Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications

Fourth Edition in SI Units

Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar
McGraw-Hill, 2011

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC
CONCEPTS

Mehmet Kanoglu University of Gaziantep

..

..

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Objectives
thermodynamics heat transfer

(thermal energy)


(energy balances)
(surface energy balances)
3 conduction,
convection, and radiation
Fourier's law of heat conduction, Newton's law of cooling, and
the StefanBoltzmann law of radiation.


(heat losses)

THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

(Heat):

(Thermodynamics):



(Heat Transfer)

3 conduction, convection, 3

radiation.

Convection
+ Radiation

Convection
=>
Conduction
=>
Convection
+ Radiation
4

5
5

Heat Transfer

Kinetic theory:

Heat:

Caloric theory:

1843 (.. 2386)
James P. Joule

Heat
transfer

 Heat Transfer

ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER

heat exchangers, boilers, condensers,
radiators, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar collectors

2 : (1) rating and (2)
sizing problems.
(The rating problems)



(The sizing problems)

 (Specific
Heats) of Gases, Liquids, and
Solids

Specific heat:

2 :
specific heat at constant volume cv
specific heat at constant pressure cp

2 (two independent properties)
temperature and pressure.

specific heats

temperature
9

Energy Transfer
2
heat transfer and work.

when

is constant:

Heat transfer rate:

Heat flux:

Power:

10

11

12

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1
The first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy
principle) states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed
during a process; it can only change forms.

(energy balance)

13
13

nuclear, chemical, mechanical, and

electrical energies
(heat

generation)

14

Energy Balance for Closed Systems (Fixed Mass)

(E)
(U)

15

Energy Balance for

Steady-Flow Systems
water heaters and car
radiators

(control

volumes- CV)
CV (steady
operating)


(no change with

time)
Mass flow rate: The amount of mass flowing
through a cross section of a flow device per unit
time.
Volume flow rate: The volume of a fluid
flowing through a pipe or duct per unit time.

16

Surface Energy Balance

(
)

Heat generation

17

CONDUCTION
Conduction:

In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the

collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their

random motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of
the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by

free electrons.

(
)

Heat conduction
through a large plane
wall of thickness x
and area A.
18

Fouriers law of heat conduction

When x 0
Thermal conductivity, k:

Temperature gradient dT/dx:
T-x diagram




temperature gradient

In heat conduction
analysis, A represents
the area normal to the
direction of heat
transfer.

The rate of heat conduction

through a solid is directly
proportional to its thermal
19
conductivity.

20

10

Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal conductivity:
The rate of heat transfer
through a unit thickness
of the material per unit
area per unit
temperature difference.
Thermal conductivity

A simple experimental setup
insulator.
to determine the thermal
conductivity of a material.

21

The range of
thermal
conductivity of
various
materials at
room
temperature.

22

11

 Thermal conductivities
Thermal conductivities
104
Pure crystals and metals have the highest
thermal conductivities, and gases and
insulating materials the lowest.

The mechanisms of heat

conduction in different
phases of a substance.

23

The variation of
the thermal
conductivity of
various solids,
liquids, and gases
with temperature.
24

12

Thermal Diffusivity
cp Specific heat, J/kg C: Heat capacity
per unit mass
cp Heat capacity, J/m 3C: Heat capacity
per unit volume
Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents
how fast heat diffuses through a material

Thermal diffusivity
Conductivity Heat capacity
thermal conductivity heat capacity
thermal diffusivity
thermal diffusivity


thermal diffusivity


25

26

13

27

- CONVECTION
Convection:

(liquid
or gas)

conduction fluid

motion.

heat
conduction

Heat transfer from a hot surface to air

by convection.

28

14

Forced convection: If
the fluid is forced to flow
over the surface by
external means such as a
fan, pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free)
convection: If the fluid
motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density
differences due to the
variation of temperature
in the fluid.

Forced
convection Natural convection

(change of phase )

29

Newtons law of cooling

h
As
Ts
T

convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 C

the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place (m 2)
the surface temperature (K)
the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface (K)

heat transfer coefficient h

heat transfer coefficient h
condition

h
- the surface geometry
- the nature of fluid motion
- the properties of the fluid
- the bulk fluid velocity

30

15

31

32

16

33

- RADIATION
Radiation:
electromagnetic waves (or photons)
intervening medium.

()

thermal radiation,

(volumetric phenomenon)
emit, absorb, or transmit
(surface
phenomenon )

34

17

StefanBoltzmann law
= 5.670 108 W/m2 K4 StefanBoltzmann constant
Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.

Emissivity : A measure of how closely

a surface approximates a blackbody for
which = 1 of the surface. 0 1.

35

Absorptivity :

0 1

( = 1).
Kirchhoffs law: The emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface
at a given temperature and wavelength are equal.

The absorption of radiation incident on

an opaque surface of absorptivity.

36

18

Net radiation heat transfer:

Tsurr

Radiation is usually
significant relative to
conduction or natural
convection, but
negligible relative to
forced convection.

Radiation heat transfer between a

surface and the surfaces surrounding it.

37

38

19

(opaque solids)
(semitransparent solids)

Convection = Conduction + Fluid motion

2

(
)

Although there are three mechanisms of
heat transfer, a medium may involve
39
only two of them simultaneously.

PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Problem Statement (
)
Step 2: Schematic ()
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
( )
Step 4: Physical Laws ( )
Step 5: Properties ( )
Step 6: Calculations ()
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
( )

40

20

41

42

21

Engineering Software Packages

Thinking that a person who can use
engineering software packages without
proper training on fundamentals can
practice engineering is like thinking that a
person who can use a wrench can work as
a car mechanic.

EES (Engineering Equation Solver)

(Pronounced as ease): EES is a program that
solves systems of linear or nonlinear
algebraic or differential equations numerically.
It has a large library of built-in thermodynamic
property functions as well as mathematical
functions. Unlike some software packages,
EES does not solve engineering problems; it
only solves the equations supplied by the
user.
43

Significant Digits ( )

3

A result with more significant

digits than that of given data
falsely implies more accuracy.

44

22


1. Heat Transfer

2. Heat Conduction

Fouriers law
3. Heat Convection

Newtons law of cooling

4. Heat Radiation

StefanBoltzmann law
= 5.670 108 W/m2 K4 StefanBoltzmann constant

45

46

23

Summary
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Application areas of heat transfer
Historical background

Engineering Heat Transfer

Internal energy and enthalpy
Modeling in engineering

Heat and Other Forms of Energy

Specific heats of gases, liquids, and solids
Energy transfer

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy balance for closed systems (fixed mass)
Energy balance for steady-flow systems
Surface energy balance
47

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction
Fouriers law of heat conduction
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Diffusivity

Convection
Newtons law of cooling

Radiation
StefanBoltzmann law

Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms

48

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