Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Modelo de Prova2010
Modelo de Prova2010
Modelo de Prova2010
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Hydrogen is being touted as the fuel of the future, a clean-burning, renewable and
inexpensive replacement for petroleum. But a major stumbling block for hydrogenpowered vehicles is figuring out a way to carry enough hydrogen onboard to travel even
moderate distances between refueling stops.
Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energys Ames Laboratory will be
investigating a possible solution to that problem thanks to $1.6 million in funding
announced recently by DOE Secretary Samuel Bodman as part of a $64 Million
Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.
With compressed hydrogen gas, you simply cant carry a tank big enough to
travel very far, Ames Lab senior scientist Vitalij Pecharsky said. The answer is a
hydrogen-rich, solid fuel that mimicks the hydrogen content of methane, where four
hydrogen atoms encapsulate a single carbon atom.
A key component in the research project is solvent-free mechanochemical
processing, a technique Ames Laboratory researchers had shown back in 2002 to work
well when applied to complex hydrides.
Processing these materials without the use of solvents is important, Pecharsky
said, because once a material is dissolved, its structure fundamentally changes.
Creating these complex hydride compounds in solid state will allow us to look at the
molecular structure to see if there are ways to more easily get the hydrogen back out of
these systems.
Synthesizing various combinations and sizes of materials will provide samples to
be studied and characterized using a variety of high-tech methods. Ames Lab scientist
Scott Chumbley hopes that scanning and transmission electron microscopy will give
researchers a close-up look at the structure of the processed materials. The team will
also rely on the expertise of Ames Lab senior scientist Marek Pruski in using solid-state
nuclear magnetic resonance. Earlier studies performed by Pruskis group proved that
NMR is uniquely suited for the studies of complex phases resulting from the milling
process. Coupled with X-ray powder diffraction, and other traditional materials
characterization techniques, researchers hope to gain a fundamental understanding of
the relationships between the chemical composition, bonding, structure, microstructure,
properties and performance of these materials.
The group will work with physicist Purusottam Jena of Virginia Commonwealth
University to develop first-principle theoretical models based on the experimental data.
Those models will then be used to predict outcomes of further experiments. The
predictions and actual results will be compared to see if the theory holds or needs
further modification. Ultimately, the theoretical model will be used to help steer
research toward the most promising compounds.
Funding for the project will be spread over three years. Ames Laboratory is
operated for the Department of Energy by Iowa State University. The Lab conducts
research into various areas of national concern, including energy resources, high-speed
computer design, environmental cleanup and restoration, and the synthesis and study of
new materials.
TEXTO II
INNOVATIONS IN IMAGE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY
Verellen, D. et al. (2007). Disponvel em: http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v7/n12/abs/nrc2288.html
The limited ability to control for the location of a tumour compromises the
accuracy with which radiation can be delivered to tumour-bearing tissue. The resultant
requirement for larger treatment volumes to accommodate target uncertainty restricts
the radiation dose because more surrounding normal tissue is exposed. With imageguided radiotherapy (IGRT) these volumes can be optimized and tumoricidal doses can
be delivered, achieving maximal tumour control with minimal complications.
Moreover, with the ability of high-precision dose delivery and real-time knowledge of
the target volume location, IGRT has initiated the exploration of new indications for
radiotherapy, some of which were previously considered infeasible.
TEXTO III
NUCLEAR ENERGY: AN OBJECTIVE NEEDS MODEL
HEATHER, A. (2009). Disponvel em: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p310963_index.html
10
In recent years, nuclear energy has experienced a renaissance of activity and interest
across the globe. Not only do many argue that nuclear power is necessary to ensure a
security of energy supply, a growing chorus of voices argues that an expansion of
nuclear energy is necessary to combat the potentially devastating effects from climate
change. This paper examines what is at stake for countries in this nuclear energy debate.
Why do some countries adopt nuclear energy programs, while others do not? Using a
two-dimensional model of energy supply and climate change vulnerability, the model
identifies objective material needs that countries may have for adopting nuclear
energy programs. The model is then compared with a newly created dataset of
contemporary country stances on nuclear energy. Although the variables in this model
are apolitical, the implications are anything but. The objective needs model indicates
whether or not a countrys pursuit of nuclear energy is justified on strictly material
grounds. When countries do not conform to the model, this indicates that other political
or ideational factors may be at play in determining a countrys stance on nuclear energy.
Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Cincias Humanas Universidade de So Paulo Casa de Cultura Japonesa
Sala 05 Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 159 CEP 05508-000 So Paulo-SP Brasil Tel/Fax : (11) 3091-2416
NOME:................................................................................................................................
MESTRADO
Itens incorretos:
A o candidato no deve confundir stumbling block
(empecilhos) com blocos de hidrognio
B a afirmao parece condizer com o ttulo do texto e com
o senso comum, porm em nenhum momento afirma-se isso.
D
o
hidrognio
no
inviabiliza
paradas
para
abastecimento; elas apenas devem ser feitas com maior
freqncia.
* * * Item correto: C
Trecho do texto que justifica a opo:
The answer is a hydrogen-rich, solid fuel (linhas 10-11)
Itens incorretos:
A o candidato deve compreender que o laboratrio Ames
conduz a pesquisa, e no a financia.
B o candidato deve compreender que a estrutura apenas
parecida (mimicks) do gs metano.
D o candidato deve compreender que o composto utilizado
ser composto de hidrognio.
solventes.
material.
materiais.
hidrognio.
* * * Item correto: B
Trecho do texto que justifica a opo:
Pecharsky said, because once a material is dissolved, its
structure fundamentally changes. (linhas 16-17)
O candidato deve ser capaz de recuperar informaes
previamente
mencionadas
no
texto,
quando
elas
so
substitudas por pronomes possessivos. Neste item, ele deve
compreender que a estrutura do material que muda.
* * * Item correto: D
Trechos do texto que justificam a opo:
transmission electron microscopy (linha 23)
X-ray powder diffraction (linha 38)
Itens incorretos:
A verifica se o candidato compreende a estrutura de
adjetivao do ingls, portanto ele deve entender que
trata-se de microscopia de transmisso de eltrons e no
de transmisso de eltrons simplesmente, ou seja, que o
termo refere-se a um tipo especfico de microscopia.
B fala-se de close-up look, ou seja, uma viso
detalhada.
C fala-se de scanning como um procedimento, e no
scanner, o aparelho. Alm disso, modelos tericos
resultaro da pesquisa, e no sero empregados como parte
de sua metodologia.
Radiotherapy
8. De acordo com o texto,
a) ainda no h uma tecnologia que permita saber a localizao exata de um tumor.
b) a falta de dados sobre a localizao de um tumor impossibilita o emprego de
radioterapia.
c) a radiao permite controlar com preciso a localizao de tecidos com tumor.
d) a preciso da emisso de radiao a um tumor est ligada ao conhecimento de sua
localizao.
* * * Item correto: D
Trecho do texto que justifica a opo:
The limited ability to control for the location of a
tumour compromises the accuracy with which radiation can be
delivered to tumour-bearing tissue. (linhas 1-2)
Itens incorretos:
A o incio do texto afirma que difcil verificar essa
localizao, mas no que isso acontea devido falta de
uma tecnologia adequada.
B a falta de dados dificulta (compromises the
accuracy), mas no impossibilita.
C a radiao utilizada para tratar e no para localizar
o tumor. O candidato no tambm deve confudir control for
(checar) com controlar.
9. Segundo o autor,
a) necessrio aumentar a administrao de radiao por no se conhecer a
localizao exata do tumor.
b) os tecidos adjacentes ao tumor precisam receber uma dosagem maior de radiao
para evitar sua contaminao.
c) precisa-se de uma dose maior de radiao para eliminar incertezas sobre a
localizao do tumor.
d) o aumento da radiao administrada a um tumor dificulta ainda mais a sua
localizao exata.
* * * Item correto: A
Trecho do texto que justifica a opo:
The resultant requirement for larger treatment volumes to
accommodate target uncertainty restricts the radiation dose
because more surrounding normal tissue is exposed. (linhas
2-4)
Itens incorretos:
B o texto afirma que a falta de conhecimento sobre a
localizao de um tumor faz com que seja necessrio tomar
cuidado com a dose de radiao administrada, porque uma
maior parte dos tecidos adjacentes ser exposta.
C doses maiores de radiao no garantem que passar-se-
a conhecer a localizao exata de um tumor.
D a dose de radiao administrada no interfere no
conhecimento sobre a localizao de um tumor.
10. Assinale a alternativa que contm uma afirmao correta sobre a IGRT.
a)
b)
c)
d)
* * * Item correto: C
Trecho do texto que justifica a opo:
With image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) these volumes can be
optimized and tumoricidal doses can be delivered, achieving
maximal tumour control with minimal complications. (linhas
4-6)
Itens incorretos:
A ela otimiza a quantidade de radiao administrada.
B os efeitos colaterais (complications) so poucos,
portanto no h a oposio entre o controle do tumor e tais
efeitos, que o termo apesar estabelece na alternativa.
D os volumes aos quais a frase em questo se refere so
os da radiao administrada, e no do tumor, volumes esses
que o IGRT otimiza, e no calcula.
IGRT
indications
exploration
volume location
* * * Item correto: B
Trecho do texto que justifica a opo:
IGRT has initiated the exploration of new indications for
radiotherapy, some of which were previously considered
infeasible. (linha 9)
O candidato deve ser capaz de recuperar informaes previamente
mencionadas no texto.
Needs Model
13. Assinale a alternativa correta, de acordo com o texto.
a) Muitos ainda questionam a necessidade da energia nuclear para garantir o
fornecimento de energia.
b) A energia nuclear comprovadamente eficaz no combate s mudanas climticas.
c) O artigo visa estudar a vulnerabilidade do fornecimento de energia nuclear
atravs de um modelo objetivo.
d) O estudo far a comparao entre determinado modelo e dados sobre a postura
dos pases sobre a energia nuclear.
* * * Item correto: D
Diferentemente das outras questes, esta uma questo em que
cada alternativa lida com um trecho diferente do texto, utilizando seu
vocabulrio fora do contexto original.
Trecho do texto que justifica a opo D:
Using a two-dimensional model of energy supply and climate
change vulnerability, the model identifies objective
material needs that countries may have for adopting nuclear
energy programs. The model is then compared with a newly
created dataset of contemporary country stances on nuclear
energy. (linhas 6-10)
Trechos que inviabilizam os itens incorretos:
A muitos cientistas argumentam sobre a necessidade da
energia nuclear, como expresso na frase: many argue that
nuclear power is necessary to ensure a security of energy
supply.
B a growing chorus of voices argues that an expansion of
nuclear energy is necessary to combat the potentially
devastating
effects
from
climate
change.
Trata-se,
portanto, de um argumento, e no de um fato comprovado.
C O modelo terico explora as possveis vulnerabilidades
de cada pas ao adotar a energia nuclear e no o
fornecimento em si.
10