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Valve Sizing Info
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Valve Sizing
Te chnic al Bulletin
Scope
Sizing Valves
The graphs cover most ordinary industrial applicationsfrom
the smallest metering valves to large ball valves, at system
pressures up to 10000 psig and 1000 bar.
The water formulas and graphs apply to ordinary liquidsand
not to liquids that are boiling or flashing into vapors, to slurries
(mixtures of solids and liquids), or to very viscous liquids.
The air formulas and graphs apply to gases that closely
follow the ideal gas laws, in which pressure, temperature,
and volume are proportional. They do not apply to gases or
vapors that are near the pressure and temperature at which
they liquefy, such as a cryogenic nitrogen or oxygen.
For convenience, the air flow graphs show gauge pressures,
whereas the formulas use absolute pressure (gauge pressure
plus one atmosphere). All the graphs are based on formulas
adapted from ISA S75.01, Flow Equations for Sizing Control
Valves.1
Pressure drop
Pipe
diameter
Orifice diameter
Orifice
shape
Fluid density
Fig. 1. The flow rate through a fixed orifice can be calculated from
the meter dimensions of pipe diameter and orifice size and shape.
Pressure drop
Pipe
diameter
Valve
passage
size
Size
changes
Fluid
density
Direction
changes
Valve Sizing
p2
p1
p
Flow meter
Flow control
valve
Test valv e
Flow control
valve
Standard distances
from test valve
Liquid Flow
Because liquids are incompressible fluids, their flow rate
depends only on the difference between the inlet and outlet
pressures (Dp, pressure drop). The flow is the same whether
the system pressure is low or high, so long as the difference
between the inlet and outlet pressures is the same. This
equation shows the relationship:
q = N1Cv
Symbols Used in Flow Equations
q = flow rate
p1
p1 = inlet pressure
p2 = outlet pressure
p = p1 p2
Cv = flow coefficient
K = C + 273
R = F + 460
Note: p1 and p2 are absolute pressures for gas flow.
p
Gf
Gf
p2
Cv
Gas Flow
Gas flow calculations are slightly more complex, because
gases are compressible fluids whose density changes with
pressure. In addition, there are two conditions that must be
consideredlow pressure drop flow and high pressure drop
flow.
Valve Sizing
p2
p1
p2 > 1/2p1
q
Maximum flow
p1
p2
p2 = 1/2p1
q
Sonic flow
High pressure drop
p1
p2
p2 < 1/2p1
q
2p
q = N2Cv p1 1
3p1
p
p1GgT 1
pressure does not increase the flow because the gas has
reached sonic velocity at the orifice, and it cannot break that
sound barrier.
The equation for high pressure drop flow is simpler because
it depends only on inlet pressure and temperature, valve flow
coefficient, and specific gravity of the gas:
q = 0.471 N2Cv p1
p2 > 1/2p1
Gg T 1
p2
p1
p2 < 1/2p1
q
Cv
The low pressure drop air flow graphs (pages 8 and 9) show
low pressure drop air flow for a valve with a Cv of 1.0, given
as a function of inlet pressure (p1) for a range of pressure
drop (Dp) values.
When outlet pressure (p2) is less than half of inlet pressure
(p1)high pressure dropany further decrease in outlet
1
GgT 1
Gg T 1
p1
p2
q
Cv
The high pressure drop air flow graphs (pages 10 and 11)
show high pressure drop air flow as a function of inlet
pressure for a range of flow coefficients.
Valve Sizing
+80
+40
Percent change
+20
20
40
Ether
Alcohol
Oils
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
+80
+40
Percent change
40
120
Hydrogen
Natural gas
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon
dioxide
Effects of Temperature
Temperature usually is ignored in liquid flow calculations
because its effect is too small.
Temperature has a greater effect on gas flow calculations,
because gas volume expands with higher temperature and
Valve Sizing
Temperature, C
+120
+80
+40
40
+160
+200
+20
+10
Percent change
10
20
30
40
+100
+200
+300
+400
Temperature, F
Constant
N
N1 . . . . . 1.0
0.833
14.42
14.28
T1
U.S. gal/min
psia
Imperial gal/min
psia
L/min
bar
L/min
kg/cm2
Cited References
psia
ft3/min
N2 . . . 22.67
std
6950
std L/min
bar
6816
std L/min
kg/cm2
Other References
L. Driskell, Control-Valve Selection and Sizing, ISA, 1983.
J.W. Hutchinson, ISA Handbook of Control Valves, 2nd ed.,
ISA, 1976.
Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th ed., Robert H. Perry,
Cecil H. Chilton, and Sidney D. Kirkpatrick, Ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York.
Other Services
Valve Sizing
Cv = 0.0005
C
v
1000
800
0.0010
600
0.0025
400
300
0.0050
0.010
200
0.025
100
80
0.050
60
0.10
40
30
0.25
20
10
0.001
0.002 0.003
0.006
0.01
0.02
0.03 0.04
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.8 1.0
0.6
2.0
1000
800
600
0.10
400
300
0.25
200
0.50
1.0
100
80
2.5
60
40
5.0
30
10
20
25
10
8
50
100
4
3
250
1
1
10
20
30
40
60
80 100
Example:
Enter the vertical scale with the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 60 psi).
Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 4 U.S. gal/min).
The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.50).
200
300
400
600
800 1000
Valve Sizing
Cv = 0.0005
100
80
0.0010
60
40
0.0025
30
0.0050
20
0.010
10
8
0.025
0.050
0.10
0.25
1
0.004
0.01
0.006
0.02
0.03 0.04
0.06
0.01
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8 1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
100
80
60
0.10
40
0.25
30
20
0.50
1.0
10
8
2.5
6
4
5.0
10
25
1.0
0.8
50
0.6
100
0.4
0.3
250
0.2
0.1
4
10
20
30
40
60
80 100
200
300
400
Flow, L/min
Example:
Enter the vertical scale with the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 30 bar).
Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 0.2 L/min).
The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.0025).
600
800 1000
2000
3000 4000
Valve Sizing
Low pressure air drop flow, standard cubic feet per minute
2000
250 psi
500 psi
100 psi
1000
800
50 psi
600
25 psi
400
10 psi
300
p = 5 psi
200
100
80
60
40
30
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
80
100
200
300
400
500 600
Example:
Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 200 psig).
Read across to the diagonal line for the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 25 psi).
Read down to the horizontal scale for the flow rate through a valve with a Cv of 1.0 (q = 65 std ft3/min).
Multiply that flow rate by the valve Cv to determine the actual flow rate.
800
1000
Valve Sizing
25 bar
10 bar
100
5 bar
80
2.5 bar
60
50
1.0 bar
40
0.50 bar
30
p = 0.25 bar
20
10
8
6
5
4
2
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000 10 000
20 000
Example:
Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 100 bar).
Read across to the diagonal line for the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 1 bar).
Read down to the horizontal scale for the flow rate through a valve with a Cv of 1.0 (q = 4000 std L/min).
Multiply that flow rate by the valve Cv to determine the actual flow rate.
30 000
10
Valve Sizing
High pressure drop air flow, standard cubic feet per minute
1000
800
CvC=v 0.0005
600
500
0.0010
400
0.0025
300
0.0050
200
0.010
0.025
100
0.050
80
0.10
60
50
0.25
40
0.50
30
20
0.01
0.02
0.03 0.04
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8 1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0 10
20
1000
800
0.10
600
500
0.25
400
0.50
1.0
300
2.5
200
5.0
10
100
25
80
50
60
100
50
40
250
30
20
10
20
30
40
60
80 100
200
300
400
600
800 1000
Example:
Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 200 psig).
Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 10 std ft3/min).
The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.10).
2000
3000 4000
6000
10 000
Valve Sizing
pressure dropUnits
air flow, standard liters per minute
High Pressure Drop Air High
FlowMetric
200
100
80
60
50
Cv = 0.0005
40
0.0010
30
0.0025
20
0.0050
0.010
10
0.025
0.050
0.10
5
4
0.25
3
2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8 1.0
10
20
30
40
60
80 100
200
300
80
60
0.050
50
0.10
40
0.25
30
0.50
20
1.0
2.5
5.0
10
10
8
6
25
50
100
250
2
200
300
400
600
800 1000
2000
3000 4000
6000
10 000
Example:
Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 20 bar).
Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 4000 std L/min).
The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 1.0).
20 000
40 000 60 000
100 000
200 000
11