Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hortax Plantnames
Hortax Plantnames
Hortax Plantnames
Current members:
Crinan Alexander (Chairman), James Armitage, Christopher Brickell,
Allen Coombes, Niall Green, Matthew Jebb, Sabina Knees, Anthony Lord,
Victoria Matthews (Secretary), Diana Miller, Elizabeth Scott
and Adrian Whiteley (Treasurer).
Former members contributing to this guide:
Susyn Andrews, Alan Leslie and Piers Trehane.
PREFACE
The provision of a simple guide to the giving and correct use of plant names has been one
of the aims of Hortax for some time. This version is provided online in the hope that those
reading it may feel inspired, or perhaps even compelled, to contact Hortax with corrections,
additions and further examples.
Additions, corrections or other comments should be sent to the Chairman, Crinan Alexander,
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK. Tel:
00 44 (0)131 552 7171. Fax: 00 44 (0)131 248 2901. Email: c.alexander @ rbge.org.uk
Picture acknowledgements
All images courtesy of the Royal Horticultural Society.
Contents
1
INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________________________ 4
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APPENDICES ____________________________________________________________________
Appendix 1: The styling and formation of cultivar epithets _______________________________
Appendix 2: Statutory testing of agricultural and vegetable crops in the UK _________________
Appendix 3: What is meant by Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability and Novelty? _ ____________
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14 GLOSSARY ______________________________________________________________________ 28
1INTRODUCTION
Plant names of various sorts are used by almost everybody on a daily basis, whether for wild
plants, garden plants, or fruit and vegetables in markets and shops. Most people who use
common names probably do so with few problems, though they may occasionally be puzzled
or frustrated by plants that seem to have several common names, e.g. Cuckoo-pint or Lords
and Ladies, Aubergine or Egg-plant and Mock-orange or Syringa, the last being particularly
puzzling as it is also the scientific name of lilac (Syringa vulgaris) (see section 3.1). Conversely
there are also many common names that apply to more than one plant, such as bluebell,
laurel, hemlock and cedar. Those who use scientific names, also referred to as botanical or
Latin names, are employing a strictly regulated and much more precise system, governed by
two Codes of Nomenclature, whose primary aim is to provide a single correct name for
every plant. These scientific names provide a unique and unambiguous label for each plant
which can be used and understood all over the world, regardless of what language may be
spoken locally. Such precision inevitably comes at some cost, in this case the need to have
some understanding of how scientific names are correctly given and applied. The two Codes of
Nomenclature, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN or Botanical Code)
and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant
Code), though very carefully drafted, are complex legalistic documents, and it takes time and
perseverance to become familiar with them. Having been involved in recommending changes
and additions to both Codes, the members of the Horticultural Taxonomy Group (Hortax)
are keenly aware of the need for an up-to-date concise digest, which provides a reference to
the essentials of plant nomenclature. The result, this online booklet, is aimed at those who
have more than a passing interest in plant names, particularly of plants in cultivation, and we
hope it will be useful to professional and amateur horticulturists, students in various fields,
foresters, plant breeders, conservationists and gardeners.
One point that often causes confusion is the remit of the two Codes and how they relate
to each other. Superficially one might think that the Botanical Code applies to wild plants and
the Cultivated Plant Code to plants in cultivation. While it is true that the Botanical Code
governs the names of plants in the wild, its rules also apply to cultivated plants where ranks
such as family, genus, species and subspecies are concerned. What the Cultivated Plant Code
does is to provide two extra categories, Group and Cultivar, with which to classify plants
that are brought into or selected in cultivation. The recognition and documentation of this
variation is often of considerable commercial importance in vegetable and ornamental crops.
Because of commercial pressures and marketing needs, yet another suite of names has arisen;
these commercial names, or trade designations, are not governed by either Code, although
the Cultivated Plant Code does make recommendations designed to avoid confusion between
commercial names and those governed by the Codes. Similarly, the Codes are not concerned
with the granting or registration of Plant Breeders Rights or trademarks.
Overall responsibility for the Botanical Code is vested in the International Union of Biological
Sciences (IUBS), though this is delegated to the International Commission for Botanical
Nomenclature, which meets every six years during International Botanical Congresses. At
these meetings, proposals to amend the Code are considered and voted on, the result being a
new edition, usually published in the year following the Congress. The Cultivated Plant Code
is the responsibility of a different IUBS commission, the International Commission for the
Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. In the past this has met less often, though the pace of
change in the taxonomy of cultivated plants, combined with similar changes in the commercial
field, suggests that these meetings will need to be held more frequently in the future. As both
Codes are subject to change, it is very important to consult the most recent edition. While the
Words highlighted in light bold are defined in the glossary (Chapter 14, p. 28).
Malva moschata
Angiospermae
(Flowering plants),
containing two
major Classes
Magnoliopsida
(Dicotyledons)
Gymnospermae
(Conifers etc.)
Pteridophyta
(Ferns etc.)
Bryophyta (Mosses
and liverworts)
Chlorophyta
(Green algae)
Liliopsida
(Monocotyledons)
DIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE
(Flowering plants)
Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons),
containing many Orders including:
Rosales
Ericales
Class Monocotyledons,
containing several Orders including:
Saxifragales
Liliales
Asparagales
ORDER SAXIFRAGALES
containing many families including:
Crassulaceae
Paeoniaceae
Saxifragaceae
FAMILY SAXIFRAGACEAE
containing many genera including:
Saxifraga,
with about 300 species
including S. sarmentosa
and S. cernua
Astilbe,
with about 12 species
including A. rivularis
Bergenia,
with about six species
including B. ciliata and
B. crassifolia
Modern name
Common/vernacular name
Compositae
Asteraceae
Daisy family
Cruciferae
Brassicaceae
Cabbage family
Gramineae
Poaceae
Grass family
Guttiferae
Clusiaceae
Labiatae
Lamiaceae
Mint family
Leguminosae
Fabaceae
Pea family
Palmae
Arecaceae
Palm family
Umbelliferae
Apiaceae
Carrot family
Family names are not immune to changes resulting from research and increased understanding
of plant relationships. In 1985 the well-known family Liliaceae, containing about 300 genera
and over 4500 species, was split into about 20 smaller families (see section 8.2.1.1). One
confusing aspect of such a split is that because families take their names from a genus within
them, there is now a much smaller family called Liliaceae, which contains just a few genera,
including Lilium. To distinguish between two such uses of the same name botanists add the
letters s.l. (sensu lato, in the broad sense) after the name when using it in the wider, more
comprehensive sense and s.s. (sensu stricto, in the narrow sense) when it applies only to the
smaller family, e.g. Liliaceae s.s.
3.4Genera
Families are divided into genera (singular genus), which vary greatly in size, some containing
a single species, others a few thousand. The characters of a genus are often quite easy to
recognise, making this a useful identification level for practical purposes. For example, it is
quite common for a mallow to be referred to as Malva sp., without indicating which particular
species it is, sp. (plural spp.) being the abbreviation of species. Once a genus has been
mentioned in a piece of text it may be abbreviated to its initial letter when part of a species
name, unless confusable with another genus beginning with the same letter. In a paragraph
about Malva for instance, it is usual to refer to species as M. verticillata, M. sylvestris, etc. For
the use of genus names as common names see Chapter 2.
3.5Species
Genera are divided into species, the basic unit of plant classification. Note that the word
species is both singular and plural. A species can be defined as a group of interbreeding
individuals producing more-or-less similar offspring and differing from other similar groups
There is a similar technical distinction between species name and species epithet which is
explained in section 3.1.
As there is no other cultivar called Pink Perfection in the genus Malva, it is acceptable to
shorten this to Malva Pink Perfection or M. Pink Perfection once it is clear which genus is
being discussed. The cultivar epithet may also be used with the common name of the genus,
e.g. mallow Pink Perfection. Similarly, where cultivars are recognised within ranks below
species level, it is not generally necessary to cite every rank but sufficient to give the cultivar
epithet after the species name, or even the genus name if there is no possibility of confusion
with other cultivars. For example, Malva moschata f. alba Pirouette can be referred to as
Malva moschata Pirouette, Malva Pirouette, M. Pirouette or mallow Pirouette, as long as
the name Pirouette has not been used elsewhere in the genus.
To distinguish cultivar epithets from the scientific part of a name, they are enclosed in
single quotation marks, or apostrophes, and should never be written in italics (e.g. Malva
sylvestris Primley Blue; Magnolia William Watson). They should not be preceded by the
abbreviations cv., var. or f.
Cultivar epithets should not be repeated within their denomination class (usually a genus
or Group; see section 4.2), although there are examples where this has occurred.
Cultivars are often referred to as varieties, especially in the world of seed-testing and
legislation. This practice is contrary to the Cultivated Plant Code as it can result in confusion
with the botanical rank variety, especially where cultivar epithets are, or appear to be, in Latin.
Consistent use of the term cultivar is recommended in the interests of clarity.
4.2Group
When dealing with genera where there are many cultivars or where a well-known cultivar has
given rise to many others through plant breeding, it has been found useful to use a collective
name, the Group epithet, to encompass cultivars which share certain defined characters,
though it should be noted that a Group does not have to contain, or be solely composed of,
cultivars. Rhododendron Naomi Group, for instance, contains several unnamed seedlings as
well as cultivars. Group names always include the word Group and, when used with a cultivar
name, are put in parentheses (curved brackets), never in single quotation marks. For example,
Solanum tuberosum (Maincrop Group) Desire is a cultivar within a Group of potatoes called
Maincrop. The botanical ranks species, subspecies, variety and form may also be treated as
Groups, and their scientific names may then be given as synonyms (see section 8.1) under
the Group. This equivalence of Group to a botanical rank can be particularly useful where
the rank is no longer recognised botanically, though still worth distinguishing in gardens. For
example, while Rhododendron scintillans is no longer recognised as a distinct species, having
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Note that the term cultivar epithet refers to the final element of the name, i.e. the word or
words enclosed in quotation marks; the term cultivar name refers to this epithet preceded by
the genus name, and often the species epithet as well. See section 4.1 for more details.
Genus name (e.g. Malva) + Species epithet (e.g. moschata) + Cultivar epithet (e.g. Pink Perfection)
Cultivar name (Malva moschata Pink Perfection)
The first letter of each word is in upper case except for conjunctions and prepositions, unless
they are the first word of the name. In hyphenated epithets, the first letters of words following
hyphens are in lower case, unless custom demands otherwise (e.g. Crocus chrysanthus Eyecatcher; Narcissus Commander-in-Chief ). Cultivar epithets coined since 1959 should
follow the rules set out in the Cultivated Plant Code (see Chapter 10) and be in a modern
language, i.e. they should not be in Latin or Latinised, as many were in the past, unless they
are established phrases or sayings such as Cum Laude or Ipso Facto. Cultivar epithets must
not be misleading or include superlatives, common descriptive phrases such as Large White
or Double Red, or technical words such as variety, form, hybrid or selection. A fuller
summary of the more important rules concerning the styling and formation of cultivar epithets
is given in Appendix 1. In commercial breeding programmes where cultivars may be produced
in huge numbers, they are often given code names to avoid having to coin large numbers of
epithets. These codes may also serve as cultivar epithets when Plant Breeders Rights (PBR),
Plant Variety Rights (PVR) or Plant Patents are being applied for. Rose growers started the
trend for coded cultivar epithets, but with the rapid expansion of PBR these can now be found
attached to many kinds of plant.
Once you have some pleasing and satisfactory ideas the next step is to check some references,
such as The RHS Plant Finder and any appropriate Registers or Checklists, and also use internet
search engines to make sure that your name has not already been used in the same genus (or
denomination class; see section 4.1). You should also contact the appropriate International
Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA), who will have records of all the cultivar names that
have been used in that denomination class. If your proposed name is already in use, it can be
used again only in exceptional circumstances (see section 8.1, and Article 27 of the Cultivated
Plant Code).
These include Monthly Gazettes, National Lists, the EU Common Catalogue and the Community
Plant Variety Office (CVPO) Gazette.
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17
Francoa sonchifolia
In abbreviated author names, f. is short for filius, the Latin for son. This distinguishes the Karl
Rechinger in question from his father, for whom the abbreviation is Rech..
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12WEBSITES
Horticultural Taxonomy Group (Hortax)
http://www.hortax.org.uk/
International Cultivar Registration Authorities (ICRAs)
http://www.ishs.org/icra/
International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)
http://www.ishs.org/
Nomenclatural Standards
http://www.rhs.org.uk/research/standards.asp
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA): List of Stabilised Plant Names
The list is hosted by the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) and gives names
which are stabilised down to species. The work is the product of the ISTA Nomenclature
Committee, chaired by John Wiersema.
http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/istaintrod.html
Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
Site based at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Contact is Michel Porcher.
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
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13APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: the styling and formation of cultivar
epithets
1. Styling of cultivar epithets
a. Cultivar epithets are indicated by enclosing them in single quotation marks, e.g. Bellis
Dawn Raider. It is not acceptable to use double quotation marks or the abbreviations cv.
(cultivar) or var. (variety) for this purpose.
b. Each word of a cultivar epithet must start with a capital letter unless against linguistic
custom.
c. The multiplication sign must not be used before a cultivar epithet even if that cultivar is
believed to be of hybrid origin.
d. There is a generally observed convention that scientific names (i.e. those governed by the
Botanical Code) are printed in italic, whilst Cultivar and Group epithets are in ordinary
Roman letters.
2. Formation of cultivar epithets
a. With a few exceptions cultivar epithets formed on or after 1 January 1959 should not be
in Latin form. The exceptions include those based on previously published names at a
rank governed by the Botanical Code, as well as Latin words that are in current use in a
language other than Latin, for example as terms, common phrases, personal names or
place names.
b. Cultivar epithets should be as short as practical and should not contain excessively long
words that may be difficult to write or pronounce. On or after 1 January 1996 they must
consist of no more than 30 characters (Roman letters, numbers and permitted punctuation
marks and symbols), excluding spaces and the demarcating single quotation marks.
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14GLOSSARY
Accepted name:the correct name for any taxon, in accordance with the rules in the Codes
of Nomenclature.
Article:a collection of associated rules and recommendations in a Code of Nomenclature;
rules are binding.
Author:the person to whom a name or publication is attributed. The authors of plant names
are sometimes referred to as authorities.
Author abbreviation:an abbreviated authors name used in an author citation, e.g. L. for
Linnaeus.
Backcross:the cross between a hybrid and one of its parents.
Basionym:the original name in which an epithet was first published. The species epithet
non-scripta was first applied to the English bluebell as Scilla non-scripta, which remains
the basionym even though the species is now called Hyacinthoides non-scriptus.
Binomial:the scientific name of a species, consisting of two words. The first word is the
name of the genus and the second is the epithet given to that species to distinguish it
from others in the genus. In the binomial (species name) Rosa canina, Rosa is the genus
name and canina is the species epithet.
Clone:a number of genetically identical individuals resulting from asexual reproduction.
Code:one of the International Codes of Nomenclature. It is important always to consult the
most recent editions.
Common (vernacular) name:the non-scientific name of a taxon in a modern language.
Conserved:a name contrary to the rules in either Code may be conserved if adopted as
correct by ruling of the body responsible for such decisions (see section 8.2.2).
Conspecific:describes plants belonging to the same species.
Convar (convarietas):an informal category for cultivated plants sometimes placed among
the ranks of the taxonomic hierarchy. It is not recognised by either of the Codes of
Nomenclature.
Cultigen:a taxon believed to have originated in cultivation.
Cultivar:a taxon of cultivated plants that is clearly distinct, uniform and stable in its
characters and which, when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characters.
Cultivar epithet:the final element of a full cultivar name, enclosed in single quotation marks
to distinguish it from the scientific name that precedes it.
Genus name (e.g. Malva) + Species epithet (e.g. moschata) + Cultivar epithet (e.g. Pink Perfection)
Cultivar name (Malva moschata Pink Perfection)
The abbreviation cv. is no longer approved under the Cultivated Plant Code.
Cultivated Plant Series:a collective category used as a marketing device, which usually
(though by no means always) links morphologically similar plants differing in a single
character such as flower or leaf colour. Being strictly commercial and often given
trademarks, they are not governed by either Code of Nomenclature. Not to be confused
with the botanical rank series, an optional subdivision of genus (see section 5.2).
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