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GIAO THC NH TUYN OSPF

I.

II.

Gii thiu v OSPF.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) c pht trin bi Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) nh mt s thay th nhng hn ch
cng nh nhc im ca RIP.
OSPF l mt link state protocol nh tn gi ca mnh n s dng
thut ton Dijkstra Shortest Path First (SPF) xy dng routing table
v open ni ln tnh ph bin ca n. OSPF c John Moy a ra
thong qua mt s RFC, gn y nht l RFC 2328.
Ging nh cc link state protocol, OSPF c u im l hi t
nhanh, h tr c mng kch thc ln v khng xy ra routing loop.
Bn cnh OSPF cn c nhng c trng sau:
- S dng area gim yu cu v CPU, memery ca
OSPF router cng nh lu lng nh tuyn v c th
xay dng hierarchical internetwork topologies.
- L giao thc nh tuyn dng classless nn h tr c
VLSM v discontigous network.
- OSPF s dng a ch multicast 224.0.0.5 (all SPF
router) 224.0.0.6 (DR v BDR router) gi cc thong
ip Hello v Update.
- OSPF cn c kh nng h tr chng thc dng plain text
v dng MD5.
- S dng route tagging theo di cc route.
- OSPF cn c kh nng h tr Type of Sevice.
Hot ng ca OSPF
Cc OSPF-speaking router gi cc Hello packet ra tt c cc
OSPF- enable interface. Nu 2 router sau khi trao i Hello packet v
tha thun mt s thong s chng s tr thnh neighbor.
Adjacency c th c to qua virtual point link hay to qua mt
vi neighbor. OSPF nh ngh ra mt s loi network v mt s loi
roter. S thit lp mt adjacency c xc nh bi loi trao i Hello
v loi network m Hello trao i qua.
Mi router gi cc link state advertisement (LSA) qua tt c
adjacency. LSA m t tt c cc interface cu router (link) v trng
thi ca link. Cc link ny c th l stub network, ti OSPF router
khc, ti network trong cng mt area, ti external network. Do c rt
nhiu loi link state information cho nn OSPF nh ngha ra n 11
loi LSA.
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Mi router nhn mt LSA t neighbor vi link state database

ca neighbor v gi mt copy cu LSA ti tt c neighbor khc ca
n.
Bng cch flooding csc LSA ton b mt area, tt c router
s xy dng chnh xc link state database.
Khi database c hon tt, mi router s dng thut ton
SPF xy dng nn SPF tree.
Mi router s xy dng nn routing table t SPF tree.
1. Neighbor v Adjacency
Trc khi bt k LSA no c gi, OSPF router phi khm
ph neighbor ca chng v thit lp adjacency. Cc neighbor
s c ghi li vo trong neighbor table, cng vi link
(interface) m trn neighbor c nh v v thng tin cn
thit duy tr neighbor.
a. Hello protocol.
Hello protocol c c trng sau: N l cch thc m
neighbor c khm ph v n qung b mt vi thong
s m qua 2 router phi ng trc khi chng tr
thnh neighbor.
Hello packet hot ng ging nh keepalive gia cc
neighbor.
m bo thong tin 2 chiu gia cc neighbor.
Bnh bu DR v BDR i vi mi trng multi-access.
OSPF-speaking router u n gi Hello packet ra tt
c OSPF-enable interface. Khong thi gian ny gi l
Hello Interval, mc nh khong thi gian ny l 10 giy
v ta c th thay i n. Nu router khng nhn c
Hello t neighbor sau khi ht thi gian
RouterDeadInterval (gp 4 ln HelloInterval) n s cng
b neighbor b down.
b. Network types.
OSPF nh ngha 5 loi network:
- Hello protocol c c trng sau: N l cch thc m
neighbor c khm ph v n qung b mt vi thong
s m qua 2 router phi ng trc khi chng tr
thnh neighbor.
- Broadcast network: nh l Ethernet, Token Ring v
FDDI. Broadcast network l multi-access trong c
kh nng kt ni nhiu hn 2 thit b v chng l
broadcast c ngh l tt c cc thit b c th nhn c
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c.

gi tin khi ch c mt gi c truyn mt ln. OSPF

router trn broadcast network s bnh bu DR v BDR s
c cp trong phn sau.
NBMA network: nh l X.25, Frame Relay v ATM.
Chng c kh nng kt ni nhiu hn 2 router nhng
khng c kh nng broadcast. C ngha l mt packet
c gi bi mt router s khng th c nhn bi tt
c cc router khc. Cc OSPF router nn mng NBMA
c bnh bu DR v DBR nhng tt c OSPF packet u
l unicast.
Point-to-multipoint network: n l mt trng hp c
bit trong cu hnh ca NBMA network Router trn cc
mng ny khng c qu trnh bnh bu DR v BDR v
cc OSPF packet c gi di dng multicast.
Virtual link: l trng hp c bit trong cu hnh.
OSPF packet c gi di dng unicast qua virtual
link.
Bnh bu DR v BDR c kch hot bi interface state
machine, qu trnh bnh bu dc thc hin th mt s
iu kin sau phi tn ti:
Mi interface ca router m ni vo multi-access
network c mt Router priority, l mt s nguyn t 0
n 255. i vi cc Cisco router thng s ny c gi tr
mc nh l 1. Router vi priority l 0 s b loi khi qu
trnh bnh bu DR v BDR.
Hello packet phi c trng cho router gi xc nh
router priority v IP address ca interface ca router
bnh bu DR v BDR.
Khi mt interface ln u tr thnh active trn multiaccess network, n thit lp trng DR v BDR c gi tr
0.0.0.0. V n cng thit lp wait timer cng vi gi tr
Router DeadInterval.
Tn ti interface trn multi-access network ghi li
address ca DR v BDR trong interface data structure.
Qu trnh bnh bu DR v BDR din ra theo
th t sau:
Sau khi 2-way state c thit lp vi mt hay nhiu
neighbor , trng Priority, DR v BDR s c xem xt
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d.
-

trong Hello ca neighbor. Danh sch tt c router t

cch tham gia bnh bu c thit lp (router c priority
ln hn 0 v neighbor ca n trng thi 2-way state);
tt c router cng b chng l DR (interface address ca
chng c lu trong trng DR ca Hello packet); v
tt c cc router cng b chng l BDR (interface
address ca chng c lu trong trng BDR ca Hello
packet).
T danh sch nhng router t cch, n s to mt
subnet nhng router khng i hi l DR.
Nu mt hoc nhiu hn neighbor trong danh sch ny
cha interface address ca n trong trng BDR,
neighbor vi highest priority s cng b l BDR. Nu
priority bng nhau th neighbor vi highest Router ID s
c chn l DR.
Nu khng c router cng b l DR th BDR s tr thnh
DR.
Nu router thc hin tnh ton l DR hay BDR mi c
bu chn hay cha bnh bu c DR, BDR th thc hin
repeat t bc 2 n bc 6, ch : khi mt OSPF router
tr thnh active v khm ph neighbor ca n, n s
kim tra hiu lc ca DR v BDR.
Nu DR v BDR tn ti th router s chp nhn n.
Nu BDR khng tn ti, qu trnh bnh bu BDR s din
ra v router vi highest priority s tr thnh BDR. Nu
priority bng nhau th router c highest router ID s tr
thnh BDR.
Nu khng c active DR thig BDR tng cp lm DR v
qu trnh bnh bu BDR mi bt u.
Neighbor States
Down: khng c Hello packet c nhn t neighbor.
Init: mt Hello packet c nhn t neighbor nhng
local router khng nhn thy n trong Hello packet. Bidirectional communication cha c thit lp.
Attempt: neighbor phi cu hnh bng tay cho trng thi
ny. N ch p dng cho NBA network connection v
cho bit rng khng c thng gn y nhn c t
neighbor.
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- 2-way: hello packet c nhn t neighbor v cha ng

Router ID trong trng Neighbor. Bi-directional
communication c thit lp.
- ExStart: Quan h Master/Slave c thit lp bng cch
trao i Database Description (DD) packet. Router vi
highest router ID s tr thnh Master.
- Exchange: thng tin nh tuyn c trao i thng qua
DD v LSR packet.
- Loading: Link-State Request packet dduwocjguiwr ti
neighbor yu cu cho bt k LSA mi c tm thy
state Exchange.
- Full: tt c LSA c ng b gia cc adjacency.
e.Xy dng mt Adjacency.
Neighbor trn point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, v
virtual link network lun lun tr thnh adjacency tr
phi nhng thng s trong Hello packet khng sao khp.
Trn Broadcast v NBMA network, th DR v BDR s tr
thnh adjacency vi tt c neighbor nhng khng c
adjacency gia cc Drother.
Qu trnh xy dng Adjacency s dng 3 loi OSPF
packet: Database Description pace packet (type 2), Link
State Request packet (type 3).
Database Description packet c vai tr c bit quan
trng trong qu trnh xy dng adjacency. Nh tn gi
ca mnh, n mang thng tin m t tm tt ca mi LSA
trong Link State database ca router gi. Nhng thng tin
m t ny khng phi l cc LSA trn vn m ch n
thun l header ca chng trong DD packet c 3 tng flag
iu khin qu trnh xy dng adjacency.
Bit I (Initial), n c thit lp cho bit DD packet
u tin c gi.
Bit M (Me), n c thit lp cho bit rng khng
ch l DD packet cui cng c gi.
Bit MS (Master/Slave), n c thit lp cho bit DD
packet c gi bi Master router.
2. LSA Flooding
mi node a cc router mt cch thch hp chnh xc
qua mng, lin mng th mi node phi c mt topology
database ca ton mng.
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Database ny bao gm tt c cc LSA m router nhn c.

bt c mt s thay i mng no u c th hin trong cc
LSA. Flooding l qu trnh khi mt s thay i suy ra th cc
LSA mi c gi qua mng m bo rng database ca mi
node c update v ging y ht cc database ca node cn li
khc.
Qu trnh flooding c to bi 2 loi gi sau: Link State
Update packets (type 4), Link State Acknowledgment packets
(type 5).
Trn point-to-point network, Link State Update packet c
gi bng a ch multicast l 224.0.0.5.
Trn point-to-point network v virtual link network, Link
State Update packet c gi di dng unicast ti interface
address ca adjacency ca n.
Trn broadcast network, Drother ch l adjacency vi DR v
BDR. Do update packet c gi ti DR v BDR vi a ch
224.0.0.6. Sau ch c DR router gi update di dng
multicast vi a ch 224.0.0.5 ti tt c cc DRother router.
Tip cc DR, BDR router, DRother router flood LSA ra tt
c cc interface cn li.
Trn mng NBMA network (full), qu trnh trn cng tng
t nh vy tr im sau l cc LSA c gi di dng unicast.
Mi mt LSA ring l c truyn u phi c bo nhn.
Diu ny c thc hin bng mt trong cc cch sau:
- Implicit acknowledgment: neighbor thc hin bo nhn
cho mt LSA bng cch gi li mt Link States
Acknowledgment v ni gi.
- Implicit acknowledgment: neighbor thc hin bo nhn
cho mt LSA bng cch gi mt copy ca LSA v ni
gi.

3. Tnh ton SPF tree.

Shortest Path First (SPF) l nhng tuyn ng qua mng
ti bt k destination no. C 2 loi destination c tha
nhn trong OSPF:
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-Network Router: l cc area border router (ABR) v

autnomous syste boundary router (ASBR). Ch cn mt ln
sau khi tt c cc OSPF router ng b c link state
database, mi router s tnh ton SPF tree cho mi
destination m n bit. s tnh ton nay
c thc hin bi thut thc hin bi thut ton Dijkstra.
Linhk-state database
B
path X

A
A

Shortest

Dijkstras(SPF) D

algorithm

Adjacency database
database

Forwarding

Assume all links are Ethernet, with an OSPF cost of 10

-Metric ca OSPF: OSPF cp n metric l cost. Cost ca
ton tuyn l tng ca cost ca cc outgoing interface dc
theo tuyn ng . Cch tnh cost c IETF a ra trong
RFC 2328. Cisco thc thi cch tnh cost ca ring mnh
nh sau: 108/bandwidth vi gi tr bandwidth c cu hnh
cho mi interface.
III. OSPF vi Multi-Area.
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Nh ta bit khi kch thc mng cng ln th s lng

cc LSA cng ln, kch thc database s rt lnChnh
nhng iu s lm tng yu cu v CPU cng nh
memory ca OSPF router. gii quyt vn trn OSPF
a ra k thut Multi-Area.
1.u im ca Multi-Area.
Mi router phi chia s mt link state database
ging ht nhau ch vi router trong cng area vi chnh n
ch khng phi ton mng. Do gim c kch thc
ca database dn ti gim yu cu ti phn cng ca
router nh: memory.
Gim kch thc link state database c ngh l gim s
lng LSA phi x l v do lm gim tc ng trn CPU.
Bi v link state database ch phi duy tr database trong
mt area cho nn hu ht flooding ch gii hn rong mt
area.
2.Mt s laoij Area trong OSPF (OSPF Area Types).
a) Stub Area.
Mt stub l mt area m cc External LSA khng c
flood vo trong area . Trong stub area s khng c LSA
loi 4 v 5 hay nhng LSA b block. ABR ti cnh ca
stub area s s dng Network Summary qung b mt
default router vo trong area. Bt c destination ca
Internal router khng th match ti mt intra hay inter
area, router s c match vi default router. Bi v
default router c mang bi LSA loi 3, n s khng c
qung b ra ngi area.
S thc thi ca router trong stub area c ci thin,
memory c bo tn v gim kch thc database ca
chng. Tt nhin s ci thin ny cng r rng trong
internetword vi rt nhiu LSA loi 5.
Bn cnh n vn mang nhng nhc im ca mnh:
Nh bt k area no, tt c router trong stub area phi c
mt link state database ging ht nhau. m bo iu
kin ny, tt c cc stub router s thit lp mt flag (bit_E)
trong Hello packet l 0. Chng s khng chp nhn bt c
Hello packet no c bt_E l 1, kt qu l adjacency khng
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c thit lp vi bt c router no khng c cu hnh l

stub router.
Virtual link khng c cu hnh trong stub area.
Khng c routr no trong stub area c th l ASBR. V trong
stub area khng c LSA loi 5.
Mmotj stub area c th c hn mt ABR nhng bi v s
dng defaul router, internal router khng th xc nh c
router no s l gateway ti u ti ASBR.
b)Totally Stubby Areas.
Totally stubby area: s dng default khng ch cho
destination external ti autonomous system m cn cho
destination external ti area. ABR ca totally stubby area s
khng ch block AS External LSA m cn block tt c
Summary LSA tr LSA loi 3 no qung b default
router.
c)Not-So-Stubby Area.
Not-so-stubby area(NSSA): cho php external router c
qung b vo trong OSPF autonomous systemtrong khi d
li nhng c tnh cn li ca stub area. C th l ASBR
trong mt NSSA s sinh ra LSA loi 7 qung b external
destination. Nhng External LSA c flood khp NSSA area
nhng chng b block li ABR.
Tm li ta c bng tng kt sau:

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IV. nh dng gi tin OSPF.

OSPF packet c ng gi trong IP packet tng ng
vi trng Protocol number l 89, do vy maximum ca
OSPF packet l 1500 octet. OOSSPF packet header l ging
i vi cc loi OSPF packet khc nhau nhng OSPF packet
dt th bin i ty theo loi OSPF packet.

Ch : IP packet vi protocol number =89 th trng TTL

lun lun bng 1 m bo rng packet khng bao gi i
qu mt hop.
1. The Packet Header.
Tt c cc OSPF packet u c chung 1 dng nh sau:

Trong :
Version: l phin bn OSPF, phin bn gn y nht l 2.
Type : xc nh ra loi OSPF packet. C 5 loi OSPF packet
nh sau:
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Packet

lengh: l

di ca

OSPF

packet

gm

header( n v l octet).
Router ID: l ID ca router gi.
Area ID: l area m t packet c gi. Nu packet c
gi qua virutal link, Area ID s l 0.0.0.0 ( backbone Area
ID) bi v virutal link lun c gn vi backbone.
Checksum : kim tra ton b packet k ca header.
Autype : xc nh loi nn thc c s dng. Bng sau l
cc loi nhn thc c th:

a.The Hello Packet.

Hello packet c dng thit lp v duy tr adjiacecy.
Hello packet mang nhng thng s m neighbor phi ng
tr thnh adjacency.
Netword mask : l a ch mask ca interface m packet
c gi t . Nu mask ny khng match vi interface
m packet c nhn thig packet s b drop.
Hello Interval: l chu k gi bn tin Hello, c tnh bng
giy. Nu router gi v nhn khng c cng thng s ny
th n s khng thit lp quan h neighbor.
Options : trng ny trong Hello packet m bo rng
neighbor c kh nng tng thch. Router c th t chi
mt neighbor nu kh nng ny l khng tng thch.
Router Priority: c s dng bnh bu DR v BDR. Nu
n c thit lp gi tr 0 th s loi khi qu trnh bnh bu
DR v BDR.

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Router Dead Interval: l s giy mag router gi i mt

Hello packet t neighbor trc khi cng b neighbor dead.
Nu thng sso ny trong Hello u khng ging vi thng
s ca n th packet s b drop.
Designated Router: l a ch IP ca interface ca DR trn
mng.
Backup DR: l a ch IP ca interface ca BDR trn mng.
Neighbor: cha danh sch tt c neighbor trn mng m
router gi nhn t cc Hello howpk l.
b.The Database Description Packet.
Database Description packet: n c s dng khi mottj
adjacency c thit lp. Mc ch chnh ca D packet l
m t mt vi hay tt c LSA trong database cho n khi
no c th xc nh l match LSA trong database ca n.
Interface MTU: l kch thc ln nht ca IP packet ( n v
l octet) m packet c th c gi i m khng b phn
mnh> trng ny c thit lp l 0.0000 khi packet c
gi qua virutal link.
Option: l trng ty chn. router s khng chuyn tip
LSA nu khng tha mn iu kin trong trng Option.
C 5 bit khng s dng v c gi tr l: 00000b.
Ba bt I, M v MS gii thiu trong phn building
adjacency.
DD Sequence Number: trng ny m bo rng DD
packet c nhn ng th t trong qa trnh ng b
database. Thng s ny lun lun c thit lp bi master
cho DD packet u tin v tng dn ln trong cc DD
packet gi sau.
LSA Header: danh sch ca mt vi hay tt c LSA header
trong link state database ca router gi.
c.The Link State Request Packet.
Trong qu trnh ng b database khi router nhn cc DD
packet, router s kim tra xem LSA header trong DD packet
nu khng c trong database ca n th nhng LSA ny ghi
li vo Link State Request list. Router s gi mt hay vi
link state request packet hi neighbor v LSA .
Link State Type: xc nh laoij LSA.
Link State ID: xc nh ra LSA header.
Advertising Router: l router ID ca router m gi LSA.
d.The Link State Update Packet.
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N c s dng khi flood LSA v gi LSA tr li cho Link

State Request Packet.

Number of LSAs: xc nh s LSA trong packet ny.

LSAs: l full LSA ( header + data). Mi update c th mang
nhiu LSA ti maximum kch thc ca packet cho php
trn link.
e.The Link State Acknowledgment Packet.
c s dng to qu trnh flood cc LSA mt cch tin
cy ( reliable).
Options: Trng ny trong Hello packet m bo rng Neighbor
c kh nng tng thch. Router c th t chi mt neighbor
nu kh nng ny l khng tng thch.
Router Priority: c s dng bu chn DR v BDR. Nu
n c thit lp gi tr l 0 th s loi khi qu trnh bnh chn
DR v BDR.
Router Dead Interval: l s giy m router gi i mt Hello
packet t neighbor trc khi cng b neighbor dead. Nu thng
s ny trong Hello n khng ging vi thng s ca n th
packet s b drop.
Designated Route: l IP address ca interface ca DR trn
mng (khng phi l Router ID ca n).
Backup DR: l IP address ca interface ca BDR trn mng.
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Neighbor: cha danh sch tt c neighbor trn mng m

router gi nhn t cc Hello hp l.
b) The Database Description Packet
Database Description Packet: n c s dng khi mt
adjacency c thit lp. Mc ch ca DD packet l m t vi
hay tt c cc LSA trong database cho n khi no c th xc
nh l match LSA trong database ca n.
Interface MTU: l kch thc ln nht ca IP packet m
packet c th c gi i m khng b phn mnh. Trng ny
c thit lp l 0x0000 khi packet khi packet c gi qua
virtual link.
Option: l trng ty chn, router s khng chuyn tip
LSA nu khoong tha mn iu kin trong trng Option.
C 5 bit khng s dng v c gi tr l 00000b.
Ba bit I,M v MS gii thiu trong phn building adjacency.
DD Sequence Number: Trng ny m bo rng DD
packet c nhn ng th t trong qu trnh ng b
database. Thng s ny lun lun c thit lp bi master cho
DD packet u tin v tang dn ln trong cc DD packet gi
sau.
LSA Header: danh sch ca mt vi hay tt c LSA header
trong link state database ca router gi.
c) The Link Request Packet
Trong qu trnh ng b database khi router nhn cc DD
packet, router s kim tra xem LSA header trong DD packet nu
khng c trong database ca n th nhng LSA ny ghi li vo
Link State Request list. Router s gi mt hay mt vi Link
State Request packet hi neighbor v LSA .
Link State Type: xc nh loi LSA
Link State ID: xc nh ra LSA header
Advertising Router: l router ID ca router m gi LSA.
d) The Link State Update Packet
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N c s dng khi flood LSA v gi LSA tr li Cho Link

State Request packet.

Number LSAs: Xc nh s LSA trong packet ny.

LSAs: l full LSA ( header + data ). Mi update c th mang
nhiu LSA ti maximum kch thc ca packet cho php trn
link.
e) The Link State Acknowledgment Packet
c s dng to qu trnh flood cc LSA mt cch tin
cy.

V. u, nhc im:
OSPF ra i l hon thin vic nh tuyn v khc phc cc
hn ch ca RIP, v vy ta ch yu ni n u im ca OSPF
- Tc hi t nhanh
- H tr mng con VLSM
- C th p dng cho mng ln
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- Chn ng theo trng thi ng link hiu qu hn vector

khong cch.
- ng i linh hot hn
- H tr xc thc
- OSPF c th cu hnh theo nhiu vng ( area ), bng cch
ny c th gii hn lu thng trong tng vng. Thay i
vng ny khng nh hng n vng khc, do vy c kh
nng m rng cao.

IV. Cu hnh OSPF

1. Enabling OSPF
Lnh kch hot OSPF l:
Lab_A( config )#router ospf ?
<1-65535>
Mt gi tr trong min 1-65535 nh danh OSPF process
ID, l s duy nht trn router ny m nhm li mt lot
cc lnh cu hnh OSPF trong mt tin trnh ang chy xc
nh.
2. Cu hnh OSPF areas.
Sauk hi nh danh tin trnh OSPF, bn cn nh danh
interface m bn mun kch hot s lin lc OSPF trn .
Vic ny cng s cu hnh mng m bn s cng khai cho
nhng ngi khc. OSPF s s dng k t i din trong
vic cu hnh.
VD Lnh cu hnh: Lap_A#config t
Lap_A (config) router ospf 1
Lap_A
(config router)#network 10.0.0.0.0.255.255.255
Area ?
<0 4294967295> OSPF Area ID as a demical value
A.B.C.D OSPF Area ID in IP address format
Lap_A
( config
router)#network
10.0.0.0.0.255.255.255
Area 0

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i s cu lnh network l s hiu network ( 10.0.0.0) v

k t i din mask (0.255.255.255). S kt hp ca 2 s
ny s nh danh interface m OSPF s hot ng trn
v cng bao gm cc thng bo OSPF LSA ca n. OSPF s
s dng lnh tm interface trn router c cu hnh
trong mng 10.0.0.0 v n s thay th interface m n tm
thy trong area 0. Lu rng bn c th to hn 4,2 t
area, bn cng c th dn nhn cho area theo nh danh
IP address.
Octet 0 trong wildcard mask biu th vi octet tng
ng trong mng phi ph hp mt cch chnh xc.
i s cui cng l s area, n biu th vi area m
interface c nh danh trong mng v phn wildcard
mask thuc s hu. Nh rng router OSPF s ch tr thnh
neighbor nu interface ca chng chia s mt mng
c cu hnh. nh dng s area l mt trong cc gi tr
thp phn t 1 n 4294967295
3. Xc nhn cu hnh OSPF
Ta dng lnh: Lap_A#sh ip router
Lap_A#sho ip ospf
Lap_A# sho ip ospf
Lap_A# sho ip ospf
Lap_A# sho ip ospf
Lap_A# sho ip ospf

database
interface
neighbor
protocols

4. Cu hnh looback interface

Lap_A# sho ip ospf
Lap_A#config t
Lap_A# (config)#int lookback 0
Lap_A#
(config - if) #ip
address 172.16.10.1
255.255.255.0
Lap_A# (config - if) #no shut
Lap_A# (config - if) #^Z
5. Xc nhn loopback v RIDs
- nhn a ch loopback ta s dng lnh:
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Nhm 3_ Lp KTTT&TT K52

Bi co co v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF

============================================
======================

Lap_A#show running

config

- xc nhn RIDs ta ln lt g cc lnh:

Lap_A#sho ip ospf database
Lap_A#sho ip ospf interface
Lap_A#show ip ospf

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Nhm 3_ Lp KTTT&TT K52