1

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng s liu v

m hnh OSI

1.1. Tng quan v mng s liu

1.2. Phn loi mng s liu
1.3. Khi nim m hnh phn lp
1.4. M hnh phn lp tham chiu OSI
1.5. Gii thiu m hnh phn lp TCP/IP

1.1. Tng quan v mng s liu

Cu hnh chung
v cc thnh phn
c bn ca mng
s liu

Mng con
Thit b kt
ni mng

Nt mng

Kt ni
vt l
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1.1. Tng quan v mng s liu

Cc khi nim
Mng Network: l mt tp hp cc lin kt truyn thng gia
cc thit b (cc nt). Mng kt hp gia hai yu t l phn cng
mng v phn mm mng truyn d liu gia cc nt trong
mng.
Nt mng: C th l cc thit b u cui s liu nh PC, my
trm, PDA, cm bin hoc bt c thit b no c kh nng truyn
v nhn d liu.
Mi lin kt truyn thng: l con ng lin kt thng tin trc
tip gia hai thit b trong mng. Thuc tnh c bn ca mi lin
kt l mi trng vt l (mi trng truyn dn) v tc d liu.

Cc kiu lin kt truyn thng trong mng

Cc mi lin kt c thit lp tu da trn cc mi trng vt l hay
mi trng truyn dn. Mi trng truyn dn c chia thnh hai loi
chnh:
Mi trng khng nh hng (khng dy wireless): tn hiu c truyn qung b
trong khng kh t thit b pht v c thu nhn pha thu thng qua cc anten. Thit
lp lin kt da trn mi trng ny n gin nhng tnh bo mt thp v yu cu v giao
din, thit b phc tp.
Mi trng nh hng: tn hiu c truyn trn cc dy dn knh truyn, kt ni
trc tip gia thit b pht v thu d liu. Tnh cht v cht lng truyn tn hiu trn mi
trng ny ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca knh truyn. Mi trng ny cho php
truyn ti d liu vi tc cao hn so vi mi trng khng nh hng.
Mi trng
truyn dn
Khng
nh hng

nh hng

Cp son
T < 100kbps
c th ln n
600 Mbps

Cp
ng trc

Si quang

1 Mbps

T 45 Mbps ln
n 1600 Gbps

Khng kh

WLAN: 11 Mbps
Cellular: 2 Mbps
V tinh: 50 Mbps

Cc cu hnh mng c bn
Cc phng php
kt ni trong mng

im ni im (point to point): mi lin kt 2 chiu ch gia

hai thit b.

a im: knh truyn c chia s cho nhiu thit b

Cu hnh mng
-Topology-

th th hin tt c cc mi lin kt gia cc thit b

(nhiu hn 2 thit b) trong mng.

Topology
Mt li
Mesh

Hnh sao
Star

Bus

Dng vng
Ring

Cc cu hnh mng c bn
Cu hnh dng li
-Mesh-

Biu din m hnh lin kt im ni im gia nhiu

thit b .
S lng kt ni trong mng vi s lng nt n l n(n-1)/2

u im:

Kt ni trc tip gia cc thit b khng cn chia s ti

trng ca lin kt s liu trong mng.
Tnh bo mt v ring bit d liu tt.

Nhc im:

Khi s lng nt mng tng s dn n c nhiu mi kt ni.

Thit lp mng phc tp.
Thit b phn cng ti cc nt mng t, mi thit b phi c
nhiu cng vo/ra d liu.

Cu hnh mng ny thng c p dng cc mng li - backbone

Cc cu hnh mng c bn
Cu hnh dng sao

Cc lin kt (lin kt logic) c thit lp thng qua 1

b iu khin trung tm, gi l hub.

u im:

Cu hnh mng n gin v t tn km hn so vi cu hnh

dng li. Mi thit b ch cn c mt cng vo/ra d liu

Nhc im:

S dng nhiu cp ni hn m hnh mng RING v m hnh

mng dng BUS.
Lin kt trong mng s b ph v khi mt cng (mt phn) ca
hub b li.
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Cc cu hnh mng c bn
Cu hnh BUS

Trong cu hnh mng dng ny, mt cp di chy dc- gi l

cp ng trc, lin kt cc nt mng.
y l cu hnh lin kt a im. (Thng p dng cho
mng LAN)

u im:

Thit lp mng n gin

t cp ni hn so vi cc cu hnh mng khc

Nhc im:

Lin kt mng b ph v khi cp ng trc b li.

Xung t d liu xy ra trn cp ng trc khi c 2 lin kt truyn
ti d liu ng thi Gii hn v kh nng p ng v truyn ti
d liu trong mng.
Khc phc thng qua vic p dng cc k thut chng xung t
tng hiu qu truyn dn trong mng - MAC , phn chia truy nhp
theo thi gian.

Cc cu hnh mng c bn
Cu hnh dng vng
- RING -

u im:

Mi nt mng (thit b) thc hin lin kt im ni

im vi hai nt k cn trong mng. d liu trong
mng s chy dc theo vng lin kt cho ti khi ti
ch.

S dng phng thc dng th bi (token) gn vi cc nt

mng khi chng cn truyn ti d liu trong mng Cch thc
truy nhp mng n gin, trnh xung t d liu.
Thit lp cu hnh mng n gin.

Nhc im:

S dng nhiu cp ni hn m hnh mng RING v m hnh

mng dng BUS.
Lin kt trong mng s b ph v khi mt cng (mt phn) ca
hub b li.

Thng p dng cho mng LAN

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1.2. Phn loi mng s liu

Phn loi
theo phm
vi p dng

(1) Mng LAN Local Area Network.

(2) Mng MAN Metropolitan Area Network.
(3) Mng WAN Wide Area Network.
(4) Mng Internet.

LAN

Mng my tnh c thit lp trn m

phm vi nh bn knh 1km nh cc to nh,
vn phng, trung c,
V c bn mng LAN s dng mi trng
truyn dn l dy hoc khng dy (wireless).
Tc s liu trong mng c th ln hn
mng WAN ln ti 1/10 Gbps, thng thng
l 100 Mbps
Cu hnh mng c th theo dng: BUS,
RING hoc dng sao (start).
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Phn loi mng theo phm vi p dng

MAN

L m hnh kt ni nhiu mng LAN thnh mt mng ln

hn chia s cc ti nguyn trong mng.
Mng MAN c p dng cho pham vi ln hn so vi LAN
t 5 n 50km, nh mng trong mt thnh ph.

Mng cp
truyn hnh

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Phn loi mng theo phm vi p dng

WAN

L mng my tnh thit lp trn mt din tch rng ln (>100

km) nh cc thnh ph ln, mng cho mt quc gia hoc mt
lc a.
C th hiu mng WAN l mt mng bao gm nhiu mng
LAN c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc mng li core
network, cn gi l mng con.

Thnh phn quan trong ca mng li trong WAN l cc trm chuyn mch
switching station.
Cc trm ny thc hin chc nng chuyn mch hoc nh tuyn (route) d
liu n n c ch.

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1.2. Phn loi mng s liu

Phn loi mng theo phng php x l kt ni
Theo chc nng chuyn mch th mng c chia thnh:
Mng vin thng
- WAN -

Mng chuyn
mch knh

FDM

TDM

Mng chuyn
mch gi

Datagram
Network
(..mng internet)

Virtual circuit
(..mng ATM)

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Mng chuyn mch knh (circuit switching)

Thit lp chui cc lin kt (knh thng tin knh truyn vt l) gia
hai nt cn truyn thng vi nhau.
D liu c gi i di dng chui bt thng qua mng.

u im:
Nhc im:

Cht lng dch v c m bo. D liu c truyn dn mt tc

nht nh v khng c tr ti cc im nt trung gian.
C tr thit lp kt ni: qu trnh tr thit lp
Hiu sut s dng knh truyn khng cao: knh truyn b chim dng
trong sut qu trnh kt ni, mc d c th khng c d liu c
truyn ti ti mt s thi im trong qu trnh .
Mang phc tp v kh nng iu khin, qun l kh khn.

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Mng Chuyn mch gi

D liu c gi qua mng
di dng cc khi nh - gi
d liu.
Kt ni mng l m hnh iu
khin lin kt ng vi cc gi
d liu, mi gi d liu s s
dng ti a bng thng ca
tuyn lin kt.

c im ca chuyn mch gi
Qu trnh lin kt d liu gia cc im u cui trong mng khng cn phi
thit lp
Cc gi d liu c lu m ti cc b chuyn mch v c ch truyn
i (chuyn tip).
Cc gi d liu c ghp knh khi chng truyn ti gia cc nt chuyn
mch, v qu trnh truyn d liu gia cc nt chuyn mch c thc hin cc
phng php iu khin li
Mng li cng thc hin vic iu khin tc nghn d liu trong mng
Qu trnh truyn d liu gia cc im u cui p dng k thut iu khin
lung

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10 Mbs
Ethernet

A
B

1.5 Mbs
Hng i gi d liu
ch xut ra ng truyn

Thc hin ghp knh tng

dung lng d liu truyn ti
trong mng
u im:

Ghp knh tnh

45 Mbs

Hiu sut s dng knh truyn cao do knh truyn c dng chung
chuyn ti cc gi d liu trong mng
Khng hn ch v lu lng d liu trong mng tuy vy khi lu lng
tng th khong thi gian tr truyn dn s tng.

Nhc im:

Khong thi gian tr truyn dn thay i ph thuc vo lu lng d

liu truyn ti trn mng v tc x l d liu ti cc nt.
Cn phi thm vo cc gi cc trng d liu cha cc thng tin v
a ch v iu khin phc v cho qu trnh chuyn mch. Dung
lng d liu thc cn chuyn ti khng cao.
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Mng Chuyn mch gi

Mng Internet

M hnh mng ARPANET

Nhiu mng li c lin kt vi nhau thit lp m hnh mng ln

p dng trong phm vi rng (ton cu).
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1.3. Khi nim m hnh phn lp

Cu trc phn lp

Tp hp (nhm) cc hm giao tip c tnh

tng quan, cng chc nng vi nhau thnh
tp hp gi l lp (layer) - tng.
Mi layer c cc thuc tnh sau:

Cc dch v
cho lp N+1
Giao thc
vi lp
ngang hng
Cc dch v
t lp N-1

Cung cp cc hm tng quan cn thit cho vic truyn

thng vi cc h thng khc cng c m t bi m hnh
phn lp.
Lin kt vi cc tng thp hn thng qua cc hm s cp
Cung cp cc dch v - service cho cc tng cao hn.
Cho php thc hin cc giao thc cho vic truyn thng
gia cc hm ngang cp peer layer trong cc h thng
khc.

Truyn thng theo chiu dc: truyn thng gia cc

lp k cn nhau. Cc lp trn phi hiu cc dch v
hoc cc thng tin m lp di cung cp.

Truyn thng
theo m hnh
phn lp

Truyn thng theo chiu ngang: truyn thng gia

cc thnh phn phn mm hoc phn cng cc
phn lp ngang cp ca cc h thng, ti nhng my
khc nhau. (truyn thng gia cc x l ngang hng l o v
khng c thit lp trc tip)

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Tnh cht trng cho

khi khng m hnh
ha lp chc nng

Mi ng dng mi, yu cu mi c a vo s
dng vi nhiu cng ngh mng qu trnh thc
hin phc tp v kng knh, kh trin khai.

Cc ng dng

Mi trng
Truyn dn

Phn tng

FTP

Telnet

ng dng

Cp
ng trc

Telnet

FTP

NFS

HTTP

Si
Quang

V
tuyn

NFS

HTTP

Lp trung gian
Mi trng
truyn dn

Cp
ng trc

Si
Quang

V
tuyn

Tng trung gian cung cp giao din n nht cho cc tt c

cc cng ngh mng p dng.

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M hnh phn lp
Cc khi nim trong m hnh phn lp
Giao thc

Tp hp cc quy tc ch nh cch thc, c ch truyn thng gia

hai thnh phn ngang hng. Cc thnh phn l bt c thit b no c
kh nng truyn v nhn thng tin thng qua mng.
Vic truyn thng gia cc lp n ngang hng thng qua cc n
v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit).

Dch v
C th c c truy nhp thng qua cc
im truy nhp dch v - SAP (Service Access
Point).
PDU lp n+1 = SDU lp n. SDU: n v d
liu dch v
Lp n x l thng tin bng cch thm cc
thng tin iu khin gi l tiu (header)
vo SDU to ra PDU ca lp. Qu trnh ny
gi l ng gi - encapsulution.
Lp n khng ngt hoc thay i cc thng
tin cha trong SDU ca n.

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Lin kt d liu theo m hnh phn lp

Host 1
Layer 5

Host 2
Layer 5
Protocol

Layer 5

Layer 4
Protocol

Layer 4

Layer 3
Protocol

Layer 3

Host 1

Host 2

Interface

Layer 4

H4

Interface

Layer 3
Interface

Layer 2

Layer 2
Protocol

H3 H4 M1

Layer 1
Protocol

H4

H3 M2

H3 H4 M1

H3 M2

Layer 2

Interface

Layer 1

H2 H3 H4 M1 T2 H2 H3 M2 T2

H2 H3 H4 M1 T2 H2 H3 M2 T2

Layer 1

Physical Medium
Truyn thng d liu theo chiu dc qua cc giao din v im dch v
Truyn thng d liu theo chiu ngang gia cc phn lp ngang hng
ch nh thng qua cc giao thc
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M hnh phn lp
Nguyn tc chung ca thit k h thng l thit k phn loi chc
nng cc h thng theo kiu phn tng sao cho qu trnh qun l
h thng l n gin nht

Nguyn tc thit k:
Mi mt h thng trong 1 mng u c cu trc ging nhau, chc
nng ca mi tng tng ng nh nhau.
mi quan h gia 2 tng k cn c thc hin thng qua giao thc
cc tng lin lc vi nhau thng qua cc giao din.
Cc tng ng mc trong kin trc phn tng l cc tng c cng s
th t trong cc h thng ca mng
Quan h gia cc tng ng mc thc hin thng qua cc giao
thc.
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Thit k m hnh phn lp

Nguyn tc thit k (tip):
M hnh c th c n lp nhng chc nng ca cc lp phi r rng
khng c chng cho, khng lp li v tun theo chun quc t.
Ti thiu ha lng thng tin i gia hai lp lm tng tnh c lp
trong vic thit k h thng nhng khng lm gim hiu nng s dng
mng.
S lng cc lp khng qu nhiu h thng khng tr ln phc
tp v chc nng ca c lp tr thnh vn vt v cng khng gp li
qu t chc nng ca mi lp tr ln cng knh.
`

Cho php thay i chc nng hay giao thc ti mt tng m khng
nh hng n cc tng khc.

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1.4. M hnh phn lp OSI

- M hnh kt ni cc h thng m Application
Presentation
Session

Do t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO International Standards Organization thit

lp
Bao gm 7 lp.

Transport

Mi lp thc hin cc chc nng ch

nh v thng nht.

Network

L m hnh tham chiu pht trin cc m

hnh phn lp mng

Data link
Physical

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M hnh phn lp OSI

Tp hp cc giao thc lin kt gia cc tng ngang
cp trong m hnh OSI
Host 1

Host 2

Application Protocol

Application

Application

Giao din

Presentation protocol

Presentation

Presentation

Giao din

Session Protocol

Session

Session

Giao din

Transport Protocol

Transport

Mng truyn thng

Giao din

Network
Giao din

Data Link
Giao din

Physical

Transport

Internal Subnet Protocols

Network Layer
Host-Router
Protocol

Network

Network

Network Layer
Host-Router
Protocol

Network

Data Link Layer

Host-Router
Protocol

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link Layer

Host-Router
Protocol

Data Link

Physical Layer
Host-Router
Protocol

Physical

Physical

Physical Layer
Host-Router
Protocol

Physical

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M hnh phn lp OSI

Ti pha pht, x l ti mi lp thc hin chn thm cc thng tin
vo d liu truyn thng t lp trn xung cc lp pha di. Qu
trnh x l thc hin ngc li pha thu nhn d liu.
Khi d liu truyn xung lp vt l, n c chuyn thnh tn hiu
in t v gi ln knh truyn vt l mi trng truyn dn

Truyn
thng d
liu theo
m hnh
OSI

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Chc nng ca cc phn lp trong m hnh OSI

Lp vt l

Thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n cc giao tip v in, c

vi mi ng truyn thng cng nh cc quy nh v cp ni , u
ni, mc in p ca tn hiu trn ng kt ni,.
Thuc tnh in lin quan n s biu din cc bt v tc truyn bt
Thuc tnh c lin quan n cc tnh cht vt l ca giao din ca mt
ng truyn.

Lp ny m nhn vic truyn v nhn cc bt thng tin qua knh

truyn m khng cn bt ni dung ca cc bt thng tin l g.
Cc bt c th l d liu bt k tu theo dch v m lp trn cung
cp v c th m ho di dng tn hiu s hoc tn hiu tng t.
t lp lin kt
d liu

n lp lin
kt d liu

Mi trng truyn dn

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Lp lin kt d liu
C nhim v chia nh d liu a xung t lp mng thnh cc
frame d liu truyn i v t chc nhn sao cho ng th t frame.
Cung cp kh nng truyn khng li trn ng truyn vt l, thc
hin iu khin lung d liu.

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Lp lin kt d liu
ng gi khung d liu, qun l truyn v nhn cc khung d liu.
nh a ch vt l (NIC address) vo phn tiu ca mi khung d liu.
Phn tiu ny cha a ch NIC ca pha nhn d liu.
X l iu khin lin kt d liu bao gm iu khin lung v iu khin li.
iu khin truy nhp hn ch v trnh xung t d liu trong mi trng
mng chia s.
Ti lp mng

n lp mng

Ti lp vt l

n lp vt l

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Lp Mng
m bo truyn ti d liu gia cc nt mng thng qua
mng kt ni trung gian.
Qun l v m bo tnh ti u trong mng kt ni.

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Lp Mng
ng gi d liu v nh a ch logc cho gi d liu phc v x l nh
tuyn d liu trong mng. a ch logic thit lp trong mi gi d liu bao
gm a ch im ngun v ch trong mng.
nh tuyn xc nh ng i ti u ca d liu trong mng.
phn mnh v ti to cc gi d liu: Do mt s cng ngh ti lp iu
khin lin kt ch nh gii hn kch thc ca khung thng tin cn
truyn/nhn. Thc hin phn mnh/ghp mnh cc gi d liu c kch
thc ln trao i vi lp iu khin lin kt.

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Lp vn chuyn
Thit lp v qun l mt kt ni u cui ti u cui phc v cho
vic truyn ti d liu cho cc ng dng phn lp trn.

Mng
Lin kt gia cc lp mng
Lin kt gia lp vn chuyn

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ng gi d liu v nh a ch cng (Port) cho mi gi d liu cn

truyn. Do ti mi nt mng c th c nhiu ng dng chy ng thi,
d liu ca cc ng dng ny cng ng thi c truyn ti trn
mng trnh nhm ln gia d liu ca cc ng dng phi c
thng tin thm vo khi d liu ch nh cho tng ng dng, gi l
a ch cng (port)
Phn chia v ti lp khi d liu: khi d liu t cc ng dng c
chia thnh cc phn on segment, mi phn on c nh s th
t phc v cho vic ti ghp cc phn on ny thnh khi d liu
gc.
Thc hin iu khin lung d liu (ty chn)

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Chc nng ca cc phn lp trong m hnh OSI

Tng Phin

Tng Trnh
din

Cung cp phng tin truyn thng gia cc ng dng:

cho php ngi s dng trn cc my khc nhau c th
thit lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b ho cc phin truyn
thng gia h vi nhau.
Quyt nh dng thc trao i d liu gia cc my tnh
mng. bn gi, tng ny chuyn i c php d liu t
dng thc do tng ng dng gi xung sang dng thc
trung gian m ng dng no cng c th nhn bit.
bn nhn, tng ny chuyn cc dng thc trung gian
thnh dng thc thch hp cho tng ng dng ca my
nhn.
Chuyn i giao thc, bin dch d liu, m ho d
liu, thay i hay chuyn i k t v m rng lnh
ho. Nn d liu nhm lm gim bt s bt cn truyn
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Tng ng dng
Lp ng dng c chc nng giao tip vi ngi s dng cung cp n
ngi dng cc dch v m mng thng tin c th lm.
ng b ho thng tin(?)
M ho v gii m thng tin
Nn d liu

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source
message
segment Ht

datagram Hn Ht

frame

Hl Hn Ht

M
M
M
M

application
transport
network
link
physical

Lin kt d liu theo m hnh OSI

Hl Hn Ht

link
physical

Hl Hn Ht

switch

destination
M
Ht

Hn Ht

Hl Hn Ht

application
transport
network
link
physical

Hn Ht

Hl Hn Ht

network
link
physical

Hn Ht

Hl Hn Ht

router

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1.5. M hnh internet

M hnh OSI ch l mt m hnh tham chiu, khng c p dng thc
t cho cc mng do tnh phc tp v khng hiu qu (mt s chc
nng p dng ti nhiu lp,)
M hnh phn lp internet: m hnh p dng cho mng internet
hin nay.
Cc x l thng nht v
tun theo mt giao thc
n nht lp mng
giao thc IP.

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So snh gia hai m hnh phn lp

OSI v m hnh internet

Application

Application

Presentation

Presentation

Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
M hnh OSI

FTP

HTTP

DNS

NFS

Session
TCP

Transport
ICMP

UDP

IGMP

Lp mng

IP

ARP

RARP

Lin kt d liu
Lp vt l

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a ch logic ch nh
cho tng ng dng
c cng chung
mt a ch IP
a ch logic tng ng
vi a ch ca nt
trong mng internet.
Cu trc a ch
c ch nh v s
dng nh tuyn mng
a ch vt l NIC
ti nt mng.
a ch ny ph
thuc vo nh sn
xut thit b v
khng thay i

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