2/6/2014

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

Introduction
Concept of fluid
Continuum
assumption
Dimensions and units
Eulerian vs
Lagrangian

Properties

Pressure
Temperature
Density
Specific weight
Specific gravity
Ideal gas law
State relations for
liquids

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

!

Viscosity

y
u=V
u(y)

Approximations:
zero acceleration
no pressure variation in flow
direction
du
Newtonian fluid dy

u=0 (no slip)

du
Velocity gradient: dy const Integrate: du dy

u y c @ y 0 : u 0c 0 u y @ y h : u V

F
AV
V h or

F
A
h

Thus shear stress directly proportional to velocity gradient.

Proportionality constant is dynamic viscosity.

2/6/2014

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

Viscosity function of temperature

Gases

Liquids

Power law

T

0 T0

Log-inverse quadratic
law

T T

ln
a b c
0
T0 T0

Sutherlands law
1.5

T T0 S

0 T0 T S

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

Examples
1

Cylindrical, rotational

h1

h2

F,V

T,

F 1 2 AV
h1 h2

Laminar, steady

L
D
r

Cylindrical, linear
Torque = Shear force * arm
T DLr

L
F,V

D
a
4

F Acontact

Thin gap, linear velocity distribution

V
DL
a

V
V r r D/2
a
V
V
T DLr
Power T
a
r

2/6/2014

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

Non-Newtonian fluids

du
dy

Surface tension
Y N
m

h
R

Shear
stress

g R 2h 2R Y cos

Shear strain rate

5

MTV310

Contact angle, f(T)

gas
liquid

<90
solid

d du
,
dt dy

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

Thermal conductivity: Fouriers law

Speed of sound

q kT
Kinematic viscosity

c a kRT
Reynolds number

Re

VD VD

[m2.s-1]

Vapour pressure

pv

100kPa
pv

inertial forces
viscous forces

T 100C
Cavitation

2/6/2014

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

Examples
White Ex 1.10, p.38

White Pr 1.53:

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

White Pr 1.54:

2/6/2014

MTV310

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

White Pr 1.56: