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Some Considerations About The Estimate Development of The Seismic Force, in Romanian Designing Codes
Some Considerations About The Estimate Development of The Seismic Force, in Romanian Designing Codes
Some Considerations About The Estimate Development of The Seismic Force, in Romanian Designing Codes
1. INTRODUCTION
The first norms of seismic design appeared in Romania in December 1941, after the
earthquake in November 1940 and they were called Temporary Instructions Regarding the
Prevention of Construction Damages Caused by Earthquakes and For Rehabilitation of the
Damaged Ones. A new edition of these instructions appeared in 1945.
In 1963 it was published the first Standards for Civil and Industrial Constructions
Designing in Seismic Areas (P13-63). In 1970 the improved edition of these standards was
published and it considered the specific characteristics of Romania.
The 1977 earthquake was led to the modification of the existent standards due to the
registrations made during the earthquake. Thus, in 1978 The Seismic Standards for
Designing of Civil, Socio-Cultural, Agricultural and Industrial Constructions P100-78 and
in 1981 a slightly improved edition P100-81 was published.
The years between 1980 and 1990 were a period of extended theoretical and experimental
research which also used registrations of the seismic movements and these led to the
improvement of the existent standards in order to assure a higher degree of seismic protection.
Thus, in 1991 appears the P100-91 standard, modified and completed in 1992. In this latter
version appears for the first time concepts such as corner period, importance coefficient and a
detailed classification of the structures, in order to establish the reducing factors for the
earthquake.
Since 2006 the Seismic Design Code P100-2006 is applied, which combines the Romanian
and European regulations. It is now that appears some differences in seismic action
representation, in establishing the requirements of performance and in specific regulations for
structures of various materials.
S k ck G
k n
ck k s k k
m u
i ik
i 1
m m u
i 1
i 1
2
i ik
G u
i ik
i 1
G G u
i 1
i 1
2
i ik
(1)
9-A
0,100
0,12
8.5-B
0,08
0,32
0,32
0,32
8-C
0,050
0,08
7.5-D
0,05
0,26
025
0,28
0,20
0,20
0,24
7-E
0,025
0,05
6.5-F
6
0,03
0,03
0,16
0,16
0,20
0,12
0,12
0,16
0,09
0,08
0,12
0,07
0,08
the ductility of the structure, the capacity of stress redistribution and the cooperation
between the structure and the nonstructural and damping elements. (tab. 3)
k is the coefficient of equivalence between the real system nDOF and the system sDOF
having a proper period of vibration Tk
uik the ordinates of the eigenvector
2.2. P100-92
This norms determines the entire horizontal seismic loading depending on the coefficient of
importance of the building, (eq. 2)
S k ck G
k n
ck k s k k
m u
i
i 1
ik
m m u
i 1
i 1
2
ik
G u
i
i 1
ik
G G u
i 1
i 1
2
ik
(2)
Tab. 2. Dynamic coefficient
P13-63
P13-70
P100-78 (81)
P100-92
P100-06
k
ground: type a (cliffs)
k = 0,90/T
type b (normal) k =1,25*0,90/T
type c (clay)
k =1,5* 0,90/T
ground: type a
k =0,8* 0,80/Tk
type b
k = 0,80/Tk
type c
k = 1,5*0,80/Tk
ground: type a
k = 0,8*3/ Tk
type.b
k = 3/ Tk
type.c
k = 1,3*3/ Tk
r = 2.5
for Tk < Tc
r = 2.5 - (Tk - Tc)
for Tk > Tc
Tc = 0,7s; 1,0s; 1,5s
(T) 1
0 1 T
TB
T TB
min
0,60
max
3,00
0,60
2,00
0,75
2,00
1,00
2,50
2,75
TB<T TC
T
(T) 0 C
T
TC TD
(T) 0
T2
TC<T TD
T> TD
2.3. P100-2006 Regulation determines the seismic force (the base shear force) with the
expression:
Fbk I S d Tk mk
(3)
S d Tk the ordinate of the response spectrum of design corresponding to the k mode;
1
q
S d (T ) a g 1
T
TB
S d (T ) a g
or
(T )
q
(4)
mk
m s
i 1
n
i ik
(5)
m s
i 1
2
i ik
sik the eigenvector component in the k mode which is corresponding to the dynamic free i
degree (iDOF)
Tab. 3. Reduction coefficient
Reinforced concrete structures
Rigid structure buildings (brickwork bearing
walls or reinforced concrete diaphragm) or
semirigid (semipermanent)
Storey framed buildings
P13-63
1,00
P13-70
1,30
1,20
P100-78 (81)
0,30
0,25
P100-92
0,25
0,20
1,20
1,00
0,20
0,15
0,20
0,15
0,25
0,35
Industrial buildings
1,00
Silo
Very flexible and high buildings (towers and
chimneys)
Water tower
1,00
1,50
1,80
0,25
0,20
0,20
0,15
0,25
0,35
1,50
2,00
0,35
Ductility class M
3,5 u / 1
3,0
2,0
2,0
Frames or
Dual structures with main frames
Structural wall or
Dual systems with main walls
u / 1
1,15
1,25
1,35
1,0
1,15
1,25
For structures having complete regularity and perfectly controlled execution conditions q can be increased with max.20%
3*u/1
u/1
k ;
ck
P13-63
P13-70
P13-63
IASI
0.03
1.875
1.20
0.85
0.0574
58%
0.03
1.33
1.00
0.85
0.034
34%
0.20
2.00
0.20
0.85
0.068
69%
P13-70
BUCURESTI
1
0.20
2.50
0.20
0.85
0.085
86%
1
0.20
2.75
4.725
1.35
0.85
0.0989
100%
0.025
1.875
1.20
0.85
0.0478
40%
0.03
1.33
1.00
0.85
0.034
29%
0,16
2.00
0.20
0.85
0.054
45%
1
0.20
2.50
0.20
0.85
0.085
72%
1
0.24
2.75
4.725
1.35
0.85
0.1187
100%
s
0.03
0.03
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.025
0.03
0,16
0.20
0.24
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.50
2.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.50
2.75
1.00
1.20
0.25
0.25
1.00
1.20
0.25
0.25
q
3
3
u/1
k ;
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
ck
0.045 0.054
0.075 0.09375 0.1375 0.0375 0.054
0.06
0.09375 0.165
33%
39%
55%
68%
100%
23%
33%
36%
57%
100%
P13-63
P13-70
P10078 81)
P10092
P10006
P13-63
P13-70
IASI
0.03
2.00
1.30
0.03
2.00
1.00
0.20
2.00
0.30
P10078 (81)
P10092
P10006
1
0.20
2.50
0.25
1
0.24
2.75
BUCURETI
1
0.20
2.50
0.25
1
0.20
2.75
0.025
2.00
1.30
0.03
2.00
1.00
0,16
2.00
0.30
q = 3*u/1
u/1
k ;
ck
0.75
0.059
54%
0.75
0.045
41%
0.75
0.09
82%
0.75
0.094
85%
3.75
1.25
0.75
0.11
100%
0.75
0.0487
37%
0.75
0.045
34%
0.75
0.072
55%
0.75
0.094
71%
3.75
1.25
0.75
0.132
100%
REFERENCES
1. P13-63 - Conditioned Standards for Civil and Industrial Constructions Design in Seismic
Regions
2. P13-70 - Standards for Civil and Industrial Constructions Design in Seismic Regions
3. P100-78 - The Seismic Standards for Design of Civil, Socio-Cultural, Agricultural and
Industrial Constructions
4. P100-92- The Seismic Standards for Design of Civil, Socio-Cultural, Agricultural and
Industrial Constructions
5. P100-78 - The Seismic Standards for Design of Civil, Socio-Cultural, Agricultural and
Industrial Constructions
6. P100-1/2006 - Seismic Design Code - part I Building Design Provisions
AUTHORS INFORMATION
Dr. Doina Stefan (dstefan@ce.tuiasi.ro) is professor of structural engineering at the Technical
University of Iasi (Romania), Civil Engineering Faculty. Her primary research interests are:
dynamic identification of structures, seismic qualified of different equipment as constituent of
Nuclear Plant, degrade structures modeling. She is member of SACS (Societii Academice de
Construcii Prof. Anton esan), ARIS (Asociatia Inginerilor de Structuri din Romnia), CET
Romania (Corpul Experilor Tehnici din Romnia)
eng. Gabriela Covatariu (covagab@ce.tuiasi.ro) is computer engineer at the Gh. Asachi
Technical University of Iasi (Romania), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services.
She is PhD student in Civil engineering domain at Technical University of Iasi. Her primary
research interests are computer science, artificial intelligence, neural networks applied in civil
engineering, structural engineering.