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WDM PDF
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WDM PDF
user 1
user 3
user 2
....
user 7
user 1
user 6
user 2
user 5
user 3
user 4
3. STAR NETWORK
user
user
Star
Coupler
user
user
user
user
The signal from each signal is mixed in the star coupler and
broadcast to all other users on the coupler.
SDH
B(Mb/s)
51.84
155.52
622.08
2488.32
9953.28
39813.12
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
STM-256
Channels
672
2016
8064
32256
129024
516096
WAN
MAN
LAN
1
MAN
LAN
2
LAN
1
LAN
2
MAN Example
(Stanfords HORNET- Hybrid Opto-Electronic Ring Network)
To Long-Haul
Network
Wireless
IP Cell
POP
LAN
Access Point
5
Access Point
1
Access Point
4
Access Point
2
Access Point
3
3
Drop
Packet
Receiver
Packet
Switch
Tunable
Transmitter
Access Points- nodes for accessing and sending data to the ring.
WDM MAN In this architecture Access Points are connected in
a ring topology. Wavelength Division Multiplexing approach is
used to route signals on the MAN. A rapid tunable (<15 ns) laser is
used to send data onto the network at an Access Point.
5
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES:
1. Basic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
A
DeMUX
MUX
Y
Fast Clocking
Mod
T/N
Channel B
Optical
Pulse
Generator
Channel A
Mod
M
U
X
Transmission
Fiber
Multiplexed
Signal
Channel C
D
M
U
X
Channel B
Channel C
High-speed
Clock
Recovery
Mod
Individual channels are modulated at high data rates (Channels AC, more would be used in an actual system).
An Optical Pulse generator forms high-speed pulses at rates less
than the period of the transmitted data.
The bit period for these signals is compressed to T/N, multiplexed,
and transmitted through optical fiber.
A high-speed clock and regenerator demodulates the signals.
All optical 3R regeneration processes (re-amplifying, re-shaping,
and re-timing) can greatly extend the capability of this technique
beyond 100 Gb/s). A demonstration of 1.28 Tb/s has been
demonstrated (Nakazawa, et.al., Elect. Lett. 2000).
f1
fs
f2
f3
Laser
Encoder A
Encoder B
Encoder C
Star
Coupler
DecoderC
Destination
Crossbar
Switch
B
A
A
B
DeMUX
MUX
A B C
A
B
C
10
Tx1
Tx2
Signal
Demultiplexer
Signal
Multiplexer
Rx1
2
2
Rx2
Optical
Transmission
Fiber
RxN
Tx N
For single frequency point-point links the bit rate is limited ~100 Gb/s
due to dispersion. This is well below the capability of the optical carrier
frequency.
WDM can increase the total bit rate of point-to-point systems.
For N channels with bit rates B1, B2, , BN transmitted simultaneously
over a fiber of length L, the bit rate-length product becomes
B L = ( B1 + B2 + + BN ) L
11
Tx1
Tx2
1, 2,...
Star
Coupler
1, 2,...
Star
Coupler
1, 2,...
TOF-1
TOF-2
Optical
Transmission
Fiber
Tx N
1, 2,...
TOF-N
Although the power is decreased by a factor of 1/N this loss can be offset
with the use of an optical amplifier prior to the second star coupler.
During the past few years dense WDM (DWDM) systems have been
proposed and are being developed. These systems have wavelength
separations on the order of 0.3 0.8 nm.
12
IP
HUB
(router)
OADM
OADM
1
Node 1
OADM
2
Node 2
13
3
Node 3
Wavelength
Manager
Modulators and
Optical Transmitters
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
E/O
ATM
ATM
E/O
STM
STM
E/O
1
Opt.
demux
1, 2, ...
Single Mode Fiber
Transmit Direction
Electronic Regime
Photonic Regime
14
15
16
Optical Filters:
The wavelength selective mechanism of filters is typically based either
on interference or diffraction. The basic characteristics of the filter
selection process are illustrated below.
FSR
ch
bw
sig
The mode spacing of the optical filter FSR must be narrow enough to
transmit one of the signal frequencies without passing adjacent channel
fre+quencies. In addition the channel spacing must be greater than the
BW of the individual channels. Therefore
17
(1 R )
IT
=
I inc (1 R ) 2 + 4 R sin 2 ( / 2 )
2
with
4 nL cos
= 2m .
Therefore the frequency is maximum whenever
m = m
c
2nL cos
with the angle of the beam relative to the surface normal within the cavity.
The spacing between adjacent modes is therefore:
FSR m +1 m =
18
c
.
2nL cos
sig = NSch B ,
where N are the number of channels, Sch is the normalized channel spacing
(Sch = ch/B, and B is the bit rate.
Typically bw ~ B
N <
FSR
F
=
Sch bw Sch ,
F=
R
1 R
19
3-dB
Coupler
3-dB
Coupler
T ( ) = cos 2 ( ) .
It is possible to cascade MZIs. The transmittance of a chain of M
interferometers is
M
T ( ) = cos 2 ( m ) ,
m =1
th
Schemes have been developed in which the time delays are made to
successively block alternate channels.
This technique greatly increases the filtering properties of the resultant
interferometer.
A 10 stage MZI has been constructed that has an equivalent Fabry Perot
finesse of 1600.
The required delay times for a cascaded interferometer system with
channel spacing of ch are
m =
1
2m ch .
1
1
0.8
y( x )
0.6
y2( x )
z( x ) 0.5
y4( x )
y8( x )
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
x
21
_____________________________________________________________
Acousto-Optic Filters
The tuning range achieved with etched gratings and voltage induced
electrorefraction changes is relatively small.
Larger tuning ranges (>100 nm) can be achieved using acousto-optic
filters. The only filter that can currently be used to select several
wavelengths simultaneously.
Basic Operation: Assume that the input light is entirely TE polarized. At
the output end of the device a polarizer is placed that selects only TM
polarized light. The acousto optic (AO) device changes the polarization
of a narrow spectral band of light from TE to TM. This light can then
pass out of the device.
22
nTM
nTE
1
a
LiNbO
Randomly Polarized
TE+TM
Input
TE+TM
(unshifted)
1, 3,...
waveguides
TE
TM
1, 2,...
TM
TE
Surface acoustic
wave
2
TE+TM
(Bragg matched)
23
Holographic
Exposure
The inter beam angle between the exposing beams determines the grating
period and the wavelength that is selected by the filter.
If the angles of the exposing beams relative to the surface normal are
equal (i.e. both = ) then the grating period set within the core is equal to
2ncore sin .
The grating formed within the core sets up a reflection grating as indicated
below:
L
1
2
3
24
n+ n
B = 2n
The diffraction efficiency of a reflection grating is given by
refl = tanh 2 ( L ) ,
with the grating coupling coefficient given by =
n
.
o
When n <<
B
L
(i.e. n is small)
nL .
25
B
L
(i.e. n is large)
n
n .
26
The fiber format of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) make them extremely
useful for a variety of applications in fiber optic communications
systems.
For instance they can be used in the design of fiber amplifiers and lasers,
for add-drop applications, and for dispersion compensators.
A Dispersion Compensator can also be made by chirping (varying the
period of) the grating.
This is schematically shown in the figure below.
long short
long
sh
Compressed Spectrum
comp
27
Filter
Filter
1, 2, . . . ,
Micro-Ring Resonators
Small diameter resonant structures can be used to act as
wavelength selective filters.
Devices can be fabricated in GaAs-AlGaAs or Si-SiO2 (fused
silica) substrates.
2
1, 2, ...,
1, 3, ...,
La
28
The system below shows an add/drop filter based on FBGs and a MZI:
1
Coupler
Coupler
1, 2, ...M
FBG
2
1, ... M
FBGs are formed on two arms of a MZI and multiple wavelength signals
enter the system through Port1.
A single channel with ch1 is within the stop band of the FBG will be
totally reflected from the FBG and comes out of the coupler through Port
2.
The remaining wavelengths that are not within the stop band will pass out
of the device at Port 4.
Additional wavelengths within the stop band can be added by entering
the coupler through Port 3.
29
1, 3, ...,
1, 2, ...,
Temperature
Tunable
Element
30
Switches:
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS):
Output 2
Input Signal
Mirror
Actuator
Output 1
31
Pass
In
Pass
In
Add
Drop
Air
Gap
3/4
Air
Gap
0V
Silicon
Silicon
Mirror
Mirror
32
/2
12V
Inactive
Pathways
Coupled
Pathways
Input
Signals
33
34
1
2
3
4
Bragg Grating
3
Drop
Input
Waveguides
Diffraction
Element
N:N
35
1 3 4
Input
Waveguides
Output
Waveguides
Focusing Slab
Regions
1,2,3,4,...
N-Waveguides
Planar Substrate
1
2
3
4
N-Waveguides
36
d ikout .
The difference in path length between arrayed waveguide k and k-1 is
L.
Relative phase from input I to output j is:
ijk =
(n d
in
1 ik
+ n2 k L + n1d ikout ) ; k = 1, , M
n1 is the index of the input and output couplers and n2 is the index of the
Aws.
s such that ijk , k = 1, , M differ by 2 add in phase at output j.
This is the selection mechanism.
To determine what type of coupler/AW structure satisfies this
condition let
ijk =
(n d
in
1 i
+ n1d out
j )+
2 k
(n
in
1 i
+ n2 L + n1 out
j )
37
....
R
Input Waveguides
Arrayed Waveguides
....
Grating Circle
38
1
3
5
1
3
5
DWDM
DWDM
Odd
s
Odd
s
Transmission
Fiber
1,2,3,4,...
Even
s
2
4
6
OADF
Interleaver
Even
s
in out
2
4
6
De-Interleaver
DWDM
DWDM
39
REFERENCES
1. L. Kazovsky, S. Benedetto, and A. Wilner, Optical Fiber
Communication Systems, Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-756-2
2. A. Ghatak, and K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber Optics,
Cambridge Press, ISBN 0-521-57785-3
3. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Introduction to DWDM Technology, Data in a
Rainbow, SPIE Press, ISBN 0-8194-3620-8.
4. G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 2nd Ed., Wiley
Interscience, ISBN0-471-17540-4.
5. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd Ed., Academic Press,
ISBN 0-12-045142-5.
6. J. C. Palais, Fiber Optic Communications, 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, ISBN
0-13-895442-9.
7. R. Kashyap, Fiber Bragg Gratings, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12400560-8.
40