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PROGRAM NAME:
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SAP2000
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EXAMPLE 1-010
FRAME - END OFFSETS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a cantilever beam to test the SAP2000 end offsets. In
SAP2000, end offsets may be non-rigid, partially rigid, or fully rigid. The rigidity
of the offset is specified by a rigid zone factor. This factor specifies the fraction
of the end offset length, measured from the frame element end, that is assumed to
be infinitely rigid. The remainder of the end offset, if any, is assumed to have the
same flexibility as the beam.
Four models are created in this example. The first has no end offset, the second
through fourth have an end offset with 0%, 50% and 100% rigidity, respectively.
For each model the vertical displacement at the free end of the cantilever is
compared with independent hand calculated results.
Important Note: Bending and shear deformations are included in the analyses
for this example.
GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING
10k

12'
a

12"

C
18"

Z
Y

End offset
X

End Offsets
Model A:
Model B:
Model C:
Model D:

a = 0, no end offset
a = 6" end offset, 0% rigid
a = 6" end offset, 50% rigid
a = 6" end offset, 100% rigid

Section C-C

Material Properties
E = 4,320 k/in2
= 0.2
G = 1,800 k/in2
Section Properties
b = 12 in
d = 18 in
A = 216 in2
I = 5,832 in4
Av = 180 in2 (shear area)

EXAMPLE 1-010 - 1

Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:

SAP2000
0

TECHNICAL FEATURES OF SAP2000 TESTED

The use of end offsets in frames, including
Non-rigid offsets
Partially rigid offsets
Fully rigid offsets
The effect of end offsets on the frame static analysis results
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
Rigid
Zone
Model Factor

Output
Parameter

SAP2000

Percent
Independent Difference

N.A.

Uz (free end) in

-0.39951

-0.39951

0%

0.0

Uz (free end) in

-0.39951

-0.39951

0%

0.5

Uz (free end) in

-0.37523

-0.37523

0%

1.0

Uz (free end) in

-0.35197

-0.35197

0%

COMPUTER FILE: Example 1-010a, Example 1-010b, Example 1-010c, Example 1-010d
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results match exactly with the independent results.

EXAMPLE 1-010 - 2

Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:

SAP2000
0

HAND CALCULATION

EXAMPLE 1-010 - 3