Ae Structural Design for Non-structural Engineers November 18-21, 1996 Held at: The Wisconsin CenterDepartment of Engineering Professional Development Biographical Sketches Staff «Speakers Session Leaders The College of Engineering ‘University of Wisconsin-MadisonKEITH F. FAHERTY CHAIRMAN DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN Keith F. Faherty received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Platteville in 1954. He obtained an M.S. in Civil Engineering/Structures from the University of Illinois in 1962 and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering/Structures from the University of Iowa in 1972. After spending three years as a design engineer and construction foreman for the United States Gypsum Company in Genoa, Ohio, Dr. Faherty joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Platteville in 1957. He remained at the UW-Platteville from 1957 to 1979 and served as Chairman of the Civil Engineering Department from 1966 to 1979. In 1979 he accepted a position as Professor of Civil Engineering at California State University, Fresno, where he served as Chairman of the Engineering Faculty for the 1980-81 school year. Dr. Faherty joined the faculty of Marquette University in 1981 as a Professor of Civil Engineering and in 1983 was appointed Chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering. He taught a wood design course for more than 25 years. Courses taught were at senior level elective, senior level réquired, and undergraduate/graduate elective. He has also served as advisor for many students on their senior level design projects in wood and M.S. students theses on wood. Dr. Faherty has served as a consultant on several failures of wood structures and has designed many small wood structures. He is a registered professional engineer in California and Wisconsin. Dr. Faherty was co-author and coordinator of Chapter 4 - Evaluation of the 1982 ASCE publication entitled, “Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Wood Structures.” He is co-editor with Thomas Williamson of Wood Engineering and Construction Handbook published in 1989 by McGraw-Hill Book Co. and author of Chapter 5 - Mechanical Fasteners and Connectors. He is also co- editor with Dr. Rafik Itani for an ASCE publication titled, “Structural Wood Research State-of-the-Art, Needs and Priorities,” which was published by ASCE in August of 1984. He is a Fellow of ASCE and has served as Chairman of the Committee on Wood and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Technical Sessions. He has also served as a member of ASCE/ABET ad hoc visitors for Civil Engineering accreditation.BRUCE D. KIEFFER PROGRAM DIRECTOR UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT MADISON, WISCONSIN Bruce D. Kieffer is a program director for the Department of Engineering Professional Development (EPD) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received both undergraduate and graduate degrees in architecture from the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. At EPD, Mr. Kieffer has responsibility for coursework in the areas of architecture, structures, project management and is also developing courses in construction management. Bruce also taught architectural design and technology at Ball State University in Indiana. A registered architect, Mr. Kieffer has worked professionally in business organizations, universities and government agencies, as well as in private practice, He is a member of the Wisconsin State Licensing Board for Architects and Engineers, Bruce is also a past member of the Governor's Study Committee on Solar Rights. He also served on other appointed committees and was chairman of a technical task force that developed the energy standards for the Wisconsin One- and Two-Family Uniform Dwelling Code. Mr. Kieffer has won numerous residential and commercial design awards and grants from both the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Energy Department. He has also been an energy consultant to other design firms and governmental agencies.MICHAEL L. SCHMIDT, P.E., S.E., AIA PRINCIPAL DIRECTOR OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ARNOLD & O’SHERIDAN, INC. MADISON, WISCONSIN RESPONSIBILITIES Principal in charge of structural engineering. Responsible for administration and technical coordination of Structural Design Department, including establishing construction budget estimates, engineering fees, project concepts and specifications, YEARS OF PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Amnold and O’Sheridan, Inc. 11 Years ‘With Other Firms 4 Years EDUCATION MS. Architecture: Specialization - Structural Engineering University of Ilinois, Urbana, Illinois - August, 1980 Bachelor of Science - Architectural Studies University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois - May, 1978 REGISTRATIONS Professional Engineer - Wisconsin 1985 Architect - Wisconsin 1982 Licensed Structural Engineer - Illinois 1985 Licensed Architect - Illinois 1983 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS American Concrete Institute American Welding Society Structural Engineers Association of Illinois ‘American Institute of Architects ‘American Institute of Steel Construction ‘American Society of Civil Engineers Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute International Concrete Repair Institute PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE ‘Mr. Schmidt has experience with structural analysis and design of commercial and institutional buildings with wood, masonry, steel and post-tensioned, precast and cast-in-place concrete structural systems. He has coordinated and supervised the development of structural working drawings. Mr. Schmidt has developed expertise in the design and detailing of precast prestressed concrete components. He has supervised the design and detailing of erection and piece drawings for projects ranging up to 1,000,000 square feet. As A&O’s Project Manger for the Monona Terrace Convention Center, Mike is responsible for all engineering systems design for the project. He schedules, reviews drawings and specifications and inspects civil, structural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing work for this Frank Lloyd Wright Convention Center.A. FATTAH SHAIKH, P.E. PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MILWAUKEE MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN Dr. Shaikh joined the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee after receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa in 1967. He is a registered professional engineer in the State of Wisconsin and is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Concrete Institute (ACI), and the Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). In ACI and PCI he has served on a number of technical committees, and previously chaired ACI’s Committee on “Design and Slabs on Ground,” and PCI Committees on “Connection Design and Details,” and Research and Development. Currently he is a member of these committees ds well as member of ACI’s “Deformations of Concrete Structures,” PCI’s “Technical Activities Committee,” and Chairman of PCI's “Industry Handbook Committee.” Dr. Shaikh’s honors include PCI’s 1971 Martin P. Korn Award, which is granted for an outstanding paper in the PCI Journal on precast/prestressed concrete, UWM’s 1979 Amoco Distinguished Teach Award, the Certificate of Merit from PCI in 1989 for his role as the editor-in-chief/consultant for the Connection Design and Details Manual, and the 1994 Ortan Spanley Award by ACI-Wisconsin for outstanding long term contribution to the Concrete Industry in the areas of education, research and technical leadership. Recently, Dr. Shaikh was selected to receive PCI’s 1996 Distinguished Educator Award for outstanding contributions to the advancement of precast/prestressed concrete through education and research, and service to PCI.THOMAS W. WHITTOW ASSOCIATE COMPUTERIZED STRUCTURAL DESIGN, INC. MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN Thomas W. Whittow received a Bachelor of Science degree in Structural Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in 1972 and a Master of Engineering degree from the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee in 1979. Since joining Computerized Structural Design, Inc., in 1979, Mr. Whittow has been involved in the analysis and design of residential, commercial and industrial buildings and structural remodeling of existing facilities. He was made an Associate in 1985 Mr. Whittow's prior professional experience included work as a Senior Test Engineer for Koehring Company and Bucyrus Erie and as Senior Civil Engineer for the A.O. Smith Corp. His duties at A.O. Smith included planning, design and remodeling of industrial facilities, and design of machine foundations. Mr. Whittow is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Wisconsin and is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.y “ on ae e Sey basié’ tole to shidy,, “Othows of : FORCES => Bones — at rest > STATICS iyi a solid af mokion=> ms ‘|: Deform able > Steph Moats — Fluid => Fluid. Mechanics ~ 'o traffic on bet dae 2 Wind pressare js snow. load * . . eyo > moanele e « Seismic. °STATIC Eovllined e Examples of Problems e Fondawm ental Principles » Basic Quonthes « Force == Component = Rese tart : Rectongulor Coordinates » Vector Represent ob an o Moment eb o force + Couple o Typical Supports : Equilibrium « Centroids | Momert of Inerhia e Analysis oh Stroctures Cos vse e Examples o} Stobes Problems —_» + — — —b> geet° e Fondamertal “ Rime’ ples o tronswmi ssibility e Paratlele grow lau e Feo ; sto}e o} mot'on is onch ange eo F ron im the dir. Newton fo, he eee e Oo: F ® Acken Ly reachHon <> Newhn [o dou ef Gravitabion Mm Fe G@- wor m GM Ne 7 F2(Se)m- Basic RQvuanttes e us Costowaty ay sy slem ft Spre m Ss tme s b.S/te * mass kq or ded ib force y kg -m/q> or N dependent e *°?Loads dead GaRAV ITY { hve Wied LATERAL Seismic Ceonstroction thermal Misc Vol. chon qes ive pact othere Pedocten of Live Loads areq o flo» or ro sopported by or rook rate of arduch on +08 tor floors, see Table 16-6 Tr roots re duchow iw percevtange. hete: This re due! ron, R opplieS te floov loads CTable (G-A) aud veoh leads ( Table lo-c, Method Z ) RQ 4 h4o Ceve level ) a Go C etherWIND (UBC-94) 72h 5 Pats 6 ee he Lub, factr Crable 1G-K) Wind staqnah'ou pre ssure Clave oF) > Pressure coe PR CTable 16-4) Combined height, ex oO SUES aud gest focbr (Table 6-4) DESIGN Wino PkESsuRE Note, P iS Service load .fo OE a - i wens Moh abe Peyres EARTHQUAKE (0 BC - 94 eee total SASS qrarity to (Sec. aie 1) ak ate cock. sec. 1628.2.1 inp. face (ral 6) Seismic Zone Fochr (Table, Je t) ea | fur ne Stroctoral System cet. (Tobles 16-N, IG-P) DESIGN BASES GEAR on pobepreg - cone Menge J stote bed Aoesgr -SNow Load ASce 2-99) Fle} Roofs R = 0-4 CoG Tf >) t Yared Siow | oad Fig. 4-1 & Table 71. timp. Poctor, Table 3 thermal fache, Table 3-3 exp. fackor, Table #-2 ‘DESIGN FLAT Rook Load,Safety Provisions -- ACi LPO scrun laed' Purpose: limit the probability of failure and yet to permi ical str res. economical ‘uctures. hat met Pobre 2 po srocllval Vee yo Factors to consider: ‘type 1) overload — duration magnitude 2) seriousness of consequences of failure 3) warning necessary prior to failure 4) reliability of quality control 5) relative importance of member 6) confidence in design procedure Types of loads: D = dead load H = lateral earth presoure L = live load F = fluid pressure W = wind load 1 = impact load E = earthquake load T = differential settlement, volume change, temporary loads Overload Factors: DL (CU =14D +17L) ACI DLW U = 14D + 1.7L W004 tend = U= 0.75 (L4D + 1.7L +17), L=L&L=0 ACL 9.22 U = 0.9D + 1.3W DLE Replace W with 1.1 E in 9.2.2 ACI 9.2.3 DLH Ust4aDet 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H 1.4D + 1.7L (L opposing D & H) ACL 9.2.4 O.9D +1.7H (D & L opposing H) U=0.9D + 1.7L +1.7H (D opposing L & H) v4)-4D + 1.7L .4(D + Fy) + U.7L + 1.4F .4(D + Fy) + L4F (L opposing D & F) ACI 9.25 .4(D + Fy) + LAF (D & L opposing F) U = O.9(D + Fy) + 1.7L + 1.4F (D opposing L & F) DL F u Replace L with L + I in all equations ACI 9.2.6 AD + 1.7L .75 [1.4 (D +1) +171] ACI 9.2.7 U=14(0+7) DL, T U Strength Reduction Factors (ACI 9.3) OO rrerreee flexure with or w/o axial tension, axial tension 0.90 shear and torsion 0.85 bearing on concrete 0.70 bending in plain concrete 0.65 compression members ——______ spiral 0.75 — tied 0.70 [note section 9.3.2.2 (b)] ACI Intent: x Nominal Strength (N) > Required Strength (U) Note: Typically, 4 range is [(1.6 to 25) x Service Load] vp 3 adSTRENGTH DESIGN METHOD - ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN " CHAPTERS 1 TO 21 @ Aw we IR Number of Ouurgnces Nominal Magnitudésnow, and earthquake provisions. The categories range from I to IV, where category I represents buildings and other structures with @ low hazard to ‘human life in the event of failure and category IV represents essential facilities. Each building or other structure shall be assigned to the highest ap- plicable category. When buildings or other structures have multi- ple uses (occupancies), the relationship between the uses of various parts of the building or other structure and the independence of the structural systems for those various parts shall be examined. ‘The classification for each independent structural system of a multiple use building or other structure shall be that of the highest usage group in any part of the building or other structure that is dependent on that basic structural system. 1.6 Additions and Alterations to Existing Structures ‘When an existing building or other structure is enlarged or otherwise altered, structural members affected shall be strengthened if necessary so that the factored loads defined in this document will be supported without exceeding the specified design strength for the materials of construction. When us- ing allowable stress design, strengthening is re- aquired when the stresses due to nominal loads ex- ‘ceed the specified allowable stresses for the ‘materials of construction. 1.7 Load Tests ‘A load test of any construction shall be con- ducted when required by the authority having juris- diction whenever there is reason to question its safety for the intended occupancy or use. *2, Combinations of Loads 24. General Buildings and other structures shall be designed using the provisions of either 2.3 or 2.4. Either 23 ‘or 24 shall be used exclusively for proportioning elements of a particular construction material throughout the structure, 2.2. Symbols and Notation jead load; E = earthquake load; F = load due to fluids with well-defined pres- sures and maximum heights; ‘BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES Fe = flood load; = load due to the weight and lateral pressure 2.3 Combining Factored Loads Using Strength Design 2.3.1 Applicability. The load combinations and load factors given in 2.3.2 shall be used only in those cases in which they are specifically author- ized by the applicable material design standard 2.3.22 Basic Combinations. Structures, com- ponents, and foundations shall be designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the effects factored loads in the follow inations: ofthe oad in the folJowing combina pect ie a ( bbs re ns 16a +m + osteor Sor) 1.2D + 1.6(L, or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.87) 12D + 1.39 + 0.5L + 0.5(Lror S or R) 12D + LOE + 0.5L + 0.28 0.9D + (1.3 or 1.0E) Exception: The load factor on L in combinations 3— 5 shall equal 1.0 for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where the live load is greater than 100 Ib/sq ft (pounds-force per square foot) (4.79 N/mm). Each relevant strength limit state shall be inves- tigated. Effects of one or more loads not acting shall be investigated. The most unfavorable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be in- ‘vestigated, where appropriate, but they need not be considered to act simultaneously. Refer to Section 9.2.26 for specific definition of the earthquake load effect E.1 233 Other Load Combinations. The struc- tural effects of Fa shall be investigated in design us- ing the same load factors as used for L (live load) in the basic combinations of 2 and 4 of 2.3.2. The structural effects of Fs shall also be included when investigating the overturning and sliding in the ba- sic combination 6 using a load factor of 0.5 when ‘wind also occurs and 1.6 when acting alone. ‘Te same E from Section 9 is used for both Sections 23.2 and Sec. 2.4.1, Refer to the Commentary for Section 9 Bef: ASCE FIFEé wy At MA" ue wy u MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS 2.4 Combining Nominal Loads Usin; Allowable Stress Design a *2.4.1 Basic Combinations. Loads listed herein shall be considered to act in the following combinations, whichever produces the most unfa- vorable effect in the building, foundation, or struc- tural member being considered. Effects of one or more loads not acting shall be investigated, Sue luekt 1 2 D+L+F+H+T+LrorSorR) 3. D+ Word) 4, D+ L + CrorSorR) + (Work) ‘The most unfavorable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be investigated, ‘where appropriate, but they need not be as- sumed to act simultaneously. Refer to Section 9.2.2.6 for the specific definition of the earth- quake load effect E.1 2.42 Other Load Combinations. The struc- tural effects of F shall be investigated in design. 2.43 Load Reduction. When structural ef- fects due to two or more loads in combination with dead load, but excluding earthquake load, are investigated in load combinations of Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2, the combined effects shall comply ‘with both of the following requirements: (a) The combined effects due to the two or more loads multiplied by 0.75 plus effects due to dead loads shall not be less than the effects from the load ‘combination of the dead load plus the load produc- ing the largest effects; and (b) the allowable stress shall not be increased to account for these combi- nations, ‘The load combinations including earthquake loads shall follow the requirements in Section 9. 2.44 Overturning and Sliding, Buildings and other structures shall be designed so that the overturning moment due to lateral forces (wind or flood) acting singly or in combination does not exceed two-thirds of the dead load sta- bilizing moment unless the building or structure is anchored to resist the excess moment, The base shear due to lateral forces (wind or flood) shall not exceed two-thirds of the total resisting force due to friction and adhesion unless the building or structure is anchored to resist the ex cess sliding force. 2.4.8 Counteracting Loads. Stress reversals shall be accounted for where the effects of design loads counteract one another in a structural mem- ber or joint. 4 *2.5 Load Combinations for Extraordinary Events. ‘Where required by the applicable code, standard, cor the authority having jurisdiction, strength and sta- bility shall be checked to ensure that structures are capable of withstanding the effects of extraordinary (ie. low-probability) events such as fires, explo- sions, and vehicular impact. 3. Dead Loads 3.1 Definition Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building, in- cluding but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceil- ings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, clad- ding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes. +3.2. Weights of Materials and Constructions In determining dead loads for purposes of de- sign, the actual weights of materials and construc- tions shall be used, provided that in the absence of definite information, values approved by the authority having jurisdiction shall be used, 3.3. Weight of Fixed Service Equipment In determining dead loads for purposes of de- sign, the weight of fixed service equipment, such as plumbing stacks and risers, electrical feeders, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning sys- tems, shall be included. 4, Live Loads 4.1. Definition Live loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not include construction or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, ‘earthquake load, flood load, or dead load. Live loads on a roof are those produced (1) During maintenance by workers, equipment, and materi- als; and (2) during the life of the structure by mov- able objects such as planters and by people. +42 Uniformly Distributed Loads ¥42.1 Required Live Loads. The live loads used in the design of buildings and other structures shall be the maximum loads expected by the in- tended use or occupancy but shall in no case beMINIMUM DESIGN LOADS the building is sited in Exposure B for all wind di- rections, the appropriate multipliers as noted in Figs. 6-5 through 6-7, and in Table 6-4 shall be used. 6.5.3.3.2 Buildings with height h greater than 60 ft (18 m) and other structures. Compo- rents and cladding for buildings with a mean roof height in excess of 60 ft (18 m) and for other struc- tures shall be designed on the basis of the most critical exposure category representative ofthe site as defined in 6.5.3.1, except that Exposure B shall be used for buildings and other structures sited in terrain representative of Exposure A, and Exposure C for certain roofs indicated in Fig. 6-8 6.54 Shielding. Where the provisions of 6.4.2 are used there shall be no reductions in velocity pressures due to apparent direct shielding afforded by buildings and other structures or terrain features. #655 Wind Speed-up over Hills and Escarp- ments. The provisions of this section shall apply to isolated hills or escarpments located in Exposure B,C, or D where the upwind terrain is free of such topographic features for a distance equal to 50H or 1 mile, whichever is smaller, as measured from the point at which H is determined. Wind speed-up ‘over isolated hills and escarpments that constitute abrupt changes in the general topography shall be considered for buildings and other structures sited con the upper half of hills and ridges or near the edges of escarpments, illustrated in Fig. 6-2, by us- ing factor Ket Ka = (1+ KiKoks? (Eq. 6-2) where Ki, Ke and Ks are given in Fig. 6-2. The ef fect of wind speed-up shall not be required to be considered when HiLs <0.2, ot when H< 15 ft (4.5 m) for Exposure D, or < 30 ft (9 m) for Expo- sure C, or < 60 ft (18 m) forall other exposures. *6.6 Gust Effect Factors 6.6.1 Values of Gust Effect Factors. For main wind-force resisting systems of buildings and other structures, and for components and cladding of ‘open buildings and other structures, the value of the gust effect factor G shall be 0.8 for exposure A and B, and 0.85 for exposure C and D. *6.6.2 Flexible Buildings and Other Struc- tures. Gust effect factors Gy for main wind-force resisting systems of flexible buildings and other structures shall be calculated by a rational analysis, that incorporates the dynamic properties of the ‘main wind-force resisting system. 34 6.63 Limitations. Where combined gust effect factors and pressure coefficients (GCp, GCprand GC) are given in the Figures and tables, gust ef- fect factors shall not be determined separately. 6.7 Pressure and Force Coefficients 6.7.1 General. Pressure and force coefficients are given in Figs. 6-3 through 6-8 and Tables 6-4 through 6-10. The values of the coefficients for buildings in Figs. 6-4 through 6-8 and Table 6-4 in- clude the gust effect factors; in these cases the pres- sure coefficient values and gust effect factors shall not be separated. 6.72 Roof Overhangs 67.2.1 Main wind-force resisting system. Roof overhangs shall be designed for a positive pres- sure on the bottom surface of windward roof over- ‘hangs corresponding to Cp = 0.8 in combination with the pressures indicated in Figs. 6-3 and 6-4. 6.7.2.2 Components and cladding, Fot all buildings, roof overhangs shall be designed for pressures determined from pressure coefficients given in Fig. 6-5B. *6.8 Full and Partial Loading ‘The main wind-force resisting system of build- ings with mean roof height greater than 60 f (18 1m) shall be designed for the torsional moments re- sulting from design wind pressures in Table 6-1 act- ing in the combinations indicated in Fig, 6-9. C¢7., Snow Loads) 7A Symbols and Notation Ce = exposure factor as determined from Table 72; Cz = slope factor as determined from Fig. 7-2; = thermal factor as determined from Table 7- 3 ‘hy = height of balanced snow load determined by dividing pror ps by , in feet (meters); she = clear height from top of balanced snow load to (1) closest point on adjacent upper roof; (2) top of parapet; or (3) top of a pro- jection on the roof, in feet (meters); ‘hg = height of snow drift, in feet (meters); sha = height of obstruction above the surface of the roof, in feet (meters); 7 = importance factor as determined from Ta- ble 7-4; 1, = length of the roof upwind of the drift in feet (meters); ef. SCE FAIS‘pa = maximum intensity of drift surcharge load, in pounds per square foot (kilonewtons per square meter); ‘py = snow load on fat roofs (“flat” = roof slope = 5°), in pounds per square foot (kilonewtons per square meter); round snow load as determined from Fig. 7-1 and Table 7-1; or a site-specific analy- sis, in pounds per square foot (kilonew- tons per square meter); ps = sloped-roof snow load, in pounds per square foot (kilonewtons per square meter); ‘5 = separation distance between buildings, in feet (meters); {dth of snow drif, in feet (meters); snow density in pounds per cubic foot (kilograms per cubic meter) as determined from Eq. (7-3); *7.2 Ground Snow Loads, py Ground snow loads, 7g, to be used in the deter- ‘mination of design snow loads for roofs shall be as set forth in Fig. 7-1 for the contiguous United States and Table 7-1 for Alaska. Site specific case studies shall be made to determine ground snow loads in areas designated CS in Fig. 7-1. Ground snow loads for sites at elevations above the limits indicated in Fig. 7-1 and for al sites within the CS areas shall be approved by the authority having ju- risdiction. Ground snow load determination for such sites shall be based on an extreme value statis- tical analysis of data available in the vicinity of the site using a value with @ 2% annual probability of being exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval), ‘Snow loads are zero for Hawaii, except in moun- tainous regions as determined by the authority hav- ing jurisdiction. +73 Flat-Roof Snow Loads, py The snow load, py on a roof with a slope equal to of less than 5°(1 in/ft = 4.76%) shall be calcu- lated in pounds per square foot (kilonewtons per square meter) using the following formula: p= 0.7 CCilbe a7) +73. Exposure Factor, C.. The value for Ce shall be determined from Table 7-2. *7.3.2 Thermal Factor, Cy The value for Cr shall be determined from Table 7-3. *7.3.3. Importance Factor, I. The value for I shall be determined from Table 7-4 73.4 Minimum Allowable Values of py for Low-Slope Roofs. Minimum allowable values of BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES ‘py shall apply to monoslope, hip, and gable roofs with slopes less than 15° and curved roofs where the vertical angle from the eaves to the crown is less than 10°. For locations where the ‘ground snow load, pp, is 20 Tb/sq ft (0.96 KeNim?) or less, the flat-roof snow load, py, shall bbe not less than the ground snow load multi- plied by the importance factor [i.e., where pg S 20 Ib/sq ft (0.96 kN), py = pg! Tb/sq fe (Vim?) In locations where the ground snow Toad, pp, exceeds 20 Ib/sq ft (0.96 KN/m?), the flat-roof snow load, pp shall be not less than 20 Ib/sq ft (0.96 kN/m?) multiplied by the impor- tance factor [ie., where py > 20 Ib/sq ft (0.96 kim?) py = 20 I tb/sq fe (0.96 1 KN/m?)). ‘The live load reductions in 4.8 shall not be ap- plied to snow loads. *7.4 Sloped-Roof Snow Loads, ps ‘Snow loads acting on a sloping surface shall be assumed to act on the horizontal projection of that surface. The sloped-roof snow load, p, shall be ob- tained by multiplying the flat-roof snow load, pj by the roof slope factor, Cs (Eq. 7-2) Values of C: for warm roofs, cold roofs, curved roofs, and multiple roofs are determined from 7.4.1-7.4.4, The thermal factor, C, from Table 7-3 determines if a roof is “cold” or “warm.” “Slip- pery surface” values shall be used only where the roof's surface is unobstructed and sufficient space is available below the eaves to accept all the slid- ing snow. A roof shall be considered unobstructed if no objects exist on it that prevent snow on it from sliding. Slippery surfaces shall include metal, slate, glass, and bituminous, rubber and plastic ‘membranes with a smooth surface. Membranes with an imbedded aggregate or mineral granule sur- face shall not be considered smooth. Asphalt shin- les, wood shingles, and shakes shall not be consid- cred slippery. 7.4.1 Warm-Roof Slope Factor, C,, For warm roofs (Ci = 1.0 as determined from Table 7-3) with an unobstructed slippery surface that will al- low snow to slide off the eaves, the roof slope fac- tor C; shall be determined using the dashed line in Fig. 7-28, provided that for nonventilated roofs, their thermal resistance (R-value) equals or ex- ceeds 30 °F-h'sq fBtu (5.3 K-m¥/W) and for ven- tilated roofs, their R-value equals or exceeds 20 *F-h'sq f/Btu (3.5 K-m4/W). Exterior air shall ps Copy 35ae ee eee 37‘MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS Share eons ast erste ; MD ‘igoonstnow nar mtr eee recesc aoe) i ta miot tora ied oan es pe t apt oes rere oan Ty Te conan mi by 2.078, Tecoma tata mater. my by 93048. eee eee FIG. 7-1. Ground Snow Loads, pe for the United States (Ib/sq ft) @:‘MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS TABLE 7-1 Ground Snow Loads, pp, for Alaskan Locations Pe Pe Location Bagh OES Location agh Location ith CNTR) ‘Adak 3 a) Gia) Peetu 150 (72) ‘Anchorage ew Gulla = 70) SiPaullsands 40 (1.9) ‘Angoon mn oH Homer = 401.9) Seward ae Barow 23 2) Jeu 69) Shemya 20) Barter Island 3a, Kena 7» Ga) Sida saa) Bete! @ 03% ome sg aa Talkeewa m0 G8) Big Dela saa Kowhue 9) Unter = 50} Cold Bay 2 aa) McGrath = 7G) Valdez wo = an Cordova 10048) News «8 G8) Wher 300 (ia) Fairbanks © as Nome nm 64 Wrangell 6 as) Fort Yukon © 2 Palmer «$0 ‘Yakut 302) TABLE 7-2 Exposure Factor, Ce Exposure of rot" ‘Terin Category Fully Exposed Panially Exposed ‘Shales ‘A (eee Section 653) WA 13 8 (ee Sexton 65.3) os a (ee Section 65:3) 09 a 1 (se Section 653) 08 to Above the teeline in windswept mountainous areas. 07 WA I Alaska, in reas where tee donot exist witha a 2-mile (Gk) rains ofthe site 07 os WA “The tern category and roof exposure condition chosen shall be representative ofthe anticipated conditions during the life ofthe srueue Definitions tially Exposed: All roofs except as indicated below Fully Exposed: Roofs exposed on ll sides with no selte** afforded by tera, higher sructres or tres. Roofs hat contain several large pieces of mechanical equpmeat or other obstruction are not inthis category. ‘Sheltered: Roofs located tight in among confers that qualify a obstructions ‘Obstructions within a distance of 10h, provide “sbi where his the height ofthe obswuction above the rof level, Ifthe oly bstue- tions are afew deciduous tees that are leafes in wintay,the fly exposed” category shall be used except for tern category °A,” Noe that these are height above the fof Heights used to esublish he Terain Category in Section 6.5.3 ae brights above the ground. TABLE 7-3 ‘Thermal Factor, Cr ‘Thermal Condition” G ‘All structures except a indicted below 10 Serctars kept just above fezing and others with cold, ventilated oofs having thermal resistance (R-value) greater than 25 "Fhvsq RB (3.4 Kn) Unheated sracrres ‘There condition shall be representative of the anticipated concions during winters fr the life of the srucrure. 38TABLE 7-4 Importance Factor, (Snow Loads) Category? 1 1 os aw 10 1 ia Vv 2 See Section 1.5 and Table 1-1 be able to circulate freely under a ventilated roof from its eaves to its ridge. For warm roofs that do not meet the aforementioned conditions, the solid line in Fig. 7-2a shall be used to determine the roof slope factor C,. 7.4.2 Cold Roof Slope Factor, C,. For cold roofs (C:> 1.0 as determined ftom Table 7-3) with ‘an unobstructed slippery surface that will allow snow to slide off the eaves, the roof slope factor 3 4 68 12 on on onon on 12 12 1212 12 BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES Gy shall be determined using the dashed line in Fig. 7-26, For all other cold roofs the solid line in Fig. 7-2b shall be used to determine the roof slope factor C,. 43 Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs. Portions of curved roofs having a slope exceeding 70° shall be considered free of snow load, (ie., Cs = 0), Balanced loads shall be determined from the balanced load diagrams in Fig. 7-3 with C, deter- mined from the appropriate curve in Fig. 7-2. *7.4.4 Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs. Multi- ple folded plate, sawtooth, or barrel vault roofs shall have a C, = 1.0, with no reduction in snow Toad because of slope (i.e., ps = 2). 7.45 Ice Dams and Icicles Along Eaves. Two types of warm roofs that drain water over their eaves shall be capable of sustaining a uniformly distrib- uted load of 2py on all overhanging portions there: 3468 12 on en anon on 12 12 1212 «12 10 mT CO : a. Warm Roofs \ b. Cold Roofs LE Cr=t0) 4 - \ (Cy >1.0) OS \ 4 L \ 4k ‘ 4 06 \ Al \ al \ Other Surfaces \ Other Surfaces Cs oF \ L , pal 0.4; _Unobstructed \ Slippery Surfaces Unobstructed \. }- with R 2 90" (5.3") for oa ‘Slippery Surfaces \ Unventilated Roots: 0.2 LE or R220" 5") for . Ventilated Roots L + °F-hft2/Btu 1 Kmaw Fy st ta Fit tat 0 30° 60° 90° 0 30° 60° 90° Roof Slope Roof Slope Interpolation shall not be used to determine C,. FIG. 7-2. Graphs for Determining Roof Slope Factor C; for Warm and Cold Roofs. 39Tab 1 Structural Analysis A. Fattah ShaikhSTRUCTURAL DESIGN University of Wisconsin - Madison/Extension November, 1996 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS A. Fattah Shaikh, P.E. University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee OLOADS ON STRUCTURES © EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES dead loads reactions live loads axial force snow & ice loads shear force wind loads bending moment earthquake loads torsional moment impact loads other loads O STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS static analysis dynamic analysis O DESIGN LOADS service/working loads factored loads O MATERIAL SELECTION O STRUCTURAL DESIGN structural concrete structural steel wood otherASCE 7-95 e American Society of Civil Engineers Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures v Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers e 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017-2398LEAP leas GerAvir~sr Loves wy MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Symee CONCRETE WL0oo Ftcors . WALLS Masnnieesr (FIXED) FrMES (TEMS ? pbs fo. tl‘COMMENTARY S8eeeER RESRRRE SRRsERE sums a0) nto Josue ogepcn wag srt 008 fakes ora WN I ReSaRSS TARRGRS RRegene RESSR RRRRASS © RRRARER ® se or samy en “pa » sso HAP Supe ware yori el ers" 9 XE BL Sib wwe romped ened was "Wal BYE ‘hes pee we srese - | t b i i [di 3 ‘ i I oPH0 proc w= MINS gery CPA —229 ion 30 fhm oyupsco vs omy oe ou W YofeaAeoandal UDA eoneA ‘posneTd 254) Y>E2 my IN HOPE HEINE Ay see You Inq sso peut Kose JO SHE veal on (Gee 12 no Kom, sp 50 COMMENTARY SPOT prog uipeq wey arto av 138‘TABLE C328 ‘Minimum Densities for Desiga Loads from Materials (COMMENTARY Load Toad Matera bleu) Materia cvicu ‘Ninian 170d 70 Birinas products Time "aspalu a Hyde loose 2 resi 135 Hydrated compacted % Parte 56 Masry, Alar Stone Pesoleun, cre 38 ‘Grate 16s Paxoleum, refined 50 meson, ellie 165 Fesleum, betaine “ imenone, tite 135, Pessoa, gosoine a Marte 1B Pach 6 Sandtoe a Te 3 Brick Bas 326 ard Gow sbsctbton) 130 Brome 552 ‘Median (wedrum abortion) us {Castine masonry (cement, sone, and) iy ‘Sof (ugh absorbtion) 100 ‘Cement, portand, 90 Masonry, Covert Cenmic Ble 150 Ligne ails 10s Charcoal 2 ‘ecu weight units 135 ee it 7 Normal wight sits 135 ‘Gers, dyin bulk 43 Masonry Groat v0 Coat Masonry, Rubble Stone “Atiacte, pled 2 ‘Grate 133 ‘Birnie pled a Lien, a Ligne, pled a Limestone ole 138 Feat led B Marte 156 coer i Sandsiooe 3 ‘Coser 108 Mor, erento ine 0 Expanded lag anaes oo ——Parulebord ‘6 Hayate buen secon) 30 36 Sig 132—_Rirap ot submerged) ‘Stone Gacoding eave) a Timenone 8 em Gata pete eogegnt,nonlond-eaing 25-50 Sandstone 0 Other light ageeaue, loud ea 70-105 covert, Rei ‘Clean and ry 30 ‘Cinder m ives dry 106, Sig 138 Stag Stone (aching ere) 130 Bank 10 ccorper 556 Bank eecines 108 Cork compressed « Machine 36 Ear (ot abmereed) Sand 2 ‘ing ay 6 sue m ‘Gay, damp 10 Stel olde 42 Clay and prove dy 100 ‘Stone Quaid, Pied Sit mos ose * ‘Basal, aie gneiss % Si mois acted 36 Limesone, mare, quire 55 Silt lowing 108 Sandstone 2 Sand and evel, ose 100 Stale 52 Sad and gravel: nace 110 Greenstone, horblende 1 Sand and grovel, = 120. —TemaCota, Architect! ark (oberg) "i filled 120 ‘cy ® ois unfilled a so ae ts 3 River mud 9 War Sandor grovel @ Fre a Sandor pael ad clay 6 Sea a ous 160 Woot, Senoned Gere ry 104 “Ash commercial wile a yp ose 0 ‘outers 4 Sypean, wallboard fa ‘Fi Doulas, cous region Fy i 3 Hen fr Fo tron Oat, commercial eds nd wlites “ cast 40 Pie, ute yellow ” Wrovght “ 28 -Bproces re white and Sika 8 ‘ener bemlock 2 ine, led tee “ aoe valac apply to oid masoory ado the solid portion of bollow masonry 9TABLE C3-2b Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials Load, Led em) Maer am) 267 Lead ms; Cine “ytd loose 50 Hyaried, m1 ‘Masa, Aablar Stone ‘Grate ‘lmestone,erysaline Limestone, cole Martie m2 Sendrooe ne Masoary. Brick “Hard iow absottion) 24 ‘Media (medium abortion) 181 ‘Caseatone masonry (cement, sone, sand) ‘Sof (hgh sbsercn) 157 Foose Masonry, Coser its ass Medium weight units 196 ‘Normal weight unis 212 Masoary Gros nd ‘Masoary, Ruble Stone 82 240 4 ‘Limestone, crysaline 2a 14 Limerone ole 213 36 Marte 283 Sandeooe ns 110 Mata, cement or ine 04 157 ——_‘Parelebord 1 1a 37 207 Riprap (Wot bmerged) ) 26 Limestone Bo Nermicalie and peri agreyate, noslondcearing 39-79 Sindeone tat (Other light sggregae loud bearing 0165 Sand ‘Clean ad dry Ma 4 ve, ry 167 2 Stag 236 ‘Bank uo m3 Bank scemsiogs 10 22 Mache 1a Sead 99 Sue 173 a> Ste, colddrove 157 ~~ Stone, Quaried ied 23 "Baal, granite, geiss 15 Limerone,rarle, quar m0 Sandstone 157 Shale m3 Greenstone, bombende 189 Tera Cott, Architectural "Voids led ns ‘bids unfilled 19 Te. M1 Water 94 Fret 98 102 Sea 10 251 Wood Seasoned tes "Aah commercial white 64 10 ‘Cypress, southern 53 13 ‘ir Douglas, oat rgion 33 90 Hem fir “a (Oak, commercial reds and whites ta 77 in, southern yellow sa 154 aa Spruce, re wit, and Suka “ 50 Zine, rolled set m5 “Fabatncd vals opply wo oid masonry and tothe solid prion of ollow masonry 140. ve Lave Loaos Any DILECTION f2toco2 LOADS Foe LORPS CANE LOADS LarRer LoAes MoviG CORPS VEW/CLE e CABLE | UNIFORM ors cei 7TRA 7EP appt f, flea excivac ati Anger a“ weet Ceca SK Ov.) Leaps ae e VERTICAL ONteoem / GHANIG INC, 7D BURT Basen ON LecaAtion, SNow MAP GAoune eNews Ex me vOSWIND Loans HoRtZoN TAL (Peerxpeu Fie TorRS Vine SPsEeDp Hear Suaece Gust Factor. ImPpoeranes LOCATION UNIFORM. PorEAeTH Quane lorve Homi ron TAL Linge om FPoriny LoAps BASED. ON WEIGHT FommMuLaA BUILDING /SreveTURS VILPING Com FENET EourmestPeNpina leros | WATER /1OF Beor DRAINS Veenear J Horizons TAL DE ELECTION Fiat FeorPherallz COA G bert fits fo C(O” LeRET LenS Usdhth yy VEFRCAL [Basso On) WEIGHT UIE MULTIPLY HE Eire vato. eses z PEP ART OPERRTED |) CLAIFS Ligne (IAG ACES aS fegruh. MACKICRT 1s Hangcre> 135(COMMENTARY TABLE C4 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads Le Lad Ti Ln ecg owe WN) Cece oe wititiey ‘iendoning (machine esr) 20058) tater, iene am ‘moment pr ecare ito) Lama 1G) ‘te None {ewer xo fora) Neaonee asa Namiichrog oe 20 ts) Sone soe Mocgse 251600) ate HOG) Obes aor twa Buses mth eeipneat tor 79) Ino (ned seus) Pls fe rea : iter (cra ts Prog Pants Bono, fooe ‘Config eons war Bode omy ened Lappe rom oa) rotating tae to e3) Paper tonge Caras ian Pes mons 130° 0.18) elng scene fared Tooad rile wo) Enid Serge ald sts : Noctted omen zorqisy Reape Oreead pea Drews ewes) Tor so can edz (oe ahs an coon ia Tbe Root aot Scape ga) Comper equipment isi) enone was Conteons so-ioaara — Ras Domiones Te ang 2501199 Nowparoed tom Nader ng moa) Pond ous store bye in sooe (1230) voor nechae om HOG) Bape hye aroun) Favre isoGi) Themen Fitreon res roms ous Deplcgequipmet sero. (Grane foro fy pale can Bs eon crag coasn ter won Wallbean, 250 epi 73 bpm) romties 60° a.) ese bes, 1000450) Fosters, famed “oo (39, Pra 5016 G73 Ep) Generac ri js tam 19a Sectioane asgghan rats woes ingen 1300) Tusorme roms 200798) Inctsor ctarging oor ‘mam win mens B0ei9 ches ot nt dele iso) *Use weight of actual equipment or sored material when greater Phas 1501 (7.18 WN for rks. {Use American Association of State Highway and Transporation Oficial lane lode. Also subject to not les than 100% maximum axle oad. **Paper storage 50 Is (2.40 Ni of clear sory bight {As required by aloud company, ‘Accent cellngs normally ar not designed o support persons, The valu is his abl is intended to account for ocatonl light storage or suspension of tems If it may be necessary to support the weight of maintenance personae, his shal be provided for lead to the means, mi, and standard deviations, ©%, of single transient loads shown in Table C4-2. ‘Combination of the sustained load and transient load processes, with due regard for the prob- abilities of occurrence, leads to statistics of the ‘maximum total load during a specified reference period 7. The statistics of the maximum total load depend on the average duration of an individual tenancy, 7, the mean rate of occurrence ofthe tran- sient load, vg and the reference period 7: Mean, values are given in Table C4-2. The mean ofthe st? ouch 142, ‘maximum load is similar, in most cases, to the Ta- ble 4-1 values of minimum uniformly distributed live loads and, in general, isa suitable design value. 43 Concentrated Loads 43.1 Accessible Roof-Supporting Members. ‘The provision regarding concentrated loads sup- Ported by roof trusses or other primary roof ‘members is intended to provide for a common situation for which specific requirements are gen- erally lacking.Ll Cplimeck UY ectorrt Wey (OT TE v hae fo coe foctonct focds (hiv * beAD bosps e 2 = PSF STON 1o Vemaeme 2 INSULATION Cle Levent i 3 8 x < S| e woe Live Lear Zo-l\00 PSF Boor CoverRoeTIOn poeta St Fixweotd daots eo oan @ RQuirment - HVAC tere laad *DEAD oap s e Por . a CARP T I Geet? Cenersta 2s oe — tee oz ae ores 2 SUSPENDS Oo & AHUNRG hails, Corte, ele ——— @oudroear | Live Loxpe 40 —>> PARTIC JO so _Bicore: ComsreueT ion ee ~ SO SU S46 2 554 CS pecs rn) DAE VOTO "19946 UNIFORM Bulbine » Cor VOLUME 2 yb 4 yn i STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROVISIONSFifth Printing Publication Date: May 1, 1994 ISSN 0896-9655 COPYRIGHT © 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 by International Conference of Building Officials 5360 WORKMAN MILL ROAD WHITTIER, CALIFORNIA 90601-2298 (310) 699-0541 e PRINTED IN THE US.A.1994 U.B.C. Chapter "ADMINISTRATION AND TERMS: 1 Administration 123 2 Definitions and Abbreviations 4 = BUILDING PLANNING 13 Use oF Occupancy $12 Special Use and Occupancy 18, 39, 40,48, 56 and part of 6.7,9.17,19, 5 General Building Limitations an of Sand Section 1717 6 Types of Construction 19,20, 21,22. part of 17 and 18 7 Fire-resistant Materials and Construction 1 lnerior Finishes FIRE PROTECTION “3 and part of 17-19 and 25 Pan of Sand #2 9 Fire protection Systems 38, ST and pan of 32 “OCCUPANT NEEDS: To Means of Egress ‘3 and par of 17 TH Accessibility 3 12 Inerior Environment Pan of Sand 12 BUILDING ENVELOPE 13 Energy Conservation Section 1715 14 Exterior Wall Coverings 30 and par of 17 | 1S Roofs and Roof Structures 32, 36 and Section 1719 ‘STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 16 Suucturl Forces 3 17 Structural Tests and Inspections 50 and pan of 3 17 and 30, 18. Foundations and Retaining Walls 2 ‘STRUCTURAL MATERIALS: 19 Conereie 6 20 Lightweight Metals EI 72 Masonry 2 2 Sel 7 2B Wood 25 NONSTRUCTURAL MATERIALS 3a 724 Glass and Glazing 725 Gypsum Board and Plaster a 26 Plastic 52, pa of 17 and Section 3007 a‘TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 2 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Table of Contents—Volume 2 Structural Engineering Design Provisions Effective Use of the Uniform Building Code . Chapter 16 Structural Forces Division | — General Design Requirements Section 1601 — Scope Section 1602 — Definitions .... 2 Section 1603 — Design Methods 2 Section 1604 — Floor Design ...........4.+ 22 Section 1605 — Roof Design 23 Section 1606 — Reduction of Live Loads ......-2..62100000000+ 24 Section 1607 — Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction .....-.. 5 Section 1608 — Deflection : 5 Section 1609 — Special Design ....... 5 Section 1610 — Walls and Structural Framing 5 2-6 Section 1611 — Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Walls 26 Section 1612 — Prefabricated Construction Pep poae eneeeooeaes Division 1 — Wind Design Section 1613 — General Section 1614 — Definitions Section 1615 — Symbols and Notations Section 1616 — Basic Wind Speed . Section 1617 — Exposure Section 1618 — Design Wind Pressures Section 1619 — Primary Frames and Systems... Section 1620 — Elements and Components of Structures Section 1621 — Open-frame Towers .. Section 1622 — Miscellaneous Structures. Section 1623 — Occupancy Categories . Division Il — Earthquake Design cebeisteseitetentseteesersres Section 1624 — General ........sccccecseeseererseeseteeteeseenes Section 1625 — Definitions .. Section 1626 — Symbols and Notations Section 1627 — Criteria Selection ....... Section 1628 — Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related Effects Section 1629 — Dynamic Lateral-force Procedures Section 1630 — Lateral Force on Elements of Structures. Nonstructural ‘Components and Equipment Supported by Structures Section 1631 — Detailed Systems Design Requirements ‘Section 1632 — Nonbuilding Structures . an Section 1633 — Earthquake-recording Insirumentations Chapter 17 Structural Tests and Inspections voce cetettetstteetenseees Section 1701 — Special Inspections Section 1702 — Structural Observation 2oxxCHAP. 16, DIV. 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE '1601-1603.3.2 Volume 2 e@ Chapters 1 through 15 are printed in Volume 1 of the Uniform Building Code. Chapter 16 STRUCTURAL FORCES Division I~GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS, SECTION 1601 — SCOPE This chapter prescribes general design requirements applicable to all structures regulated by this code. SECTION 1602 — DEFINITIONS ‘The following definitions give the meaning of certain terms used in this chapter: DEAD LOADis the vertical load due to the weight of all permanent structural and nonstructural components of a building, such as walls, floors, roofs and fixed service equipment, LIVE LOAD is the load superimposed by the use and occupancy of the building not including the wind load, earthquake load or dead load. LOAD DURATION is the period of continuous application of a given load, or the aggregate of periods of intermittent application of the same load, SECTION 1603 — DESIGN METHODS e 1603.1 General. Buildings and other structures, and all portions thereof, shall be designed and constructed to sustain, within the limitations specified in this code. all dead loads and all other loads specified within this chapter, elsewhere in this code. Impact loads shall be considered in the design of any structure where impact loads occur. EXCEPTION: Unless otherwise required by the building official. buildings or portions thereof which are constructed in accordance with the conventional framing requirements specified in Chapter 23 ofthis code shall be deemed to meet the requirements ofthis section 1603.2 Standards. The standards listed below are recognized standards. (See Section 3503.) 1. Wind design. 1.1 ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 1.2. ANSIEIA/TIA 2: porting Structures 1.3 ANS/NAAMM FP1001, Guide Specifications for the Design Loads of Metal Flagpoles 1603.3 Rationality. 1603.3.1 General. Any system or method of construction to be used shall be based on a rational analysis in accordance with well-established principles of mechanics. Such analysis shall result ina system which provides a complete load path capable of transferring all loads and forces from their point of origin to the load-resisting elements. The analysis shall include, but not be limited to. the provisions of Sections 1603.3.2 through 1603.5. e 1603.3.2. Distribution of horizontal shear, The total lateral force shall be distributed to the v us vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities consider- )-E, Structural Standards for Stee! Antenna Towers and Antenna Sup- 24CHAP. 16, DIV. 1603.3.2-1604.1 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ing the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm. Rigid elements that are assumed not, to be part of the lateral-force-resisting system may be incorporated into buildings, provided that their effect on the action of the system is considered and provided for in the design. 1603.3.3 Horizontal torsional moments. Provision shall be made for the increased forces in- duced on resisting elements of the structural system resulting from torsion due to eccentricity be- tween the center of application of the lateral forces and the center of rigidity of the lateral force-resisting system. Forces shall not be decreased due to torsional effects, For accidental torsion requirements for seismic design, see Section 1628.6. 1603.3.4 Stability against overturning. Every building or structure shall be designed to resist the overtuming effects caused by the lateral forces specified in this chapter. See Section 1619 for wind and Section 1628 for seismic. 1603.3.5 Anchorage. Anchorage of the roof to walls and columns, and of walls and columns to foundations, shall be provided to resist the uplift and sliding forces which result from the applica- tion of the prescribed forces. For additional requirements for masonry or concrete walls, see Section 1611. 1603.4 Critical Distribution of Live Loads. Where structural members are arranged so as to create continuity. the loading conditions which would cause maximum shear and bending moments along the member shall be investigated. 1603.5 Stress Increases. All allowable stresses and soil-bearing values specified in this code for ‘working stress design may be increased one third when considering wind or earthquake forces ei- ther acting alone or when combined with vertical loads. No increase will be allowed for vertical loads acting alone. 1603.6 Load Factors and Load Combinations. When the design of a building. structure or por- tion thereof is based on ultimate strength design (concrete), plastic design (steel) or load and resis- tance factor design (steel), each component shall be designed to resist the most critical effects of the load factors and load combinations in the appropriate material chapter or U.B.C. standard. When the design of a building, structure or portion thereof is based on allowable stress or working stress design, each component shall be designed to resist the most critical effect resulting from the follow- ing combination of loads. (Floor live load shall not be included when its inclusion results in lower stresses in the member under investigation.) . Dead plus floor live plus roof live (or snow). Dead plus floor live plus wind? (or seismic). 1 2. 3. Dead plus floor live plus wind plus snow/2. 4 5. |. Dead plus floor live plus snow plus wind/2.7 |. Dead plus floor plus snow? plus seismic. ‘SECTION 1604 — FLOOR DESIGN 1604.1 General. Floors shall be designed for the unit loads set forth in Table 16-A. These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads in pounds per square foot of horizontal projection to be "Lateral earth pressure shall be included inthe design when it will result in a more critical combination, Crane hook loads need not be combined with roof live load or with more than three fourths ofthe snow load or ‘one half of the wind load 3Design snow loads of 30 pounds per square foot (psf) (1.44 kN/m2) or less need not be combined with seismic Toads. Where detign sow loads exceed 30 pst 124 KN) he design sno load shal be included with seismic eas burmay ered upto 7 percent here conieraton of ting, configuration alee duran warant ‘when approved by the building official 22CHAP. 16, DIV. ‘1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 1604.1-1605.2 used in the design of buildings for the occupancies listed. and loads at least equal shall be: assume for uses not listed in this section but which create or accommodate similar loadings. ‘When it can be determined in designing floors that the actual live load will be greater than the vvalue shown in Table 16-A, the actual live load shall be used in the design of such buildings or part thereof and special provisions shall be made for machine or apparatus loads, 16042 Distribution of Uniform Floor Loads. Where uniform floor loads are involved. consid- ‘eration may be limited to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live load on adjacent spans and on altemate spans. 1604.3 Concentrated Loads. Provision shall be made’in designing floors for a concentrated load asset forth in Table 16-A placed upon any space 2'/> feet (762 mm) square, wherever this load upon ‘an otherwise unloaded floor would produce stresses greater than those caused by the uniform load required therefor. Provision shall be made in areas where vehicles are used or stored for concentrated loads consist- ing of two or more loads spaced 5 feet (1524 mm) nominally on center without uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40 percent of the gross weight of the maximum-size vehicle to be accommo- dated. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load producing the greater stresses shall gov- ‘em. Parking garages for the storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles with no repair or | refueling shall have a floor system designed for a concentrated load of not less than 2,000 pounds (8.9 KN) acting on an area of 20 square inches (12 900 mm?) without uniform live loads. The condi- tion of concentrated or uniform live load producing the greater stresses shall govern. Provision shall be made for special vertical and lateral loads as set forth in Table 16-B. 1604.4 Partition Loads. Floors in office buildings and in other buildings where partition locas tions are subject to change shall be designed to support, in addition to all other loads. a unife distributed dead load equal to 20 pounds per square foot (0.96 kKN/m?). Access floor systems may designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed dead load equal to 10 pounds per square foot (0.48 KN/m?). 1604.5 Live Loads Posted. The live loads for which each floor or part thereof of a commercial or industrial building is or has been designed shall have such designed live loads conspicuously posted by the owner in that part of each story in which they apply, using durable metal signs, and it shall be unlawful to remove or deface such notices. The occupant of the building shall be responsible for ‘keeping the actual load below the allowable limits. SECTION 1605 — ROOF DESIGN 1608.1 General. Roofs shall sustain, within the stress limitations of this code, all dead loads plus unit live loads as set forth in Table 16-C. The live loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected upon a horizontal plane. 1608.2 Distribution of Loads. Where uniform roof loads are involved in the design of structural ‘members arranged so as to create continuity. consideration may be limited to full dead loads on all spans in combination with full live loads on adjacent spans and on alternate spans. EXCEPTION: Altemate span loading need not be considered where the uniform root live loud is 2 pounds per square foot (0.96 kN/m2) or more or the provisions of Section 1605.8 are met For those conditions where light-gage metal preformed structural sheets serve as the support and finish of roofs, roof structural members arranged so as to create continuity shall be considered ade~ quate if designed for full dead loads on all spans in combination with the most critical one of the following superimposed loads: 1. Snow load in accordance with Section 1605.4. 2. The uniform live load set forth in Table 16-C on all spans. 23CHAP. 16, DIV. 1605.2-1606 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 3. A.concentrated gravity load of 2.000 pounds (8.9 kN) placed on any span supporting a tributary area greater than 200 square feet (18.58 m*) so as to create maximum stress in the member when- ever this loading creates greater stresses than those caused by the uniform live load. The concen- trated load shall be placed on the member over a length of 2!/2 feet (762 mm) along the span. The 2,000-pound (8.9 kN) load need not be applied to more than one span simultaneously. 4, Water accumulafTon as prescribed in Section 1605.6. 1605.3 Unbalanced Loading. Unbalanced loads shall be used where such loading will result in larger members or connections. Trusses and arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by ‘unit live loads on one half of the span if such loading results in reverse stresses, or stresses greater in, any portion than the stresses produced by the required unit live load upon the entire span. For roofs, whose structures are composed of a stressed shell, framed or solid, wherein stresses caused by any point loading are distributed throughout the area of the shell. the requirements for unbalanced unit live load design may be reduced 50 percent 1605.4 Snow Loads. Snow loads full or unbalanced shall be considered in place of loads set forth in Table 16-C, where such loading will result in larger members or connections. Potential unbalanced accumulation of snow at valleys. parapets. roof structures and offsets in roofs of uneven configuration shall be considered. Where snow loads occur, the snow loads shall be determined by the building official. ‘Snow loads in excess of 20 pounds per square foot (0.96 KN/m?) may be reduced for each degree of pitch over 20 degrees by R, as determined by the following formula: ise Ree -4 GD For SI: R, = 5 - 0024 7 see WHERE: R, = snow load reduction in pounds per square foot (kN/m*) per degree of pitch over 20 de- grees. S_ = total snow load in pounds per square foot (kN/tn?). For alternate design procedure see Appendix Chapter 16, Division I. 1605.5 Special Roof Loadings. Roofs to be used for special purposes shall be designed for appro- priate loads as approved by the building official. Greenhouse roof bars, purlins and rafters shall be designed to carry a 100-pound-minimum (444.8 N) concentrated load in addition to the live load. 1608.6 Water Accumulation. All roofs shall be designed with sufficient slope or camber to as- ‘sure adequate drainage after the long-time deflection from dead load or shall be designed to support ‘maximum loads. including possible ponding of water from any source, including snow. due to de- flection. See Section 1608 for deflection criteria ‘SECTION 1606 — REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS ‘The design live load determined using the unit live loads as set forth in Table 16-A for floors and Table 16-C. Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member supporting more than 150 square feet (13.95 uding flat slabs. except for floors in places of public assembly and for live loads ‘greater than 100 pounds per square foot (4.79 kN/m2), in accordance with the following formula: R = r(A ~ 150) 1)1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE For SI: Re=r CHAP. 16, DIV. 11606-1608 (A = 13.94) ‘The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one level only, 60 percent for other members, or R as determined by the following formula: R = 23.1 (1 + D/L) WHERE: 'A. = area of floor or roof supported by the member, square feet (m?). R = reduction in percentage. : dead load per square foot (m?) of area supported by the member. unit live load per square foot (m2) of area supported by the member. rate of reduction equal to 0.08 percent for floors. See Table 16-C for roofs. (6-2) For storage live loads exceeding 100 pounds per square foot (4.79 kN/m?), no reduction shall be rade, except that design live loads on columns may be reduced 20 percent. “The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasure cars having a capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle. SECTION 1607 — ALTERNATE FLOOR LIVE LOAD REDUCTION ‘Asan alternate to Formula (6-1), dance with Formula (7-1) on any member, square feet (37.16 m?) or more. For SI: WHERE: ‘A; = influence area, in square feet ‘two times the tributary tary areaforacolumn, the unit live loads set forth in Table 16-A may be reduced in accor- r 0 6 0 L025 + 45 vAy, (ors ‘ 2) Yar including flat slabs, having an influence area of 400 1 (square meters). The influence area Ais four times the tribu- area fora beam, equal to the panel area for a two-way slab, and equal to the product of the span and the full lange width for a precast Tbeam. L = reduced design live load per square foot of area (per square meter of area) supported by the ‘member. Ig = unreduced design live load per square foot of area (per square meter of area) supported by the member (Table 16-A). “The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of the unit live load Lo for members rec ing load from one level only, nor less than 40 percent ofthe unit live load Lo for other members. ‘SECTION 1608 — DEFLECTION members shall not exceed the values set forth in Table 16-D, based 6-E. The deflection criteria representing the most restrictive condi- ‘The deflection of any structural ‘on the factors set forth in Table 1 tion shall apply. Deflection criteria sistent with the provisions of this is section. for materials not specified shall be developed in a mant ml ‘See Section 1605.6 for camber requirements. Span’ for light wood: frame construction as specified in Sections 2326.8 and 2326.12.2 shall ‘conform to 26CHAP. 16, DIV. 1608-1611 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE the design criteria contained therein. (For concrete. see Section 1909.5.2.6: for aluminum, see Sec- tion 2003.) SECTION 1609 — SPECIAL DESIGN 1609.1 General. In addition to the design loads specified in this chapter, the design of all struc- tures shall consider the special loads set forth in Table 16-B and in this section. 1609.2 Retaining Walls. Retaining walls shall be designed to resist the lateral pressure of the re- tained material in accordance with accepted engineering practice. Walls retaining drained earth ‘may be designed for pressure equivalent to that exerted by a fluid weighing not less than 30 pounds per cubic foot (4.71 kN/m3) and having a depth equal to that of the retained earth. Any surcharge shall be in addition to the equivalent fluid pressure Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least 1.5 times the lateral force and over- tuming by at least 1.5 times the overturning moment. 1609.3 Heliport and Helistop Landing Areas. In addition to other design requirements of this chapter, heliport and helistop landing or touchdown areas shall be designed for the maximum stress induced by the following: 1. Dead load plus actual weight of the helicopter. 2, Dead load plus a single concentrated impact load covering 1 square foot (0.092 903 m*) of (0.75 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if itis equipped with hydraulic-type shock ab- sorbers, or 1.5 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if it is equipped with a rigid or skid-type landing gear. 3. The dead load plus a uniform live load of 100 pounds per square foot (4.9 kN/m?). The re- quired live load may be reduced in accordance with the formula in Section 1606. 1609.4 Hydrostatic Uplift. All foundations, slabs and other footings subject to water pressure shall be designed to resist a uniformly distributed uplift equal to the full hydrostatic pressure. 1609.5 Flood-resistant Construction. For flood-resistant construction requirements see Appen- dix Chapter 31, Division I. ‘SECTION 1610 — WALLS AND STRUCTURAL FRAMING 1610.1 General. Walls and structural framing shall be erected true and plumb in accordance with the design. 1610.2 Interior Walls. Interior walls, permanent partitions and temporary partitions which ex- ceed 6 feet (1828 mm) in height shall be designed to resist all loads to which they are subjected but not less than a force of 5 pounds per square foot (0.24 kN/m?) applied perpendicular to the walls. “The deflection of such walls under a load of S pounds per square foot (0.24 kN/m?) shall not exceed |/a4g of the span for walls with brittle finishes and !/,29 of the span for walls with flexible finishes. See Table 16-0 for earthquake design requirements where such requirements are more restrictive EXCEPTION: Flexible folding or potable pattions ae not required to mee the load and deflection cr teria but must be anchored tothe supporting structure to meet the provisions of this code. ‘SECTION 1611 — ANCHORAGE OF CONCRETE OR MASONRY WALLS: ‘Concrete or masonry walls shall be anchored to ll floors. roofs and other structural elements which provide required lateral support for the wall, Such anchorage shall provide a positive direct connec- tion capable of resisting the horizontal forces specified in this chapter or a minimum force of 200 pounds per lineal foot (2.92 N/mm) of wall, whichever is greater, Walls shall be designed to resist 26CHAP. 1 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 1611-16123, bending between anchors where the anchor spacing exceeds 4 feet (1220 mm). Required anchors @ masonry walls of hollow units or cavity walls shall be embedded in a reinforced grouted structural element of the wall. See Sections 1630, 1631.2.8 and 1631.2.9. SECTION 1612 — PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION 1612.1 Connections. Every device used to connect prefabricated assemblies shall be designed as required by this code and be capable of developing the strength of the members connected, except in the case of members forming part of a structural frame designed as specified in this chapter. Con- nections shall be capable of withstanding uplift force as specified in this chapter. 1612.2 Pipes and Conduit. In structural design, due allowance shall be made for any material to 'be removed for the installation of pipes. conduits or other equipment. 1612.3 Tests and Inspections. See Section 1704 for requirements for tests and inspections of pre- fabricated construction. 27CHAP. 16, DIV. 1 1613-1615 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Division WIND DESIGN SECTION 1613 — GENERAL Every building or structure and every portion thereof shall be designed and constructed to resist the wind effects determined in accordance with the requirements of this section. Wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction. No reduction in wind pressure shall be taken for the shield- ing effect of adjacent structures. Structures sensitive to dynamic effects. such as buildings with a height-to-width ratio greater than five. structures sensitive to wind-excited oscillations. such as vortex shedding or icing. and buildings over 400 feet (121.9 m) in height. shall be, and any structure may be. designed in accor- dance with approved national standards. The provisions of this section do not apply to building and foundation systems in those areas sub- Ject to scour and water pressure by wind and wave action. Buildings and foundations subject to such Toads shall be designed in accordance with approved national standards. SECTION 1614 — DEFINITIONS The following definitions apply only to this part: BASIC WIND SPEED is the fastest-mile wind speed associated with an annual probability of 0.02 measured at a point 33 feet (10 000 mm) above the ground for an area having exposure catego- nC EXPOSURE B has terrain with buildings. forest or surface irregularities. covering at least 20 percent of the ground level area extending | mile (1.61 km) or more from the site. EXPOSURE C has terrain whichis latand generally open. extending one-half mile (0.81 km) or ‘more from the site in any full quadrant. EXPOSURE D represents the most severe exposure in areas with basic wind speeds of 80 miles pper hour (mph) (129 km/h) or greater and has terrain which is flat and unobstructed facing large bodies of water over one mile (1.61 km) or more in width relative to any quadrant of the building site. Exposure D extends inland from the shoreline '/, mile (0.40 km) or 10 times the building height, whichever is greater. FASTEST-MILE WIND SPEED is the wind speed obtained from wind velocity maps prepared by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration andis the highest sustained aver- age wind speed based on the time required for a mile-long sample of air to pass a fixed point OPENINGS are apertures or holes in the exterior wall boundary of the structure. All windows or doors or other openings shall be considered as openings unless such openings and their frames are specifically detailed and designed to resist the loads on elements and components in accordance swith the provisions of this section. PARTIALLY ENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STORY is a structure or story which has more than 15 percent of any windward projected area open and in which the area of opening on all other projected areas is less than half of that on the windward projection. SPECIAL WIND REGION is an area where local records and terrain features indicate 50-year fastest-mile basic wind speed is higher than shown in Figure 16-1 UNENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STORY is a structure which has 85 percent or more open- ings on all sides. ‘SECTION 1615 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS ‘The following symbols and notations apply to the provisions of this part. 28CHAP. 16, DIV. 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 1615-1620 combined height. exposure and gust factor coefficient as given in Table 16-G. pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of structure under consideration as wv Table 16-H. importance factor as set forth in Table 16-K. ' design wind pressure. ‘windstagnation pressure atthe standard height of 33 feet (10 000 mm) as et forth in Table IGF. SECTION 1616 — BASIC WIND SPEED “The minimum basic wind speed at any site shall not be less than that shown in Figure 16-1. For those areas designated in Figure 16-1 as special wind regions and other areas where local records or ter- rain indicate higher 50-year (mean recurrence interval) fastest-mile wind speeds. these higher val- tues shall be the minimum basic wind speeds. SECTION 1617 — EXPOSURE ‘An exposure shall be assigned at each site for which a building or structure is to be designed. SECTION 1618 — DESIGN WIND PRESSURES Design wind pressures for buildings and structures and elements therein shall be determined for any height in accordance with the following formula: P=C.Cqle 8-1) ‘SECTION 1619 — PRIMARY FRAMES AND SYSTEMS @ ne 1619.1 General. The primary frames or load-resisting system of every structure shall be design for the pressures calculated using Formula (18-1) and the pressure coefficients. C,. of either Meth- od | of Method 2. in addition. design of the overall structure and its primary load-resisting system shall conform to Section 1603. ‘The base overturning moment for the entire structure, or for any one of its individual primary lateral-resisting elements, shall not exceed two thirds of the dead-load-resisting moment. For an entire structure with a height-to-width ratio of 0.5 or less in the wind direction and a maximum height of 60 feet (18 290 mm). the combination of the effects of uplift and overturning may be re- duced by one third. The weight of earth superimposed over footings may be used to calculate the S088 for men “Exposure 0 ExposuRE Cc | O15 “1.39 106 | 20 | Las 113 28 | 150 | Lis 30 | 13s | 1B 0 162 | 131 o 13 a3 20 181 183 100 88 161 120 193 167 160 202 179 200 | 2.10 1.87 300 23 20 i 400 234 219 'Walues for intermediate heights above 15 feet (4572 mm) may be interpolated 2-921994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘TABLE 16-H—PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cy) 16H ‘STRUCTURE SE PART Senor DESCRIPTION G FACTOR T Primary frames and fethod 1 Normal force method oan Cane ‘Windward wall 08 inward Leeward wall 055 outward Roofs! "Wind perpendicular to ridge Leeward roof of Nat rot 0.7 ouward Windward roof Tess than 2:12 (1679) 0.7 outward Slope 2:12 (16.7%) 0 less than 9:12(785%) | 0.9 outward or 0.3 inward Slope 9:12 (75%) to 12:12 (100%) 4 inward Slope > 12:12 (1005) 07 inward Wing parallel to rig and flat roofs 0.7 outward lethod 2 (Pbjected area method) TS horzontal any Onrvertial projected area direction Sructures 40 fet (12 192.mm) or less in height | 1.4 horizontal any Structures over 40 fet (12 192 mm) in eight direction On horizontal projected areal 0.7 upward 3. Elements and components notin areas of discontinuity? ‘Shope > 7:12 (58.3%) to 12:12 (100%) Wall elements ‘All sructures 1.2 inward Enclosed and unenclosed structures 12 outward Partially enclosed structures 16 outward Parapets walls 1/3 inward of outward Roof elements Enclosed and unenclosed structures Slope < 7:12 583%) Slope 7:12 ($8.3%) to 12:12 (100%) 1.3 outward 13 outward or inward Pantally enclosed strctures ‘Slope < 2:12 116.7%) 1.7 outward Slope 2:12 (16.7%) to 7:12 (58.3%) 16 outward or ‘08 inward 1.7 outward or inward Tea summer Wal comers® Roof eaves, rakes or ridges without overhangsé Slope < 2:12 (16.7%) Slope 2:12 (16.7%) t0 7:12 (58.3%) Slope > 7:12 (58.3%) to 12:12 (100%) For slopes fess than 2:12 (16.7%) ‘Overhangs at roof eaves. rakes or ridges. and TS outward or 12 “inward 2.3 upward 26 ourward 1.6 outward 0.5 added to values canopies above Z- Chimneys. tanks and | Square or rectangular Ta any direction solid towers Hexagonal or octagonal 121 any ditection Round or elliptical 0.8 any direction 3. Openrframe towers’® | Square and rectangular ‘Diagonal 49 Normal 36 ‘Triangular 32 &. Tower accessories (such | Cylindrical members as ladders. conduit. "2 inches (51 mm) or less in diameter 19 Tights and elevators) ‘Over 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter 08 Flat or angular members 13. 7. Signs flagpoles. lighipoles, minor structures! Lt any direction (Continued)16H-16J 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 16-H I 'For one story othe op story of multstory panially enclosed strctures, an addtional valve of 0.5 shall be added tothe outward Cy. The most critical combination shall be used for design. For definition of partially enclosed stuc- tures. see Section 1614. {C, values listed ae for 10-square-fot (0.93 m2) tributary areas, For rbutary areas of 100 square feet (9.29 m?).the ‘alue of 0:3 may be subtracted from Cy. except for areas at discontinuities with slopes less than 7 units vertical in TD units horizontal (SB.3% slope) where the value of 0.8 may be subsracted from Ca, Interpolation may be used for tributary areas between 10 and 100 square fet (0.93 m? and 9.29 m-). For tributary areas greater than 1,000 square feet (92.9 m*), use primary frame vas. For slopes greater than 12 units verical in 12 units horizontal (100% slope). use wall element values Local pressures shall apply ove a distance from the discontinuity of 10 feet (3088 mmm) oF 0.1 times the Teast width ‘ofthe structure, whichever is smaller. Siscontinuities at wal comers or roof ridges are defined as discontinuous breaks inthe surface where the included inerior angle measures 170 degrees of less ‘Load isto be applied on either side of discontinuity but not simultaneously on both sides. Wind pressures shall be applied tothe total normal projected area of all elements on one face. The forces shall be ‘ssuined (0 act parallel tothe wind direction. Factors for cylindrical elements are two thirds of those for flat or angular elements 241 "diets? raoLe 164 ses Z0Ne FACTOR = es ; : Se ee ee “The zone shall be determined from the seismic zone map in Figure 16-2 TABLE 16-J-SITE COEFFICIENTS! (ee ‘DESCRIPTION SFACTOR o ‘A soil profile with either: 10 (2) A rock-like material characterized by a shear-wave velocity greater than 2.300 feet per Second (762 mis) or by other suitable means of classification, oF (&) Medium-dense to dense or medium-stif to stiff soil conditions. where Soil depth is less than 200 feet (60 960 mm). = “Aesoil profile with predominanily medium-dense to dense or medium- 12 Stiff to sti soil conditions, where the sol depth exceeds 200 feet (6 960 mm S “A seil profile containing more than 20 feet (6096 mm) of soft 10 1S ‘medium stiff clay but not more than 40 feet (12 192 mm of soft clay. Ss “Ksoll profil containing more than 40 feet (12 192 mm) of soft clay 20 | Characterized by a shear wave velocity less than 500 feet per second | S24 ms). Tike sie Tactor shall be established from properly substantiated geotechnical data. n locations where the soll proper- ‘hes are not known in suficiem detail to determine the sol profile type. soil profile $3 shall be used. Soil profi Seu mor be assumed unless the building official determines that soil profile Sq may be present tthe site, oF in the event that soil profile Sq is established by geotechnical data. 2341996 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 16K TABLE 16-K—OCCUPANCY CATEGORY ‘OCCUPANCY ance | tance! | FACTOR, ‘CATEGORY, OCCUPANCY OF FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURE FACTOR | FACTOR, | T. Essential | Group I, Division | Occupancies having surgery and] 125 [| 180 [115 facilities? _| emergency treatment areas Fire and police stations Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and ‘emergency aircraft Structures and shelters in emergency- preparedness centers Aviation control towers ‘Structures and equipment in government ‘communication centers and other facilities required for \ emergency response Standby power-generating equipment for Category 1 facilities Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other fire-suppression material or equipment required forthe protection of Category 1.2 | 3 structures TZ Hazardous | Group H, Divisions 1. 2, @and 7 Occupancies and 25 = [pease mt5) facilities | structures therein housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances ‘Nonbuilding structures housing. supporting or Containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances ‘which, if contained within a building, would cause that building tobe classified as a Group H, Division |. 2 or 7 Occupancy 3. Special | Group A, Divisions I. 2 and 2.1 Oceupancies To | 100 | 100 ‘ccupaney. | Buildings housing Group E, Divisions 1 and 3 | structures | Occupancies with a capacity greater than 300 students Buildings housing Group B Occupancies used for college or adult education wit a capacity greater than 500 students Group | Divisions 1 and 2 Occupancies with $0 or | ‘more resident incapacitated patents. but not included in Category 1 Group I. Division 3 Occupancies All structures with an occupancy greater than 5.000 persons Structures and equipment in power-generating stations: and other public uly facilites not included in Category I Category 2 above, and required for continued operation [Bandara All structures housing occupancies or Raving functions | 00 | 1.00 | 100 ‘occupancy not listed in Category 1.2 oF 3 and Group U \ Structures? | Occupancy towers 3. Miscella- | Group U Occupancies except for towers a structures J FT Timitation of fp Tor panel Connections in Section T6512 shal be 1.0 for the entre connesir, 2Suructural observation requirements are given in Sections 108.1701 and 1702. Por anchorage of machinery and equipment required fo ife-safety systems the valu of fy shall be taken a5 1516L-16M 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘TABLE 16-L—VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES TAREGULARITY TYPE ANO OEFRTION REFERENCE SECTON 1. Stiffness irregularity—soft story AA soft story is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in 1627.83. em 2 the story above or less than 80 percent ofthe average stiffness ofthe three stones above. ‘Weight (mass) irregularity Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the effective mass of any story is more than 150 percent of the effective mass ofan adjacent story. A roof which is lighter than the floor below need not be considered. 1627.83, tem 2 3. Vertical geometric irregularity Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral force-resisting system in any story is more than 130, percent of that in an adjacent story. One-story penthouses need not be considered. 1627.83. em 2 4. In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting element ‘An in-plane offset of the lateral load-resistng elements greater than the length of those elements. 1628.7 ‘5. Discontinuity in capacity —weak story T ‘A-weak story is one in which the story strength is less than 80 percent ofthat in| the story above. The story strength isthe toal strength ofall seismic-ressting elements sharing the story shear forthe direction under consideration 1627.9.1 ‘TABLE 16-M_PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES. TAREGULARITY TYPE ANO DEFITTION REFERENCE SECTION 1. Torsional irregularity—to be considered when diaphragms are not flexible Torsional iregularity shall be considered to exist when the maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion at one end ofthe structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifs f the two ends of the structure 1631.29, em 6 2, Reentrant corners Plan configurations ofa structure and its lateral force-resistng system contain reentrant comers, shere both projections ofthe structure beyond a reentrant, ‘comer are greater than 15 percent of the plan dimension ofthe structure in the given direction. 1631.29, Items 6 and 7 3. Diaphragm discontinuity Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness. including those hhaving cutout or open areas greater than 50 percent ofthe gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective diaphragm stfiness of more than $0 percent from one story to the next. | 1631.29. Teer 6 . Outof-plane offsets iscontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of plane offsets ofthe vertical elements. 1628.7: 1631.29, tem 6: D8 5. Nonparallel systems ‘The vertical lateral load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major onthogonal axes ofthe lateral force-resistng system, 1631.111994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘TABLE 16-N—STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 16N {Basic structural systems are defined in Section 1627.6. 2See Section 1 (628-3 for combination of structural system. 3a Hight limit applicable t Seismic Zones 3 and 4, See Section 16277. “Prohibited in ‘Prohibited in ‘Seismic Zones 3 and 4. Sekkine Zones 3 and 4, except as permitted in Section 1632.2. (Continued) Ase ‘STRUeTURAL | "Sysret ATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTESLDESCRIFTION aud [SSSR | Bearing wal | 1) Light-framed walls with shear panels system 2 Wood structural pane! walls for structures three stores or less | 8 6s 8 6 6 | 6 160 | B. Masonry 6 160 | 3, Lightstel framed beazing walls with ension-only bracing 4 6 4 Bideed frames where bracing caries gravity loeds a Steel 6 160 . Concretet 4 = Heavy timber 4 6 Building [1 Stel eccerricaly braced frame (ERP) To] 3 frame 2 Lightsramed walls with shear panels system 18 sod structural panel walle for structures thee stories orless | 9 os it , Alvotherlightframed walls 7 & 3 Shear walls a Concrete 8 240 Masonry 8 160 4. Ordinary braced frames 1 a Stel 8 160 b. Concreret 8 Heavy timber 8 6 5, Special concentrically braced frames asec! 9 xo {tl 3-Momenr’ TT. Special noment-resising frames (SMRFY resisting a Steel nl NL frame Concrete Bl NE System |, Masonry momentessting wall fame 5 16 3 Cokerek imermediate moment-esisting frames IMRE)® 8 = 4 Gra omentsessingfaes (ORE) a Sel ‘ 1 | b_Concrete $ S| a Deal 1. Shear walls 1 systems a." Gonerete with SMRF nl Nk B. Concrete with tel OMRF 6 16 €, Concrete with concrete IMRFS 5 160 . Masonry with SMRE 8 160 Masonry with ste] OMRF 8 160 Masonry with concrete MRF* 5 = 2. Suet EBF \ 4 With steel SMRF nl Nb With steel OMRF 6 106 3. Ordinary braced frames ' tee! with see! SMRF wl) Nt Bee! with steel OMRF 6 16 Concrete with concrete SMRE* 5 = 4. Concrete with coneete IMRF* 6 = 4, Special concentrically braced frames 2 eel with steel SMRF uf Sk Stel with stel OMRF 6 1 | 3 Undetined | See Sestons 1683 and 162792 = i systems j {L—No limit16-N-16-0 1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 16-N—{Continued) value of 12 Ordinary moment-resistng frames in Seismic Zone | meeting the requirements of Section 2211.6 may use an Ry ‘Prohibited in Seismic Zones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4. See Section 1631.2.7. ‘TABLE 16-O—HORIZONTAL FORCE FACTOR, Cp [ [[stewows or srnucruns novernucronsconrowerrs aworounuom | 365 [roonere | TT Began ofsccturs ES lige towing 1 Uaced atlevee) ape 209 ‘>. Other exterior walls above the ground floor 0.78 23. ‘c. All interior bearing and nonbearing walls and partitions 078 3 §, Myo cone ener over ect (89 fm hah ors 2 fence Lanstenfaneaty an exemn stpe smo fame) | O73 5 GemeniTepeseuc trl semen cer han a re applied at center of gravity. 0.75 4, Diaphragms = 3 7 Noses components Tir ind amen an apenas 200 X Giguere eat ones mount e eae ead aorta san nce cee above te of mae tas of eves beg 200 Pe Tats ing sepa ow he roo wit eae Pept sive nest ge hal ors SORTER of apedis oe wacral ae ator hve de cne of mae 2, Sp an tows 209 4, Storage racks (include contents) 0.75 0 ! 5. Anchorage for permanent floor-supported cabinets and book stacks more than STE neh ena conen ors 6. Anck for suspended ceilings and light fixtures 0.75 a 7. Access floor systems 0.75 aa 37 Eager Fete ves inte conten) nling open sens andarcorage | 075 | Het nthe and une eqpmet ard sie cond | ductwork and piping, and machinery 0.75 8 ‘See Section 16302 for items supported ator below grade See Section 1631.2.4 and Section 1630.2, ‘Wher len aptrape: t erined i Seton 1628.6 provide ral apo fr walls nd partons. the value of G, for anchorage shal be increased 50 percent forthe center oe half ofthe diaphragm span. ‘tAppliés to Seismic Zones 2.3 and 4 only. See Section 1631.29. Ceiling weight shal include al light fixtures and other equipment or paitions which are laterally supported by the ceiling For purposes of determining the seismic force. a ceiling weight of not less than 4 pounds per square foot (19.5 kgm?) shall be use. *elings tonstrcted of lath and plaster or gypsum board screw or nail tached to suspended members tha suport 4 celling at one level extending from wal to wall need not be analyzed provided the walls are not over 50 feet (15 240 mm) apan. *uipment includes, but isnot limited bier chile heat exchanger pump ar-handlng unit, coting ower co. ol panel, motor switch gar. ransfomer and life-safety equipment includes major cond. ducting and piping serv machiery an equipment nde spike sas Se Seco 1690.2 for atonal eguerens for determining C, for nonrigid or flexibly mounted equipment. SW, foe acess bsstems ll be the de loud of he acess lor system ps 25 percent ofthe lor ive load jus a 10 pst (0.479 EN/m?) parition lod allowance. tof eu of fe tabulated values see storage racks may be designed in accordance with Chapter 22, Division VI. ‘Ufght atures and mechanical services installed in metal suspension ystems or acoustical tle and iy. panel cet- ‘igs shall be independently supported from the structure above as specified in U.B.C. Standard 25-2, Par I 2981994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘TABLE 16-P—y FACTORS FOR NONBUILDING STRUCTURES 16-P STRUCTURE TYPE, ‘Vessels, including tanks and pressurized spheres. on braced or unbraced legs Cast-in-place concrete silos and chimneys having walls continuous to the foundation. Distributed mass cantilever structures such as stacks, chimneys, silos and skin-supported vertical vessels. —" “Trussed towers (freestanding or guyed). guyed stacks and chimneys. Inverted pendulum-type structures, Cooling towers. Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced legs Storage racks. Signs and billboards. Amusement structures and monuments All other self-supporting structures not otherwise covered. wo ola|1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE (yun 404 19°L x) UNOH Had S37 NI SGIIdS GNIM OISVE WNWININ—1-91 aun 2-40‘91 Ja1deya xipueddy es ‘saveis powlun ou Jo epysino seoue 40.4 ‘SLVLS G3LINN 3HL JO d¥W 3NOZ SINSI3S—Z-9t SENSIS1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 163 ‘S3dVHS VELOadS 3SNOdS3H G3ZIVMUON—-91 BUNDI (spucoes) J"gonad sz oz st on so 0 ° ‘ (.3dAL 108) z@ ‘SIOS 4411S GNV YOU (2 AdAL WOS) SOS AVIO -44LLS HO SSTINOIS3HOD 330. | | (© 3dAL 10s) SaNvs. NV SAV19 WNIGIM OL 1408 NOLWHSTZOOV GNNOUD wv3d 3ALO3I43Substance ‘s TR ASNT | Granite, syenite. gneiss 1:28 Umestone, marble Sandstone, bluestone 2 MORTAR RUBBLE 8 GHASONEY, 4 ranvte, syenite. gneiss Umestone, mare . Sandstone, bluestone $ DRY RUBBLE MASONRY it Granite, syenite. ges ...] 130 | 19-23 || Greensione, rap. 187 2 Limestone, marble .....:-] 125 | 1-21 || Gypsum, alabaster’. 158 8 Sandstone, bluestone 110 | 1:8-1.9 |} Hombiende ... 187 Limestone, marbie 185 8 BRICK MASONRY Magnesite ..n-...000:] 187 Pressea brick 149 | 22-23 || Prosonate rock: apatite - | 200 Common brick 320 | 18-20 |} Por 5 472 9 Soft bnek too | 151.7 if 80) CONCRETE MASONAY iw | 3538 ‘Cement. stone. sand 1a | 2224 175 9 Cement. siag, etc. 130 | 1923 168 8 ‘Cement, ciner. et. 100 | 1517 ‘STONE, QUARRIED, PILED VARIOUS BUILDING Basalt, grante, gneiss ....| 96 MATERIALS Limestone, marble, quartz | 95 ‘Ashes, crcers -.........| 40S Sandstone | "30 Shale... 92 ] 383 Greenstone, 107 me, 1] soe Sigs: ere ° . & 1 ‘Slags. 98-117] 7 ‘Siags, 96 a aye © 3 Gay, damp, plastic 110 B Gay’ and gravel 100 13 Ear. Gry. oes % s Earth, moss, loose ma) a Earth, mosst, packed 3 | = “ Earn, mud, towng oa | = 2 Earth, mud, packed <0.) 1s | = 2 Riprap, limestone wogs | = 6 Aiorap, shale = Sena. Gavel 3 = ga] = ‘Sand, gravel, wet = ae = ‘xXCAvATION ae) = ‘The speci graves of solide and iqude refer water at 4°C., hose of gases 10 ei at O°C. and 760 mem. pressure. The wenghts per cubic foot are Gerwed from average spectic grawties, except where stated that worghts are for Duk, heaped oF loose material, tc. Asamucas ieerrrure ov Sex Consrnucrion:WEIGHTS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES Wea | specie Wem | specie [87 | Ser 54 $09 at 556 282 1205 450 435, 8 a . m5 | 82 Hickory - seo100) = Locust 0 130-1601 _— || Maple. hard ‘2aT | 3640 |] Maple, write 31S | 4952 || Oak. chestrut fc v2 | 2530 | Oak ive . é S] rio | S37] Oak rea, biack {Lead ore. galena 7378 |) Oak Magnesium, aloys "1 8 3 7 : 7 ry 259 | 3746 |] Pine, we | 138 ine, yellow, iong-leal $66 | 86-90 || Pine, yetow, shocdeat 565 | 8992 || Polar ryt} 1390 |21.1-2155|| Redwood. O42 is [10.6308] Sore, wna, black 0.40-0.48 490 | 785, fleet, black | ot Se | 72-75 || Warwt wna - oat aie | 647.0 440 | 63-72 || various uouios 253 | 39-42 || Acopol 100% on ‘hess, muna 1D ‘asda, nine. 1 2|- ‘Acids, sulpbunc 130 el - Ye 170 a|- osi-n94 a\l- Ole, a) = Water, $3 |147-150]] Water. s 97|| Water. 2a |oeoosol] Waser. ‘47 jo70080|) Waser. 198 [240260 yet [245-2721] GASES 484 |290300]) Ad. OC. 760 erm. ‘59 |ose-1.02]) Ammona $2 |070-1.15|] Carvon conde a) = Gaston monande go |os2oss}) Gas, e & | 1920 Gas, natures S| = | alee 133 Oxygen To water af #°C. nove of gases 0 ar at °C. and 780 HR. “The specrtc gravises of solide and Kau rater rom everege spectic praviles, exept where outed fatWEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS Weight mt Manor Lb. per Sa. Ft Goa! to. pera. @ CEILINGS PARTITIONS, ‘Channel suspended Clay Tile system 1 Bin. 17 Lathing and plastering | See Parttions sin. 18 ‘Acoustical fiber le 1 Gin. 28 Bin. 34 FLOORS 10 in, 0 Stee! Deck See ‘Gypsum Block Manufacturer Zin, 9% Concrete-Reinforced 1 in. 3in. 10% ‘Stone 12% ain, 12% Siag 1% sin, 4 Lightweight 6 to10 sin. 18% Wood Studs 2 « 4 Conerete-Plain 1 in, 12-16 in. o.. 2 Stone 12 ‘Stee! parttions 4 Slag in Plaster 1 in. Lightweight 309 Cement 10 Gypsum 5 Fills 1 in, Lathing Gypsum 8 Metal % Sand 8 Gypsum Board % in, 2 Cinders 4 WALLS Finishes Brick Terrazzo 1 in, 13 din, “0 e Ceramic or Quarry Tie Bin, 80 Hin, 10 12in, 120 Linoleum % in, 1 Hollow Concrete Block Mastic % in. 9 (Heavy Aggregate) Hardwood 7% in. 4 ain, 0 ‘Softwood % in. 2 Gin, 2 in. 5 ROOFS 12hin, 0 Copper or tin 2 Hollow Concrete Block Corrugated steo! (Light Aggregate) Manufacturer in, 2 Spy ready roofing 1 30 S-ply felt and gravel 38 ‘Spl tot and gravel 35 Shingles Wood 2s Asphalt 30 Cay tie 33 Slate % 5 55 ‘Sheathing 18 ‘Wood % in. 8 Gypsum 1 in, See Insulation 1 in. Manufacturer Loose 6 Pouredtin-place Rigid 3UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT BASIC ENGINEERING REFRESHER STATICS Rolf T. Killingstad‘SYMBOL zm oF om STATICS sYepoLs DESCRIPTION Area Distance of the point of stress from the neutral axi: Center of gravity Distance or length Force Friction force Moment of Inertia about the center of gravity Polar Moment of Inertia Moment of Inertia about x axis Moment of Inertia about y axis + Kilopounds, Kips Moment Wormal force Resultant force Section modulus, I/e Load per unit length Total Weight or load Location of centroid in x direction Location of centroid in y direction Indicates a summation process Angle between forces in degrees or radians Coefficient of friction uses fe’ in, ft in, ft sty ap ind int in* in 1000 1b stip » re in’ » lb, k in, ft in, £tAkt, eronedA , TIS 7 ek Ppyur Chapter 2 STATICS 2.1 MATURE OF A FORCE ‘A force is an action which tends to change the state of another body. It is described by a value such as pounds (1b) or newtons (W) and a direction such as vertically dom. In order that the body acted on by the force may remain at rest, there mist be an equal and opposite force provided. Statics at rest. Forces may be described is the science of resolving forces on bodis by vectors which have values of length and direction. The direction may be described by an angular measurement from an axis or by perpendicular distances measured along coordinate axes. Vectors can be added and subtracted graphically by combining tail to head provided they intersect along their lines of action. To illustrate, find the crow flight distance between points A and C in a city. cc A B is four blocks north of A, and ¢ is three blocks east of B. Adding vector iS to vector B¢ gives resultant vector Ad. Further, applying a scale to vectorTE gives a value of five blocks. wote that ABC is a right triangle having sides 3, 4, and 5. You will find this convenient for future problem solving. Assume the following system of vectors all acting through a common point. y y ‘The resultant has an x value of 6 and a y value of 11. Mote the vectors can be moved to facilitate vector addition. : Problems to work: Find the resultants of the following systens of vectors graphically. PROBLEM 2.1.1 Wote: All three forces go through the origin. 23PROBLEM 2.1.2 Answer2.2 concumnewt FoRcE sxsTEKs smn sevecal forces act through one point in a plane, they can be @ scsceives es a concurrent force eysten, This system can be resolved into one force or resultant or an equilibrium force. _ Example Problem 0 1. Determine the resultant of the given system of concurrent forces. 2. Determine the equilibrium force. ste ch Thee das etdste ott Ths fovee* Tt is convenient to use an x-y coordinate axis system for analysis with | the origin at the point at which all forces intersect. Each force is defined by ite value in pounds and an angle with the x axis. Each force can be broken dowm into its x and y components and the components added algebraically. The Pythagorean theorum is used to determine the resultant. hose z eyes 70 1s ° 470 tbe 0 ibs 15 90° ° +15 100 30° 100 cos 30° = -86.6 100 sin 30° = +50 so 2s <50 cos 255 -45.3 0 sin 255)* -21.1 80 cor +80 cos 60° = 140 780 sin 60° = -69.2 (434.7 tvs) 22.9 Lbs Rev (-22.9)? + (434 n? = 1684 = 41 Lbs 25The angie which defines the resultant is obtained by the u 3a of the tan function. tand = Za 24 0 2.506, A table oF your calculator gives © = -57.77° upward to the left. e ‘The equilibrium force mist be equal to and opposite the resultant. Therefore the equilibrium force is 41 lbs downward to the right at an angle of s7.779, ‘A check ean be obtained by the graphical methods previously described. vy See Seb 2 Hien ~cOrrtand rn pe v \ _— ort to Pod byolin wm Either PROBLEM 2.2.1 ' Determine the force required to set the system in equilibrium. 100 1b 5° 90 Ib aoe) Answer:PROBLEM 2.2.2 What is the force F required to hold the body at rest? Assume no frictional force (y = 0) 50 1b 45° 60 1b = ee OO Mote: The force F can be determined by a summation of forces in the horizontal direction. Answer: 95.3 A special case of concurrent forces are two forces which have the same Line of action. They are said to ke collinear. If the two forces are equal and opposite in direction, they will cancel each other. If they are not equal, the resultant is the larger less the smaller. If they act in the sane direction, they are additive. * ‘an example is a column in a miltistory building. Each floor adds to the load in the colum. All forces are assumed to be collinear with the column. ‘The wheel of a car rests on the pavement and is pushed by the axle. This is a concurrent force system even though the forces do not have a common point of beginning, because the line of action of the vertical force P acts through the axle. A force can act anywhere along its line of action without changing the external effects. Thus, the pavenent supports the tire, the tire supports the wheel, the wheel supports the hub, and the hub the axle, 272.3 MOMENT OF FORCE ‘A force tends to produce rotation about a given point not on its line of action. ‘This is called the moment of the force. The magnitude of the moment is defined as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the Line of action of the force to the axis of rotation. A bell ringer pulling on a rope to ring a bell turns the bell on its axis causing a moment of: 200 mm| JON 210M XK 200mm, one 1000 Moments are always measured in force times distance units. Moments are thought of as clockwise or counter clockwise. In this discussion, clockwise will be positive (+) and counter clockwise will be negative (-). ‘The moment of a force is equal to the sum of the moments of its components. An example will illustrate this theorem.Determine the monent at point 0 of the 100 1b force at A. Determine AS e Boe? BSP?» A= 0 in Determine the x and y components of 100 1b force using the ratio of the sides of the triangle. x _ 100 @*10 00) © go a» xX . 100 Ze Taking moments at o and clockwise and counter clockwise rotation into account. TM, = 0 = 80 Ib x 6 im ~ 60 1b x 10 in +H, = 480 in 1b - 600 in 1b +, 4M, = +120 in 1b ‘The problem can also be solved by calculating the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the 100 1b force and point 0. 100 Ib 29Mote that the small and large triangles are similar. 1.6 e Using ratios 5 = $2) 2, oe ez TH, = 0 = -1.2(100) + 4, Mo = 41.2 in 100 1b = +120 in lb ‘ms, the problem is solved using either the force or components of the perpendicular distances or moment arms. force and appropria EXAMPLE PROBLEMS: PROBLEM 2.3.1 What moment is exerted at the base (A) of the boat davit? 2m. Answer: 10. tatem PROBLEM 2.3.2 What is the moment exerted on the bracket at B by the guy cable? 17710 k y 6 tt Answer: 42.42 ftk counter clockwise2.4 COUPLES Couples are parallel, equal forces acting in opposite directions e separated by a distance 4. The figure shows such a system of couples acting on a body. Since the forces are equal and opposite, no resultant force acts on the body. However, the forces F will have a rotational effect. If we sum moments about 0 YMo = 0 = -xF + (x + OF -aF “Note that the couple tF-Ft could be positioned anywhere on the body. e EXAMPLE PROBLEMS PROBLEM 2.4.1 If the load on the jib crane is 5000 N, what are the horizontal forces in the connections at A and BP Al &| a B 5000 N é 5m > Answer: A = 16.67 kH acting to the left. e eared atercist tastes 2-11PROBLEM 2.4.2 What force does the winch spindle exert on the crank due to the crank force Fr y @ NONCONGURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS A system of forces ‘not Answer: ¥ (positively) Pe pean n= tay hoawod epebld fot os of aa bet vt we Figure 2.5." Gxbo= 240 \v 2% nen 011 forces do not act through a comon point a moment is alvays involved and the description of the resultant in addition to value (length) and angle with the coordinate axes must include its perpendicular distance e from a point of reference. The summation of moments is used to define this distance. ‘ee 35-26 = +? RQ «First determine the x and y values of each force. } as ms rem | 30 30° ~30 COS 30° = -26 30 sin 30° = 15.0 — Ire = 9.4 Iry = - 9.6 | las)? 2 ne Jory? + cr) = Jes)? + (9.697 - fae? - fio R= 13.4 lb 29.6 9.4 @ = 45.5° Downward to the right tan @ = = -1.02 Taking moments about the origin produces the folloving equation. @ = 526 + 205) + 4000) = 40 An aD, necause the cesultant and the force systen have the sane noneat Ba = 140 4a 1b eee soy = 10.45 in ‘ which is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of R to the origin. Figure 2.5.2 e re above dlagran deseribes the sensitant. S | 2-13 |2.6 SYSTEMS IM THREE DIMENSIONS ‘The discussion so far has been in two dimensions. All of the rules presented apply to three dimensional systens. Figure 2.6.2 An x, y, 2 coordinate system can be used. Positive x, y, and z are show by figure 2.6.1. Ris related to Rx + Ry + Rr in the following way we ow ex? + By? + Be” . 2 R= /Rx + Ry? + Re” Further, R can be described by the coordinates at its ends. In this case one end is at the origin and the other at coordinates 4x, 6y, and Sz or (4,6,5). 2 ne fa? 4624 5? 28.77 ‘SAMPLE PROBLEMS PROBLEM 2.6.1 Determine the length of Of which has a Rx = 7, Ry = 8 and Rr = 9 answer: 13.93 PROBLEM 2.6.2 Determine the length of AB where Point A has coordinates (3, 4, 5) and Point B has coordinates (11, 12, 13). Mote: Rx = (11-3) = 8 ete. Answer: 13.862.7 VECTOR NOTATION IN A RECTANGULAR COORDIWATE SYSTEM. Consider @ three dimensional coordinate system as above. Wow let us introduce a set of unit vectors having notation i, j and k which define the positive directions along the x, y and z axes. Figure 2.7.1 the vector A can be described as the sum of its three rectangular components Ax + Ay + Az as shown in Figure 2.7.1. You can also see that the projection of K onto the x, y, and z axes gives Ax, Ay and Az or ax = Projj A= Asi Ay = Proj; ke aed Az = Proj, A= Ask Since i, j, and k are units T= axi + ays + ace ‘The magnitude of A is found using the three dimensional form of the Pythagorean theorem as before. Ae ‘The direction angles Ox + ey + @z completely define the position of A. eon figuce 2.7.1. You can 00 cos Ox « ME Z and cos ex = AF. similarly cos ey = f a 2-152.8 SCALAR PRODUCTS A vector can now be represented by a set of numbers or scalars which are its projections onto the axes of the rectangular coordinate system. For example F can be defined as -(3)i + (4)J + (5)z where it is understood that -(3), (4) and (5) refer to the x, y, and z axes. the scalar product of two vectors X and B is written & + 8 and equals Avex + AyBy + AZBe EXAMPLE Find the sealar product of the following Aw 2 +33 + 6% B= 12k + 4j 43% Ae B= 2€12) + 3(4) + 6(3) = 24412 +18 =54 The angle between the two vectors can be conveniently determined by using the relationship AxBx + AvBy + AZBz cos O = ae AxBx + AyBy + AZBE. #42 ( a? + ay? + co?) (fea? sare =) a 7 a3) . sa © = 7G3)(eos) * 53.6° SAMPLE PROBLEMS PROBLEM 2.8.1 Find the scalar product of the following: C= 3i 4 25 + 5k Da 2i +53 + eK 56 PROBLEM 2.8.2 Find the angle between the above two vectors. 19.43¢ PROBLEM 2.8.3 Find the scalar product of the following: B= -24 + 2] - 3k P= 434 - 5j + Ze Answer: -22 2-162.9 VECTOR sums addition is simplified by using vector notation. You need only e Vector add the x, y and z components. Thus XB = (act Boi + Cay + Byds + (Ar + B2dk and subtraction is equally simple A -B ~ (ax - Boi + (ay ~ Byds + (Az ~ Berk EXAMPLE 2.9.2 Find the magnitude and direction angle of vector B= i A B ooo cos ex « @ cry De cos oz = © R43 - & given = 3h + 2) - 6 = 2+ aj + Te = -2i +95 + 3K = (Bi + 24 + 24) + (25 + 45 - 95) + 6K + 7K - 3K) = 74-35 - 2 = Jo = 7.87 = op +088 ex = 27.2" = 7g + oe ey = 112.4° = ge 0.35 ez = 104.7" Figure 2.9.1 2-17SAMPLE PROBLEMS PROBLEM 2.9.1 e Find the magnitude and direction angle of vector i= E+? +¢ Beit aj- 5 Fa2i-2j +a Gadi ease ze Answers: H = 10.34 ex = 29.53° ey = 61.09° oz = 84.45° 2.10 CEWTER OF GRAVITY ‘The center of gravity of an object is a point at which if the object is suspended it will remain at equilibrium in any orientation. It is also the point through which the force of gravity acts. Genter of gravity can be determined experimentally by suspending an object from a point and drawing a vertical Line; suspending it from snother point and drawing another vertical line. Where these lines intersect is the center of gravity. eo. va | Figure 2.10.1 ‘The above example illustrates this method for a plane rectangle. A scale e may also be used to determine center of gravity. Suppose you need to know the “pick” point ‘for a steel girder shaped as shown in Figure 2.10.2.100.3: bE AY 100" f Figure 2.10.2 First weigh each end. Supported at A, B weighs 3000 lb. Supported at B, A weighs 6200 1b. Total weight equals 9200 1b. Wext support at D, A weighs 6200 1b. Find center of gravity Figure 2.10.3 6200(100) = 9200(x) B $200(100), x = $2000.90) . 67.39 rr 9200 6200 Figure 2.10.4 6200(8) = 9200(y) $200) sos * 5-39 FE yr.. cg 5.39 e Ay 12.61) 67.39) Figure 2.10.5 Grouped particles also have a center of gravity. Suppose you have the following situation We ow Figure 2.10.6 ‘The single force W which represents the resultant must be the sum of the weights W, and W,. W, +¥, = W, if moments are taken sbout the origin, the product of W and ite monent arm mst equal the sun of the products of W, and W, and their moment arms. WE = Wz, + Wz, Wye, + Ht, w is the distance from the reference axis to the center of gravity of weights e Wi, and, measured along the £ axis.The same technique can be used for three dinensional systens by writing two or three moment equations.Avea can be substituted for weight in two dimension calculations, where material is of uniform thickness and is homogenous. e Aces = bh Taking moments about the x axis Figure 2.10.7 wy end «oe Fi y, the distance from the x axis to the center of gravity, is obtained by dividing M, by the ares. y= spE. ab 2 ‘Taking moments about the y axis 2, b, bh e wy = nc) = % is found as above. 2, xem bbe a7 272 oh Figure 2.10.8 e ‘The center of gravity is at the center of the rectangle. Frequently it 2-21becomes necessary to determine the center of gravity for irregular. two dimensional figures. Consider the shape shown in Figure 2.10.9. Figure 2.10.9 By dividing the shape into two simple shapes and writing equations about the x and y axes the center of gravity can be obtained. Area = 2(7) + 2(4) = 22 sq in About the y axis Ares + 2) + 204 = 2.59 in cg 2.09", x Figure 2.10.10Another solution is shown. Figure 2.10.11 Assume Area B is 6 in x 7 in and Area Ais 4 in x5 in. A can be subtracted from B to obtain the same answer. With reference to the y axis = - $7203) = 4(5) (4 ke a = 2.09 in With reference to the x axis =, $(72(3.5) ~ 4(5)(4.5) . 7 = 2.59 in ‘The same answers result. EXAMPLE 2.10.1 Find the center of gravity. Figure 2.10.12 2-23Avchart makes calculations e PART AREA iy xg ay a i ery 6.5 2.0 26.0 8.0 q 1] s 3500 2000S 10.0 co «+ 0.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 TOTALS «13 43.5 26.0 xa. Bee 7B xo. 55 oss es igure 2.20.13 q SAMPLE PROBI PROBLEM 2.10.1 Determine the location of the neutral axes. : -— ''—___- i, 12! = 9 in. from left, q = 7.24 in, from top. ieee! x “tPROBLEM 2.10.2 Determine the location of the neutral axes. e P88 1-9 ae Answer: % = 9 in. from left, = 14.1 in. from bottom. “t Centroid is sometimes used interchangeably with center of gravity. When the body is homogenous they have the same location. However, if the body is made of materials having differing weights the centroid is the geometric center and the center of gravity is the weight center. ‘The center of gravity and centroid may also be determined for three Gimensional figures. Consider the bent bar shown in Figure 2.10.14 v ® Figure 2.10.14 W=8+15 +410 = 33 2-25Moments are taken with respect to the z axis and x is found. = = 25(7.5) + 10015) | x Fry 7.955 in e Moments are taken with respect to the xz plane and y is found. 7.8 x = $2 « 0.970 in Moments are taken with respect to the x axis and z is found. 7-22. ins in Figure 2.10.15 Table 1.10.1 gives centroids for several common areas and volumes 2.11 MOMENT OF INERTIA ‘The moment of inertia or second moment as it is sometines called is a mathematical expression that is used in the study of the strength of beams, columns and torsion bars. It is calculated with reference to a specific point, line or plane. It can be described as the product of a small element of area and the square of its distance from the specific point, axis or plane. I is the symbol used for moment of inertia and Ix and ly refer to the x e and y axes. “ne = y7caa) end ty + x7(aa) - 2-26Rectangular area: Circular ‘Teiangular area: Semicireular Hemispherical volume: Conic volume: x wie ow ye oe " oi Table 1.10.1 Centroids 2-27 ry . “ . “er 1 wir‘The polar moment of inertia symbolized by J is defined as Ix + ly and is the moment of inertia about the z axis. Further, the moment of inertia of an area with respect to an axis is the sum of the moments of inertia of all the elements that comprise the are: ix = Fea) yy = Tu ‘The smaller the AA's chosen the more accurate is the moment of inertia. ‘The parallel-axis theoren states that the monent of inertia can be computed with respect to any parallel axis provided the moment of inertia with respect to the centroid is know. Ta=To+ aa? Ia is the moment of inertia about an axis parallel to an axis through the centroid. To is the moment of inertia about the centroid. A is the area being considered and d is the distance from axis a-a to axis 0-0. Table 2.11.1 gives the moments of inertia about their centroids of several typical shapes. Calculate the moment of inertia of the rectangle shown about its horizontal axis. t= Fy by2 eg, 2 yd = 2120) + 2dm7ab) 3 gon? 10 9,3, Lo? 128 128 ea 12 Figure 2.11.1 You can see that the approxinate solution is close to the exact monent of inertia for a rectangle. If h is subdivided into smaller layers, ty*(aA) will approach 1/12 bh.Moment of Inertia Section Modules 3 Lyf square: teetyehet | sett - Ye" Tz 6 fa a= hoon’ * 12 Rectangle: 2 1 -h m3 Sy = Be yo 12 6 tes triangle: rec 3 =o set 2 cirete: Jo quarter circle: Ty = Ty = Lone! i Table 2.11.1 Moments of Inertia of Areas Using the parallel-axis theroren calculate the moments, of inertia for the following: Y 2 2 J +0 ' 4 Figure 2.11.2 2-29Construct @ chart mete sa? e A ‘4 3 ° 36 0.33 5 ° ° 10.42 “A 3 36 0.33 23 72 12.08 Ix = 72 + 12.08 = 83.08 in* Ty = To + Ax? 10! ° ° oO 5.33 ° 0.42 _ ===) ° ° aoe $5.33 e TOTALS © 11.08 Ty = 11.08 in J = Ix + Iy = 83.08 + 11.08 = 94.16 in’ aye * i 2.12 SECTIOW MODULUS Section modulus $ is defined as the moment of inertia I divided by the distance ¢ perpendicular to an axis through the controid to the most distant point of the area et Usually the x and y axes are used reference. Wote that the section modulus S may be different for the top, bottom and sides if the area is not synetcical about the axis of reference. Find the section modulus for the @ rectangle in figure 2.12.1.Figure 2.12.1 2 on? b tx = x bh cx = 8 35 on? sx» 2 wn? 2 -b ww? ak ty = dp be cy =} L wy? sy da? O Find sx and Sy for the I shape in Figure 2.12.2. From previous P cenestetens -—*— pe 230 Ix = 83.08 in’ qy= 11.08 in* 5 From Figure 2.10.13 1 xe 3.5 in 1,1 cy = 2.0 in Figure 2.12.2 Ix | $3.08 | 3 sx = BE = 88:08 6 29.74 an e te AL gs ue? sy = HE 5 HO 5.54 te 2-31,Section modulus is used for calculating stresses in members subjected to bending loads. See table 2.11.1 for the Section modulus of various common sections. 2.13 RADIUS OF GYRATION The radius of syration r is a number related to monent of inertia I in the following manner, I= Ar’. Radius of gyration is related to the ability of a slender meaber to carry axial load. Xnowing moment of inertia and area of a section, a radius of gyration can be obtained. Z a Calculate the radius of gyration of the rectangle of Figure 2.13.1. saan : _ - + hn aca }_* Figure 2.13.1 re Calculate the radius of gyration for the I section of Figure 2.10.12. Figure 2.13.2 9099.OBLEMS Caleulate the centroid, moment of inertia, section modulus and radius of syration for the section in Figure 2.13.3. Figure 2.13.3 Calculate properties about x axis. Use the bottom as reference line. ca 2 lw 120 aay 12 ‘6 2 0.17 2 1s ag 4.33 ‘TOTALS 36 210 44, 20, WB. s.e3 tn 2 ‘ ‘Ix = AY’ + Io = 434.01 + 49 = 483.01 in sve top = BE o #892 4 93.43 in? Bae sx Botton = 2¥ ~ £83.02 . 92.95 in? co,” 5-83 2-33 36Calculate properties about y axis. Use axis of synetry. 12 36 12 ° ° a 2 ° ° ° as TOTALS «(36 56 Ty = Ay" + To = 0 4.56 = 56 in! sy Boo ener a! aut ae [Re Rov PROBLEM 2.13.1 Determine the location of the neutral axes, the moment of inertia Ix and the section modulus top and bottom. '-———_ 191s | he 2 be HN Answer: X = 9 in. from left, ¥ = 7.24 in. from top, q a 3 3 I = 5592 in’, S, = 772.38 in’, S, = 519.70 in’.PROBLEM 2.13.2 Determine the location of the neutral axes, moment of inertia Ix and Ole ee % = 9 in. from left, y = 14.1 in. from bottom, 1 = 34,837 in’, 5, = 2191 in’, s, = 2470.7 in? 2.14 EQUILIBRIUK ALL bodies at rest are in equilibrium. The forces and moments that act on the body are balanced by counteracting forces and moments. The mathematical conditions can be stated: iro ™m=0 In order to solve static problems (bodies at rest) it is convenient and necessary to draw free-body diagrams. Analysis of these diagrams can help solve the force problems. . Begin by drawing the body and all the forces acting on it. In complicated problems isolation of parts of the system can aid in the e solution. The simple beam shown in Figure 2.14.1 illustrates the principal. 2-35Pigure 2.14.1 End A is supported by a pin which can transmit force in two directions. End B is supported by a roller which can transmit force in only one direction (perpendicular to the circumference and through the center). The free-body 4iagram illustrates Av ev Figure 2.14.2 The resistance forces Ah, Av and By are just equal to and opposite known force ¥ so the body is in equilibrium. Three equilibrium equations are available. Positive forces act up and to the right. Positive moment is clockwise. Trx = 0 try 0 m=0 rx = 0 = ah - Cos OF M+ 0-asinor-t Try = 0 = Av + By - Sin OF Given @ = 45° and F = 100 lbs aa 4 ft, b a6 ft, 2 = 10 ft a 2236Ix = 0 = Ah ~ .707(100) 70.7 1bs & 4¢.707)(100) - 10(B») 4¢.707) (190) Bos 1) = 28.28 of . ° . IRy = 0 = Av + 28.28 - .707(100) Ay = 42.42 Lbs Forces may be transmitted by cables, pulleys and inclined planes. See Figure 2.14.3. Figure 2.14.3 At ficot 1t may not de obvious what force F will be required to raise roller weight W up the inclined plane. Construct separate free-body diagrans of each pact. Figure 2.14.4 is a free body diagram of the roller and all forces acting on it. y A“ IPx = 0 = -Sin © H+ Cos OT + Sine w= Cos eT 8 Try = 0 = -w+ Cos OW + Sin@T x | WaGos ON + Sine T e w * Figure 2.14.4 2-37‘The reaction ¥ is normal to the plane and acts through the axis of the ‘The axel of the pulley has a vertical See Figure 2.14.5. roller. ‘and horizontal component. Cables only act in tension. Ph——x Py Figure 2.14.5 ‘The force in the cable remains constant around the pulley assuming no friction at the bearing. Figure 2.14.6 Assume W © 4 e sine 2000 Ibs 6 in 110" 30° 0.5 Cos @ = 0.866 Find all the other valu Sin ew 0.sH . w 2000 2000 t " cos eT 866 1.732 Cos ON +SineT 0,866(1.732t) + 0.5T 1.57 + 0.5T 1000 ibs 1.732(1000) = 1732 Ibs rex try Py wGaRa8 0 = -T Cos @- Ph+T cos OT + Ph 0 =-T Sine + Pv Sin eT Figure 2.14.6 shows the free body of the winch. O = -rT + oF ar O=-T+ Db Dh On-F + De De Begin with the equations derived from Figure 2.14.4.Moving on to Figure 2.14.5 T = Cos @ T+ Ph 1000 = 0,866(1000) + Ph e Dh = 134 tbe Po = Sine T Pe = 0.5(1000) = 500 lbs Pinally using Figure 2.14.6 rT = oF : 6(1000) = 12¢F) F @ 500 Ibs Fev 500 Ibs T+ 1000 = Dh y Problem 2.14.1 Solve for reactions at A. }~<___3m_ Answers: Av = 10H 10N . MA = 308m Problem 2.14.2 What is the magnitude of the vertical reaction at A? 100 Ib/ft 100 It Answer: 800 1b up. 2-39Problem 2.14.3 If the system is in equilibrium, what is deflection 4? 3m 3m q mall pulleys 1.73 @ Tt is possible to solve for only as many unknoms as there are equations of equilibrium, In a two-dimensional system there are three equations IFx = 0, Try = 0 and T= 0, Similar equations can be written for space systens when six equations are possible. ffx = 0, Iry = 0, IFz = 0, Ix = 0, My = 0 and Tz = 0, Tt is possible then to solve for six unknowns. Whenever there are more unkmowns than equations, the system is indeterminate. Either the number of unknowns must be reduced or more sophisticated techniques used. table 2.14.1 gives a variety of support conditions and the forces that can be transmitted by each. Modification of these conditions may change a problea from indeterminate to determinate.is conwomen eee we ‘Smooth surface ‘Single force normal to aad a ne eae he < t “74 ee ee ae rettemattigee | rears, ¢ & & f _ “ ef orem | ee | cee segstentemu | tomutresa i KZ WZ seme weeks Cable, string, wire, Single force along ~“ ne Sse = 7 x -_ ee eee | ee ee co t P v es ee ommeptiest | vrei 2 + , ee | ee | Table 2.14.1 2-81,2.15 AMALYSIS OF FORCES IW STRUCTURES Simple Trusses A simple truss is a structure lying in a single plane that consists of e straight members connected together in a series of triangles. Menbers may be ALL ace assumed to carry axial loads only. These forces may be compression (shortening) or tension (lengthening). Of course a cable can only carry tension, and a bar mist be stiff enough to carry compression without bending. All joints are assumed to be pinned which means no moments can be transmitted. In practice true pinned joints are rarely achieved. bars, rods or cabl Figure 2.15.1 ‘A convenient method of solving the forces in the members of a truss is called the method of joints. In Figure 2.15.1 the 10 Kip load will cause forces in members CB and CD 10 e@ Figure 2.15.2Drawing a free body diagram of joint C, it is noted that for the joint to be in equilibrium there mist be a force in the upward direction. CB is the only member which can provide this force. Since CB acts upward to the left the force in CD mist act to the right to balance the free body. Summing forces in the vertical direction: me 0-10 +38 Qlote: The lengths of the sides of the trinagles are used as ratios to solve the problem.) ce ()a0 = 2 = 16.67 nips tension Summing forces in the horizontal direction: tm s0sc-t0 co = $ cm = H{S2) » $s 15.39 xipe compression Joint was selected to begin because it had two unkmome and load and two available equations. For the second joint, go to B. The force at B due to BC is equal and opposite to that caused at C by CB, 16.67 Kips Tension Figure 2.15.3 vertical component in BC. BD must act up to the right. 3 3 Fv = 0 = ~ 5(16.67) + 5(BD) wo = (£)(3)cas.079 = 26.67 tips trh = 0 = S¢ap) + Spc) ~ BA Ba = $(16.67) + $26.67) = 26.67 Kips Wext, try joint A. Figure 2.15.4 2-43By inspection, BA = AB = 26.67 Kips Tension = 26.67 Kips to the left Because only axial load exists in AB there is no vertical force at A. Finatly joint p. B 3 Ran 2 16.67 Kips (compression) ‘dh___¥ © 13.33 Kips (compression) Ray Ran Figure 2.15.5 Teh = 0 = Ry - dcp) - vc = 0= By, - Hos) - 4 TPh = 0 = By, = $(16.67) ~ 13.33 Ray = 13.33 + 13.33 = 26.67 Kips to the right 3 trv = 0 By (PB) a Ry, = 316.67) Ry, = 10 Kips up CHECK 26.67 k¢——p* < 26.67 k: c D 10 Kips 10 Kips Figure 2.15.6 Ife = 0 = 10-1020 Trh = 0 = 26.67 - 26.67 = 0 TH, = 0 = 10(80) - 26.67(30) = 0Problem 2.15.1 Determine the forces in AB, BC and AC and the reactions at A and Cc. a cy = 40) Ay = 20) a * = 34.6! a3.akt = 46.2% ¢ -3.att © 2aeE * Problem 2.15.2 Determine the forces in all members. {ff Answers: Av = 120" AB= CD = ao* c AG = ED = us.* 2 Des 120° BC = 160% c BE = CEs ns." c Er = 7c = 80% T ‘BF = CF 2-45Another method that can be used to solve trusses is called the Method of Sections. In this method a free body is created by cutting a section through the truss such that no more unknowns are created than available equations. e (Usually IFh, IF» and IM) BK Figure 2.15.7 In Figure 2.15.7 the reactions must first be determined. Taking moments about A TH, = 0 = 5(30) - R,(60) e 5630) g, = 202) 2.5 & up ire = O=R -5+R, RooS- R= 5-25 = 2.5 Kup In the Method of Sections successive sections will be cut until all members are solved. In Figure 2.15.8 joint D is removed and a free body diagran created. [ | e 50k Figure 2.15.8te eon2s-s.048 00 4, 2.5 = 3000) 12S. pc « 3.325 K upward to the Left compression TF, 20 = 3 DC + DE 3 or «Be « Bes.azs) = 2.875 to be right tension fi In figure 2.15.9 joint c is removed. A Disk im Figure 2.15.9 Tres 0=2.5-5.0+$ CE 2.5 = S¢ce) CE = 3.125 K up to the right tension arn = 0 = cB + 2¢ce) + DE cp = 3¢3.125) + 1.875 cB = 3.75 K to the left compression Wext remove joint E. R_3.75k A Ee tsk 2.5) Figure 2.15.10 2-87wo wo .5-Sm ep = (2)(2.5) = 3.125 K dow to right tension e teh = 0 = -3.75 + Ses) + ea BA = 3.75 ~ 3(3.125) = 1.875 XK to the right Finally only joint A remains. 1.875 k 25 Figure 2.15.11 eee eet 2a Ba = 1.875(3) = 3.125K dow to left compression Wote that in a truss that is symetrical with symetrical loading the forces in e the menbers are also synetrical. a3 = cD In the above examples the solution for forces in members always was positive indicating the assumed direction (tension or compression) was correct. If an answer were to come out negative, the assumed direction was wrong. It is important this point is recognized and strict mathematical sign conventions be observed. Inspection of the top and bottom chords indicates whether they are in tension or compression. In Figure 2.15.1 the truss cantilevers from the support and top chord member AB is in tension, Bottom chord member DC is in compression. It can be seen in Figure 2.15.7 that the opposite situation ‘exists; top in compression and bottom in tension. Recognizing the sense of the forces in the chord members can help you choose the correct sense for unknowns in free body diagrams. e Wot all menbers in trus which may be 0 force menbers. ways carry loads. An inspection will show20 RL Wk Wk 10k bg le 20 eel cop at0 ee Figure 2.15.12 Inspection of joints H and F in figure 2.15.12 indicates that the force in members HB and FD is 10 Kips Tension. 10k Figure 2.15.13 Only member HB (FD) can resist the load of 10 Kips. Therefore, HB mist be 10 Kips tension to balance the free body. What about member C¢ in joint CP G Figure 2.15.14 2-89)Since there is no external load at C there cannot be any force in CG. So CG is a 0 force member. If the 10 Kip loads were applied at joints B, C, and D, what are the forces in menbers BH, CG and DF? EBAMES Franes, unlike trusses, may have loads or forces applied along the length of their members. 200 Ib 10 ft Sft Figure 2.15.15 ‘The ladder in figure 2.15.15 is pinned at the bottom and has a roller at the top. What are the force at B and T? At B the pin will permit both vertical and horizontal components of force. At T only a horizontal force is possible. As t 200 Ib Bh. (3 ( ‘Bu Figure 2.15.16 Iv = 0 = -200 + Be By = 200 1bonly the load and By act in the vertical direction Ty = 0 = 200(1.5) ~ TC10) 300 = 10T T 30 1b Bh and Bv act through B and have no moment arm. Be sure to use the perpendicular moment arm for the 200 1b load and for T Ifh = 02 Bh-T Bh = T= 30 1b Figure 2.15.17 is the free body diagram, if the ladder is assumed cut just to the left of the 200 1b load: ™ 30» B' 1200 |b Figure 2.15.17 Calculate the moment at M. TH, = 0 = 200(1.5) ~ 30(5) - My My = 300 - 150 = 150 ft-1b Similarly break the ladder just to the right of the 200 1b load: <—— 30 Ib Um Figure 2.15.18 Again determine Hy TH, = 0 = - 30(5) + By My = 150 fe-2b 2-52,Later you will be required to determine moment in menbers and to calculate stresses. Wote that the moments were assumed first counter clockwise and then clockwise. In each case this was a correct assumption becat positive. A negative answer indicates an incorrect assumption. the answer was 200 Ib a Ib ae 3010 ~— -150 tt-10/ )Soqp 30_Ib. 200 Ib Figure 2.15.19 Inspection of the complete free body diagram shows it to be in equilibrium. 2000 Ib Figure 2.15.20 Figure 2.15.20 shows a jib boom with a trolly hoist. Calculate the reactions ‘and forces in the members. By inspection the force in AB is tensile and co-axial. ‘The pinned connections A and E will have both horizontal and vertical components. Even though there are four unknowns we can solve this problem knowing the force in AB is co-axial, Take moments about E.Av Ane* : 4 , SId> Eng 2 B Soo Ib Figure 2.15.21 TH, = 0= 2000(10) - Ah(5) sn = 22222 5 4000 1» taxing a free body at A, Fe = 0 = Ae - din Av An al 4 SS M, of | ‘4000 1333.3 Figure 2.15.26 Hy = 0 = Hy - 1000(9) wy = 9000 £t-1b Consider the portion of the boom between D and C as a free body. Note that the Gc portion of EB mist carry some vertical load to make the free body diagrams balance. PROBLEM 2.15.3 Determine the vertical and horizontal components of the reaction at A and E. 200 Ibs Figure 2.15.27 2-55Discussion ‘This frame should be analyzed by breaking it down into individual members. Member CD and DE are two force members. For member CD, this means the direction of the force at C must be such that it would pass through both C and D. Answers: Ay = 162-5 1b 162.5 1d 200 1b =0 Bs vy rh PROBLEM 2.15.4 What force must the hydraulic piston be designed for, if the maximm load to be lifted is 4000 1b? Figure 2.15.28 Answer: Horizontal force of 11,000 1b. PROBLEM 2.15.5 Determine the weight which would have to be added to the back of the 3500 1b truck to keep the back wheels on the floor if the max load on the lift is 4000 1b. Answer: 938 Lbs.Calculate the forces acting on each member in Figure 2.15.31 Figure 2.15.29 Determine the forces acting on menber AC. First consider at the pulley. w Cv Figure 2.15.30 th 0 = W- ch chew Ife = 0 = -w+ Cv conw 2-57Wow consider the whole structure. Ww 8m a A E fk 8m f Av vy Figure 2.15.31 A Ife = 0 = Av - We Fo Ih 0= anew aba an acts to the left DH = 0 = Bu - Bre + AW ro = easy Substitute for Fe in the first equation Ay =U 1.5u = 0.50 Hote Av acts downward. Wow drawing free bodies of CE and AC Che— 6 Ch»! Sv co 5m B ‘Bh 3m Ah A, 4m E O05 Ww 15W Pigure 2.15.32First consider CE. bi, = 0 ~ Son = Ac.-50) Note Dh is in Tension. oH IFh = 0 = ch-§ cn = bh must be equel to and opposite mn = $4, consider tree boty AC. IFv = 0 = -0.5W - Cv tio 8 = (8) - eum = ao.sis sn acts to Left theo awe fy ch 2 chedw Construct a correct diagram. r w ol<—1/5 W B 6/5 W we— Le w Figure 2.15.33 2-59PROBLEM 2.15.6 Determine reactions at A and E. 200 Ibs Figure 2.15.34 Answer: E = 213.2 1b, Ao 13.2 1b PROBLEM 2.15.7 Determine reactions at A. Figure 2.15.35 tenner, ty «04 Milas o2.16 FRICTION Static friction can be described as the force developed between two bodies which resists sliding one on the other. Two laws govern static friction. the first law states: Frictional foree is proportional to the pressure force between the bodies. This force is frequently created by gravity but may be influenced by other forces. The pressure force is always normal (perpendicular) to the plane of friction. . The second law states: Frictional force is independent of the area of contact. Thus s rectangular block of material having sides of b,4 and h will exhibit the sane frictional force whether supported on the smaller, intermediate or larger side. The ratio between the friction force, f, and the normal pressure force, W, is called the coefficient of static friction and its symbol is the Greek letter w. wt w ds always less than 1.0 In static friction problems, the static coefficient of friction is used to determine whether or not a body will move when subjected to a given systen of forces or to determine what force will be required to overcome a state of rest. 4.50 kg block rests on an inclined plane as.shown in Figure 2.16.1. Determine the maximum inclination angle @ that can exist without allowing the block to move. THe coefficient of static friction between the contact surfaces is y = 0.5 Figure 2.16.1 For inclined plane problems it is convenient to choose coordinate axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of friction. 58 50Ccs O ‘50 Sin@ Figure 2.16.2 2-61,IFx = -50 Sin 6 + ui 3 N ul = 50 Sin @ 50 Cos @ - x IFy = - 50 Cos 0+ y = 50 Cos © f=yN 50 Sin @ = pi = 0.5(50 Cos @) 50 Sin O°, ‘50 sin @ 50 cos 0" 5 7 Tan @ 20.5 =4 © = arc tan 0.5 = 26.6° Figure 2.16.3 ‘The angle @ is dependent in this problem on the coefficient of friction y. \o 009)" Figure 2.16.4 What force F is required to move the block in Figure 2.16.4 up the slope? What force F is required to prevent it from sliding dow? Figure 2.16.5 a = £1000) = 800 3» £ = pil = 0.2(800) = 160 1 ro nove block up the slope the friction force and weight resist F tex = 0 =.-2(1000) + F- £ +600 + 160 = F 760 lb=F 2-62‘To hold the block from sliding the friction force helps F trx = 0 = -2(1000) +F + £ ‘The angle of friction can be useful. Figure 2.16.6 Figure 2.16.6 defines the angle of friction, a, as the angle between the resultant R of £ and N. tana ef the angle of friction is maximm ven f = yi tan ang = ew See previous example. PROBLEM 2.16.1 Determine the minimum force P required to set the body in motion. 300 Ib 60 we Ob Figure 2.16.7 e savor: 334 28 2-63PROBLEM 2.16.2 Determine the force P required to keep the body from sliding down the plane. 100 Mote: This problem requires the solution of two sim:ltaneous equations. Answer: 538 1b. Friction problems frequently deal with wedges. Consider the following problem. { = 0.3 on all surfaces oo 400 Ib Figure 2.16.9 Determine the P required to move the two 400 lb blocks. Assume the wedge is of negligible weight. Draw a free body of the wedge. l Find the angle of friction. tena ey = 0.3 a = 16.7"Caleulate the force R which results from P. P @ g gz 2 cos 58.3 = RR R z R oss ret R = 0.952 Figure 2.16.11 Use one half of P and work with one block only. 2 Roe> Rh Eh Al sin 58.3 - 8 TBAlRe Rh = 0.61P 6a mz = (000 +2) 0 0.3 400+ 120 + 0.15P 400 th «0+ £- 0.81P 120 + 0.15" - 0.81F ( eres 7 Pe 182 tb NZ Figure 2.16.12 PROBLEM 2.16.3 Determine the required weight of block A to keep block B from sliding down the plane. . SS Hw = 0.3 (for all 8 surfaces) 200 Ib Anewer: 92.3 1b 2-65PROBLEM 2.16.4 Determine the largest angle (6) which can exist and still allow block B to remain at rest. w= 0.3 (for all ‘surfaces) Answer: 36.9% 2-66PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Rolf KillingstadPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.1.1 Answer - Connect the vertical vector to the end of the horizontal vector; then connect the diagonal vector to the end of the vertical. Resultant has a value of +x = 10, y= 0. Its force is, 10 and it lies on the x axis.PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.1.2 Resultant R is equal to 5 dow and to the right from origin.PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.2.1 e@ Resolve each force into its components FL = 100 cos 45% = 70.7 Ib *100 - 90.0 1b ‘90 ROS 9.0 1b IF = 160.7 1b F, #100 sin 45* = 70.7 Ib Y100 Roe 0.00 Ib Y90 RF 1 a = 450.7 Ib e neces et emneems x y - fe60.29? + (50.7)? = 1682p Answer $0.7 tan © = 320:7 = 0.3155 @ = 0.3155 tan“? = 17.5° ‘The force required for equilibrium is equal to the resultant and on the same line but in the opposite direction. Therefore the equilibrium force is 168 1b down and to the left at an angle of 17.5° to the horizontal.Problem 2.2.2 To keep the body at rest. I= FL = 60 lbs 60 FL = $0 cos 45* = 35.3 Ibo 50 WF 260+ 35.3-F #0 x Answer F = 95.3 1b Problem 2.3.1 3m answer Te, = 0 = -5 eaC2m) + Wy HM, = 5 Wa(2n) = 10 tam clockwise. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICSPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.3.2 10k 1 VY im © 0 Fu Resolve the 10k force into vertical fy 7 20 cos © and horizontal components. The vertical component acts through B ¥,, = 10(707) = 7.07 and will not enter the equation. TH, = 0 = 47,06) + my 67, = 6(7.07) = 42.42 fx. % ‘n Since M, is negative, the cloctori counter clockwise and equal to 42.42 ftk. assumption is incorrect. M, isPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.4.1 Al : 15 5000 N < Sm > Dh, = 0 = -1.5A + 5 MH(Sm) 1.SA = 25 tate 25. oe = 16.67 kat TH, = -1.5B + (5 asm 1.53 = 25 kaem B= 16.67 Wa ‘A and B are a couple having a value of 16.67 separated by 1.5H Problem 2.4.2 The spindla will resist the force F and mist be equal to F in the positive y direction.- PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.6.1 Re Tex? + ny? + Bo? - {Pars s? = fran = 13.93 Problem 2.6.2 Reell-3=8 e Rye ta-4e8 + Reed -S8 th : R) + a + RProblem 2.8.1 Cadi + 2) + Sk Da 2+ 5j + 8k CoD = 3(2) + 2(5) + 5(8) = 6410+ 40 = 56 Problem 2.8.2 cos @ = SS ce fest + ay? + = 6.26 pe farts ort +? «9.68 — COO a roars pts anes © = 19.43" Problen 2.8.3 Bek = (=2)(3) + (42(-5) + (-32(2) 2-6 -10-6 = -22 PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICSPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.9.1 Mom (G34 + 24 + Ad) + (Aj - 25 +39) + (SK + Ak + 2K) = 94+ 55+ = 10.34 ex = 29.53% ey = 61.09" ez = 84.a5°PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.10.1 the top left corner as the point of reference. nthe hts re ae 6x18 x34 4 xIZx 124 4x 12K xe axiz+ax lz Answer: = 7.24 in. from top eet he +a att x94 +4x . WK6eax12+ 4x 12 Answer: = 9 in. from left 10PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.10.2 "pee ey ‘dottom left corner as point of referenc x, + Ax, + ASX, aa Answer: = 9 in. from left Agr, + Ante Ata oa ara Sxexzesxex2+mxwxi2 x6 +6X6+ 24x 18 Answer: = 14.1 in. from bottom nPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.13-1 7 Select the upper left corner as the point of reference. ; hatht th aa MIBXZeaxIZK Zed x Oxi +a x 1244 x12 Answer: © 7.24 in from top + Ax, + ara KOPAxWx2Zsax I X6 +A 1244 x12 Answer: = 9 in, from left T= ct, + 4d oh cas x cor? + as x 67.24 - 3.00)? 3 gaxax wad - ran? Pes aa answer: = 5592 in seb Be mae a ay = He = $92; « 1.70 45? % 2PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.13.2 seiect the Lower left corner as the point of reference. at tats BAS BXEX3+6xX6XIS + MXIBXI x6 +6x6+2axX 18 anaver: = 9 in. from Left An + ALY? + Ass aS 6x27 +6x6x274+ 2x 1X Cx6+OXE+ 2x 18 3. Answer: = 14.1 in. from bottom a 3,2 3 . 2 zm sb concer? + Fp C6006)" + 206 & 6927 ~ 24.2) 4 2acas)(a4.2 = 22)? + gb x 2? Answer: = 34,837 in* Ss. . 24.837 2191.0 in? ir G," 15.9 24.832 2470.7 in? 13Problem 2.14.1 Solve for reactions at A 10 N ‘Two equations of equilibrium apply Try = 0 and mM, =0 Try = 0 = Av - 108 Ay = 10N B © = +3m(10N) + Hy 4, = -30 un 30 Nm lion 10N u PROBLEM SOLUTIOWS FOR STATICSPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS. | Problem 2.14.2 What is the magnitude of the vertical reaction at A? f 1200 $fib so yi c ‘The load can be divided into a uniform load of 100 1b/ft and a.triangular load increasing to 100 Ib at B or into two triangular loads one with a maximm e of 100 at A and the other with a maximm of 200 at B. The latter will be used. a& om : = 0 = + Av(a2) <600(8) (4200049) Veneto ™ a hex 4800+ 4800 | 9600 (to) A200; 4800 2559 6 500 1b up. =o wie ef ,a eobte 50 Ay (ley ene eel 3 jf Senter mets afoot B safer bee wig Derwre we los ecbrocds 1sPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.14.3 ‘The tension in the cable is everywhere the same and equal to M, the weight on the free end. Draw a free body diagram. Try sO = -¥+sinew+sine® wa2sinew 1/2 = sine = 30° opposite sid Tan @ sajacent side Tan 30° a a a 0.577 ia 4 = 0,577(3m) = 1.73 1PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Another sclution N 3m NB 3mN MS In 2 30°/60* triangle, the short side is 1/2 the hypotenuse. The long side is the [3 where the other two are 1 and 2. Setting up 2 ratio is on amd uvPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Problem 2.15.1 ¢ is on rollers so there is no horizontal component. Ay, = 40 cos 30° — Answer: = 40(0.866) = 34.6 ‘Taking moments about A Tu, = 0 = 20 x 40k - 20 xc, 20, = 20x 40k c= 40% v . 40k 30° B 60° AB. BC At joint 3 ir, = 0 = AB cos 60° + 40 cos 30° + BC cos 60° = 0PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS AB x 0.5 + 34.6 + BCX OS = 0 AB + BC = ~69.2 Try = 0 = AB sin 60° - 40 sin 30° - BC sin 60° ‘kB sin 60° = 40 sin 30° + BC sin 60° 0.866 AB = 20 + 0.866 BC AB = 23.1 + BC Substitute equation above for BC AB = 23.1 - 69.2 - AB AB = -23.2 = 23.2 ET BC = 69.2 - AB Answer: 269.2 = 623-2) = -W6.1 k= Ae KE At Joint . BC 604 AC ic 40k ir, 0 = -Ac + BC cos 60° AC = BC = cos 60° = 46.21 (0.5) Answer: = 23.05 kT 1PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS ae Mote that the 40" load at each end of the truss goes directly to the support and does not enter into the truss. Joint A trv eo = 80- so ac A B AG = 1.41(80) = 113.1 Tension 1 0 os sat : Tr 2 0 0B + Ty AG = as « Dy (123-1) = 00.0 Compression i. ee Joint ¢ treo FE ai3.n - ye ai. onla 2 AN34 B + GB = 80(1.42) = 113.1 Compression War a > fo meoe- Poa. +r GF = 80 Tension a S Joint B trv 2 0» Ay (413.1) - 80 - OF 80. Br = 80-8050 4 80 c 4 ai ‘VA ty, = 0 = 804 Fe (123.1) - Bc 634 F BC = 80 + 80 = 160 Compression Since the truss is symetrical, all members have been solved.PROBLEM 2.15.3 200 1b eo 200x%3.5-76,=0 Gy 2 2E%200 . 100 10 PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS a 100 Ibs Member CD (A two force member) A Gy = Gy From member CD Cy = c= 100 1b On Member BC cy = 100 1b ir, = 0 = 100 1b 2PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS Member DE Member AD , e ° = 100 1b E ‘The summation of forces acting on joint D reveals that AD is pulling e on the joint and that its horizontal component is 100 1b. In this summation it must be recognized that DE is a two force menber and consequently cannot take any horizontal force. Ay, = 200 + 100 = 200 1b answer: A, = 200 1b smo 200 x 6 = 100 x3 +1004 - Af = 0 a, Mo rea.s e Answer: Ay = 162.5 1d 2PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS tr, = 0 e 262.5 ~ 1004 by » 62.8 19 on 1D Te, = 0 at joint D Ey = 100 + 62.5 By = 162.5 B+ 0 Answer: Ey = 162.5 1, E, = 0 check: M, = 0 (entire frane) ‘a 200% 6.5- 88, = 0 200 62.519 olay yy 23PROBLEM SOLUTIOWS FOR STATICS PROBLEM 2.15.4 4000 x 5.5 - 6,(2) = 0 Answer: C, = 11000 1b - The force on the piston is equal to C,. PROBLEM 2.15.5 3500 Ib ‘Take moments about front wheel TH = 0 = 4.5(4000) - 3500(3) - WCB) 00 500, we a W = 938 1d. ryPROBLEM SOLUTIONS FOR STATICS PROBLEM 2.15.6 e mo 200{5(cos 30° ~ cos 45°) +12] - 12 B= 0 12 E = 200[5(0.866 - 0.707) + 12] 100) + 12) Ee ae Anewer: 213.2 1b Ir =0 x A+E- 200-0 Answer: A= 13.2 1b4 PROBLEM 2.15.7 e m4 sate rwoxed newer: Ay = 2000 225 2 ‘Since the cables can take only tension, there is no horizontal force on E. Answer: 3 A, = 0 25