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Orifice DP To Flow Calculator
Orifice DP To Flow Calculator
Contents
Introduction - Why using dp-devices when other principles
provide higher accuracy? Situation of very high temperatures.
How is flow and pressure linked?
Why do we need a discharge coefficient?
What must be known to calculate flow rate correctly?
What help does standards like ISO 5167 provide?
Differences between different version (1991 to 2003).
Which other information's are essential in a given application?
What influences the flow measurement result and how important
is it?
What uncertainties must we expect?
A1
v1
p2
A2
qm
v2
qm1 = A 1 u1
p1
qm 2 = A 2 u2
ps
u1
us
V1
m1
static pressure
p2
Vs
ms
u2
V2
m2
Due to friction
within the medium
and with the wall
pressure falls along
the pipe.
us
ps
>
<
u1
p1
Measurement principle
Incompressibility means density does not change 2 = 1
Continuity means the flow is the same every where in the pipe qm1 = qm2
tappings for p-measurement
qm1 = A 1 1 u1
u1
A2
D: pipe diameter
d: orifice diameter
qm 2 = A2 2 v 2
u2
qm2 = A 2 2 u2
D2
D1
A1 =
2
1
A2 = C
d2
p1 +
The sum of static and dynamic pressure is the same everywhere in pipe.
p = p1 p 2 =
2
u2 u12
2
1
u 2 : dynamic pressure
2
u1 =
2
D1 2 2
p =
u2 =
2
4 2 qm
2
p D2 =
4
4
2
4
D
4 2 qm D2
2 2 4 24
2 D2
D1
4
D
4
2
2 p 2 D2 = 4 2 qm 1 24
D1
D2
4
2
1
4 2 qm 1
2 2 4 4
2 D2
D1
qm =
2
qm =
C
1
d 2 2p 1
D: 65 500 mm
: 0,316 0,775
ReD: 1,5x105 2x106
Cylindrical
Entrance section
a)
b)
c)
D: 100 800 mm
: 0,3 0,75
ReD: 2x105 2x106
D: 50 250 mm
: 0,4 0,75
ReD: 2x105 1x106
D: 200 1200 mm
: 0,4 0,7
ReD: 2x105 2x106
Pressure tappings
Flowdirection
Conical
converging
section
Cylindrical
throat section
Conical
diverging
section
10
pipe
0,3
0,031 M2 0,8 M2
1,1
0,7
4
1 4
1,3
d
relation between orifice and pipe diameter
D
19000
A =
ReD
2 L2
M2 =
1
Data on pipe
orifice plate
medium
Data on upstream
pressure tappings
Data on downstream
pressure tappings
0 ,8
Reader-Harris
Gallagher
Equation
11
Discharge coefficient
10 6
+ 0,0900 L1 4 1 4
1,1
0,75
106
0 ,3
0, 7
0,0337 L'2 3
Stolz equation
4
1 4
1,3
p
= 1 0,351 + 0,256 4 + 0,93 8 * 1 2
p1
= 1 0,41 + 0,35 4
p
p1
Air 0 C
Air 20 C
Air 50 C
Flow rate
Expansion coefficient
1991
887,69
1261,25
1783,36
2207,29
2003
Diff [%]
893,51
0,651
1268,26 0,553
1791,27 0,442
2215,05 0,350
1991
0,9908
0,9827
0,9673
0,9527
864,00
1210,12
1710,95
2117,62
869,87
1217,17
1719,00
2125,62
0,676
0,580
0,468
0,377
0,9909
0,9827
0,9673
0,9527
0,991
0,9828
0,9672
0,9524
821,20
1150,09
1626,11
2012,77
827,09
1157,23
1634,37
2021,11
0,713
0,617
0,505
0,413
0,9909
0,9827
0,9672
0,9527
0,991
0,9828
0,9672
0,9523
Discharge Coefficient
1991
0,60027
0,59940
0,59872
0,59838
2003
Diff [%]
0,60416 0,643
0,60267 0,543
0,60139 0,443
0,60069 0,384
0,008
0,010
-0,002
-0,034
0,60053
0,599616
0,598888
0,598526
0,60457
0,60305
0,60172
0,60099
0,667
0,570
0,470
0,410
0,008
0,010
-0,002
-0,034
0,600942 0,60521
0,599936 0,6036
0,599135 0,60219
0,598736 0,60142
0,704
0,607
0,507
0,446
12
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
Orifice plate
d: 23,49 mm
D: 42,7 mm
: 0,55
0,10
0,05
0,00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Water temperature [ C]
qm [kg/s]
2573
5030
9943
15031
0,540
0,753
1,058
1,300
C
1991
0,59890
0,59835
0,59792
0,59771
C
2003
0,60072
0,59973
0,59885
0,59838
Diff [%]
0,30%
0,23%
0,16%
0,11%
13
qm (act ) =
p(act )
qm (nom)
p(nom)
p(act )
qm (nom)
p(nom)
Change in Change in
Error in
indicated Calculated simplified
calculation
flow qn
p
+ 1%
0,5 %
0,002 %
+10 %
-4,86 %
0,023 %
-10%
-5,11 %
-0,026 %
14
Calculation parameters
for mass flow qm:
qm =
C
1 4
d 2 2p 1
Pressure difference p
Density of medium 1
Orifice diameter d
Diameter relation =d/D
Expansibility factor
Discharge Coefficient C
Measurement computer or
intelligent
tansmitter
15
Orifice diameter
pipe diameter
Pipe diameter, coefficient of expansion
Dynamic viscosity
of medium
prel. flow estimation
p1
p2
d
D
D(T)
1
ReD
L1
L2
qm
Geometry of pressure
tappings up/down stream
qm
d (T)
p
1(T,p)
measured
1,0
Density of water as a
function of temperature
1000
Temperature [C]
Viscositet [mPA s]
1100
Viscosity of water as a
function of temperature
1,2
0,8
0,6
0,4
900
800
700
600
0,2
500
0,0
0
50
100
150
200
Tem perature [C]
250
300
350
400
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Density [kg/m 3]
For hot water these relations are reasonably well known - IAPWS
16
Calculate C1
Calculate qm1
Calculate ReD
Calculate C
Reference flow
Calculate qm
Calculated
Process parameters
Set upstream
pressure
Set downstream
pressure
C
1 4
d 2 2p 1
indirectly
C = f (ReD ; ;L )
4 qm
1 D
p = is assumed constant
Flow changes
Orifice/pipe
d: 23,491 mm
D: 42,7 mm
: 0,5501
Re =
at high
low flow
17
Viscosity change: + 1 % or + 2 %
at 90 and 200 C
Viscosity influences flow rate
indirectly
qm =
C
1 4
d 2 2p 1
C = f (ReD ; ;L )
Re =
4 qm
1 D
p = is assumed constant
Flow changes at 90 C
Orifice/pipe
d: 23,491 mm
D: 42,7 mm
: 0,5501
high
low flow
D
D
D
D
C
1 4
d 2 2p 1
C = f (ReD ; ;L )
d
D
Re =
4 qm
1 D
p = is assumed constant
= 0,5 mm @ 1,17 % of D
= 1 mm @ 2,34 %
Flow changes at 90 C
high
low flow
= 0,5 mm @ -1,16 %
D=0,5
mm
@
-0,25
to
-0,26 %
= 1 mm @ -2,29 %
Orifice/pipe
d: 23,491 mm
D: 42,7 mm
: 0,5501
D = 1 mm @ -0,49 to -0,51 %
200 C
D=0,5 mm @ -0,249 to -0,254 %
D = 1 mm @ -0,483 to -0,496 %
Flow changes at
18
d
d
d
d
C
1 4
d 2 2p 1
= 0,05 mm @ 0,21 % of d
= 0,1 mm @ 0,43 % of d
= 0,05 mm @ -0,21 %
= 0,1 mm @ -0,43 %
Orifice/pipe
d: 23,491 mm
D: 42,7 mm
: 0,5501
indirectly
C = f (ReD ; ;L )
d
D
p = is assumed constant
Flow changes at 90 C
high
low flow
Orifice plates
=0,736:
1,64 %
0,8 %
1,072 %
U(C) = (0,7- ) %
0,6 0,5 %
U(C) = 0,5 %
0,5 %
D = 70 mm = 0,3
D = 60 mm = 0,4
U(C) = (1,6670,5) %
If D<71,12 mm
0,7 %
1,0 %
1,5 %
a) casted
b) machined
c) welded
0,5 0,75 %
+0,018 %
+1,38 %
+0,5 %
19
(4 + 100
)
%
Venturi nozzles U() =Not
relevant
p1
when measuring water flow
1,64 %
U() = 2
0,26 %
ISA nozzles
p
%
p1
p
Orifice plates U() = 3,5 p
0,336 %
T = JT
JT =
Ru T 2 Z
p c m,p T p
( )
(1 C ) + C
1 4 1 C2 C2
1
1 1,9 p
20
Installation induced
errors
Flatness
Concentricity
Difference to
experimental
experience
U(p)
U(T)
U(P1)
Measurement of
process variables
Distance to
disturbances
U(qm)
U()
U(1)
U()
Tolerances
Continuous
control
Model of calculating
process parameters
Reproducibility
of measurement
Quality of
p-device
21
Variable declaration
22
(41,5 %)
(25,7 %)
(13,9 %)
(12 %)
(4,2 %)
(1,1 %)
23
contribution to
total uncertainty
(57,1 %)
(19,1 %)
(16,5 %)
(5,8 %)
(1,1 %)
(0,4 %)
0,96 %
Installation induced systematic effects add linearly to uncertainty
24
25
50 1200 mm
>3150 turbulent flow is demanded
No upper limit but there is no proof
Medium:
single phase liquid, steam or gas
Flow:
steady, no fast changes or pulsations
Pressure tappings:
corner-, flange eller D & D/2 tappings
no support for other tappings by the
standards
Pressure measurement: Static pressure absolute units
Definition:
p1 upstream, p2 downstream
Pressure difference:
p =p1-p2 only for specified tappings
Geometry:
=d/D, d orifice diameter, D pipe diameter
d > 12,5 mm; 0,1 0,75
8. A proven method to determine the discharge coefficient C at extreme temperatures and pressure.
26