (Wh— word ) have you ete Veedien | ean wal te | V -infintive | weraa— "——s«#RELATIVECLAUSES) Re phrase. ‘They are introduced by relative pronouns (who, which, whose, that) and relative adverbs , (when, where, why) Rolatve clauses are of two types: 1. Defining relat of the preceding noun or noun phrase more clea, separated by commas from the rest ofthe sentence. + Weuse the following + Whoto rater to people: ‘The person who is responsible for handling customer complaints is not in today. + Which to objects or animals: The company which produces such spare parts is planning to open new outlets in this are That to refer both to people and objects: ‘The person that you are asking a ‘The devices that we need are out clauses are subordinate clauses which provide information about a noun or noun lauses. They provide essential information which specifies the meaning ot in the office at the moment, stock at present. ¢ ing or clartying it. They are nat woe lite, much, only, each and withthe superative form, That can be omit the subject but the object. ‘This is the man whose ideas have helped our company increase its proc significantly. We avoid purchasing equipment whose spare parts / the spare parts of which in our country. Which, who and that can be omitted when they are the object of the rn there is @ noun or subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the latve clause, the object of the relative clause, ‘be omitted when they are the subject of the We can use whom instead of who when 1, is not often used in everyday spoken English. | saw a business partner the other day (who / whom / that | hadn't seen for years. whom / thats the object, ‘was from Japan. -» who/ that isthe subject, therefore it c omitted. ‘We usually avoid using prepositions before relative pronouns: 1) The person fo whom the money will be entrusted must be reliable. —> formal ‘unusual structure, 19 the project that we are working or help us cut costs. usual s lp us eut costs. — everyday E ) Implementing the project we are working on Thatis never used atter a preposition ‘The bank in which the money is deposited is very reliable. NOT: The-bank-ie that deposited We use that with words such as all, every(thing), some(thing), any he comes up with a new idea, important to me is my business. The only thing th We use relative adverbs: = Where to refer to place, usually after nouns such as place, house, str county, ee. it can be replaced by which / that + preposition and, i ‘can be omitted 1 offices used to be has been demolished, our offices used to be in has been demolished 10 time, usually after nouns such as time, period, moment, er be replaced by that or can be omitted‘That was year (that) she Why to give reason, usually ater the word reason. It can either be replaced by crit can be omitted, ‘The reason (why /that) she quit her job was that she didn't got on with her boss, 2. Non-defining relat Ises. They provide extra, non-esser without information the basic meaning of the sentence stays the same. They are separated by com from the rest ofthe sentence. resent a provisional repent on, Monday. Which to refer to objects or animals: Eng Com Lid., which is one of the most productive companies on the marke, is going to open new Whose with people, objects and animals, in order to show possession: Mr Jones, whose innovative ides have helped us cut costs, will be appointed Production Manager soon. ‘The company, whose RAD department has just implemented a new st profits this year. Notes: > — Wecan use whom instead of who when the object of clause. Mr Jones, whom I have been talking to you about, is in charge of the new advertising ‘campaign. > Which can refer back to @ whole clause, He helped me with th whole clause, port, which was very kind of him. —+ which refers back to the the fact that he helped the speaker withthe report. > — We canuse the structure all¢most/some/a few/haltinone/two, etc, + of + whom / which. He has interviewed a lot of people, all of whom were highly qualified for the position. > That is never used atter a comma; therefore it cannot be used in non-defining relatve clauses. Eng Com Ltd, which is one of the most productive companies on the market, is going ‘open new retail outlets soon, NOT: fng-Gom-Lid.—that icone of the most produet® companies onthe market > The relative pronouns which are used in non-detining + We use relative adverbs: + Where ta refer to place. This building, where our fi ve clauses can never be omited. ‘offices used to be, will be soon demolished we can discuss these issues on Monday morning, when the board meeting is held ADJECTIVES ives deseribe nouns, They have the same form in the singular and plural reduction of the newline. We must come up with very competitive products if we want to stay on the market ‘They go: before nouns (= attibutve adjectives) ‘She runs a small accountancy fim. after verbs such as fo be, become, get, seem, appear, feel, smell, look, sound, ast 1 make (+person), grow, turn (= predicative adjectives) ‘The proposal seemed very profitable fr our company. ‘Afew adjectives can have a diferent moaning as attribute adjectives from the precicatve adjectives: Jenny's a really old friend. (=Ive The CEO is quite old now. (=od in know her fora long ime.) age) Youre a very heavy sleeper. (you sleep very heavily; you do not wake ‘These cases are realy heavy. father used to run the factory. My secretary is nearly lways late some adjectives relating to health: il, poody, wel/umwel, ne She's very il that's why she’s not at work today. adjectives beginning with a-: asleep, awake, afraid, alive, alone, alike, ashamed: You shouldn't be sure the boss will understand. ‘some adjectives describing feelings: content, glad, ploased, sony, upset: The manager seems quite upset about the technical errors which have been signalled. ly attributive: adjectives which quality the noun: chief, main, only, particular, princi 7, eldest, former, indoor, inner, outa ‘Our sole concer isto offer top quality products and satisty our customers. ‘outer, upper:Interesting, et. fact thi, now, et. + The order of adjectives: ‘There are two categories of adjectives in terms of their meaning ‘opinion adjectives, which show what @ person thinks of somebody or something Jectives, which give us factual information about age, size, origin, material, et, Fact adjectives Opinion adjectives | Size | Age Colour | Origin | Material | Type7 | Noun (Wat sit Shape (Where Usage ike?) wasit (What ist made?) sed for | abourr) Tew Japanese car Tactory ‘oid [round [brown | French [oak | ding | table the most reat sjlable adjectives of abstract meaning such as clear, safe fee, true, ‘more /the most: =the clearest/the most clear come {worsyllable adjectives (especially those ending in -y, ow, -e) form the com superitive by adding ~er/-est narrower ~ the narrowest — more usual {narrow - more narrow ~ the most narrow ~ less usual) easy ~ easier — the easiest — more usual (easy ~ more easy ~ the most easy — less usual) ‘spelling: Adjectives ending in ~y preceded by a consonant change -y to“ the easiest ble adjectives, such as clever, common, stupid, gente, tiendly, sin take both forms: ‘common —_more common / commoner — the most common / the commonest scives, those ending in ing, -ed, -ful and fess (such as ves (ot three or more 5) form the compara lative with more and the most ficient ~ more efficient - the most etfcient ‘There are certain comparative forms derived from adverbs of place: inner, oute Comparative forms have ~most affixed to them In order to form the superlative: innerm jost. To these we may add: uttermost, inmost, outmost, utmost, foremost > Spelting: - Adjectives which end in one consonant preceded by one big ~ bigger— the biggest + Adjectives ending in -e add only ~r and ~st respectively bad — worse ~ the worst muchimany~ more — the most ‘ld ~ older ~ the oldest = elder ~ the eldest family) 256 members of @ short vowel double the consonant je~less ~ the least farther the farthest (longerin distance) further — the furthest leftmost. The comparative and superlative of yy are formed with fess and + Inthe affirm: ‘This machine is as otficient as the model you have presented. In the negative, we use not so/as ‘This machine is not quite 60 reliable as the model you fist presented: as. ‘Comparing two objects or people’ Eng Com Lid, are more productive tan IPS inc. Eng Com Ltd. are the more productive othe two.Comparing more than two objects or people: Eng Com Ltd. are the most productive ofthe four companies. Eng Com Ltd. are the most productive company in the country. Eng Com Ltd. are the mast productive company on the market. ‘This piece of equipments the least \We usually form an adverb (generally manner adverbs) by adding ~Iy to the adjective serious ~ seriously Note the following structure: the + comparative .. the + comparative which is used ‘express the fact that two qualities increase or decrease at an equal rate: ‘The longer think of his proposal, the mare | kei + Comparative adjectives can be further modi Adjectives ending in fe crop the ~@ and take ~y: gentle gently agecves ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take ~iy: happy ~ happily Adjectives ending in -Itake iy: awful - awfully gectves ending | ~e take ¥y. polite - politely te - truly ‘Adjectives ending in ~fe usually take ~ally: dramatic - dramatically by degree adverbs such as: far, mus, considerably, rather, somewhat, slighty, a ite etc. Before a superative adjective we ean use by far Our tumover 4 far higher than expected. . Eng Com Lid. produce a much wider range of equipment. Mr Jones is rather more experienced than his predecossor. ‘The company’s profits are somewhat better this year. ‘They are by far the most reliable company on the market. form: good ~ well lowing words end in ly but they are adjectives: elderly, cowardly, frien Jy, lvely, lonely, silly, ugly, ovely, ete: “The GM cowardly chose to go on holiday when the company had the poorest result use the words way / mannerto form adverbs ym these adjectives: sly way / manner. He complained in @ cowardly way / manner. ‘There are certain adverbs which have the same form as their adjectives: best, be 1p, clean, clear, close, cold, deadly, dally, deep, direct, diy, early, easy, extra, far, , further, hard, high, hourly, inside, kindly, last, late, long, loud, low, monthly, past, qui ht, weekly, well, wide, wrong, yearly, etc. ADVERBS | Adveros usually describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or whole sentences. They can describe manner (how), place (where) extent) 12 (when), frequency (how often), degree (to what ‘The inspector has carefully examined the batches. (adverb of manner) are here. (adverb of piace) save fomorrow. (adverb of time) - close, dear, fine, quiet, thin rence in meaning, but most of these forms are mo be found with ty ending, without a ai td oss frequent in everyday English: Come here quick / quickly | bought it cheap. He sometimes asks us to work atthe weekend, (adver of frequency) Our receptionists are very polite. (adverb of degree) ive adverbs (when, where, why) and information about the whole sentence, such as maybe, fi mal There | bought it cheaply. formal) “There are certain adverbs which have two forms, each with different meanings: nce adverbs (which bring mo etc). deep = along way down deeply = very, greatly oe een direct = by the shortest route directly = immediately eres ee ‘easy = gently and slowly ceasily = without cfuty Rete re iach) {ree = without payment cost freely = without limit or restriction: full = exactly; very fully = completely a tall hard = with alt of effort: intently hardly = scarcely, almost not atlast= afterall others REFERENCE LIST ite = not ary ito = rconty most = euperitve of mach mostly = ainly near cose realy» aimost ck & Comfot, Jeremy (1882) = Language Reference fr Busines Engl Pretty = rather, fairly pretty = in a pretty way Functions and Communication Skis. Prentice Hall Intemational shor = suddenly shorty» soon ere 8 cord 904) ~ Todays English Grammar Peitnl Ca sure = certainly surely = without a doubt oy, Jonny 8 Eva ~ Grammanway 4. Express Publishing woe tag wid = toate exo oro Geb OvordBusiass Ens. rama and Prac. Ox wrong» ncorecty wronly = unusty Press 194) ~ Business Grammar Builder. Macmillan ) — FOE Use of English. For the Revised Cambridge Examin ‘The Comperison of Adverbs The comparative and supertatve of adverbs are formed in the same way as those of adjectives: + Short adverbs, which have the same form as the agjectve, usually form the comparative and supertative with ~er and ost hhard — harder — the hardest ‘Omagapres, Bucharest ssjeanu-Fmoaga, Georgiana (1995) ~ Sinteze de Gramaticé Engleza. Cruso, Bu + Adverbs formed by adding the ending ly to an adjective form the comparative and superlative with more and the most carefully ~ more carefully ~ the most carefully Nore: seténescu, loana (1978) ~ Lectures in English Morphology. Bucharest Unversity 1e & Elsworth, Steve (1996) - Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate ‘Addison Wesley Longman Li Vince, Michael with Sunderland, Pe + (2008) ~ Advanced Language Practice, Macr badly — worse ~ the worst far—tarther /turther ~ the farthest / the furthestoer argumentative argue argument assign aware of sb / sth; th awkward backtrack blunder bow to / be bow(n) re sb brash brashly brashness brush conduct counterpart coutivated crunch defiance Glossary UNIT 1, BUSINESS ACROSS CULTURES a se certa,adiscuta in contradictoriu cu; to ~ with sb about /over sina uta cu cineva despre cova, arta, disputa: 2. argument, moti; to get have an = with 1.9 desemna, a atbui; to ~ @ fask function to someone; 2. a acta Important; to ~ importance to 1) Constient de ceva; fo be of a risk Congtinta; an awareness of the project's tations curcal,stingaci an ~ smile /silence, 2, incomod, neindemanati, -ciune, reverent; acknowledge sb with @ ~ ; to make a ~a faceo plecaciune (2d) 1. obraznic, nerusnat, insolent; @ ~ young salesman, 2. extravagant & = tie/ style (adv) cu nerusinare, cu insolent ‘dlvious of / 10 sth opinionated outset Yo pay the tab pita Pace: e pe cineva in treacat; fo ~ against, She brushed against the crowd without saying a word. (0) a dita, a conduce; 10 ~ business, a meeting, negotiations; to ~a suvey an advertising campaign a tace un studiu © campanie publi ae Prerequiste wat; a~ young man to ~ peanuts, biscuits int.) a procesa foarte repede © merge with into sth —————————eorrrrr (ad) sfidator; a~ manner /look / speech (adj) profacut; a ~ person / scheme / trick; ~ means (0) protacatorie jvaga dela; fo from a topic () a intensifca; to - the company’s image @ Imbunatay imaginea co neserioztate, superficialtate, neobrézare = atttude, a ~ answer / remark incuraia; fo ~ the growth of local industries (6) gala to make a ~ a face o gata range, @ colectiona; to ~ knowledge / info / facts trom various sources a aduna cunostite, informati, dovez! din surse citenite se ila fx, a se uita lung rive fi iimpas; fo reach an ~a ajunge Int-un impas: fo break /resolve a fanjazA; ~ neighbours /noise ‘Journalists 1x8; Don't be so nervous: loosen up a ite (0) momeatd, ispta: the ~ of fame /money / power {(v) a momi, a epiti; to ~ sb. into @trapva deal aispiti pe cineva Int-o ccapeana (v)t- a fuziona, a se uni; Our enterprise merged with an iternationa company iat month; 2. @ se transforma (treptat); Twilight merged i carkness a; to ~ a part / role; fo ~ host fo sb. a gazdui pe ‘spensabilé: Confidence isa prerequisite ‘mastering other skills. «= sth into practice pu () 8 pune, a ageza; ~ a plan at risk rsca;regat 8 of jonehip resent resentul resentment secretive selt-deprecating slick ‘smooth ‘sound split steer squeeze tactic tum sth /sb down, tire sb / oneself out ndertying welcome whereas 268 (6) legatura, contact, relate; to build / establish /set up a ~ (0) a4 splice lui @~ look / voce to bear /feo!/ show ~ against sb ‘count ‘eccounts add acvertise 1) dezaprobator, cri la adresa proprei persoane; a ~ manmor/remank advertiser (ad) 1. abil, emecher; a ~ businessman; 2. alunecos; The roads were slick aaverising with wet mud. advertisment (a) fra dicutal, probleme; ~ advertising / designs / presentation / affiliate speech /dlaiogue (ac) solid, temeinic; a ~ business relationship raft {o~ the bil; ~ the cost ofthe meal: to ~ halts a despica fl ia appliance (0) apilota; a conduc; fo ~ the alscussion away from the subject of money assess (v) ase Inghesul; fo ~ through /into 2 small placo ften pl) tactic8 assesement (o) trasatura; personality -s assignment (0) a retuza, @respinge; fo ~ b's invitation /an offer audit 80 obosi prea mult bue-chip fund, fundamental; ~ attitudes / assumptions / trends /causes board 12 ~ change’ rest/ sight /visitor / offer / attribute imp ce (n} suparare, sutrinja; Woe betide anyone who arrives latel; Woe betide! Vai de .! board of directors bonus booster branch branch brand branding bub business UNIT, TALKING ABOUT YOUR COMPANY (n) cont; to open / close /hold an ~ a deschide /inchide / dei ae (np) contabilitate; book of ~ registry contabil (v) @ impcoviza anunta, a face reciamé, a face publictate el care face publiciate lama (6) pubiiitate (domeni (n) anunt, pubiitate,reclama; abrv. ad /advort tion has exercised a decisive intl cia, esa, evalua; 10 ~ taxes / incomes a estin to~ the impact of the President's speech (@) aut, contol, revzie contabl; We are going to conduct investi sigur i profitablia je, departament, comitet, Coleg, be conducere “scheme sistem de premiere ) a se separa, ase rar {o) mare, clas, sor, marca de fabricd {n) lansare @ une marc re~ relansare a unel marci lampai cu incandescent ight ~ bee electc (a) meserie, coment, afacesi, ocupate; an unfiished ~ treat 1 riscanta; to do ~ with somebody a acer; un a ~@ conduce 0 ala a incepe propria afacere; be back in ~ a.reiuan a risky ~ oat “jour own ~c2rg9 chairman chant charter coaching company corporation degree evelopment division divisional engineering executive executive fake forecast ‘obignuit 0 be the ~ of f col mai bun Jing a 88 ocupa cu; to got down fo ~ a 0 port day; ~ lunch; = person reabi ~ cart ~ cage (man/woman), ~ plan unui comitet) cart, the University Charter antrenare (ec) societate, companie, intreprindere corporate, breasl; (USA) societate po actiun, municpaltate ~ a obtine licenta dozvoltare, prtectionare; career / professional - evoluie, dezvotare profesional compartment, sectie, dviziune, tegori (de functonant) ine de un sector (USA) director, administrator functionar superior, a simula a se preface; to ~ @reaction/a yawn ing care nu este vertabi:@ ~ pal (6) nav comendant /amiral; (ad) the most important thing in a group (0) paste care poate zbura pentru c& -au crescutaripile; tana far tent; pe deplin dezvolta @ ~ war un rzbo o ‘association membrii autenticl ai asocatel @ ~ academic subject un subiect academic pe deplin dezvotat schema, de proces tehnologi/ personal, organigramé, program logic fo ~ a fll in unemployment a pronostica © 0 ~ weather a prognoza starea vremi rognoza; the weather ~ prognoza meteo nsiza; (USA) privilogiu, proritate ransizd rangiza ‘ef, conducator; the ~ of an organization / schoo! / department peadgquarters headquartered riorarchy rolsing hub in-house savoice invoice joo logo maintenance make —beliove make believe manage management manufacture manutacture manufactures mmanutacturing merger (0) a conduee, afin truntea; to ~ an organization; The firm Is headk Diana Simpson (0). sedtut cont ‘Stockholm, 2. factur, tra, ist do marfur fa factura, a troce pe lista de marfur ‘ocupatie,treaba,indeletnicie, post; fo apply for a ~ a solcta gota ~a. ba, to ase one’s = pierde sluba (0) 1. domenia, ramura, ster; one’s ~ of business / work /researct o eluba, to find a ~a gsi o de producto, gama de produse; Profitable lines willbe enlarged! W 277 lines of merchandise Avem 0 gama de 277 de puri de marfur logo, emblems; the new party ~ ofthe Social Democrats roinere i, Inchipuire; to lve in a world of ~ 1a se preface, simula ja, conduce, administra, gestiona; @ duce la capa ‘gestiona un prolect (0) conducere, administrate, gospod ‘superior; He has got a top management, pricepere; top ~ conduc ‘Are sljba de cond Cconduodtor, director, administrator, se, manager care, producere; the ~ of vehicles fabrca, a produce (op) bu bricare, proces: 12ed@n manufacturing, farming and tourism, fabricate, produse fabvicatie;industie prelucratoare: Our eca (0) fuziune, merger, @ ~ between the two organizationsnetwork (6) rejea: distrbution ~ rejea de distribute ottering (a) oferta; last wook’s~ of bikes and motorbikes: otice (0) bitou; representative ~ reprezentant oticer nctionar; legal ~ jurist (on ~ going In destagurare operations (np) activity, serve; dispatch ~ serviciul de aispecerat order (2) 1.comanda; to deliver an ~ a expedia o comands; 2 ‘prim ordine ownership (0) proprietate packaging (0) ambatare payments (rp) pla; ~ dept. servi pay peak (vat personne! (©) personal; Personnel Manager plas ice; ~ department sectia materiale plastioe pre-eminent excelent, extraordinar, de frunte; a figure in Romanian economic policy purchase (from) _(v) acumpara, a achizitiona purchase (0) cumparare; ~ price pretul de achizitie; ~ power putere de cumpérare: Purchasing Manager director al departamentului de aprovzionare recipe (my rejeta record jstrare; 2. evident isa; medical ~s ise medicale record Tnvegistra, a tine evidena; fo keep a ~ of sth recruitment (0) recrutare de fort de munca retail (0) vanzare cu amanuntul ()a vinde cu amanuntul (0) col care vinde cu amanuntu firma comercial care vinde cu amanuntil (0) procesul de destacere cu amanuntul « (0) vanzare, sole: for/on ~ de vanzare; fo put up for ~ a vinde ‘sales dept. departamentul vanziri sampling (0) egantionare,testare secure (¥) ase asigura, a (se) ita, a face rost, a cumpare, a cistiga; fo ~ @/ob8 service Curent, exploatare,regim; consumer ~ operations share (0) actune, parte 288 imparts, a impair to ~ office a Impar\ raspunderea feag, a demasca, a face 8A se sina prost,a face de o¢ ‘questions Wala; The Romanian company Is a subsidiary of Mega Ele (0) formar (a produce, fabrica (0) vonit, cits de atacen (6) ecupatie nova, jint ~ company societate mix (0) angrosist = department;"UNIT 3. TELEPHONING as pewilder ‘a ZApaci, @ deruta, a dezor 7 See pewilderment nedumerire, deruta; to watch /to listen in ~ a pri de dena bandon oneselo._(v) (wth prep. ase la in ol; 1 ~ despaira se lisa proc pert biter amar 2. duoros,chinutor = eisappoiniment accommodation evs eazare ook face rezervare; 0 ~ a table/a toketarezera.o masa! un account )flatare, pot, dare de seam; f ge an ~of one's absence a exptea camry any motivulperiry care a pst, fo give fll -of ones activity carryout un acknowledge to ne need er reo; o~ detest catch (oa pinde, a neoge, a picope agree cor t0~ wth someone / with their craroe (0) pet, plat, cost: What is tho charge? Cat cost? There is ne de /Ise8s/ plans / rules: agre with you about Peier/on astrology / rime; toe of rats, gratuit to have the ~8 reversed a telefon Project /a date /@ solution /a dea! also we agreed @ plan/a date /a reopen te factory solution /a dea) pn la uma am cAizut de acord asupre unui plan cu Gee Oe! la proect/ asupra unel date / unel so lelegert to = fos Cl aoe ae ce pa eee eee confine a. ostinge; o be ~ ecto ase reduce, as ital ropunerea mes; we agreed ifr am recunoscut ci nu ne putem cade's dite were confined to taking statements frm tho crm 398, am renunjat la Incercarea de a ajunge la o injelogere consign 1 expedia, a livia; The goods have been consigned fo you b te a Indu; a medizine to ~ cold symptoms; measures to consignment rare, partida de marfur boredom convene a comoca; fo ~a meeting /a conerence aconvoca 0 sed arsious + about one's job 2. ase aduna, ae stringe apprehensive = about /of the results of the exam ool arouse ~ one's curiosity a stami curiozitatea: to ~ sb's pitya copper suspicion a trezi sus ‘decide on assert a Susting; fo ~ oneselfa se afirma, a se impune; The a manager has reply asserted himse deivory assorive ategore, Moi an ~ young man; se increzator in sine oa (¥) forma (un numa de eon) assertiveness revival of national - inthe thre Baltic rectory (r) cate de tleton dispatch (W) atime, a expecia: 0 ~ ator /telagram /message /war asset persoand de mare ajutor, lucru ui; 2. pl active (ale unei compan ddspatcher {n} expecitor; dspecor ‘te; assets and labittes acvele si pasivele (une compan, et) splay expune, a prezenta; a afiga atin (¥) roup 68 alg i, a ating (peor; o~ an ideal one's display (0) expunere; ts) aisare 2-9 realiza (9nd la ur) un idol exporise (0) piepere, competent, profesional: American industri bo upto extension Call te secretary on extention 6765. fo ~ expectations a corespunde rivelul/standardul cerutUNITS TELE ‘get through to ‘objne legatura (telefonica) cu, a gs ‘goed 1unavoing hands-on experience /t hang up — hung — hung ap hold the tine a ramane la hold on () a astepta joint (cj) comun, take ~ action a actiona in comun, a intreprinde ‘masuri comune; ~ authors coautor - owner coproprietar;~ project proect ‘comun; ~ committae comitet comun / unic, comisie formats din long-distance call us. SIRLL (societal cu raspundere miata) ‘make one's point _@ realiza.ce ¢-a propus, a produce efectul (scontat/ 8 reusi 8 conving’ mixup (6) 28paceala, harababurd, contuzie ating tna, mix up lamesteca, a zAp&ci, a ncurca, a inci observe pecta; 10 ~ delivery toms a respecta conaiile de ivrare out of order pipe (0) teava, conducts postpone (aamana process (W) a prelucra, a procesa date: 10 ~ information put through to (0) a da (cuiva) logatura cu readily (adv) cu piacere, bucuros; He ready accepted our invitation to the conference reassure ()aasigura, a ling, a pote, acalma reassuring rotary cessary details ore 7 (0) 2 expedia, a traneporta; fo ~ goods fo Sweden; to ~ by alr ment grow around round birour ste) sip uP sort out stckt0 ef ~ the pant a ramne la sublet f staighten a, a aranja; ~ your 2. (also st stalghten out ‘a indrepta, a arana, a solujona; There are a few things th straghtening ou! between us 2.aindrepia, a aula (pe cneva) 8 0 calea cea buna; We tr to help these kids straighten themselves ou ‘back into schoo! subscriber swichboard fonicl; pup /tablou de comands tap a alinge; fo ~ sb on the shouldera bate pe cineva tes? (u) 2 intercepta, a supraveghes (convorbi telefonice): He su phone has been tapped tap" (v) 2 wlliza, a exploata; to ~ smb's sls / natural resources / undermine volunteerUNIT 4 WRITING SHORT DOCUMENTS acquire addressee adustment ‘achieve a goal be detrimental to bear sth. in mind bonus cast an eye over something a-siarunca privirle peste ceva che coherent collocation come to an agreement wit come to sb’s rescue comply wi ‘compliance with courteous cover letter am decline an in detective dovise a schema (pl. schemata) double spacing raft draw a conclusion ‘draw up a docume drop a tine ‘endeavour ‘endow with ental ‘ules / regulations / requirements LOSS ARY UNIT SHC “ equip with faulty foreseeable future forge forthcoming forward a message sul block style reader heatwave inguite about () a achi (0) destinatar (0) ajustare, mocticare Na, a insusi; fo ~ experience a doband, a céstiga experenta 2 atinge un scop, syn. attain @ goal ‘al unul memorandum) fi daunator ()arotine, a avea tn vedere (0) boniteate, prima; @ $ 100 Christmas ~ intrude Jargon op up with layout fetter of inguiry eter of request letter of transaction leter of transmittal make a comparison make an attempt to make haste de control jegere cu va ‘a se conforma cu /respecta regul/preveder/ in~ in conformitate cu ) politicos, curteitor (a) serisoare prin care se soca o slujba (0) baray meanwhile meet (syn) turn down /retuse an ir perfect, defectuos, detect; Engineers found some detective welcing Ina seal on one of the engines labora u doua spat (n)sehif cioma ; 1~ a documenta schita, a redacta un document 2 tage 0 conciusie 2 redacta/Intocmi un document negotiate a deadine etiquette ‘a serie un messi scurt (0) efor, straduinta; We must wish him good fortune in his endeavours of ne aval (w) a inzestra cu; She is endowed with fm star looks ongoing project (u) aatrage ca 0 consocinté logics; This project entails reclaiming vast otherwise ‘areas of land from the ocean, «a face 0 compar 1 face 0 ncercare de a ase grabi memorandum (pl. memoranda: short form: memo, pl memos) observe a rule /a deadine . provi + 10 ~ banknotes / documents /painings/signatur “= event; the ~ election intrude on your grist imbaj specializat; medical / computer ~ pasul eu; Salaries were increased to ke@p up with th seit: the = ofa building /piec ‘a multumi, a fi in concordanté eu, @ core necessity | requirements / demands / your obligations; C meet the demand? Oferta corespunde cereri? fo ~ the exp itor; to ~ one's commitmer angajamentele; fo ~ expectations a se ridica circ ‘nforrativa ‘a negocia un termen ‘codul bunelor maniere pe a respecta 0 regula / un termen lor, Speeches and protests were ermet nefolositer, de nici un apassword peer peers policy Postage prohibit recipient refund registered envelope reject a proposal sales lttor sales promotion salutation seek, sought, sought sender shit single spacing soundness spam spell checker tallor a letter tinge tip topic sentence t understaffed waste products woltare whatsoever work force 276 (0) parota (©) nobil, pair; Conservative = (2) persoane din aceeasi generate / cu aceeasipozitie sociala, egal; Comparing students with their ~ outside University (0) strategie, politics; economic policies x do oxpediere a une! serisor lege; fo ~ nuclear weapons ©) ar cel care primeste un mesaj (wa returna costul/preful unl oblect; 50% of the cost is refunded tothe plc recomandat a respinge 0 propunere « serisoare de vanzaii promotie de vanziri (6) fox do salut dint-o sersoare tate; These machines are known for ther reliability (Wa cata; fo ~ shelter /peace /revenge ‘a redacta o scrisoare In mod adecvat cernfelor unui anumit context (0) nuanjé: The sea had a greenish tinge (2) pont, stat; Here isa handy tp for removing stain trom clothing ropozitia punatoare a del principale ()adoclanga; The figures triggered a rise in. (ad) cu personal insuiclent; The prison hospi deseur (0) bunastare (adv) absolut; He refused to make any comment whatsoever fora de munca rest rates Is grossly understated UNITS. CVS AND COVERLETTERS (o) a asista, a colabora (la / cu); to ~ sb; fo ~ an investiga assist project, to = in/ wth ath; 10 ~ 8b, in doing sth. /b, 10 do sh sth auiomotive topropuisat; pentru motoare cu ardore interna bachelor Bachelor of Science (BS), Bachelor of Arts beforehand challenge (a) 1. prowocare, chemare (la Inkecere etc); We are ead challenge from any teary, legal challenge tothe president’ mest /rise 1 a challenge challenge +. @ provoca, a chema; J challenge officer Crane ivement! 2, a 5¢ indoi de, @ pune sub somnul Intweberi challenging tity; fescinant; The Tasks were ¢ command, Janguage a stapani bin adi) corespunzator, proportional (eu): 4 what has happened commensurate (with, to) ‘commensurate withthe gravity of fa sfarsi, a Inchela, a termina, a ispra complete consistent tent, soli, dons; 2. consecv logice / coerente 3. ~ with conco Jes were consistent withthe teachings of the convenience (0) oporunitate, comoditate: at your ~ cdnd v8 convine ‘at your earlst ~ c&nd v convine cel mai de com +. confortabil, comod; 2. convenabil, ava dolega: to ~ duties /responsabiltos a a delegate ligent strguincos,siltor cisposal (of) re, evacuare, indepartare; the saf waste draw _s)a aage; fo ~ 20 attention arage tena ca easy-going j) comad, indolentemphasize enclose enclosure enquire inquire enquiry /inguiy expand expedite extensive field work focus (on) glimpse hazardous highight ono lubricant marketer master narrow-minded ‘outgoing Pho. progress reliable oe ) & extinde, a dezvolta; major measures to ~ the Royal A Force @ urgenta, a accolara, a grabi: We must do more t expedite evelopment 2. a rezolva far’ intarziore Ccumpartor / vanzatorInt-o pial; 2. vénz&tor al unul anumit produs imma sau persoand) (univ) master; to take one's ~ 's degree a-si lua diploma de master; Master of Arts (MA) diploma de master in filologie; Master of Science (MS) ) a supraveghea, a contola: sy. monitor/ supervise (prescurare de la Doctor of Philosophy) doctorat activ, prevazator experimentat (in), ) a avansa; a progresa; a se dezvolla, a evolua, a se perfectiona; a realiza obtine succese: fo ~ towards a degree in \domn de ineresere, de nidejde, ~ person, evidence, information relyon removal resourcetul responsible schedule screen sensible sensitive set up —sot~ set steamiine submit supply supply take over ~ took takeover thorough thoroughgoing taken (ph v) a prolua (0 afacere, dat se baza pe, a'se ncrede /@ avea ineredere In nsportare; indepartare, Inlturare; (pentru ‘abel. grafic; on ~ punctual, e 1p: to be behind ~ a intarzia ‘rece pe o list, pe un tabel ele a programa, ‘a ceme, a sorta: @ examina, a cerceta; fo ~ applications /p ia, asta igen; It was sensible of you fo rational, cu judecata, cematv; susceptibil, to be ~ to other peor feelings /light etc: Photographic pape is highy sensitive (one ca, @ india; fo ~ a memorial / monument / st up road-blocks on routes leading out of the city: 2. @ | ‘government has sot up @ working party 10 look into the p ‘abuse, She left her parents’ home and set yp on her own (0) 1.2 se netng; 2. a prezentainfrmati conform unui sop (0) inmagazinare, depoztare; deport () @ moderniza, a restructura; We must streamtine procedures {y) @ supune spre examinare / cercetare, @ propune: 10 - fa, a prezenta documente / 0 reclamati; 4. aproviziona ~ and demand cerere oferta; 4. (pi prov (q) proluare (a unei companii/alacen' etc): the propose Bete Group by British Aerospace ‘sesavarsit, perfect, ‘duce Tuer Intrepenzatterouty (ean 1 compl in sgime, cod pr acpi ts . 2 amanuntit, detaliat; 3. desavarsit, pertect a (0) oar, dete a prolealttice troubleshooting tune ee (¥) @ acorde; fo ~ the piano; @ pune la pune, @ vega, @ asta: to ~ an engine Undergo - underwent — undergone ( ce prin, a sue, a DAL, aise inte; to ~ a change sn to~ an examination pregatt, bucurs; How much are you ~ to pay? (Cat egt dspus 58 platesti? 2, benevol, voluntar; ~ helper / worker 280 a UNIT 6. INTERVIEWS: brainstorming {n)asatt de ide: dezbatere: a ~ session co-worker Jeg de munca, partener come up ‘area; A job has come up inthe purchasing departme ‘coming up all the tim. ‘come across, re, a da peste: fo ~ an old fiend, f0 ~ cial of detract from iat; He felt compelled to report the incident. te un mess) get a message across = @ question; to ~ @ situation a face fata handle keep a record of monitor coutit pursue ‘uma, a urmari, a cals; 10 ~ one's studies; 0 ~ @ 90 to ~ a suggestion; to ~ legal action; to ~ 2 policy @ dc puton ‘esi pune; fo ~ glasses; 2. a adopta: to ~ a fagade, ramble on relieve () a ugura, & stamina (o) viteltate, puter rezistent show off (u)a pune in valoare: fo ~ one's srengins a face Pe sro7ey be ~ fora particular purpose / occasion re: the candidate's ~ for the position fase pottv, afin ton eu; fo ~ an issue, fo- aneed ble suitably tune in work sh out! work out sth (v) a-sida seamay ~ameaningaccomplish accomplishment ‘account for ‘accountability ‘accountant ‘agenda alter array bona fide boost broach a subject, budget time calla meeting carve out chair a meeting clinch @ deal close a deal comply with Count one's chickens before they are hatched cover-up (n) contabil; chartered ~ contabil autorizat a (aod; 8) shina; Roman mst cay ater poly, Te wet an ater wen His play was banned by the BBC; He banned from attending the meeting. (ad) autentc, vertabil: 4 ~ agreement / contract / deal a aborda un subiect; a pune in discutle ‘planta, a calcula timpul (x00) a anunja /a convoca o sedinta (phe loc important /a-s face un nume er, abate palma; syn. close @ deal ‘conform cu; We must comply the rues. din padure (0) mugamaiizare; under cover sub acoperire a dabandi; fo ~ an important place / a name a cAgtiga wn af prea sigur de succes, a vinde piolea uit 4 {(n) moment crucial, decisiv; When it comes to the crunch, yo ‘your own. (0) 1. moneda national: 2. numerar ) a coplesi, a fermeca, a iva ochi; The president had clearly 1e evening's performance. sterge de = from the Stock Exchange a scoate downcignt (adi) cu desavargire, pe doplin; ~ le /stupiity crawback {0} dezavantal, obstaco; the ~ ofa system the ~ 10 living on th (v) 8 sterge, a uml: fo ~ memories, They hoped to efface th ‘an embarrassing speech employ (W) (aie) @ ulilza, a so folosi de; to ~ all of the technique biochemistry employ (v) 8 angaja; to ~ software developers / workers ‘employer employee ‘employment (0) angajare employment record (n) carte de munca foctwith (adv) imedat, pe loc; He would take up his new duties frthwt gointo insolvency a Intra in insolvabilitate, a da faiment hammer out a compromise @ face un compromis. Implement (v) aimplementa, a pune in apicare; fo ~ a plan /a system /a Import duty Insolvency iment rato jolt venture (0) societate mixta Jump the gun a actiona pripit, nainte de vreme; a aduce In ciscuie cove [Newspapers began 10 jump the gun and tak about redundane ick of (v) aincepe, @ demara koow-how cunostinte, informati, date; They have the facilties and produce nuclear weapons. Ist with at the Stock Exchange cota la Burs8. make ends meet 0 Sooale grou la capt; Firms that fail make ends meet ‘could go out of business. meet someone half-way ., 2 ajunge la o nfelegere cu cineva, a face un comprom {you can crop your price a litle, meet you hatt-way. ‘meet the cost of sth. a suporta cheltuielminutes (0!) proces verbal moot point (0) chestiune cont fersati, nesigur women are better aivers, ‘more to situation than meets the eye the: la locul de munca; ~ training pregatr la locul de mane pane! (9) gtup de persoane care indeplineste © anumité tunctie; dezbater; a ~ of experts interviewers peculiarity (0) caracterstica play for time alincerca sa castig luck up courage asi lua inima in dint; The manager had o pluck up courage to resign poker face figurd inexpresiva, im poll (0) sondaj de opinie; o conduet a ~ a face un sondal de opi = public opinion ~ ing (0) votare ling booth (0) cabina de vot preserve red tape remote rock the boat ‘Scintilating joke sell reg) te (ase autoragia ‘share opinions /a room a imparts pire share shareholder shoestring budgat afineutry Piata scindata ‘Stock Exchange —_(n) Bursa de Valor! stumbling block —_piedic, obstaco! be stumped subsequent to the bank robbery 24 'S a moot point whether complicat deat pare la prima vedere impas, punet mon: 10 reach a ~ a ajunge int-un impas ) care urmeaza: urmator; He confessed to other crimes subseque™' {n) tasie, nie, dungi, brazd8: There are many balconies st swathes of si (ad) semnitica lua cuvantul important; ~ efects / consequences ofena «a prospera; to ~ business / gambling /enticism™ (w) a avea logaturd cu ‘a exprima public paren, puncte de vedere ‘a refuza; to ~ an invitation /an offer loc de destigurare a unor act conference ~ is the Hilton Hotel. ‘a scidea, a sabi; fo be on the ~a se ciminua, @ se micsora (sedinje, conferinte a incheia, a termina discu (waceblaato: U8. PRESENTATIONS ea gs PNT ATION te — arouse 4 stémi,a provoca; = enthusiasm /anger/pity/curesty ‘audience profilo portretul auttoruia be acquainted with larizat ou be bound to it S8; am bound to admit sunt nevoit sa recunose benefit from ) a beneficia de boom lua amploare; a se dezvolta; The oll industry is booming convey a message crammed in, test; a canference room ~ with American teachers crammed text dobris (@) motez; She began clearing up the dbs. dotiver a talk fine 0 cuvantare deploy (a destigura, a a to troops dwell on the results enhance interest a ma interesul pentru enthuse (Wa centuziasma fin somebody on a da culva detalii complete despre; My secretary will il you in on the sotals. fluctuating ine linia ondutata| foresee €@ prevedea: to ~ future diticuties ‘get one's point across a-gi face Infeles punctul de vedere fab somebody’s attention a capta atentia culva grasp the meaning handout handle a visual nt, copie @ unul document sistribult auditor ‘a manui un supon vizual (W)a deduce; Wnat can be inferred trom the manager's words? itormat i: This is a task for incustial experts rather than for 206 ia {ENTATIONS ‘overall purpose scop general overview (0) privite de ansamblu, trecere in revist; an ~ of recent poise (2) 1. postura corpulul ; ~ of the body ; 2. siguranta, demnitate; a woman of great ~ pozitive a reduce open a presentation with a bang a Incepe o prezentare cu mutt succes generale coutine the presentation a prezent pass aroundhandouts a istibui (¥) 1.2 determina; The enquiry was prompted by a se uraja; He doesn't speak English, but his colleagues wi a pe cineva, al face observatie prompt put somebody down ac putforh a plan roach a peak 2 prezenta un plan @ atinge 0 cule render a message clear speak up () a vorbi car submit a proposal to somebody's approval a supune o propunere aprobsri cul surge () a creste: prices / votes / sales ~ a aborda o problema, talk someone into doing something a convinge pe cineva sa taca ceva ransparency 4 4 face un mesal s fle car tackle a problem undermine ‘8 submina: ~ somebody's authority undulating ine ce ranta visual supon vizval wity (20) spiritual, istet; a ~ speaker / remark /comment