Introduction

Apple Inc. (Apple), incorporated on January 3, 1977,

designs,
manufactures
and
markets
mobile
communication and media devices, personal computers,
and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of
related software, services, peripherals, networking
solutions, and third-party digital content and applications.
The Company's products and services include iPhone,
iPad, Mac, iPod, Apple TV, a portfolio of consumer and
professional software applications, the iOS and OS X
operating systems, iCloud, and a variety of accessory,
service and support offerings. In March 2013, the
Company acquired a Silicon Valley startup, WiFiSlam,
which makes mapping applications for smart phones.
Effective July 19, 2013, Apple Inc acquired Locationary
Inc. Effective July 20, 2013, Apple Inc acquired
Hopstop.com Inc. Effective August 28, 2013, Apple Inc
acquired AlgoTrim AB, a Malmo-based developer of
prepackaged software. In November 2013, Apple Inc
bought PrimeSense Ltd. Effective December 2, 2013,
Apple Inc acquired Topsy Labs Inc. In February 2014,
Apple Inc acquired Burstly Inc. Effective April 3, 2014,
Apple Inc acquired Novauris Technologies Ltd. Effective
August 1, 2014, Apple acquired Beats Electronics LLC
(Beats).
The Company offers a range of mobile communication
and media devices, personal computing products, and
portable digital music players, as well as a variety of
related software, services, peripherals, networking
solutions and third-party hardware and software
products. In addition, the Company offers its own
software products, including iOS, the Company's mobile
operating system; OS X, the Company's Mac operating
system; and server and application software. The
Company's primary products include iPhone, iPad, Mac,
iPod, iTunes, Mac App Store, iCloud, Operating System
Software, Application Software and Other Application
Software.
Apple Inc. has pioneered its way through the computer
industrynot once, but multiple times throughout its
existence. It believes in pushing the limits of creativity in
order to produce interesting and valuable products for
society. After more than 30 years, it is undeniable that
Apple "has had a profound impact on technology,
innovating and influencing not only how we use
computers but the activities for which what we use
them."
History
1967-1975
1968: Bill Fernandez introduces his high school
buddy Steve Jobs to his neighbor Steve Wozniak.
Enough said.
1970: Xerox opens Palo Alto Research Center
(PARC), and employs the greatest minds in the field to
research advances in computer science. Raskin begins
to take several trips to PARC as a visiting scholar for the
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

1972: Jobs becomes one of the first 50 employees

at Atari, under Atari founder Nolan K. Bushnell. Jobs
later asks Woz for help in creating the sequel to the
smash hit "Pong", entitled "Breakout". Jobs cheats Woz
out of $5000.
1975: Woz begins attending meetings of the
Homebrew Computer Club. Woz becomes intrigued by
the Altair 8800 often shown there. He cannot afford one
so he decides to build his own microcomputer. Work
begins on the Apple I.
1976
March: Woz finishes work on the Apple I. He first
asks his employer, Hewlett Packard, if they are
interested in an $800 machine that runs BASIC. All the
departments in HP turns down his offer.
April 1: Apple Computer Company is founded by
Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Ronald Wayne.
May: $666.66 Apple I introduced at the Home Brew
Computer Club meeting. Paul Terell, president of Byte
Shop chain, makes 50 orders.
June: Byte Shop order finished 1 day before
deadline. Ron Wayne leaves company.
Fall: Woz shows an Apple II prototype to
Commodore representatives. Commodore turns him
down.
August: Jobs asks his former boss, Nolan Bushnell,
for information on investors. Bushnell recommends Don
Valentine, who in turn recommends Mike Markkula, who
becomes a key person in Apple's history for over twenty
years.
1977
January 3: Apple Computer, Inc. is officially created
after the company is incorporated. Mike Markkula
invests $92,000 in Apple, with intent to invest $250,000.
April: The Apple II is publicly introduced for $1295.
1979
June: Apple II+ introduced for $1195.
July 30: The Lisa Project, a $2000 Apple III-like
computer, begins under Ken Rothmuller. Expected
release was March 1981.
August: Apple liscenses AppleSoft BASIC from
Microsoft for $21,000. Written by Randy Wigginton, who
also created MacWrite.
September: Raskin gets approval to begin work on
Macintosh Project, a $500 portable computer smilar to
his PITS proposal.
October: Fylstra releases VisiCalc. It becomes one
of the most successful programs ever, being the first
"killer app".
November: Jobs takes his first visit to PARC in
exchange for allowing Xerox to invest $1 million in Apple.
1980
Summer: Jobs hires 15 Xerox employees to work on
the Lisa Project.
May 19: The Apple III is released at the National
Computer Conference (NCC) for $4340 to $7800
depending on configuration.
December 12: Apple goes public. Apple's share rises
32% that day, making 40 employees instant millionares.
Jobs, the largest shareholder, makes $217 million dollars
alone. Markkula makes $203 million that day, an
incomprehensible 220,700% return on investment .

Neither Jef Raskin, nor Daniel Kottke (one of the original

Apple employees) were allowed to buy stock and so
made no money during this time.
1981
January: Jobs forces himself into the Macintosh
Project, after earlier dismissing and often trying to cancel
it.
March: Mike Markkula becomes president of Apple.
The original ship date for the Lisa is missed, coming out
3 years later.
August 12: IBM introduces the IBM PC for $1565.
With 16k RAM, a 5.25" floppy drive, running the first
version of MS-DOS, it is a rather pitiful computer that
rarely reached the efficiency of the Apple II released 4
years earlier. Nevertheless, it becomes an instant
success.
1982
January 22: Jobs convinces Bill to write a BASIC
interpreter for the Mac. This will become the failed MS
BASIC.
February: The Mac case-design is finished and
finally approved. All the signatures of the members of the
project are placed inside the mold.
July 30: The applications bundled with the Lisa
finally work together under the OS for the first time.
September 1: Lisa is declared ready for market.
1983
January 19: The Lisa is introduced for $9998. The
Apple IIe is introduced for $1395, later aguably
becoming the most successful and most popular Apple
computer. It will be produced for 10 and a half more
years.
April 8: JObs convinces John Sculley, tehn president
of PepsiCo, to become president and CEO of Apple.
May 16: The original ship date for the Macintosh at
the NCC is missed.
September: Lisa released without bundled software
for $6995.
October 7: The Macintosh Introduction Plan, a list of
popular developers and celebrities that are invited to
beta-test the Mac, is written.
November: The Lisa and Macintosh divisions are
combined to form the Apple 32 SuperMicro Division.
December: The Apple III+ is introduced for $2995. It
replaced the defective Apple III models.
1984
January 24: $2495 Macintosh and $3495 Lisa 2
introduced.
April 24: Apple IIc introduced at the Apple Forever
Conference in San Diego. The Apple III+ is finally
discontinued.
September: Apple IIc wins Industrial Design
Excellence Award.
Microsoft announces and released Word, Multiplan,
File, Chart, BASIC, and other programs.
1985
January: Apple renames the Lisa 2/10 the Macintosh
XL, and discontinues all other Lisa configurations.
January 20: "Lemmings" commercial bombs at
Super Bowl XIX.
March: Apple IIe enchanced introduced.
April 29: Macintosh XL discontinued.

May 15: The last Lisa/Mac XL is produced at a

Carrollton, Texas factory. Sun Remarketing buys
thousands of the last Lisas, and is able to sell most of
them at fair prices after upgrading them with current
Macintosh technology.
May 24: Jobs tries to force Sculley out of Apple by
forming a coup against him.
May 31: Jobs is stripped of all his duties. He job
description becomes "global thinker", and his remote
office dubbed "Siberia".
July 29: Gates sends Scully a memo suggesting
licensing of the Mac OS and prospective companies who
might create Mac clones.
September: Apple sells 500,000 Macintosh models.
September 12: Jobs announces intent to create new
company with other "lower-level" employees.
September 17: Jobs distributes his resignation letter
to Apple and several other news media figures.
September 23: Apples files suit against Jobs. Apple
claims Jobs knows sensitive technology secrets that he
might use in his new company.
November 22: Sculley signs agreement to let Bill
Gates use Mac technology in Windows, if Microsoft
continues to produce products for the Mac.
Microsoft releases Excel for Macintosh.
1986
January: Apple settles law suit against Jobs out of
court. Jobs agrees not to hire any Apple employees for 6
months, and to always make computers that are more
powerful than anything Apple has to offer...yes, you read
right.
February: Jobs finishes selling all but one of his 6.5
million shares of stock to begin NeXT, Inc.
June: Paul Rand, responsible for the IBM logo,
designs the NeXT logo and suggests the use of the
small "e".
September: The Apple IIGS is introduced for $999.
1987
January: Apple renames the Lisa 2/10 the Macintosh
XL, and discontinues all other Lisa configurations.
Early in the year: Ross Perot invests $20 million in
NeXT, Inc.
Spring: Projected release of first NeXT machine. The
NeXT Computer would be a year and a half late.
August 11: Microsoft releases the first version of its
GUI OS, Windows 1.01. It's arcane user interface is
almost unsuable, a large disapointment.
The IIe extended is introduced. Raskin releases the
Canon Cat, a computer that was much more like his
PITS proposal several years back. Though it fails to
become popular due to lack of production by Canon, it
wins several design awards.
1988
January: Microsoft releases the second version of
Windows, version 2.03. Seeing as 1.01 was almost
unusable, many improvements (much of which was
taken from the Mac) were made. Such include Mac-like
icons, and overlapping instead of tiling windows. Even
so, Windows was still not up to par to the first Alto OS,
written 15 years before.

 September: The Apple IIc+, the last in the Apple II

line, is introduced. GS/OS System 1, a Mac-like GUI for
the IIGS, is introduced.
October 12: the NeXT Computer is released for
$6500. It included a 25 MHz '30 processor, 8 MB RAM,
250 MB optical disk drive, math co-processor, digital
processor for real time sound, faxmodem, and a 17"
monitor. Apple's newest Mac was half as fast, with no
peripherals for $1000 more.
1989
February: Apple Corps., the Beatle's record
company, files a trademark infringement suit against
Apple.
September: Apple rents space at the Logan landfill
and trashes the remaining 2,700 Lisa models.
September 18: The NeXTstep OS is introduced. It
will eventually be bought by Apple and used in its next
generation OS, Rhapsody.
2002
Apple unveiled a completely redesigned iMac,
using G4 processor and LCD.
2003
Steve Jobs launched the Power Mac G5, based on
IBM's G5 processor.
Apple opened its first Apple Store abroad, in
Tokyos Ginza District.
iTunes Music Store was launched with 2 million
downloads in only 16 days. Initially only available in the
United States due to licensing restrictions.
2004
iMac G4 is replaced by iMac G5, worlds thinnest
desktop computer. (2inches/5cm)
Release of iPod Video, iPod Classic, iPod Touch,
and iPhone.
In June Apple opened their iTunes Music Store in
the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. A version for
Canada opened in December.
2005
on April 29, Apple released Mac OS X v10.4
(Tiger)
on June 6, Steve Jobs officially announced that
Apple would begin producing Intel-based Macintosh
computers beginning in 2006.
2006
The iTunes Music Store changed its name to
iTunes Store on September 12 when it began offering
video content (TV shows and movies) for sale.
2007
On January 9, Apple Computer, Inc. shortened its
name to simply Apple Inc.
Revealed the Apple iPhone. The iPhone combined
Apple's first widescreen iPod with the world's first mobile
device boasting visual voicemail, and an internet
communicator able to run a fully functional version of
Apple's web browser, Safari, on the then-named iPhone
OS (later renamed iOS).
On June 29, iPhone became publicly available.
2010
The Apple iPad was announced on January 27,
twice the screen size of an iPhone without the phone
abilities, followed by the iPad 2 in 2011 that comes with

a front-facing camera as well as a rear-facing camera,

along with three new apps that utilize these new
features: Camera, FaceTime, and Photobooth (only on
iPad2).
On May 26, Apples stock market value overtook
Microsofts. Microsoft's net profits of $5.2 billion were
lower for the quarter than those of Apple Inc., which
earned $6 billion in net profit for the quarter.
System Versions
System 1.0 4.1
These releases can only run one application, except
for desk accessories, at a time, though special
application shells such as Servant, MultiMac, or Switcher
could work around this. System 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 use a
flat file system called Macintosh File System (MFS). The
Finder provides virtual folders that could be used to
organize files, but these are not visible from any other
application and do not actually exist in the file system.
System 2.0 added support for AppleTalk and the newly
introduced LaserWriter to use it. System 2.1 (Finder 5.0)
introduced the HFS (Hierarchical File System) which has
real directories. This version was specifically to support
the Hard Disk 20 and only implements HFS in RAM;
startup and most floppy disks remain MFS 400 K
volumes. System 3.0 (Finder 5.1) was introduced with
the Mac Plus, officially implementing HFS, 800K startup
drives, support for several new technologies including
SCSI and AppleShare, and Trash "bulging" (i.e., when
the Trash contains files, it gains a bulged appearance).
System 4.0 was released with the Mac SE and System
4.1 first shipped with the Macintosh IIthese new
machines required additional support for the first
expansion slots, the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB), internal
hard drives and, on the Mac II, lighter, color, larger
displays and the first Motorola 68020 processor.
System Software 5
System Software 5 (also referred to as "System 5")
added MultiFinder, an extension which lets the system
run several programs at once. The system uses a
cooperative multitasking model, meaning that time was
given to the background applications only when the
running application yielded control. A change in system
functions that applications were already calling to handle
events makes many existing applications share time
automatically. Users can also choose not to use
MultiFinder, thereby sticking with using a single
application at a time as in previous releases of the
system software.
System Software 5 is the first Macintosh operating
system to be given a unified "Macintosh System
Software" version number, as opposed to the numbers
used for the System and Finder files. It was available for
a very short time and only in some countries, including
the United States, Canada and some European
countries.

System Software 6
System Software 6 (also referred to simply as
System 6) is a consolidation release of the Mac OS,
producing a complete, stable, and long-lasting operating
system. Two major hardware introductions requiring
additional support under System 6 are the 68030
processor and 1.44 MB SuperDrive debuting with the
Macintosh IIx and Macintosh SE/30. Later, it would
include support for the first specialized laptop features
with the introduction of the Macintosh Portable. From
System 6 forward, the Finder would have a unified
version number closely matching that of the System,
alleviating much of the confusion caused by the often
considerable differences between earlier Systems.
System Software 7
On May 13, 1991, System 7 was released. It is a
major upgrade to the Mac OS, adding a significant user
interface
overhaul,
new
applications,
stability
improvements and many new features. Its introduction
coincides with the release of and provided support for
the 68040 Macintosh line. The System 7 era saw
numerous changes in the Macintosh platform including a
proliferation of Macintosh models, the 68k to Power
Macintosh transition as well as the rise of Microsoft
Windows, increasing use of computer networking and
the explosion in popularity of the internet.
One of the most significant features of System 7 is
virtual memory support, which previously had only been
available as a third-party add-on. Accompanying this
was a move to 32-bit memory addressing, necessary for
the ever-increasing amounts of RAM available to the
Motorola 68030 CPU, and 68020 CPUs with a 68551
PMMU. This process involves making all of the routines
in OS code use the full 32-bits of a pointer as an address
prior systems used the upper 8 bits as flags. This
change is known as being "32-bit clean". While System 7
itself is 32-bit clean, many existing machines and
thousands of applications were not, so it was some time
before the process was completed. To ease the
transition, the "Memory" control panel contains a switch
to disable this feature, allowing for compatibility with
older applications.
Another notable System 7 feature is built-in
cooperative multitasking. In System Software 6, this
function was optional through the MultiFinder. System 7
also introduced aliases, similar to shortcuts that were
introduced in later versions of Microsoft Windows.
System extensions were enhanced by being moved to
their own subfolder; a subfolder in the System Folder
was also created for the control panels. In System 7.5,
Apple includes the Extensions Manager, a previously
third-party program which simplified the process of
enabling and disabling extensions.
The Apple menu, home only to desk accessories in
System 6, was made more general-purpose: the user
could now make often-used folders and applicationsor
anything else they desiredappear in the menu by
placing aliases to them in an "Apple Menu Items"
subfolder of the System Folder. System 7 also

introduced the following: AppleScript, a scripting

language for automating tasks; 32-bit QuickDraw,
supporting so-called "true color" imaging, previously
available as a system extension; and TrueType, an
outline font standard.
The Trash, under System 6 and earlier, empties itself
automatically when shutting down the computer or, if
MultiFinder is not running, when launching an
application. System 7 re-implements the Trash as a
special hidden folder, allowing files to remain in it across
reboots until the user deliberately chose the "Empty
Trash" command.
System 7.1 is mainly a bug fix release, with a few
minor features added. System 7.1 is not only the first
Macintosh operating system to cost money (all previous
versions were free or sold at the cost of the floppies), but
also received a "Pro" sibling with extra features. System
7.1.2 was the first version to support PowerPC-based
Macs. System 7.1 also introduces the System Enablers
as a method to support new models without updating the
actual System file. This leads to extra files inside the
system folder (one per new model supported).
System 7.5 introduces a large number of new
features, many of which are based on shareware
applications that Apple bought and included into the new
system.[18][19] On the newer PowerPC machines,
System 7.5 may have stability problems partly due to a
new memory manager (which can be turned off), and
issues with the handling of errors in the PowerPC code
(all PowerPC exceptions map to Type 11). These issues
do not affect 68k-architecture machines. System 7.5 is
contemporary with Apple's failed Copland effort as well
as the release of Windows 95, which coincides with
Apple's purchase of several shareware system
enhancements to include as new system features.

MAC OS 7.6
Stability improves in PPC Macs with Mac OS 7.6,
which drops the "System" moniker as a more trademark
able name was needed in order to license the OS to the
growing market of third-party Macintosh clone
manufacturers. Mac OS 7.6 required 32-bit-clean ROMs,
and so drops support for every Mac with a 68000, as
well as the Mac II, Mac IIx, Mac IIcx, and Mac SE/30.
MAC OS 8
Mac OS 8 was released on July 26, 1997, shortly
after Steve Jobs returned to the company. It was mainly
released to keep the Mac OS moving forward during a
difficult time for Apple. Initially planned as Mac OS 7.7, it
was renumbered "8" to exploit a legal loophole and
accomplish Jobs's goal of terminating third-party
manufacturers' licenses to System 7 and shutting down
the Macintosh clone market. 8.0 added a number of
features from the abandoned Copland project, while
leaving the underlying operating system unchanged. A
multi-threaded Finder was included, enabling better

multi-tasking. Files could now be copied in the

background. The GUI was changed in appearance to a
new shaded greyscale look called Platinum, and the
ability to change the appearance themes (also known as
skins) was added with a new control panel. This
capability was provided by a new "appearance" API layer
within the OS, one of the few significant changes.
Apple sold 1.2 million copies of Mac OS 8 in its first two
weeks of availability and 3 million within six months. In
light of Apple's financial difficulties at the time, there was
a large grassroots movement among Mac users to
upgrade and 'help save Apple'. Even some pirate groups
refused to redistribute the OS
MAC OS 9
Mac OS 9 was released on October 23, 1999. It is
generally a steady evolution from Mac OS 8. Early
development releases of Mac OS 9 were numbered 8.7.
Mac OS 9 adds improved support for AirPort wireless
networking. It introduces an early implementation of
multi-user support. Though not a true multi-user
operating system, Mac OS 9 does allow multiple desktop
users to have their own data and system settings. An
improved Sherlock search engine adds several new
search plug-ins. Mac OS 9 also provides a much
improved memory implementation and management.
AppleScript is improved to allow TCP/IP and networking
control. Mac OS 9 also makes the first use of the
centralized Apple Software Update to find and install OS
and hardware updates. Other new features included its
on-the-fly file encryption software with code signing and
Keychain technologies, Remote Networking and File
Server packages and much improved list of USB drivers.
Mac OS 9 also adds some transitional technologies
to help application developers adopt some OS X
features before the introduction of the new OS to the
public, again easing the transition. These include new
APIs for the file system, and the bundling of the Carbon
library that apps could link against instead of the
traditional API libraries apps that were adapted to do
this can be run natively on OS X as well. Other changes
were made beginning with the Mac OS 9.1 update to
allow it to be launched in the "Classic Environment"
within OS X. This is a compatibility layer in OS X
versions prior to 10.5 (in fact an OS X application,
originally codenamed the "blue box") that runs a nearly
complete Mac OS 9 operating system, allowing
applications that have not been ported to Carbon to run
on OS X. This is reasonably seamless, though "classic"
applications retain their original Mac OS 8/9 appearance
and do not gain the OS X "Aqua" appearance.

A flat file database - is a database which, when not

being used, is stored on its host computer system as an
ordinary, non-indexed "flat" file. To access the structure
of the data and manipulate it, the file must be read in its
entirety into the computer's memory. Upon completion of

the database operations, the file is again written out in its

entirety to the host's file system. In this stored mode, the
database has no structure which can be seen external to
the file and thus is referred to as a "flat file."
AppleTalk included a number of features that
allowed local area networks to be connected with no
prior setup or the need for a centralized router or server
of any sort. Connecting together AppleTalk equipped
systems would automatically assign addresses, update
the distributed namespace, and configure any required
inter-networking routing
Hierarchical File System (HFS) is a proprietary file
system developed by Apple Inc. for use in computer
systems running Mac OS. Originally designed for use on
floppy and hard disks, it can also be found on read-only
media such as CD-ROMs
Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) is a bit-serial computer
bus connecting low-speed devices to computers. ADB
was rapidly replaced by USB as that system became
popular in the late 1990s
The Finder is the default file manager and graphical user
interface shell used on all Macintosh operating systems.
Described in its "About" window as "The Macintosh
Desktop Experience", it is responsible for the launching
of other applications, and for the overall user
management of files, disks, and network volumes.
History
System Software 1.0 - January 24, 1984
System Software 2.0 - April 1985
System Software 3.0 - January 1985
System Software 4.0 - January 1987
System Software 5.0 - October 1987
System Software 6.0 - April 1988
System Software 7.0 - May 13, 1991
System Software 8.0 - July 26, 1997
System Software 9.0 - October 23, 1999

MAC OS X
Mac OS X is a new, super-modern operating system
that will usher in a new era for the Macintosh. New from
the ground up, Mac OS X is specifically designed for the
Internet and includes advanced technologies for
incredible improvements in stability and performance. It
also features a stunning new interface called Aqua.
Mac OS X Public Beta
The Mac OS X Public Beta (internally codenamed
"Kodiak") was an early beta version of Apple Computer's
Mac OS Xoperating system Cheetah. It was released to
the public on September 13, 2000 for US$29.95. It
allowed software developers and early adopters to test a
preview of the upcoming operating system and develop
software for the forthcoming operating system before its
final release. The US version had a build number of
1H39 and the international version had build number
2E14.

Successor OS
The Public Beta succeeded Mac OS X Server 1.0,
the first public release of Apple's new NeXT OpenStepbased operating system, which used a variant of the
classic Mac OS' "Platinum" user interface look and feel.
The Public Beta introduced theAqua user interface to the
world. Fundamental user interface changes were
revealed with respect to fonts, the Dock, themenu bar
(with an Apple logo at the center which was later
repositioned to the left of the menu bar and made an
active interface element). System icons were much
larger and more detailed, and new interface eye candy
was prevalent.
Technical changes
With the Mac OS X Public Beta came fundamental
technical changes, most courtesy of an open source
Darwin 1.2.1 core, including two features that Mac users
and developers had been anticipating for almost a
decade: preemptive multitasking andprotected memory.
To illustrate the benefits of the latter, at the MacWorld
Expo in June 2000, Apple CEO Steve Jobs
demonstrated Bomb.app, a test application intended to
crash.[3]
Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah
Mac OS X version 10.0, code named Cheetah, is the
first major release of Mac OS X, Apples desktop and
server operating system. Mac OS X v10.0 was released
on March 24, 2001 for a price of US$129. It was the
successor of the Mac OS X Public Beta and the
predecessor of Mac OS X v10.1.
Mac OS X v10.0 was a radical departure from the
previous classic Macintosh operating system (Mac OS)
and was Apples long awaited answer to the call for a
next generation Macintosh operating system. It
introduced a brand new code base completely separate
from Mac OS 9's, as well as all previous Apple operating
systems. Mac OS X introduced the new DarwinUnix-like
core and a totally new system of memory management.
Cheetah proved to be a rocky start to the Mac OS X line,
plagued with missing features and performance issues,
although it was praised for being a good start to an
operating system still in its infancy, in terms of
completeness and overall operating system stability.
Unlike later releases of Mac OS X, the cat-themed code
name was not used in marketing the new operating
system.
System requirements
The system requirements for Mac OS X v10.0 were
not well received by the Macintosh community, as at the
time the amount of RAM standard with Macintosh
computers was 64 megabytes (MB), while the Mac OS X
v10.0 requirements called for 128 MB of RAM. In

addition, processor upgrade cards, which were quite

popular for obsolete pre-G3 Power Macintoshcomputers,
were not supported (and never officially have been, but
can be made to work through third-party utility
programs).
RAM:
128 MB (unofficially 64 MB minimum)
Hard Drive Space:
1,500 MB (800 MB for the minimal install)
Limitations
File-sharing client The system can only use TCP/IP,[2]
not AppleTalk, to connect to servers sharing the Apple
Filing Protocol. The System cannot use SMB to connect
toWindows or Samba servers.
File-sharing server As a server, the system can share
files using only the Apple Filing Protocol (over TCP/IP),
HTTP, SSH, and FTP.
Missing Features and Hardware Compatibility Issues
Another reason for criticism were the missing features,
especially missing DVD playback, as well as CD
burning, both of which had been available in the prior
version of Mac OS. Mac OS X v10.0.2 included the
necessary software frameworks to allow iTunes 1.1.1 to
provide audio CD burning support, but data CD burning
had to wait until version 10.1. There were also several
issues in respect to missing printer and other hardware
drivers.
The heavy criticism of Mac OS X v10.0 ultimately
resulted in Apple offering a free upgrade to Mac OS X
v10.1.
Mac OS X 10.1 Puma
Mac OS X version 10.1, code named Puma, is the
second major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and
server operating system. It superseded Mac OS X v10.0
and preceded Mac OS X v10.2. Version 10.1 was
released on September 25, 2001 as a free update for
Mac OS X 10.0 users. The operating system was
handed out for no charge by Apple employees after
Steve Jobs' keynote speech at the Seybold publishing
conference in San Francisco. It was subsequently
distributed toMac users on October 25, 2001 at Apple
Stores and other retail stores that carried Apple
products. The operating system was better received than
Mac OS X 10.0, although critics claimed that the
operating system was still lacking some features and
was plagued with bugs.
System requirements
RAM:
128 megabytes (MB) (unofficially 64 MB minimum)
Hard Drive Space:
1.5 gigabytes (GB)
Features[edit]
Apple introduced many features that were missing from
the previous version, as well as improving overall system
performance.
This system release brought some major new features to
the Mac OS X platform:

Performance enhancements Mac OS X v10.1

introduced large performance increases throughout the
system.
Easier CD and DVD burning better support in Finder
as well as in iTunes
DVD playback support DVDs can be played in Apple
DVD Player
More printer support (200 printers supported out of the
box) One of the main complaints of version 10.0
users was the lack of printer drivers, and Apple
attempted to remedy the situation by including more
drivers, although many critics complained that there
were still not enough.
Faster 3D (OpenGL performs 20% faster) The
OpenGL drivers, and handling were vastly improved in
this version of Mac OS X, which created a large
performance gap for 3D elements in the interface, and
3D applications.
Improved AppleScript The scripting interface now
allows scripting access to many more system
components, such as the Printer Center, and Terminal,
thus improving the customizability of the interface. As
well, Apple introduced AppleScript Studio, which allows a
user to create full AppleScript applications in a simple
graphical interface.
Improved filehandling - The Finder was enhanced to
optionally hide file extensions on a per-file basis. The
Cocoa API was enhanced to allow developers to set
traditional Mac type and creator information directly
without relying on Carbon to do it.[3]
ColorSync 4.0, the color management system and API.
Image Capture, for acquiring images from digital
cameras and scanners.

Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

Mac OS X version 10.2 Jaguar is the third major
release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server
operating system. It superseded Mac OS X v10.1 and
preceded Mac OS X Panther. The operating system was
initially available on August 23, 2002 either for singlecomputer installations, and in a family pack, which
allowed five installations on separate computers in one
household. The operating system was generally well
received by most Mac users[] as a large step forward in
the areas of stability, general speed enhancements,
compatibility with other flavors of Unix and the lineup of
both graphical and terminal applications available;
however, many critics, such as Amazon.com users, still
claimed that significant user interface speed issues
existed and that the operating system was still a big step
down from Mac OS 9. Jaguar was the first Mac OS X
release to publicly use its code name in marketing and
advertisements, a practice that has continued in
subsequent releases of the operating system.
System requirement
Amount of RAM Required:
128 megabytes (MB), although 256 MB to 512 MB is
highly recommended by many people who have used

Mac OS X v10.2.8 as the real amount of RAM used

when only the Operating System is running is around
200 MB, but it can be run with as low as 96 MB although
it will not run at full speed.
Processor Type:
PowerPC G3, G4 or G5 running at 233 MHz or higher.
MAC OS X 10.3 Panther
Apple advertised that Mac OS X Panther had over 150
new features, including:
Finder: Updated with a brushed-metal interface, a
new live search engine, customizable Sidebar, secure
deletion, File labels and Zip support built in. The Finder
icon was also changed.
Fast User Switching: Allows a user to remain logged
in while another user logs in
Expos: Helps the user manage windows by
showing them all as thumbnails.
TextEdit: Text Edit now is also compatible with
Microsoft Word (.doc) documents.
Xcode developer tools: Faster compile times with
gcc 3.3.
Preview: Increased speed with PDF rendering
QuickTime: Now supports the Pixlet high definition
video codec

MAC OS X 10.4 Tiger

Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger is the fifth major release of
Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server operating system
for Maccomputers. Tiger was released to the public on
April 29, 2005 for $129.95 as the successor to Mac OS
X Panther. Some of the new features included a fast
searching system called Spotlight, a new version of the
Safari web browser, Dashboard, a new Unified theme,
and improved support for 64-bit addressing on Power
Mac G5s. Tiger shocked executives at Microsoft by
offering a number of features, such as fast file searching
and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had
spent several years struggling to add to Windows with
acceptable performance.
Apple announced a transition to Intel x86 processors
during Tiger's lifetime, making it the first Apple operating
system to work on AppleIntel architecture machines.
The original Apple TV, released in March 2007, shipped
with a customized version of Tiger branded Apple TV
OS that replaced the usual GUI with an updated version
of Front Row.
Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard
Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major
release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server
operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was
released on October 26, 2007 as the successor of Tiger
(version 10.4), and is available in two editions: a desktop
version suitable for personal computers, and a server
version, Mac OS X Server. It retailed for $129[5]for the
desktop version and $499 for Server.[6] Leopard was

superseded by Snow Leopard (version 10.6). Leopard is

the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC
architecture as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel
based Macs.
According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300
changes and enhancements over its predecessor, Mac
OS X Tiger, covering core operating system components
as well as included applications and developer tools.
Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with
a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar,
and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow
visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. Other
notable features include support for writing 64-bit
graphical user interface applications, an automated
backup utility called Time Machine, support for Spotlight
searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of
Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously
included with only some Mac models.
Apple missed Leopard's release time frame as
originally announced by Apple's CEO Steve Jobs. When
first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple
intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early
2007. A year later, this was amended to spring 2007;
however on April 12, 2007, Apple issued a statement
that its release would be delayed until October 2007
because of the development of the iPhone.
Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) is the
seventh major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop
and server operating system for Macintosh computers.
Snow Leopard was publicly unveiled on June 8, 2009 at
the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. On August
28, 2009, it was released worldwide, and was made
available for purchase from Apple's website and its retail
stores at the price of US$29 for a single-user license. As
a result of the low price, initial sales of Snow Leopard
were significantly higher than that of its predecessors.
The release of Snow Leopard came nearly two years
after the introduction of Mac OS X Leopard, the second
longest time span between successive Mac OS X
releases (the time span between Tiger and Leopard was
the longest).
Unlike those of previous versions of Mac OS X, the
goals of Snow Leopard were improved performance,
greater efficiency and the reduction of its overall memory
footprint. Addition of new end-user features was not a
primary consideration: its name was intended to signify
its goal to be a refinement of the previous OS X version,
Leopard. Much of the software in Mac OS X was
extensively rewritten for this release in order to take
advantage fully of modern Macintosh hardware. New
programming frameworks, such as Open CL, were
created, allowing software developers to use graphics
cards in their applications. This is also the first Mac OS
release since System 7.1.1 that does not support Macs
using PowerPC processors, as Apple now intends to
focus on its current line of Intel-based products.[6] As
support for Rosetta was dropped in OS X Lion, Snow
Leopard is the last version of Mac OS X that is able to
run PowerPC-only applications.

Snow Leopard was succeeded by Mac OS X Lion

(version 10.7) on July 20, 2011.[7] Since then, Apple has
continued to sell Snow Leopard from its online store for
the benefit of users that require Snow Leopard in order
to upgrade to later versions of OS X, which have all
been distributed through the Mac App Store introduced
in the Snow Leopard 10.6.6 update.
Snow Leopard is the last release of Mac OS X to support
the 32-bit Intel Core Solo and Intel Core Duo CPUs.
Mac OS X 10.7 Lion
Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7; marketed as OS X
Lion) is the eighth major release of Mac OS X, Apple's
desktop and server operating system for Macintosh
computers.
A preview of Lion was publicly unveiled at the "Back
to the Mac" Apple Special Event on October 20, 2010. It
brings many developments made in Apple's iOS, such as
an easily navigable display of installed applications, to
the Mac, and includes support for the Mac App Store, as
introduced in Mac OS X Snow Leopard version 10.6.6.
On February 24, 2011, the first developer's preview of
Lion (11A390) was released to subscribers to the Apple
Developer program. Other developer previews were
subsequently released, with Lion Preview 4 (11A480b)
being released at WWDC 2011.
Lion was released to manufacturing on July 1, 2011,
followed by its final release via the Mac App Store on
July 20, 2011. Apple reported over one million Lion sales
on the first day of its release. As of October 2011, Mac
OS X Lion has sold over six million copies worldwide.
Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion
OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8) is the ninth major
release of OS X (formerly Mac OS X), Apple Inc.'s
desktop and server operating system for Macintosh
computers. OS X Mountain Lion was released on July
25, 2012 for purchase and download through Apple's
Mac App Store, as part of a switch to releasing OS X
versions online and every year. Named to signify its
status as a refinement of the previous OS X version,
Lion, Apple's stated aims in developing Mountain Lion
were to allow users to more easily manage and
synchronize content between multiple Apple devices and
to make the operating system more familiar.
The operating system gained the new malwareblocking system Gatekeeper and integration with Apple's
online Center and iCloud services, while the Safari web
browser was updated to version 6. As on iOS, Notes and
Reminders became full applications, separate from Mail
and Calendar, while the iChat application was replaced
with a version of iOS's Messages. Mountain Lion also
added a version of iOS's Notification Center, which
groups updates from different applications in one place.
Integrated links allowing the user to rapidly transfer
content to twitter were present in the operating system
from launch. Facebook integration was also planned but
unfinished at launch date. It was released as a
downloadable update later.

OS X Mountain Lion received positive reviews, with

critics praising Notification Center, Messages, and speed
improvements over Mac OS X Lion, while criticizing
iCloud for unreliability and Game Center for lack of
games. Mountain Lion sold three million units in the first
four days, and has sold 28 million units as of June 10,
2013, making it Apple's most popular OS X release.
Mac OS X 10.9 Mavericks
OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) is the tenth major
release of OS X, Apple Inc.'s desktop and server
operating system for Macintosh computers. OS X
Mavericks was announced on June 10, 2013, at WWDC
2013, and was released on October 22, 2013, as a free
update through the Mac App Store worldwide.
The update places emphasis on battery life, Finder
enhancements, other enhancements for power users,
and continued iCloud integration, as well as bringing
more of Apple's iOS apps to the OS X platform.
Mavericks marks the beginning of a change in the
naming scheme of OS X, departing from the use of big
cats and moving to names based on places in California;
OS X Mavericks is named after the surfing location in
California.
OS X Mavericks was announced by Apple during the
company's
2013 Apple
Worldwide
Developers
Conference (WWDC) keynote, held on June 10, 2013.
iOS 7, a revised MacBook Air, the sixth generation
AirPort Extreme, the fifth generation AirPort Time
Capsule, and a completely redesigned Mac Pro were
also announced during the keynote. During a keynote on
October 22, 2013, Apple announced that the official
release of 10.9 on the Mac App Store would be available
immediately, and that unlike previous versions of OS X,
10.9 would be available at no charge to all users running
Snow Leopard (10.6.8) or later.
On October 22, 2013, Apple offered free upgrades for
life on its operating system and business software.
Mac OS X 10.10 Yosemite
OS X Yosemite (version 10.10) is the eleventh major
release of OS X, Apple Inc.'s desktop and server
operating system for Macintosh computers.
OS X Yosemite was announced and released to
developers on June 2, 2014, at the WWDC 2014 and it
was released to public beta testers on July 24, 2014.
Yosemite was released to consumers on October 16,
2014. Following the California landmark-based naming
scheme introduced with OS X Mavericks, Yosemite is
named after the national park.
Yosemite introduced a major overhaul of OS X's
user interface. Its graphics replaced skeuomorphic
elements with flat graphic design and blurred
translucency effects, similar to the aesthetic introduced
with iOS 7. Some icons have been changed to
correspond with iOS 7 and iOS 8. It still maintains the
OS X desktop metaphor.
Other design changes include new icons, light and dark
color schemes, and the replacement of Lucida Grande
with Helvetica Neue as the default system typeface. The

Dock is now a 2D translucent rectangle instead of a

skeuomorphic glass shelf, reminiscent of the Dock
design used in early versions of OS X through Tiger and
in iOS since iOS 7.