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Chng
I

MNH TP HP

A. TM TT L THUYT
I. MNH
1. Mnh : l mt khng nh hoc l ng hoc l sai v khng th va
ng va sai.
V d:
2 + 3 = 5 l M ng.

2 l s hu t l M sai.

Mt qu! khng phi l M.
2. Mnh cha bin
V d: Cho khng nh 2 + n = 5. Khi thay mi gi tr c th ca n vo
khng nh trn th ta c mt mnh . Khng nh c c im
nh th c gi l mnh cha bin.
3. Ph nh ca mt mnh
Ph nh ca mnh P k hiu l P l mt mnh tho mn tnh cht
nu P ng th P sai, cn nu P sai th P ng.
V d: P: 3 l s nguyn t.
P : 3 khng l s nguyn t.
4. Mnh ko theo
Mnh Nu P th Q gi l mnh ko theo, k hiu P Q.
Mnh P Q ch sai khi P ng ng thi Q sai.
V d: Mnh 1>2 l mnh sai.
Mnh 3 < 2 3 < 4 l mnh ng.
Trong mnh P Q th
P: gi l gi thit (hay P l iu kin c Q).
Q: gi l kt lun (hay Q l iu kin cn c P).
5. Mnh o Hai mnh tng ng
Mnh o ca mnh P Q l mnh Q P.
Ch : Mnh o ca mt ng cha hn l mt mnh ng.
Nu hai mnh P Q v Q P u ng th ta ni P v Q l hai mnh
tng ng nhau. K hiu P Q.
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Cch pht biu khc: + P khi v ch khi Q.

+ P l iu kin cn v c Q.
+ Q l iu kin cn v c P.
6. K hiu ,
: c l vi mi

: c l tn ti

V d: x R, x 2 0: ng n Z, n2 3n + 1 = 0: sai
7. Ph nh ca mnh vi mi, tn ti
Mnh P: x D, T(x) c mnh ph nh l x D,T (x ) .
Mnh P: x D, T(x) c mnh ph nh l x D,T (x ) .
Lu :
Ph nh ca a < b l a b
Ph nh ca a = b l a b
Ph nh ca a > b l a b

Ph nh ca a b l a b

V d: P: n Z, n < 0

P : n , n 0

II. TP HP
Cho tp hp A. Nu a l phn t thuc tp A ta vit a A.
Nu a l phn t khng thuc tp A ta vit a A.
1. Cch xc nh tp hp
a. Cch lit k
Vit tt c phn t ca tp hp vo gia du {}, cc phn t cch nhau bi
du phy (,)
V d: A = {1,2,3,4,5}
b. Cch nu tnh cht c trng
Ch ra tnh cht c trng cho cc phn t ca tp .
V d: A = {x R|2x 2 5x + 3 = 0}
Ta thng minh ho tp hp bng mt ng cong khp
kn gi l biu Ven.

2. Tp hp rng: L tp hp khng cha phn t no. K hiu .

A x : x A
3. Tp hp con ca mt tp hp
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A B x A, x B
Ch :
A A

A

A B, B C A C
4. Hai tp hp bng nhau:
A = B x ,(x A x B )

III. CC PHP TON TRN TP HP

1. Php giao: AB = {x | x A v x
A

B}

x A
x AB

x B

2. Php hp: AB = {x | x A hoc x

hay

B}

x A
x A B
x B
3. Hiu ca hai tp hp: A\B = {x |x

hay

A v x B}
hay

A\ B

x A
x A B
x B
4. Phn b: Khi B A th A\B gi
l phn b ca B trong A. K hiu

C AB

Vy, C AB = A\B khi B A .

IV. CC TP HP S:
Tp s t nhin N = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,}, ngoi ra N* = N\{0}
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Tp s nguyn Z = {, 3,2,1,0,1,2,3,}

m
| m,n Z v n 0}
n
Tp s thc R gm tt c cc s hu t v v t. Tp s thc c biu

Tp cc s hu t Q = {x =

din bng trc s.

-

-2 -1 0 1 2

1. Quan h gia cc tp s: N Z Q R
2. Cc tp con thng dng ca R
(a ; b) = {x R | a < x < b}
(a ; +) = {x R | x > a}
( ; b) = {x R | x < b}
[a ; b] = {x R | a x b}
[a ; b) = {x R | a x < b}
(a ; b] = {x R | a < x b}
[a ; +) = {x R | x a}
( ; b] = {x R | x b}

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a
(
a
(

-
-
-

a
[
a
[
a
(
a
[

b
)

+
b
)
b
]
b
)
b
]

+
+
+

b
]

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Ch : R = ( ; +)
3. Cch tm giao, hp, hiu ca cc tp hp A,B R
a. Cch tm giao ca A v B
Biu din cc tp hp A v B ln cng mt trc s thc (gch b cc
khong khng thuc A v cc khong khng thuc B). Phn cn li trn
trc s l kt qu A B
V d: [1 ; 7] (3 ; 5) = [1 ; 5)

- -3
(

1
[

5 7
) ]

b. Cch tm hp ca A v B
T m cc khong ca A, t m cc khong ca B (khng gch b bt
k khong no trn trc s), sau gch b cc khong khng c t
m. Ly ht tt c cc khong c t m lm kt qu cho tp A B
V d: [1 ; 7) (3 ; 5) = (3 ; 7)

- -3
\\\\\\\\\\\(

1
[

5 7
+
) )\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

c. Cch tm hiu ca A cho B

T m tp cc khong ca tp A v gch b cc khong ca tp B, sau
gch b lun cc khong cha c t hoc nh du. Phn t m khng
b gch b l tp hp A\B
V d: [1 ; 7) \ (3 ; 5) = [5 ; 7)
5 7
- -3 1
+
\\\\\\\\\\\(

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) )\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

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1. MNH
BI TP C BN
1.1. Cu no di y l mnh ng, cu no l mnh sai?
b.PT x 2 + x 1 = 0 v nghim
a.y l u?
c.x + 3 = 5
d.16 khng l s nguyn t
1.2. Cc mnh sau ng hay sai. Nu mnh ph nh ca chng
a.Phng trnh x 2 x 4 = 0 v nghim
b.6 l s nguyn t

b.n N, n2 1 l s l

1.3. Xc nh tnh ng sai ca mnh A, B v tm ph nh ca n

A: x R, x 3 > x 2
B: x N, x (x +1)
1.4. Pht biu mnh P Q, xt tnh ng sai v pht biu mnh o
ca n
a.P: ABCD l hnh ch nht v Q: AC v BD ct nhau ti trung im
mi ng
b.P: 3 > 5 v Q: 7 > 10
c.P: ABC l tam gic vung cn ti A v Q: Gc B = 450
1.5. Pht biu mnh P Q bng 2 cch v xt tnh ng sai ca n
a.P: ABCD l hnh bnh hnh v Q: AC v BD ct nhau ti trung
im mi ng
b.P: 9 l s nguyn t v Q: 92 + 1 l s nguyn t
1.6. Hy xt tnh ng sai ca cc mnh sau y v pht biu mnh o
ca chng
P: Hnh thoi ABCD c 2 ng cho AC v BD vung gc nhau
Q: Tam gic cn c 1 gc bng 600 l tam gic u
R: 13 chia ht cho 2 nn 13 chia ht cho 10
1.7. Cho mnh cha bin P(x): x > x 2. Xt tnh ng sai ca cc mnh
sau:
1
a.P(1)
b.P( )
c.x N, P(x)
d.x N, P(x)
3
1.8. Pht biu mnh A B v A B ca cc cp mnh sau v xt tnh
ng sai ca chng
a.A: T gic T l hnh bnh hnh, B: T gic T c hai cnh i din
bng nhau
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b.A: T gic T l hnh vung, B: T gic T c 3 gc vung

c.A: x > y, B: x 2 > y 2(Vi x,y l 2 s thc)
d.A: im M cch u 2 cnh ca gc xOy, B: im M nm trn
ng phn gic gc xOy
1.9. Hy xem xt cc mnh sau ng hay sai v hy ph nh chng
x N, x2 2x

x N, (x2 + x) 2

x Z, x2 x 1 = 0

1.10. Trong cc mnh sau, mnh no c mnh o ng

A: Mt s t nhin tn cng l 6 th s chia ht cho 2
B: Tam gic cn c 1 gc = 600 l tam gic u
C: Nu tch 3 s l s dng th c 3 s u l s dng
D: Hnh thoi c 1 gc vung th l hnh vung
1.11. Pht biu thnh li cc mnh sau y v xt tnh ng sai ca chng
B: x R,x2 < 0
a.A: x R,x2 < 0
1
b.C: x R, > x + 1
x

1
D: x R, > x + 1
x

x2 4
=x+2
x 2
d.G: x R,x2 3x + 2 > 0

x2 4
=x+2
x 2
G: x R,x2 3x + 2 > 0

c.E: x R,

F: x R,

1.12. Cho s thc x. Xt cc mnh cha bin

P: x2 = 1
Q: x = 1
a.Hy pht biu mnh P Q, mnh o ca n v tnh ng sai
ca cc mnh .
b.Hy ch ra mt gi tr ca x lm cho mnh P Q sai.
1.13. Cho tam gic ABC. Pht biu mnh o ca cc mnh sau v xt
tnh ng sai ca chng.
a.Nu AB = BC = CA th ABC l tam gic u
 > BAC

b.Nu AB > BC th ACB
 = 900 th ABC l mt tam gic vung
c.Nu BAC
BI TP NNG CAO
1.14. Hy pht biu v chng minh cc nh l sau y
a.n N, n2 2 n 2
b.n N, n2 3 n 3
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c.n N, n2 6 n 6
1.15. Xt tnh ng sai ca cc mnh sau, nu r l do v lp mnh
ph nh cho cc mnh di Y
a.r Q, 4r2 1 = 0

b.n N, (n2 + 1) 8

c.x R,x2 + x + 1 > 0

d.n N*,(1 + 2 + + n) 11

1.16. Cho P(n): n l s chn v Q(n): 7n + 4 l s chn

a.Pht biu v chng minh nh l n N, P(n) Q(n)
b.Pht biu v chng minh nh l o ca nh l trn
c.Pht biu gp 2 nh l trn bng 2 cch.
1.17. CMR,

2 l mt s v t.

2. TP HP
BI TP C BN
2.1. Xc nh cc tp hp sau bng cch lit k
A = {x Q | (2x + 1)(x2 + x 1)(2x2 3x + 1) = 0}
B = {x Z | 6x2 5x + 1 = 0}
C = {x N | (2x + x2)(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 12) = 0}
D = {x N | x2 > 2 v x < 4}
E = {x Z |

x 2 v x > 2}

F = {x Z ||x | 3}
G = {x Z | x2 9 = 0}
H = {x R | (x 1)(x2 + 6x + 5) = 0}
I = {x R | x2 x + 2 = 0}
J = {x N | (2x 1)(x2 5x + 6) = 0}
K = {x | x = 2k vi k Z v 3 < x < 13}
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L = {x Z | x2 > 4 v |x| < 10}

M = {x Z | x = 3k vi k Z v 1 < k < 5}
N = {x R | x2 1 = 0 v x2 4x + 3 = 0}
2.2. Hy lit k cc phn t ca cc tp hp sau y
F = {x R|2x2 5x + 3 = 0}
B = {x N|6x2 5x +1 = 0}
1

1
, N, x }
8
2
I l tp hp cc s chnh phng khng vt qu 400
2.3. Cho tp hp A = {x N | x2 10x + 21 = 0 hoc x3 x = 0}

G = {x Z|2x2 5x + 3 = 0}

H={x Q| x =

Hy lit k tt c cc tp con ca A cha ng 2 phn t.

2.4. Tm cc tp hp con ca mi tp sau
a.
b.{}
2.5. Hy xt quan h bao hm ca cc tp hp sau
A l tp hp cc tam gic
B l tp hp cc tam gic u
C l tp hp cc tam gic cn
2.6. Cho hai tp hp
A={n Z|n l c ca 6}, B={n Z|n l c chung ca 6 v 18}
Hy xt quan h bao hm ca hai tp trn
2.7. Hy xt quan h bao hm ca 2 tp hp A v B di y. Hai tp hp A
v B c bng nhau khng?
a.A l tp cc hnh vung v B l tp cc hnh thoi
b.A={n N|n l c ca 6},B={nN|n l c chung ca 24 v 30}
2.8. Xt mi quan h bao hm gia cc tp hp sau y
A l tp cc hnh t gic
B l tp cc hnh bnh hnh
C l tp cc hnh vung
D l tp cc hnh ch nht
2.9. Xt mi quan h bao hm gia cc tp hp sau y
A l tp cc hnh t gic
B l tp cc hnh bnh hnh
C l tp cc hnh thang
D l tp cc hnh ch nht
E l tp cc hnh vung
G l tp cc hnh thoi.
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2.10. Cho

Tv = tp hp tt c cc tam gic vung

T = tp hp tt c cc tam gic
Tc = tp hp tt c cc tam gic cn
T = tp hp tt c cc tam gic u
Tvc= tp hp tt c cc tam gic vung cn
Xc nh tt c cc quan h bao hm gia cc tp hp trn

BI TP NNG CAO
2.11. Hy lit k cc phn t ca cc tp hp sau y
A= {(x ; x2) | x {1;0;1}}
B= {(x ;y)|x2 + y2 2 v x,y Z}
2.12. Vit cc tp hp sau bng cch nu tnh cht c trng ca chng
1 1 1 1

A = {2, 6,12, 20, 30, }

B =
1, , , , ,

4
9
16
25

2 3 4 5 6

3 4 5 6

C =
D =
, , , , ,...
2, , , , ,

5
10
17
26
37
2
3
4
5

2.13. Tm tp hp X sao cho {a,b} X {a,b,c,d}

2.14. Tm tp hp X sao cho X A v X B, trong

A = {a,b,c,d,e} v B = {a,c,e,f}
2.15. Chng minh rng
Vi A = {x Z|x l c ca 6}, B = {x Z|x l c ca 18} th
AB
2.16. Cho A = {2;5} ; B = {5;x} ; C = {x;y;5}
Tm cc gi tr ca cp s (x;y) tp hp A = B = C
2.17. Cho A = {1,2,3,4} ; B = {2,4,3} ; C = {2,3} ; D = {2,3,5}
a.Tm tt c cc tp X sao cho C X B
b.Tm tt c cc tp Y sao cho C Y A
2.18. Cho A = {x | x l c nguyn dng ca 12}; B = {x N | x < 5}
C = {1,2,3} v D = {x N | (x + 1)(x 2)(x 4) = 0}
a.Tm tt c cc tp X sao cho D X A
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b.Tm tt c cc tp Y sao cho C Y B

3. CC PHP TON TRN TP HP
BI TP C BN
3.1.Cho A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {2,4,6}
C = {1,3,5}
Xc nh cc tp hp A B, A B, A C, A C,C B, C B
3.2.Cho tp E = {a,b,c,d} ; F = {b,c,e,g} ; G = {c,d,e,f}
Chng minh rng E (F G ) = (E F ) (E G )
3.3.Cho A = {1,2,3,4,5} v B = {2,4,6,8}. Hy xc nh A\B, B\A
3.4.Cho A = {a,e,i,o} v E = {a,b,c,d,i,e,o,f}. Xc nh C EA
3.5.Cho E = {x N|x 8}, A = {1,3,5,7}, B = {1,2,3,6}
b.Chng minh C EAB C EAB

a.Tm C EA,C EB ,C EA C EB

3.6.Cho E = {x Z||x| 5}, F = {x N||x| 5}

v

B = {x Z|(x 2)(x + 1)(2x2 x 3) = 0}

a.Chng minh A E v B E
b.Tm C EAB , C EAB ri tm quan h gia hai tp ny
c.Chng minh rng C EAB C EA
3.7.Cho A = {x N|x 6}, B = {x N|x 15}, C = {x N|x 30}
Chng minh rng C = A B
3.8.Hy xc nh A A, A A, A , A , C AA, C A
3.9.Cho A = {x R | x2 + x 12 = 0 v 2x2 7x + 3 = 0}
B = {x R | 3x2 13x + 12 =0 hoc x2 3x = 0}
Xc nh cc tp hp sau y A B ; A\B ; B\A ; A B
3.10.Cho A = {x N | x < 7} v B = {1;2;3;6;7;8}
a.Xc nh AB ; AB ; A\B ; B\A
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b.CMR, (AB)\(AB) = (A\B)(B\A)

BI TP NNG CAO
3.11.Cho tp hp A. Hy cho bit quan h gia tp B v tp A nu
AB = B
AB = A
AB = A
AB = B
A\B =
A\B = A
3.12.Cho A v B l hai tp hp. Hy xc nh cc tp hp sau
a.(A B) A
b.(A B) B
c.(A\B) B
d.(A\B) (B\A)
3.13.Cho A v B l hai tp hp khc rng phn bit. Mnh no sau y l
mnh ng
a.A B\A
b.A A B
c.A B A B
d.A\B A
3.14.Chng minh rng
a.A B A v A B B
b.A = {x Z|x l c ca 6}, B = {x Z|x l c ca 18} th A B
c.A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
d.P(A B) = P(A) P(B), vi P(X) l tp hp cc tp con ca X
e.Vi A = {x Z|x l bi ca 3 v 4}, B = {x Z|x l bi ca 12} th ta
c A = B
3.15.Tm tp hp X sao cho A X = B vi A = {a,b}, B = {a,b,c,d}
3.16.Gi N(A) l s phn t ca tp A. Cho N(A) = 25; N(B)=29, N(AB)= 41.
Tnh N(AB); N(A\B); N(B\A)
3.17.a.Xc nh cc tp hp X sao cho {a;b} X {a;b;c;d;e}
b.Cho A = {1;2} ; B = {1;2;3;4;5}. Xc nh cc tp hp X sao cho A
X = B
c.Tm A,B bit AB = {0;1;2;3;4}; A\B = {3 ; 2}
v B\A = {6 ; 9;10}
3.18.Cho A = {x Z | x2 < 4}; B = {x Z | (5x 3x2)(x2 2x 3) = 0}
a.Lit k A ; B
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b.CMR (AB)\(AB) = (A\B)(B\A)

3.19.Cho tp hp E = {x N | 1 x < 7}
A= {x N | (x2 9)(x2 5x 6) = 0}
B = {x N | x l s nguyn t khng qu 5}
a.CMR, A E v B E
b.Tm CEA ; CEB ; CE(AB)
3.20.Chng minh rng
a.Nu A C v B D th (AB) (C D)
b.A\(B C) = (A\B)(A\C)
c.A \(B C) = (A\B)(A\C)

4. CC TP HP S
4.1. Xc nh cc tp hp sau v biu din chng ln trc s.
a.[3;1) (0;4]
b.[3;1) (0;4]
c.(;1) (2;+)
d.(;1) (2;+)
4.2. Cho tp hp A = (2;3) v B = [1;5). Xc nh cc tp hp
A B, A B, A\B, B\A
4.3. Cho A = {x R | |x | 4} ; B = {x R | 5 < x 1 8}
Vit cc tp hp sau di dng khong on na khong
A B ; A\B ; B\A ; R\(A B)
4.4. Cho A = {x R | x2 4} ; B = {x R | 2 x + 1 < 3}
Vit cc tp hp sau di dng khong on na khong
AB ; A\B ; B\A ; R\(AB)
4.5. Cho A = {x R| 3 x 5} v B = {x Z| 1 < x 5}. Xc nh cc
tp hp A B, A B, A\B, B\A
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4.6. Cho hai tp hp A = {x R| x > 2} v B = {x R| 1 < x 5}. Xc

nh cc tp hp A B, A B, A\B, B\A
4.7. Cho hai tp hp A = {2,7} v B = (3;5]. Xc nh cc tp hp
A B, A B, A\B, B\A
4.8. Xc nh cc tp hp sau y v biu din chng ln trc s
b.R\((3;5) (4;6))
a.R\((0;1) (2;3))
d.((1;2) (3;5))\(1;4)

c.(2;7)\[1;3]

4.9. Cho A = {x R|1 x 5}, B = {x R|4 x 7} v

C = {x R|2 x < 6}
a.Hy xc nh A B, A C, B C, A C, A\(B C)
b.Gi D = {x R|a x b}. Hy xc nh a,b D A B C
4.10. Vit phn b trong R ca cc tp hp: A = {x R | 2 x < 10}
B = {x R | |x | > 2}

C = {x R |4 < x + 2 5}

4.11. Cho A = {x R | x 3 hoc x > 6}, B = {x R | x2 25 0}

a.Tm cc khong, on, na khong sau y
A\B ; B\A ; R\(AB); R\(AB) ; R\(A\B)
b.Cho C = {x R | x a} ; D = {x R | x b}. Xc nh a v b bit
rng C B v D B l cc on c chiu di ln lt l 7 v 9. Tm C
D

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