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What Is Solid State Physics
What Is Solid State Physics
Crystalline Solids
(Metals, Insulators,
Semiconductors)
Crystalline
Solids +
Defects
(point,
dislocations,
surfaces and
interfaces)
Soft Matter
Non-Crystalline
Solids
Quasicrystals
Colloidal
Dispersions
Amorphous
Solids (Glass)
Polymer
Solids (Glass
and Rubber)
Polymer
Melts and
Solutions
Liquid
Crystals
Biomatter
(proteins,
membranes,
nucleic acids)
qe
Hole: a quasiparticle, like the electron, but of opposite charge; it corresponds to the absence
of electron for a single-particle state which lies below the Fermi level. The notion of a hole is
particularly convenient when the reference state consists of a quasiparticle states that are
fully occupied and are separated by an energy gap from the unoccupied state.
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
Magnon:
collective
excitation of
the spin
degrees of
freedom on the
crystalline
lattice with an
energy scale
0.0010.1eV
Quantum Hamiltonian of
Condensed Matter Physics
The general theory of quantum mechanics is now almost complete. The
underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a
large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely
known, and the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws
leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble.
P. A. M. Dirac 1929
NN
2
2 NN
P
Zn Zm
e
n
H=
+
2
M
2
n=1
nm=1 | Rn Rm |
n
TN : motion of nuclei
Ne
pi2
i =1 2Mi
Te : motion of electrons
e2 Ne
1
2 i j =1 | ri rj |
Vee :int eraction between electrons
Quantization
p i , P i
r
R
NN Ne
Zn
e
n=1 i =1 | Rn ri |
2
N N Ne 10
2
23
Energy scales: 10 eV 10 eV
4
Energy: , T < 1 e V
Time:
15
1
0
s
19
1eV
10 J
Length: | x i x j |, q 1 1
forget about atom formation + forget about crystal formation
me
+ Born-Oppenheimer approximation for
1
mN
Helectronic =Te +VeI +Vee, VeI (r +rn) =VeI (r), rn = n1a1 +n2a2 +n3a3
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
H electronic = Te + Ve I + Ve e
N
H IE = Te + Ve I = H IE (ri )
e
i =1
n(r)
2
H Hartree = Te + Ve I + e dr
, n(r) = | kHb (r) |2 = n(r + rn )
| r r |
H ( k ,b ) EF
LDA
E
r
n
(
)
2
xc [ne ]
...
n0 (r ) 0 (r1 , , rNe ) V (r )
0 (r1 , , rNe ) 0 [ n0 (r )]
Without the exclusion principle all electrons would occupy the same atomic orbital.
There would be no chemistry, no life!
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
Pij ( x1 , , xi , , x j , , xn ) = Pij ( x1 , , x j , , xi , , xn )
P A = AP
A = P AP
Pij H = HP
ij
ij
ij
+ A , P is even
A
P S = S , P A =
A , P is odd
1
P A = A , A = P
N!
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
H = h1 + h2 + + hN
hi i = ei i H 1,2,, Ne = E1,2,, Ne 1,2,, Ne
E1,2,, Ne = e1 + e2 + + eNe
1,2,, Ne
1
=
N!
1 (1)
N (1)
e
1 ( Ne ) N ( Ne )
e
nk =
1
e(k )/ kBT + 1
Wide-gap
Insulator
Intrinsic
Semiconductor
Two-band
Semimetal
One-band
Metal
(t ) eiE ( k )t
Fermi Liquid
(t ) eiE ( k )t et
Exchange-Correlation Hole
Surrounding every electron in a solid there's an
exclusion zone, called the exchange-correlation
hole, into which other electrons rarely venture.
This is the hole around an electron near the centre
of a bond in silicon.
3 n sin x x cos x
g , ( r , r ) =
x3
2
g , ( r , r ) = 0, x = k F | r r |
g , ( r , r ) 0
g, (r,r) g, (r,r)
k
k +Q
Q
low energy
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
M , (r) = s e , typical (, r)
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
metals
insulators
T 0 0
T 0 0
T
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
Superconductors
T < Tc
Highly
Anisotropic
Charge-Density Wave
+ Meissner effect
Spin-Density Wave
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
et
agn
M
ag
ne
ts
rg
H
ei
se
nb
e
om
err
tif
An
Fe
rri
ma
gn
ets
ro n
rant Elect
e
in
t
I
r
e
n
Sto
Magnetism
Ground state symmetry determines the properties of collective excitations Spin waves (Magnons)
reaction can take place which cross-links them, thereby forming a gel.
PHYS 624: Introduction to Solid State Physics
1
2
U (x)
s [ ( x ) ] j s = s s
2
Phase
Broken
Symmetry
Rigidity/Superflow
crystal
superfluid
superconductivity
F- and AF-magnetism
nematic liquid crystal
?
translation
gauge
EM gauge
spin rotation
rotation
Time
translation