Switched Mode Power Conversion: Non-Isolated Converters

Switched Mode Power Conversion
Non-Isolated Converters
Basic Converter Cell

Buck Converter

Basic Converter Cell
Three Variants of the Switch-Inductor Cell

Buck Converter
Voltage Input Current Output Converter

Basic Power Converters
Current Input Voltage Output Variant

Current Input Current Output Variant

Buck, Boost & Flyback Variants

Analysis of Flyback Converters
Flyback Converter

Analysis of Flyback Converters
Voltage Gain VO/VG

Current Gain IO/IG
Current Ripple IO/IO
Voltage Ripple VO/VO
Switch, Source, Storage Non-ideality
Efficiency

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
TON TOFF
P
IO
VO
R
VO
=?
VG
Voltage Conversion Ratio

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
TON TOFF
P
VO
IO
R
C
VG
VL
t
0
TON
TS
VO
Inductor Volt-Sec Balance

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
TON TOFF
P
VO
IO
R
C
VG
VL
t
0
TON
TS
VO
Inductor Volt-Sec Balance

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
TON TOFF
P
L
IO
VO
R
( VG ) TON + ( VO ) TOFF = 0
VO
T
D
= ON =
VG
TOFF
1 D

Flyback Converter
4
VO
VG
3
2
1
D
0
VO
T
D
= ON =
VG
TOFF
1 D

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
TON TOFF
P
IO
VO
R
IG
=?
IO
Current Conversion Ratio

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
IO
VO
R
IL
IO(t)
IO
t
0
TON
TS
I L TOFF = IO TS
Average Output Current

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
IO
VO
R
IL
IG(t)
IG
t
0
TON
TS
I L TON = IG TS
Average Input Current

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
L
IO
VO
R
IG / TON = IO / TOFF
IG
T
D
= ON =
IO
TOFF
1 D
Current Conversion Ratio

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
L
IO
VO
R
VO IO
D 1 D
=
=1
VG IG 1 D D
Ideal Efficiency is Unity

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
L
IO
VO
R
Non-Ideality in the Inductor Current

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
VO
IO
R
C
VG
VL
t
0
TON
TS
VO
Inductor Current Ripple Integral of Inductor Voltage

Flyback Converter
VG
VL
t
0
IL
TON
TS
VO
IL
t
VG
I L =
DTS
L

Flyback Converter
VG
VL
t
0
IL
TON
TS
VO
IL
t
VO (1 D)
VO (1 D)
I L =
DTS =
TS
DL
L
IO
VO
IL =
=
1 D R (1 D )

Flyback Converter
VG
VL
t
0
IL
TON
TS
VO
IL
t
I L (1 D) 2
=
TS
IL
(L / R )

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
L
I L (1 D) 2
=
TS
IL
(L / R )
IO
VO
R
L
TS
R
Condition for Low Ripple Current

Switching Period TS << Circuit Time Constant (L/R)

Flyback Converter
T1
T2
IG T
ON
VG
IO(t)
IO
TOFF
VO
R
VO
=?
VG
Non-Ideality of the Switches

Flyback Converter
T1
T2
IG T
ON
VG
IO(t)
IO
TOFF
VO
R
VG-VT
VL
t
0
TON
TS
VO-VD
Volt-Sec Balance on Inductor

Flyback Converter
T1
T2
IG T
ON
VG
IO(t)
IO
TOFF
VO
R
L
VG-VT
VL
t
0
TON
TS
VO-VD
( VG VT ) TON + ( VO + VD ) TOFF = 0

Flyback Converter
T1
T2
IG T
ON
VG
P
L
VT
1 V
VO
D
G
=
VG
1 D VD
1 + V
O
IO(t)
IO
TOFF
VO
R
VT
1 V
G
=
VD
1 + V
O

Flyback Converter
T1
T2
IG T
ON
VG
IO(t)
IO
TOFF
VO
R
IG
D
=
IO
1 D
Current Averaging

Flyback Converter
T1
T2
IG T
ON
VG
IO(t)
IO
TOFF
VT
1 V
VO IO
D
G 1 D
=
VG IG
1 D VD D
1 + V
O
VO
R
VT
1 V
G
=
VD
1 + V
O
Efficiency of Power Conversion

Flyback Converter
T1
IG T
ON
VG
T2
IO(t)
IO
Rl TOFF
VO
R
VG-ILRl
VL
t
0
TON
TS
VO+ILRl
Non-Ideality of the Inductor

Flyback Converter
( VG IL R l ) Ton + ( VO IL R l ) TOFF = 0
IO
VG D = VO (1 D) + I L R l = VO (1 D)
Rl
(1 D)
VO R l
DVG = VO (1 D)
(1 D) R
VG-ILRl
VL
t
0
TON
TS
VO - ILRl
Volt-Second Balance

Flyback Converter
VO R l
DVG = VO (1 D)
(1 D) R
Rl
Define : =
R
VO
D
1
=
VG
(1 D)

1 + (1 D) 2
Voltage Conversion Ratio

Flyback Converter
VO
D
1
=
VG
(1 D)

1 + (1 D) 2
IG
D
=
IO
(1 D)
=
VO IO
1
=
VG IG

1 + (1 D) 2
Efficiency of Power Conversion

Flyback Converter
Ideal
Real
VO
D
1
3
=
VG
(1 D)

1 + (1 D) 2 2
VO/VG
1
D
0
Real Forward Voltage Gain

Flyback Converter
Ideal
Real
?
VO
D
1
3
=
VG
(1 D)

1 + (1 D) 2 2
VO/VG
1
D
0

Flyback Converter
VO
D
1
=
VG
(1 D)

1 + (1 D) 2 4
VO
=
VG
VO
d
VG
dD
D (1 D )
((1 D )
Ideal
Real
1
2
= 0 = (1 D) 2
VO/VG
D
0

Flyback Converter
=

1 + (1 D) 2
1
2
1 D)
(
=
2
1
D
(( ) + )
Ideal
Real
0.5
VO/VG
D
0
Efficiency of a Real Converter
0
1

Flyback Converter
=

1 + (1 D) 2
Ideal
Real
Preferred
Operating Region
Efficiency
Gain
1
2
1 D)
(
=
2
1
D
(( ) + )
0.5
VO/VG
D
0
Preferred Range of Duty Ratio
0
1

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
VO
IO
R
C
IL
IL
t
0
TON
TS
Output Voltage Ripple

Flyback Converter
T1
IG
VG
T2
IO(t)
TON TOFF
P
VO
IO
R
C
-IO(t)
-IO
t
0
TON
TS
Capacitor Charge Balance

Flyback Converter
-IO(t)
-IO
t
0
TON
TS
-VO(t)
VO

Flyback Converter
-IO(t)
-IO
t
0
TON
VO =
TS
IO D TS VO D TS
=
C
RC

Flyback Converter
-VO
-VO(t)
VO
VO
D TS
=
VO
RC
Design Guideline: TS << RC

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
VO
T
D
= ON =
VG
TOFF
1 D

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
IG
TON
D
=
=
IO
TOFF
1 D

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
Current Ripple
I L (1 D) 2
=
TS
IL
(L / R )

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
Current Ripple
Voltage Ripple
VO
D TS
=
VO
RC

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
Current Ripple
Voltage Ripple
Real Voltage Gain
VO
D
1
=
VG
(1 D)

1 + (1 D) 2
VT
1 V
VO
D
G
=
VG
1 D VD
1 + V
O

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
Current Ripple
Voltage Ripple
Real Voltage Gain
Real Current Gain
IG
T
D
= ON =
IO
TOFF
1 D

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
Current Ripple
Voltage Ripple
Real Voltage Gain
Real Current Gain
Efficiency
=
(1 D )
((1 D )
VT
1 V
G
=
VD
1 + V
O

Flyback Converter
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
Current Ripple
Voltage Ripple
Real Voltage Gain
Real Current Gain
Efficiency
Preferred Operating Range
0 D 1 ;
= Rl / R

Buck-Boost Converter

Converter Cells

Buck, Boost & Flyback Variants

Dual Converter Cell
C T1 TON P
T2 T
OFF

Dual Converter Cell
VG
VO
IG
TON T1
C
IO
TOFF T2
Buck Current Converter

Dual Converter Cell
VG
VO
IG
TON T1
C
IO
TOFF T2
Buck Current Converter

Dual Converter Cell
VG
VO
IG
T2 TOFF
IO
T1 T
ON
Boost Current Converter

Dual Converter Cell
VG
VO
IG
C
T2
T1
TOFF
IO
TON
P
Buck-Boost Current Converter

Steady State Performance
Ideal Voltage Gain
Ideal Current Gain
Current Ripple
Voltage Ripple
Real Voltage Gain
Real Current Gain
Efficiency
Preferred Operating Range

Input and Output are Electrically Connected

Isolated Converters
T1
IG TON
P1
L
VG
T2
IO(t)
TOFF
IO
P2
VO
R
Electrical Isolation Between Input & Output

Switched Mode Power Conversion: Non-Isolated Converters

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Switched Mode Power Conversion: Non-Isolated Converters

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Switched Mode Power Conversion

Basic Converter Cell