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Chien Luoc Xuat Khau Quoc Gia Nganh Go
Chien Luoc Xuat Khau Quoc Gia Nganh Go
Chien Luoc Xuat Khau Quoc Gia Nganh Go
H Ni
Thng 6, 2009
1
Tm tt ni dung chnh
Vit Nam c truyn thng lu i trong vic sn xut g kiu c nhng li kh l lm vi
kiu g thng mi trong nh v ngoi tri ca th gii.
Vic sn xut g thng mi quy m ln c bc pht trin nhanh chng trong 7, 8
nm tr li y, bt u bng vic mt s nh u t nc ngoi tm kim th trng lao ng
gi r. H chuyn n t khu vc ng nh i Loan, Philipin, Malaixia, Thi Lan v
mi y thm ch l c Trung Quc. Vic sn xut ny xut pht t nugn vn FDI c b
sung nh c s tham gia ca cc cng ty thng mi ln nh IKEA, Carrefours, B & Q,
Walmart, vv. H tm kim mt hng g trn c s thng lng gi thp nh mt hng ro
chng li s khuych trng qu mc ca hng ho Trung Quc. iu ny mang li s
khi u cho mt s lng ln cc doanh nghip Vit Nam p ng nhu cu th trng. B
ngoi, tt c c v nh ang tin trin rt tt. Xut khu tng vi t l ng k, s lng lao
ng tng ln, ngnh cng nghip c v nh ang i ng hng. Nhng thc t c phi
vy?
S tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip g da trn nn tng khng vng chc. Cn phi
c mt chin lc nh hng ng v to ra mt mi trng m trong ngnh cng
nghip g c ghi nhn nh mt s thnh cng thc s v kinh t nu nh c s m
bo cho s ng gp lu di ca n.
S thnh cng hin ti t c khng da trn c s bn vng v:
pht trin kh nng cung cp nguyn liu th ti a phng cng nhiu cng tt,
nhng ni khng th cung cp nguyn liu th th cn m bo cc c s h tng y
cho vic nhp khu nguyn liu cn thit
thng qua thit k v pht trin sn phm s dngt ti a nhng nguyn liu t nhin
khng phi l g nh my, tre v si t nhin nh ci, vv
t chc o to cp th cng, cp ch to c kh, cp thit k v qun l
c th cung cp ngun nhn lc c o to khi cn
lp y nhng khong trng trong c s h tng v o to bng cch trc tip h tr
cc doanh nghip trong vic thu chuyn gia bn ngoi v k thut, thit k,
marketing, qun l v ti chnh
tn dng cc c hi qung b Vit Nam nh mt im n thit thc cho ngun
cung g, tham d cc hi ch thng mi quc t vi vai tr l nh cung cp Vit
Nam trong khi vn m bo rng nhng doanh nghip c gian hng ti cc trin lm
trong nc c th nng tm v cao thng hiu ca g Vit Nam.
bt u gn thng thiu cho cc sn phm cng sm cng tt trong qu trnh pht
trin doanh nghip
cung cp cc tin nghi trin lm tin tin nht to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip
Vit Nam trng by sn phm ca h ti mt i im tin nghi v tin cy
khuyn khch cc doanh nghip FDI u t n nh h khng d dng chuyn n
mt mc tiu gi r tip theo.
s dng tt cc c hi tn dng cng ngh thng tin thc y s gia nhp ca Vit
Nam vo th trng th gii v gi thi vui v vi hng ho b tr li
tn dng ti a cc phng tin hiu qu a sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng
cui cng trong khi cn phi ch trng n tt c cc bc nh s dng ngun
nguyn liu bn vng, mi trng sn xut sch v gim ti thiu cc du vt cac-bon
trong qu trnh giao hng n ngi tiu dng.
S pht trin bn vng ca ngnh cng nghip g Vit Nam i hi phi c s cam kt di
hn t Chnh ph. L tng nht l c h tr bi Mt ca (one stop shop1) di s
Gii thiu
1.1
C s
Vic sn xut g c truyn thng lu i ti Vit Nam nhng ch mi n r trong thi gian
gn y. N tr thnh mt trong 5 ngnh xut khu mi nhn sau du th, dt may, da
giy v hi sn.
g Vit Nam c cng nhn trn th trng th gii vi kim ngch xut khu tng t
135 triu la M nm 1998 ln 1 t nm 2004 v t 2.72 t nm 2008. Nm 2008,
g Vit Nam gia nhp vo cng ng 167 quc gia v lnh th trn ton th gii, trong
M l th trng nhp khu ln nht vi kim ngch nhp khu ln ti 1,1 t USD, tip theo l
Nht Bn (378,8 triu USD), Anh (197 triu USD), c (152 triu USD). T nm 2000 2008, mc tng trng kim ngch xut khu trung bnh hng nm l 25%. T 2006, Vit
Nam vt qua Indonesia v Thi Lan tr thnh mt trong hai nh xut khu g hng
u ng Nam .
Trn c nc c khong 2,562 doanh nghip ch bin g, to cng n vic lm cho gn
170,000 ngi lao ng. Ngnh cng nghip ng gp ng k vo vic ci thin i sng
cho ngi dn vng nng thn Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip g
cng mang li c hi pht trin cho cc ngnh cng nghip ph tr trong nc nh phn
cng, ph kin, vt liu hon thin, keo dn, g dn, my mc, vv v cc cng nghip dch
v nh t vn, phn mm, marketing, vn ti, ti chnh, vv. Tt c nhng lnh vc ny cha
hon ton c nm bt trong chui gi tr.
S pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip g Vit Nam cn rt nhiu kh khn. Nhng kh khn
ny bao gm c cc yu t bn trong v bn ngoi, l:
Khng hong kinh t ton cu thi gian gn y cng gy ra rt nhiu kh khn cho cc
doanh nghip ch bin g, th trng c xu hng b thu hp, lng hng tn kho ca cc
doanh nghip ngy cng nhiu, gi bn cng b chn p dn n tnh trng nhiu doanh
nghip phi sn xut cm chng hoc ngng sn xut.
Nhng hn ch ny nh hng ln ton ngnh ni chung v tng vng ni ring. Thc t l
mt s lng ln hng xut khu ang c sn xut bi cc cng ty c vn u t nc
ngoi( FDI), m rng quy m ca ngnh cng nghip g trong tng lai cn phi
c mt chin lc r rng thc y tnh cnh tranh, gia tng gi tr xut khu v c
cu li cc doanh nghip t nhn c th ng vng v l nhng i th cnh tranh
mnh trong th trng g th gii nhng nm ti. Cn phi nhn mnh rng gi tr mi
l ch yu ch khng phi l s lng.
Mt chin lc pht trin ngnh l rt cn thit khi m B Thng mi t ra mc tiu
xut khu l 5.56 t la M vo nm 2020 v Th tng cng t ra mc tiu l 7 t la
M vo nm 2020.
1.2
Phng php
Pht trin: phn ny gii quyt cc vn lin quan n pht trin kinh t v x hi ti
t nc m ngnh cng nghip g ang ng gp.
Cc nhm sn phm
Theo bng h thng m s hng ho (HS), ngnh g Vit Nam c th chia ra lm 8 nhm c
bn l:
HS940161: Gh bc (khung g)
HS940169 : Gh khng bc, lm t g
HS940180 : Cc loi gh khc
HS940190 : Cc b phn ca gh
HS940330 : g vn phng, lm t g
6
JICA, 2004
G t ngun trong nc ti Vit Nam bao gm g trong rng t nhin, g trng v g nhn
to (MDF, g dn, g mnh...)
Tng din tch rng t nhin ca Vit Nam khong 8,2 triu ha, trong ch c 2,9 triu ha
c xp loi l rng sinh li3. Vic khai thc g t rng t nhin c nh nc qun l rt
cht ch. Khi lng khai thc c phn b hng nm tu theo tng tnh v s lng cht
h ang gim dn tng nm trn phm vi c nc. Nu vo nm 1990, khi lng khai thc
hng nm l trn 1 triu M3, th sau gim xung 300,000 M3 vo nm 2000 v n
2008 th hn mc khai thc g ch cn 120,000 M3 trn c nc.
Bng 1: Hn mc khai thc g ti Vit Nam
Nm
1990s
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Hn ngch
khai thc (m3)
Trn 1
triu.
300,000
200,000
150,000
130,000
120,000
120,000
Chui gi tr ngoi nc
G tin
Sx Vi
Thuc da
G nh
Tre
My v si
t nhin
Thit k
o to ngh v k
nng qun l
G nhp
khu cho
nh my x
G v vn
nhp khu
Nguyn
liu n
i hc
Hng th cng
Dch v*
ng gi
Thit k, K
nng
Vin k
thut
Vn chuyn
o to ti
ch
i l
& Hng
mua
hng
Nh sx bn gh c
bc m
Nguyn liu
hon thin**
Bn bun
Bn l
Vn chuyn
Nh SX g
Nhp khu
quc gia
Nhp khu
Bn bun
Xut khu
Bn bun
Bn l
Ngi tiu dng
*
**
Cn phi lu rng, s lng g t nhin khai thc hng nm trn khng phi ch sn
xut g m cn dng vo rt nhiu mc ch khc nh xy dng v khai thc m. Theo
c tnh ch khong 60% g khai thc t cc khu rng t nhin c dng vo mc ch sn
xut g (tng ng 72,000 M3 nm 2008).
Din tch rng trng Vit Nam l 2.2 triu ha, trong rng sinh li l 1.45 triu ha
(681,000 ha l rng trng thnh). Khi lng khai thc t cc khu rng trng tng dn mi
nm t 800.000 M3 nm 2000 ln trn 2 triu M3 nm 2008. Hu ht g t ngun rng trng
ca Vit Nam c s dng sn xut giy, lm gi khai thc m, cc nguyn liu
vn, tm nhn to v sn xut dng bng g.
Tng khi lng g sn xut t g trng chim khong 20% tng khi lng g khai thc.
Tng khi lng g trng dng sn xut g t nm 2003-2006 l khong 1triu M3.
Lng tiu th g trng sn xut g c tnh vo nm 2010 l khong 3.5 triu M3.
Mt khi lng tng t nguyn liu vn, tm nhn to cng s c s dng ti 2010 4. Mt
trong nhng im yu ca g trng ti Vit Nam l ng knh nh. iu ny c ngha l s
kh c th sn xut g mt cch hiu qu t ngun nguyn liu ny. Hu ht c dng
sn xut vn p nhn to v bt giy. Thm vo , Vit Nam khng c sn phm g c
chng nhn cc tiu chun v kinh t x hi v mi trng do T chc quc t v qun l
rng (FSC) cp bt k l g t nhin hay g trng. (Ch c mt cng ty l OJI, nh my sn
xut giy vi vn u t ca Nht Bn t c chng nhn FSC cho rng trng ca h.
Nguyn liu c dng lm bt giy).
n lc gim s khan him ca ngun nguyn liu g t nhin, cc nh sn xut da trn
nguyn liu l g thu ht c nhiu s quan tm, u t t chnh ph. Tuy nhin, d l
do g i na, th vic sn xut vn khng p ng c mc tiu ra. iu ny th hin
vic ch t c 20% tng cng sut ch bin, trong :
Tnh trung bnh th tnh hnh sn xut chung ch t mc di 50% cng sut v i hi phi
c s phn tch, quyt nh kp thi a ra cc bin php h tr k thut nhm ci thin
tnh hnh. T nay n 2020, chnh ph s tp trung vo hai loi sn phm ch yu l g tm
nhn to, vn dm v vn p bt si t trng trung bnh s dng ngun g trng. Mc tiu t
ra l cng sut 540.000M3 sn phm, 320.000 m3 vn dm v 220.000m3 vn p bi si mi
4
10
nm. Tuy nhin, cht lng g trng ti Vit Nam cn rt thp do ging km v k thut
chm sc khng m bo, v vy hu ht ch ph hp sn xut giy v lm nguyn liu g
nhn to.
2.2.2
G nhp khu
Lng tiu th g ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin g ca Vit Nam t 3-3,5 triu m3 mi
nm nhng lng nguyn liu trong nc mi ch p ng c 20%, 80% cn li l nhp
khu. Theo thng k, Vit Nam nhp khu nguyn liu g t hn 100 nc trn th gii.
Khi lng g nhp khu tng ln hng nm t 151,5 triu la M nm 2000 ln 535,8
triu la nm 2004. Thng thng kim ngch nhp khu nguyn liu nhp khu chim 4249% tng kim ngch xut khu g. Do gi du nguyn liu gia tng gn y nn cc ph
vn chuyn t cc quc gia xa xi ang xut khu g v Vit Nam nh Nam Phi, Nam M
(Brazin) cng tng rt cao, nu tnh ngun g t Nam Phi th gi cc ph vn chuyn
chim ti 27% gi g nguyn liu, v nu tnh t Nam M th cc ph vn chuyn ng
bin ln ti 37%. iu ny th hin tnh ph thuc cao vo ngun nguyn liu nhp khu v
l im yu ca cc nh sn xut g ngoi tri gi r, th c lm hon ton t g lin
khi.
Bng 2: Kim ngch nhp khu g
Nm
Tr gi nhp
khu (nghn
USD)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
151.486
160.915
249.347
344.692
535.767
720.000
1.020.000
1.010.000
Tr gi (USD)
111,100,000
%
11%
2. Bch n
90,900,000
9%
3.Thng
80,800,000
8%
4.Teak (gi t)
60,600,000
6%
Xut x g (*)
Malaysia, Thailand, China, Indonesia,
Australia, Newzeland, Taiwan
Urugoay, Brazil, Papua New Guinea,
South Africa, Australia, Spain, USA
New Zealand, Chile, China, Findland,
Australia, Taiwan, Canada
Myanmar, Ghana, Papua New Guinea
11
5.Cao su
50,500,000
5%
6.Xylia
Dolabrifornus
7.Vn dm g
8. Bch dng
50,500,000
5%
Xut x g (*)
Solomon Island, Costa Rica
Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand,
Indonesia
Myanmar, Laos.
50,500,000
50,500,000
5%
5%
9.Si
50,500,000
5%
10.G v nia (g
dn)
11.Vn p
12.Ch ch
13.Ging hng
14.Du en
15. Cc loi g
khc
40,400,000
4%
30,300,000
30,300,000
20,200,000
20,200,000
272,700,000
3%
3%
2%
2%
27%
Tr gi (USD)
Nm 2003, Trung Quc nhp khi khong 42 triu m3 g, trong trn 50% n t
Malaysia, Indonesia v Nga. Theo d bo, lng tiu th g ti Trung Quc c th t ti
125 triu m3/nm vo nm 2010. Vic ny chc chn s c tc ng nhiu n gi c.
G c nhp khu l c hai loi c chng nhn v khng c chng nhn FSC. Nhu cu v
g c chng nhn FSC ang tng ln tt c cc nc tuy nhin gi ca loi g ny thng
cao hn t 20-25% so vi g khng c chng nhn. Gi nguyn liu th thng chim 3560% trong chi ph ca sn phm i vi g ngoi tri v cn cao hn i vi g trong
nh (50-70%). G nhp khu khng phi chu thu, tr 10%VAT, nhng nu sn phm ti
xut khu th cng khng phi np. Tuy nhin, chi ph vn chuyn s lm tng thm 40-60%
gi tr thc t ca g.
Chnh ph Vit Nam quyt nh bo tn rng t nhin v cc l do mi trng. iu ny
l ng. Khi nhng khu rng t nhin v rng trng n thi k khai thc, Vit Nam s c
mt ngun cung tt hn v nguyn liu nhng vn cha th p ng nhu cu trong nc.
Trong khi vic nhp khu g thc s l mt tr ngi i vi cc nh sn xut v cn
phi c mt chin lc lm gim gnh nng ny. V d tng thm lng kim loi v
gim g i vi ni tht ngoi tri, ci tin thit k, thm tre, thm si, vv.
2.2.3
S sn c v ngun cung ca cc nguyn liu khc nh tre, my, ci, nhm/kim loi, da,
gm, sn mi, knh, nha, vv cng gi vai tr quan trng trong thit k, pht trin v a dng
ho sn phm g. iu ny l ng vi tt c cc cp th trng.
Nhng nguyn liu ny u c ti Vit Nam nhng mc cnh tranh khc nhau so vi cc
nc khc trn th gii. Vit Nam i khi c gi l t nc ca cy tre, v c ngun
tim nng ln. Bn thn cy tre v cc sn phm t tre nh nan tre, tre an c th kt hp rt
tt vi g trong qu trnh thit k v sn xut ni tht. Tuy nhin, cng nh cy my, cy
tre Vit Nam cng ang b e do cn kit v cn c bin php trit bo tn v trng
mi . Gi c ngy cng cao v gi y Vit Nam ang phi nhp khu my tre t Trung
Quc, Lo v Indonesia.
Cn c vo tnh hnh trn, chnh ph Vit Nam thng qua chin lc pht trin cc sn
phm phi g rng ti nm 2015, trong tre v my l hai thnh phn quan trng.
G kt hp vi kim loi ang ngy cng thu ht c s ch ca cc nh nhp khu nc
ngoi, nhng ch c mt s nh my ti Vit Nam c th sn xut cc b phn kim loi nh
khung c, khung lp ghp. Cht lng v thit k vn rt hn ch v cc nh xut khu
g vn phi nhp khu cc b phn ny t Trung Quc v mt s ni khc p ng n
hng. S pht trin nguyn liu kim loi v cc nguyn liu u vo khc cho ngnh cng
13
My mc
My mc v thit b ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tng tnh cnh tranh trong ngnh cng
nghip g. Cc my ch bin g c bn c sn xut ti Vit Nam v cung cp cho cc
nh sn xut quy m nh trong nc hoc cc cng ty ln. C mt s cng ty chuyn v lnh
vc ny nhng hu ht u quy m nh (80%) v trung bnh (20%), sn xut nhng thit b
rt c bn vi cng ngh thp. Cc my mc phc tp hn c nhp khu mi hoc qua
s dng. Thiu ngun nhn lc lnh ngh c kh nng s dng nhng thit b phc tp v c
s cung cp phn mm, cng c v dch v bo dng th cn rt n gin. Thng th khi
mua my mc qua s dng ngi mua khng c cung cp y hng dn s dng v
cch bo dng thit b nn khi vn hnh thng khng c nh mong mun. Nhiu xng
ch bin g c t gn cc lng ngh g m ngh (ti H Ty v Bc Ninh), nhng xng
14
Cc nh sn xut g
Theo s liu ca B NN& PTNT, c khong 2562 doanh nghip chuyn v sn xut kinh
doanh g trn c nc. Trong s c 374 cng ty nh nc, 421 cng ty c vn u t
nc ngoi vi s vn ng k l 1,2 t la M (tnh n 14/12/2006) v cn li l cc
doanh nghip t nhn a phng.
Tng cng sut ch bin ca cc doanh nghip ny l khong 3 triu m3/nm (bao gm g
nguyn khi v vn nhn to). Hu ht cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh g u t ti
Bnh nh, H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng, ng Nai ... Quy m ca cc cng ty ch bin g c
th chia lm 3 nhm:
16
Nhm 1. Cng ty quy m ln vi cng sut hng thng khong 100 n 350 cng-ten-n 40ft
Nhm 2. Cng ty quy m va vi cng sut hng thng khong 20 n 100 cng ten n 40ft.
Nhm 3. Cng ty quy m nh vi cng sut hng thng nh hn 20 cng ten n 40ft.
Trong s cc cng ty ny c 99 cng ty t c Chng nhn Chui hnh trnh sn phm
(COC ) v s lng cc cng ty t chng nhn s cn tng trong tng lai. Hu ht cc cng
ty ln v mt s cng ty va cng t tiu chun ISO 9001-2000 v SA 8000.
Nhn chung hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip ch bin g cn thp. Li
nhun trc thu so vi tng vn u t nm 2008 ca ton ngnh l 2,5% trong li nhun
ca cc cng ty pha nam l 5,48%, 14 ln cao hn so vi cc doanh nghip pha Bc
(0,04%).
Cc cng ty ch bin g cng ang trong qu trnh tp h li thc y tng trng
thng qua vic hp tc v ng minh chin lc. Mi y, mt s nh sn xut ng vai
tr nh thu ph cho cc cng ty vi nng lc gii hn hoc sn xut cc chi tit c bit. Cc
nh sn xut dn nhn ra rng mi cng ty phi tm ra yu t cnh tranh ch cht ca mnh
v tp trung vo . Cng lc , mt s cng ty ang c gng chnh thc hi nhp vo khu
vc sn xut vn v lp dn b mt c thm sc mnh trong vic iu chnh chi ph v gi
c. Thm vo , h cng ang l nh cung cp cho cc cng ty sn xut g nh.
Cc cng ty ch bin g c vn u t nc ngoi ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s pht
trin ca ngnh cng nghip g Vit Nam, khng ch trong lnh vc xut khu m cn trong
lnh vc trnh cng ngh, o to nhn lc, a dng ho sn phm v thm ch l nng cao
hnh nh v ngnh cng nghip g trn th trng th gii. V gi lao ng ngy cng tng v
khan him ngun nhn cng trong nc nn cc nh sn xut nc ngoi t M, Chu u,
Nht Bn ang tm kim mt mi trng sn xut kinh doanh ph hp hn Malaysia,
Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, v gn y l Vit Nam. y l thi c rt tt thc y
sn xut Vit Nam khi cc doanh nghip i Loan xy dng v m rng quy m nh my
ti y, c bit l ti Tp.HCM v h ang tng tc i u vi Trung Quc trong cuc
chy ua xut khu vo th trng M v Chu u. C c s t nim tin v s lc quan
vo tim nng y v v vy mt ngun vn khng l c u t t du n chc
chn vo th trng sn xut ni tht ang ln ny. Nhng nh my mi ny c trang b
my mc mi vi cc loi thit b mi nht trong mt s cng on nh hon thin.
2.2.8
Cc i l v cng ty mi gii
vn phng ti t nc ca bn bn.
C rt nhiu i l v cng ty mi gii v mua bn g hot ng ti Vit Nam. Hu ht l cc
cng ty mi gii mua hng nh Carrefour, Ikea, Diamond Keystone Associates nhng cng
c mt s lin quan n c tm kim ngun hng v sn xut nh Scancom. Cc i l mua
hng cng gi vai tr quan trng trong s pht trin ngnh, gn y, Carrefour nhp khu
20 triu la M g trong nm 2006, trong khi Scancom xut khu khi Vit Nam hn
40 triu .
2.2.9
Vn ti v giao hng
Khch hng l ngi tiu dng cui cng, ngi chi tin mua sn phm v nh. y l
khu cui cng ca chui gi tr. Khch hng b thuyt phc mua hng bng kiu dng thit
k, a im v cht lng sn phm ti ca hng, bi xu hng mt, bi p lc t nhng
ngi xung quanh v bi s cn thit v chc nng s dng. Gi m khch hng s tr c
chi phi bi tnh sn c, kh nng chi tr, cht lng v phng thc thanh ton.
2.3 nh gi hot ng kinh doanh g
Kim ngch xut khu g v g tng nhanh trong nhng nm gn y, t 344.940.000
la M nm 2000 t 1,1 t la nm 2004, 1,98 t nm 2006 v 2,72 t nm 2008. Vit
Nam cng t mc tiu cho kim ngch xut khu nm 2010 l 5.5 t la vi t l tng
trng hng nm l 29.8%.
Bng 4: Kim ngch xut khu g v g ti Vit Nam
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
345
385
533
711
1,101
1,560
1,980
n v: Triu USD
2007
2008
2,400
2,721
Th trng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Achentina
CH Ailen
Aixlen
n
Anh
o
Arp X t
Ba Lan
B
B o Nha
Braxin
Tiu vng quc
Arpthng nht
Kim ngch
(USD)
1.354.214
18.887.030
1.240.423
5.766.892
197.651.285
4.254.227
1.907.175
14.997.762
33.312.913
4.204.565
418.406
7.268.826
TT
Th trng
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Italia
Ltvia
Ltva
Malaixia
Nauy
CH Nam Phi
Niu Ziln
Lin bang Nga
Nht Bn
xtrylia
Phn Lan
Php
Kim ngch
(USD)
46.786.705
1.255.407
299.708
15.474.250
7.793.383
3.185.934
13.672.212
4.524.758
378.839.382
6.007.055
15.687.742
101.316.259
20
TT
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Th trng
Cmpuchia
Canada
i Loan
an Mch
CHLB c
Extnia
H Lan
Hn Quc
Hoa K
Hong Kong
Hungari
Hy Lp
Indonesia
Kim ngch
(USD)
2.487.548
67.900.481
56.455.576
30.725.278
152.002.406
421.399
95.466.020
101.521.432
1.063.989.680
13.520.066
2.636.391
12.925.026
1.758.694
Tng
TT
Th trng
38 Philippin
39 CH Sc
40 Xingapo
41 CH Sip
42 Slvakia
43 Slvenhia
44 Ty Ban Nha
45 Thi Lan
46 Th Nh K
47 Thu in
48 Thu S
49 Trung Quc
50 Ucraina
USD2,721,208,276
Kim ngch
(USD)
584.339
3.327.199
6.587.306
768.282
1.076.910
446.442
32.078.255
3.623.931
6.724.027
24.944.156
4.419.832
145.632.784
3.078.303
Cc th trng xut khu cho tng nhm sn phm g nh sau (t cao n thp):
Bng 6: Th trng xut khu g Vit Nam
Gh bc (khung g)
Gh khng bc, lm t g
Cc loi gh khc
Cc b phn ca gh
M, i Loan, Malaysia...
g vn phng, lm t g
Ni tht nh bp v cc
g nh bp khc, lm t g
khong 40% kim ngch xut khu ca c nc, hin nay c 542 doanh nghip ch bin g,
bao gm 200 cng ty c vn u t nc ngoi vi tng s vn u t ln ti hn 700 triu
la. Cng vy, da vo s liu thng k ca mt cng ty t vn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
chuyn v xc tin xut khu g vo th trng M, khong 80% kim ngch xut khu
g ca Vit Nam vo th trng M l t cc cng ty c vn u t ca i Loan v Trung
Quc ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng, ng Nai cng nh cc nh bun khc t
nc th ba. S liu thng k ny cng cng c s cn thit phi m bo rng cc cng ty
ny phi hot ng n nh v lu di Vit Nam.
T khi Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin ca t chc Thng mi th gii vo nm 2007, c
nhiu nh u t hn quan tm n cng nghip ch bin g trong nc v cc cng ty c
vn u t nc ngoi cng c k hoch m rng hot ng kinh doanh ti Vit Nam. V d
mt cng ty ca i Loan tng gp 4 ln cng sut ch bin c th xut khu 1.000
cng-ten-n mi thng, v mc tiu xut khu l 60 triu la mt nm. Trng hp m
rng ca cng ty ny trng c v tt nhng nhn di gc tnh ton ngi ta thy gi tr
mi cng ten n da trn nhng ch s ny l rt thp v thc s khng kinh t i vi Vit
Nam cho d l cng ty no. Tt c nhng g ng ni l vic ny duy tr vic lm vi mc
lng rt thp khi m ci cn c ci thin l gi tr kinh t cho nn kinh t Vit Nam ch
khng phi l s lng.
Cc mt hng g (bao gm ni ngoi tht) cng nh cc ngnh xut khu ln khc nh dt
may, hi sn u c nguy c b kin bn ph gi. M c th p mc thu chng ph gi cho
cc mt hng g ca Vit Nam do gi tr xut khu hng g vo th trng M tng
nhanh chng.6 M c xu hng mua ni tht t Vit Nam nhiu hn do hin ti chnh
sch xut khu g ca Vit Nam thng thong hn. Chnh v vy, B Cng thng yu
cu cc doanh nghip tm dng mua ni tht sn c t cc nc khc nhp khu li cho
M, iu ny khng ch trnh vic vn chuyn tri php m cn gip bo v uy tn hng
ho ca Vit Nam trn th trng th gii7
Mt l do khc khin hng g Vit Nam c nguy c b kin chng ph gi: Hng g
nhp khu vo M c t l tng trng cao nht so vi cc nc khc; cc nh sn xut g
nc ngoi chuyn n sn xut ti Vit Nam tn dng cc u th cho hng ho ca h v
Vit Nam c gi nhn cng r v hng g xut khu ca Vit Nam vo th trng M ch
xp th hai, ng sau Trung Quc8
2.4
C mt s nhn t thnh cng thit yu quyt nh n tnh cnh tranh trong ngnh cng
6
22
nghip g:
2.4.1 Cp Chnh ph:
2.4.2 Cp ngnh:
2.4.2.1 Nguyn liu sn c
Hin ti, 42-49% gi tr xut khu ca Vit Nam phi dng chi tr cho vic nhp khu g
v vn. y l t l qu cao v i hi cn c s quan tn v s tn ti lu di ca ngnh.
Trong khi cc ngun cung cp nguyn liu cho th trng Vit Nam cc nc ln cn l
Lo, Campuchia ang cn kit. Gi g Malaysia, th trng nguyn liu ln nht ca Vit
Nam, ang tng ln nhanh chng v cc nh xut khu khc nh Nga tng thu xut khu
nguyn liu g. Gi nguyn liu nhp khu vo Vit Nam tng t 40 n 100% so vi nm
2003. Ngoi ra, khng c mt k hoch nhp khu nguyn liu hiu qu. Vit Nam cng cha
c cc tho thun cp chnh ph no vi cc nh xut khu ln nh Nga, Niu Di Ln v cc
nc Nam, Bc M.
Theo chng trnh trng mi 5 triu hecta rng, Vit Nam s c 2 triu hecta rng bo h
v 3 triu hecta rng sn xut vo nm 2010. Ngnh lm nghip Vit Nam s kh t c
mc tiu ny nn kh nng l Vit Nam s vn phi nhp khu khong 75% nguyn liu g
23
trong nhng nm ti. Khng c thu nhp khu g ngoi tr 10% VAT, nhng s khng phi
np nu sn phm l ti sn xut. Tuy nhin, chi ph vn chuyn s lm tng gi g ln
khong 60%.
Vic cung ng nguyn liu g trong nc th khng theo kp v trong nhiu trng hp cc
cy ly g khng c trng di c th s dng. Cy keo c thu hoch qu sm
(6 nm) nn cha t trng thnh v do sn lng khng hiu qu v chi ph thu
hoch li cao. Nh cung cp c khuyn khch nn g t c ng knh ln hn t
10 n 12 nm tui. Vn l ch ngi trng rng v chnh ph mun thu tin v nhanh
v khng mun ch i. Khng c g ng knh ln th cc sn phm cht lng cao s
khng th c sn xut ti Vit Nam9
Cc loi cy ly g trng Vit Nam hin nay nh bch n uro (bch n urophylla)
thng cho cht lng thp trong khi cc nc khc c iu kin tng t nh nc ta nh
qun o Solomon, Nam Phi, Uruguay v Brazil trng cc ging bch n khc l Deglupta,
Saligna and Grandis. Nhng loi ny cho cht lng g tt hn nhiu. Ging cy, loi cy
trng v k thut canh tc vn l nhng im yu ca ngnh lm nghip ti Vit Nam.
Nhu cu v cc loi g c chng nhn ang ngy cng tng v s nhanh chng tr thnh tiu
chun do p lc t cc nh bo v mi trng v thc t p ln ca tri t. Tuy nhin, khng
c cc khu rng c chng nhn Vit Nam l c chuyn trng ly g. Chnh ph
ang tin ti vic chng nhn rng quc gia v c mt kin chung l vic khai thc g mt
cch bn vng l cch tt nht bo tn rng khi nn khai thc tri php v ci thin thc
tin qun l nhng nh vy cc khu rng t nhin s khng cho sn lng cn thit.
42-49% gi tr xut khu ni tht ngoi tri l chi tr cho nguyn liu th. iu ny c
ngha l mt phn gi tr cn li rt nh c dnh cho nhn cng, This leaves very little
value to be distributed to labour, chi ph sn xut v li nhun. Vi mt t l nguyn liu th
nhp cao nh vy, cc doanh nghip khng th t c li nhun cao hay u t vo s pht
trin bn vng ca doanh nghip. Hin trng ny ch c th c ci thin bng cch ci tin
tip th, thit k, pht trin sn phm v cht lng sn phm v dch v tt ng u. y l
nhng yu tt thit yu ca s thnh cng.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn hin ang c 5.300 hc ta rng ging phc v cho
vic tuyn chn cy ging cho trng rng trong nc, rng ging ny hin mi ch nng
lc cung cp ging mt s loi cy nh keo, bch n, thng, cn cc cha c loi cy rng
c gi tr cao m th trng th gii a chung nh teak, lt Mehico. Nng lc nhn ging
cy bng ht, bng cy m ca c nc hin ch 128 triu cy ging mi nm, cha th p
ng nu cc doanh nghip ngnh lm nghip c nhu cu s dng nhiu cy ging tt.
Mt s cng ty ch bin g bt u quan tm v tin hnh trng rng nguyn liu ly
g phc v sn xut, tuy nhin vic u t trng rng cng khng d, v vn u t ln, vng
9
24
Ngoi tri
Sn phm:
B bn n (bn, gh...), s-pha v bn ung
nc, gh sa-lng, ging (King/Queen...),
gi sch, t, t quy, gi cc...
Sn phm:
Gh bnh, gh di, xch u, bn c ph, bn
gp, vng, gh phi nng, hin phi nng
(sun lounge), gh u, xe y, chn...
G nhp khu
Si, Anh o, c ch, tuyt tng en, thng,
g thch..., g mun, g hng sc, cy g (di
nga).
G trong nc (c g t nhin v g trng)
Gii/ Talauma Gioi A.Chev; G mun, G
hng sc, g g, Re/ Cinamomum
albiflorum Eces;Thng nng/ Podocarpus
imbricatus B1; G cao su, G anh o,
MDF, G dn & G vn...
G nhp khu
Meranti, Merbau, Manni, Keruing, Kapur,
Kempas, Pyinma, Pyinkado, g Tch (trng
v vng), Ch ch; Bch n; G keo
G trong nc (c g t nhin v g trng)
Ch ch/ Parashorea stellata Kury;G keo,
Bch n...
27
ting nc ngoi cn rt yu. Nhng nh qun l iu hnh mi vic t pht trin sn phm,
marketing, qun l cht lng n qun l ti chnh. Khng c s phn cp t chc vi
nhng phng chc nng chuyn nghip trong cc doanh nghip g, do , kt cu ca
doanh nghip rt yu v khi ngi lnh o vng mt th hot ng kinh doanh cng ngng
tr
2.4.2.14 C s h tng
Vic vn chuyn hng t Vit Nam ti cc th trng ti M hay Chu u nhn chung khng
c vn g v vn ti nhng chi ph vn chuyn th t hn. So vi Trung Quc, cc nh
xut khu Vit Nam phi chu chi ph vn chuyn ra nc ngoi cao hn k c vn chuyn
ng bin v ng hng khng. Mi y, mt s bo co ca i hc Georgetown, M v
chi ph vn chuyn hng trn bin t Trung Quc v Vit Nam ti cc bang ca M ch ra
rng thi gian vn chuyn ng bin v giao hng t Vit Nam ti M cho 50 containers l
322.000 la M v mt 17-35 ngy, trong khi vn chuyn t Trung Quc l 136.000
la M v mt 11 ngy vi s lng tng t. Cc nh nhp khu quc t m ch rng cc nh
xut khu Trung Quc c tr cp khong 10-30% chi ph vn chuyn ng bin.
C s h tng, c bit l cc cng bin thch hp tr thnh mi quan tm chnh cho vic
pht trin cng nghip g ti mt s tnh. Trong thi gian hin ti, c mt xu hng tin
ti chuyn cc nh my sn xut t cc tnh Trung b n cc trung tm ch bin g nh TP.
H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng v Bnh nh. Vic lm ny nhm gim chi ph vn chuyn ti
cng v tng ngun cung cc ph liu (vi si, b phn kim loi, vt liu hon thin v.v)
Cc nh my ch bin ti cc tnh sau ch chuyn sn xut cc b phn v ph kin cho
cc nh my lp rp ti khu vc trng im v g. (Nh my sn xut g Gia Lai l mt
v d, h phi tr t 300 n 650 la M cho mt container 40 ti cng Qui Nhn v Si
Gn, trong khi chi ph t Bnh Dng ti Si Gn ch khong 100 la M)
iu kin ng x cc tnh pha Nam cng l mt vn . Hu ht ng x khu vc
ny ch m bo cho xe ti t hn 25 tn; nhng container cha g nhp khu thng hn 30
tn. vn chuyn g vo nh my, cc cng ty ch bin g phi chia s lng g ra cc
phn nh hn iu ny s lm tng thm chi ph sn xut.
2.4.2.15 Cc vn th tc khc
Cc vn th tc v thong mi khc ca hot ng xut khu g bao gm thanh ton
qua ngn hng, nh kho, th tc hi quan v cc dch v lin quan. Tt c nhng vn ny
u chp nhn c ngoi tr h tng kho bi rt ti t. Trong nhiu nm, B Thong mi
(nay l B Cng thng) yu cu Hip hi ku gi cc cng ty thnh vin xy dng cc
trung tm nhp khu v kho bi ti 3 min trn c nc nhng n lc vn cha c kt qu
32
v cc doanh nghip vn phi xy dng k hoch ring cho vic nhp khu, iu ny khin
cho gi nguyn liu u vo b y ln cao.
2.4.2.16
Chnh ph phi nng ng trong vic to ra mi trng thun li cho ngnh cng nghip pht
trin. An ninh nguyn liu, c s o to, ti chnh v c s h tng l nhng vn tht yu.
1. Cng nghip phi c qun l mt cch hiu qu dm bo cung cp ngun vn y
cho pht trin ngun nguyn liu v thu ht lng u t cn thit. Gi tr sn phm
ch khng phi l s lng mi l nhn t quyt nh.
2. Hot ng pht trin thng hiu sn phm phi c thit lp v thc y m bo s
hi lng ca khch hng v s trung thnh ca h vi sn phm.
3. Marketing, thit k, ci tin v pht trin sn phm phi c thc hin mt cch tch cc
m bo gia tng gi tr cho sn phm v chim lnh th trng.
4. Phi khng ngng theo ui mc tiu cht lng v gi tr thnh tin ca sn phm.
5. Thu ht v gi chn ngi lao ng l yu t sng cn cho s thnh cng lu di ca
cng ty. Trch nhim x hi mi cp ca doanh nghip cng l mt yu t cn thit.
2.5
33
Ngoi tht
Indonesia
u im
Ngun cung cp g ni a phong ph
c bit l g Tch v cc loi g cng
khc. Mt s loi g Tch c chng
nhn FSC.
Gi nhn cng r
Quan h thng mi tt vi ngi H
Lan trong vic tip cn th trng
Quan h lm n lu di vi ngi M
Nhc im
Cht lng khng ng u
Giao hng khng ng hn
Mi trng ti chnh kh khn vi nhiu
quy tc
Malaysia
u im
Ngun cung cp g ni a phong ph
vi gi c c tr cp.
C s h tng xut khu tt.
Gi container r
Cc mi quan h lm n lu i
Vit Nam
u th cnh tranh ca Vit Nam i vi
Indonesia l: cht lng ng u, giao
hng ng hn, cht lng quan trng hn
gi c. Vit Nam nn tn dng nhng li
th ny v:
Gi lao ng r vi nng sut kh cao
C s h tng kinh doanh tt hn
Mi trng n nh
Gi r
Cht lng ng u vi mc gi tho
thun
Vit Nam
Li th cnh tranh ca Vit Nam i vi
Malaysia hin nay ch yu l gi r v c
kh nng sn xut s lng ln.
Nhc im
Gi nhn cng cao vi nng sut thp
khin cho gi sn phm ca Malaysia t
.
Trung Quc
u im
c h tr v ngun lc v vn ti ni
a.
C s h tng xut khu tt.
Cht lng ng u
Vit Nam
Li th cnh tranh ca Vit Nam so vi
Trung Quc hu ht l nh gi nhn cng
thp nhng cn l ro cn chng li s
bnh trng ca th trng Trung Quc.
Ni tht
Indonesia.
u im.
Vit Nam.
u im.
34
Nhc im.
Cht lng khng ng u v k thut
ch tc km.
Ni ting v khai thc rng ba bi nn
khch hng phng ty rt e ngi
Khng giao hng ng hn
Malaysia
u im
Ngun cung cp g cao su di do vi
gi tr cp.
C s h tng tuyt vi
iu kin cung cp phn cng v cc ph
kin rt tt
H tng trin lm tt
Cc dch v h tr cng nghip ca chnh
ph tuyt vi( MTIB )
Nhc im
Gi nhn cng cao
o Nng sut thp hn c Vit Nam v
Trung Quc
Trung Quc
u im.
Ngun lc c h tr
Vn g nhn to cht lng tt vi gi u
i so vi th trng th gii.
C s h tng tuyt vi
iu kin cung cp phn cng v cc ph
kin rt tt
Nng lc thit k pht trin nhanh
C s h tng trin lm tt
Vit Nam
Vit Nam c rt t li th so vi Trung Quc
v c g ph thng v g gia nh.
Ch c mt s u im ni bt sau:
Nhc im.
35
Khung php l
3.1
Gi g r do gi nhn cng r l mt
tim nng li th cho cc cng ty Vit
Nam.
Quyt nh 08/ 2001/ QD-TTg ngy 11/01/2001 ca Th tng chnh ph v ban hnh
quy nh v vic s dng v bo v rng ti sinh t nhin.
Quyt nh 178/2001/Q-TTg ngy 12/11/2001 ca Th tng chnh ph v quyn v
ngha v ca nhng c nhn v h gia nh c giao qun l rng.
Hng dn 12/2003/CT-TTG ngy 16/5/2003 ca Th tng chnh ph v vic cng c
cc bin php khn cp bo v v pht trin rng.
Ch th 19/2004/CT-TTG ngy 1/6/2004 ca Th tng chnh ph v pht trin ti nguyn
g v cng nghip ch bin lm sn.
Ngh nh 200/2004/ND-CP ngy 3/12/2004 ca chnh ph v vic sp xp v ci cch
cc doanh nghip nh nc v rng.
Lut Bo v v Pht trin rng do Quc hi thng qua ngy 3/12/2004.
B NN & PTNT ban hnh Quyt nh s 3/2005/Q-BNN ngy 5/1/2005 lin quan n
cc quy nh v khai thc g lm nh cho ngi dn tc thiu s ang c cuc sng
kh khn da trn Quyt nh s 134/2004/Q TTg, do Th Tng ban hnh ngy
20/7/2004.
Tiu chun v cng ngh v kinh t trong vic trng rng, ti trng rng v bo v rng
do B NN & PTNT ban hnh ngy 6/7/ 2005.
B NN & PTNT ban hnh Quyt nh v quy nh v qun l v nhn trng rng, ti
trng rng, bo v rng v khoanh vng khu vc ti nh c trng rng ngy 24/1/2005.
Danh mc nhng ging cy c trng ti 9 khu vc rng sinh thi ban hnh bi B NN
&PTNT ngy 15/3/2005
Quy nh v khai thc g v cc loi lm sn do B NN & PTNT ban hnh ngy
7/7/2005
Quy nh v tiu chun phn loi rng cho cc mc ch s dng c bit ban hnh bi
B NN&PTNT ngy 12/10/2005
Quy n v qun l cy v ht ging trng rng do B NN&PTNT ban hnh
Quyt nh s 279/2005/QD-TTg ngy 3/11/2005 v Quyt nh s 80/2009/Q- TTg
ngy 21 thng 5, 2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh quy ch son tho v trin khai
chng trnh xc tin thng mi quc gia 2006-2010.
36
Ngh nh s 23/2006/ND-CP ngy 3/3/2006 v vic thc hin lut bo v v pht trin
rng.
Quyt nh s186/2006/Q-TTg v ban hnh quy ch qun l rng ca Th tng chnh
ph, ngy 14/8/2006
Quyt nh s 142/2006/Q-TTg thng qua d n sp xp v ci cch cc doanh nghip
nh nc v rng thuc B NN & PTNT, ban hnh bi Th tng chnh ph, ngy
19/6/2006
Quyt nh s 62/2006/Q-BNN thng qua chin lc ti to ti nguyn rng giai on
2006 2020, do B NN & PTNT ban hnh ngy 16/8/2006
Quyt nh s 2366/Q/BNN-LN thng qua chin lc bo tn v pht trin lm sn
khng phi g rng giai on 2006-2020, do B NN & PTNT ban hnh 17/8/2006
Ngh quyt v mc tiu iu chnh d n 5 triu hec ta rng ti sinh giai on 20062010, thng qua ti k hp th 10 Quc hi kho XI ngy 29/11/2006.
Quyt nh S. 106/2006/Q-BNN, v qun l cng ng lng bn trng rng ban hnh
bi B NN & PTNT ngy 27/1/2007
Quyt nh s18/2007/QD-TTg, ngy 5/2/2007 ca Th tng chnh ph v chin lc
pht trin rng Vit Nam 2006-2020
Chin lc pht trin rng Vit Nam 2006 - 2020
Ngh nh s 38/2007/TT-BNN v khai thc rng, giao rng cho cc t chc, h gia nh,
c nhn, cng ng (B NN & PTNT ban hnh ngy 25/4/2007)
Ngh nh s 48/2007/NDD-CP v nguyn tc v phng php nh gi gi tr ca rng
do chnh ph ban hnh ngy 28/3/2007
Thng t lin tch s 15/2007/TTLT-BTC-BNN&PTNT, hng dn s dng v qun l
ngn sch nh nc v ht ging, vt nui trng rng do B NN&PTNT v B Ti chh
ban hnh ngy 8/3/2007
Mc ch chung ca cc chinh sch trn l pht trin rng mt cch bn vng phc v
nhu cu ch bin v bo v mi trng (Mc ch chung ca vic pht trin rng Vit Nam
l thit lp mt din tch rng bao ph 43-44% in tch t nc vo nm 2010). Khuyn
khch ngnh ch bin g, xut khu v trng rng ly g.
S khch l cng c ginh cho vic trng rng, c bit l xc tin pht trin kinh t
trng rng. Mt s thng tin c bn v u i ti chnh l :
Gim li sut cho hot ng u t vo trng rng (t 0 n 5% ca chu k trng rng
u tin);
Min thu t trong hai chu k u cho mi loi v tng hp ng bo v rng (c vi
ngi bn a v cc cng ty/doanh nghip v rng) thng qua mt c ch chia li nhun
ph hp;
Cung cp ht ging cho nng dn v
Khuyn khch thnh lp cc lin doanh trng rng, ch bin g v sn xut xut khu.
37
khuyn khch cc doanh nghip ch bin g xut khu, t nm 1998, Chnh ph Vit Nam
ban hnh cc vn bn php quy lin quan n xut khu g v nhp khu nguyn liu
g th (Ngh nh s 57/1998/ND-CP ngy 31/7/1998 ca Chnh ph; Quyt nh s
65/1998/QD-TTg ngy 24/3/1998 ca Th tng chnh ph Thng t s.122/1999/TT-BNNPTLN ngy 27/3/1998 ca B NN & PTNT) qun l xut khu g sn xut t g t
nhin v to iu kin thun li cho vic nhp khu nguyn liu cng nh s dng ti u
ngun g trng. Thu nhp khu i vi g nguyn liu l 0% (g khc, g x v g vn)
Trong nm 2004, khuyn khch ch bin g xut khu, Th tng ch o cc b ban
ngnh v u ban nhn dn cc cp thc hin cc nhim v sau:
T chc sn xut trong nc v nhp khu, tho mn nhu cu hin ti v nguyn liu th
cho ngnh cng nghip g, sn xut g tiu dng trong nc v xut khu.
Xem xt, chnh sa v b sung cc chnh sch h tr to iu kin thun li cho cc
doanh nghip thuc cc ngnh kinh t tham gia vo u t trong lnh vc ch bin g,
tho mn nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu.
Tip tc xem xt, chnh sa v b sung cc chnh sch hin thi, cc th tc hnh chnh
tho g nhng kh khn cho cc nh sn xut g; cung cp nhng hng dn v
h tr cn thit cho cc doanh nghip trong vic tm kim u ra cho sn phm v
tng bc xut khu sn phm g.
Cc c quan
B NN & PTNT s chu trch nhim v tt c cc vn lin quan n rng, t trng
rng, bo v rng n khai thc ch bin lm sn. C 3 V lin quan n cng vic ny:
V trng rng, V bo v rng v V Nng nghip v qun l ch bin lm sn. Nhim
v c th ca B NN & PTNT nh sau:
38
Nhanh chng xem xt, hon thin v thng qua k hoch trng rng nguyn liu m
bo ngun cung n nh v nguyn liu th cho ngnh cng nghip ch bin g; nh
du din tch vi nhiu cy g ln, qu him m bo ngun g n nh duy
tr s pht trin v sn xut cc sn phm th cng m ngh.
Hng dn vic la chn c cu cy trng cho mi vng t sn lng v hiu qu
kinh t, m bo tiu chun nguyn liu vic sn xut v ch bin g; v cung lc a ra
bin php y cy con (bao gm cy nghin cu, cy trng trong nc v nhp khu)
trng rng nguyn liu; thc hin nhim v thc y trng rng, chuyn giao tin b
cng ngh v sn xut cy ging, trng rng, cc k thut chm sc v bo v.
Trn c s quy hoch trng rng, xem xt v b sung cc chnh sch khuyn khch cc
thnh phn kinh t khc u t trng rng, hng li t rng nguyn liu c bit l t
cc chnh sch u i v t, tn dng v cc h tr v ging, c s h tng v vng
nguyn li v bn sn phm.
Nhanh chng trin khai nghin cu s b v u t th nghim vo vic sn xut vn
nhn to trong nc v nh gi y v hiu qu u t, u ra sn phm nh
hng pht trin trong thi gian ti; da trn c s , a ra gii php p ng nhu cu
tiu th g vn nhn to trong nc v nguyn liu sn xut g xut khu.
Cung cp thng tin v nhu cu nhp khu, cc quy nh v nhp khu sn phm g hin
ti ca mt s nc chnh; b sung chnh sch, g b tr ngi v kh khn hin ti
tng bc thc y xut khu g, c bit l sang cc th trng c nhu cu ln nh
Bc M, EU, Nht, Trung Quc v ASEAN.
Trn c s cc chng trnh xc tin thng mi hng nm, t chc hi ch thng
mi g ti cc thnh ph ln trong nc, cng lc la chn, t chc v hng dn cc
doanh nghip Vit Nam tham d cc h ch thng mi quc t ti cc nc gii thiu
v qun co sn phm g ca Vit Nam, tm kim khch hng v k hp ng xut khu;
t tho thun vi Hip hi g v lm sn Vit Nam lp trang web v sn phm g cng
nh hot ng sn xut g v cc doanh nghip xut khu ti Vit Nam.
To iu kin thun li cho Hip hi g v lm sn Vit Nam tham gia cc s kin trao
i kinh nghim v thc y quan h vi cc hip hi g v lm sn ca cc nc
ASEAN v trn th gii
Theo ui cc cuc m phn cp chnh ph gia Vit Nam v cc nc trong khu vc v
trn th gii v nhp khu nguyn liu g th theo phng thc hng i hng, to c s
php l cho cc doanh nghip ch bin g c hot ng.
B Cng nghip s chu trch nhim phi hp vi B NN & PTNT, Hip hi g v lm
sn Vit Nam nh gi hin trng, nh hng v thu thp nhu cu v cc sn phm g ti
ch v sn xut cc thit b cng ngh; trn c s a ra nhng chnh sch ph hp
hng dn v nh hng nhng nghin cu tp trung vo sn xut trong nc v nhp
khu, thc y quan h hp tc gia cc ngnh cng nghip c kh v cng nghip ch
bin g.
UBND tnh v thnh ph trc thuc trung ng chu trch nhim xut v trin khai cc
chng trnh pht trin rng ti cc khu vc mnh qun l. H tr vic xy dng c s
40
hn tng cho cc khu sn xut tp trung, gii quyt cc kh khn trong sn xut cho cc
doanh nghip, lng ngh thuc lnh vc ch bin v sn xut g xut khu.
3.3
Mng li h tr thng mi
Cui nm 1998, B trng B Thng Mi (nay l B Cng Thng) ca Vit Nam ban
hnh Quyt nh thnh lp U Ban Xc Tin Thng Mi. Thng 7 nm 2000, Th tng
ban hnh Quyt nh thnh lp Cc Xc Tin Thng Mi (Vietrade) trc thuc trc tip B
Thng Mi. Vietrade c u quyn thc hin chc nng v hot ng ging nh cc t
chc xc tin thng mi quc gia trn ton th gii v gi vai tr iu hnh trong vn
xc tin thng mi.
Hin nay, v c cu t chc, Vietrade c 5 phng, mt vn phng i din H Ch Minh v
hai trung tm thng mi ti New York v Dubai (xem s di y). Trong tng lai, c
th Vietrade s thnh lp thm cc trung tm pht trin xut khu ti cc a im xung yu
ca Vit Nam v nc ngoi. Cc hin nay ang d tho xut thnh lp cc trung tm v
trnh ln cc c quan hu quan.
B Cng Thng
TT TM VN ti New
York
Phng
HTQT
Phng HC
TT TM VN ti Dubai
VIETRADE
P. H tr v
xc tin
doanh nghip
Phng thng
tin v nghin
cu th trng
Dept.
Phng
thng mi
in t
Vn phng
i din
vietrade ti
HCM
Ngoi ra, ti 15 tnh thnh trc thuc chnh ph trung ng, cc trung tm/vn phng Xc
tin thng mi bo co ln cc S Thng Mi tnh. Nhng vn phng/trung tm ny c
mi quan h theo chiu dc vi Vietrade.
Dept. Ngoi Vietrade, mt s t chc h tr thng mi
khc cng hot ng trong lnh vc ny, nh:
3.4
Qu h tr ti chnh
Khi ti chnh thng mi c quan tm, th cc doanh nghip thuc lnh vc c th tip cn
cc ngun ti chnh sau y:
Hng mc
2006-2010
2011-2020
Total
Chi ph u t
31,946.17
68,413.63 100,359.80
94
16,214.55
28,220.80
44,435.35
44.3
Bo v rng, bo tn a dng
sinh hc v chng trnh pht
trin dch v mi trng
3,871.00
10,262.60
14,133.60
14.1
10,428.07
26,662.50
37,090.57
37
546.96
848.82
1,359.80
1.3
885.57
2,418.91
3,304.48
3.3
1,939.17
4,460.09
6,399.26
6.0
Tng s vn cn thit
33,885.34
72,873.72 106,759.06
100
Cc ngn hng thng mi (4 ngn hng nh nc vi hn 1200 chi nhnh, 36 ngn hng
c phn, 15 chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi, 4 ngn hng lin doanh)
Qu tn dng nhn dn
Ngn hng chnh sch x hi
Cc t chc kim dut cht lng nh SGS (Thy S), OMIC (Nht Bn), Vinalcontrol
(Vit Nam) ang hot ng ti VN v c th c cc nh nhp khu u quyn tin hnh
44
kim duyt cui cng. Cc t chc kim tra cht lng chuyn mn ho v g ni tht
v ang c thnh lp Vit Nam. Cc dch v vn ti c cc cng ty cung cp rng ri
(nh nc, t nhn hoc cng ty nc ngoi). C hng trm cng ty vn vn ti ng bin
v doanh nghip vn chuyn hng ti Vit Nam. g ni tht c th c chuyn t Vit
Nam sang bt k mt nc no trn th gii (thm ch l dch v tn ca) bng ng bin
hoc bng ng khng, hoc c th bng xe ti n nc lng ging nh Trung Quc, Lo
v Campuchia. Cc cng ty vn ti bng ng bin v cc cng ty vn ti cung cp dch v
vn chuyn (c trong phm vi Vit Nam v nc ngoi) cung cp c dch v ng gi hng
chuyn nghip.
Mt s cng ty chuyn pht nhanh hot ng Vit Nam nh DHL, UPS, FedEx, EMS vv
h tr hot ng giao dch kinh doanh ca cc nh xut khu Vit Nam vi khch hng ti
nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, vn n ng bin v ng khng Vit Nam th t hn rt
nhiu so vi Trung Quc, y l cn tr ln nh hng ti tnh cnh tranh ca lnh vc
xut khu trong tng lai ca Vit Nam.
4. Phn tch SWOT
Bng 10: Phn tch SWOT i vi mt hng g ni tht ca Vit Nam
im mnh
im yu
C hi
Thch thc
47
Trin vng
Hin nay, ngnh cng nghip ni tht ca Vit Nam ch yu c chia thnh hai hnh thc:
cao nht v qun l v vn hnh cc dch v. Bng cht lng sn phm trn th trng,
ngnh phi m bo s tin tng ca khch hng v hnh nh Vit Nam l mt t nc tt
c th pht trin kinh doanh.
V gi tr, chin lc pht trin xut khu ca B Thng Mi t ra mc tiu t c
5.56 t la M gi tr xut khu ti nm 2010 v 7 t la M ti nm 2020 cho mt hng
g ni tht. y l mc tiu y tham vng v s t c ch bng cch tp trung v qun l
cn thn cc yu t u vo mi cp v c bit l phi y mnh ngun cung cp
nguyn liu cng nh ngun nhn lc c tay ngh v phng php qun l cht lng
5.2
6.1
Pht trin
Mc tiu
t c 5.56 t la M gi tr xut khu ti
Tng c hi vic lm l
nm 2010 v 7 t la M ti nm 2020 v do
kt qu trc tip ca
trong lnh vc ny
Tiu ch
nc nh ..
Pht trin
gp vo xo i gim
vc nng tn v thnh
th l kt qu trc tip
h ngho cc khu vc
rng chnh.
trong lnh vc ny
Pht trin
Qun l bn vng, s
sn xut
c n in cng
nn c qun l bn
1 triu ha n in mi
nhn to v g trng
s c hnh thnh ti
ha/nm s c trng
Ti nm 2020, 30%
s c chng nhn
50
6.2
Sng kin
Ngun
Tiu ch
Chnh ph VN nn tm kim
lc
nhp khu g
m bo tip cn
nc cung cp g c c
nhn to ti
nguyn liu th
hp ng di hn v cung cp
B Mi trng
nm 2010 v
ph hp
g vi gi c cnh tranh. ng
B K hoch v u t
70% trong
nc s c
cung cp ti
lm nghip ca nhiu nc
nm 2020
khc nhau cc nh u t
n nh sn
xut g trong
doanh vi cc nc ny.
nc vi mc
tiu t 9.7
vng c c g c
triu M3/ mt
nm ti nm
2010 v 20
24 triu M3/
n nm 2020
(bao gm 10
triu M3 g
ln).
v tr a l.
Cung cp g
Ti tr khng hon li ca
ch bin giy,
3.4
u t ra nc ngoi / phi
triuM3/nm
hp vi tc nc ngoi
ti nm 2010,
v 8.3 triu
Gim 50%
B Thng Mi
M3/nm n
nm 2020
C cc chng
dng t v mc ch u c
trnh khuyn
B K hoch v u t
khch
C cc din
n tho lun
hiu qu ca rng.
H tr cc cng ty tip cn
trc tip m khng cn phi
qua trung gian v khuyn
khch cc cng ty u t vo
cc h tng cha g, l tng
l c cha l sy g
51
Hnh thnh cc
lc
cng ty mi
Khuyn khch s
chuyn cung
pht trin
cp
thu ph v cc
ngnh h tr
52
vo lnh vc ny.
lc
H tr i mi
cng ngh x l
cc thit b x l
B K hoch v u t
Thnh lp nn cc n v chc
nng vi cc th ch o to
Hip hi thng mi nh
HAWA, VIFOREST,hip
cc cng ty x l g.
hi thng mi v cc tp
ch thng mi ph hp
mi v hot ng thng mi
phi hp cht ch vi nh sn
xut/ kinh doanh/cung cp
thit b c th h tr ti
chnh v k thut.
Bn tin v thit b x l cn
phi c pht hnh. Mt
trang web c ni dung v s
pht trin ca thit b x l g,
chi tit v nh cung cp, chc
nng v ch tiu k thut ca
my mc v cc thit b khc
nn c trin khai.
lc
st sn xut, gim c bn
lc ca nh xut
khu v mt kin
o to cn b v th tc nhp
750-1000 key
VIETRADE (s tay
staffs of wood
processing
Cc trng i hc v
companies are
cao ng
adequately
Trng lm nghip,
trained and a
sn xut, k nng
trung tm o to ngh
core group of
qun l,
thuc B NN
trainers are
marketing
trnh...
Chuyn gia o to v
also trained.
Cc chng trnh o to v
t vn o to di hn
sy g v x l g
Cc chng trnh o to v
B gio dc v o to
hon chnh b mt g. Kt hp
B lao ng v thng
cht ch vi nh cung cp ph
tng/nguyn liu (PU, nguyn
liu m vng...) chuyn giao
binh x hi
Chng trnh ti tr
nh GTZ, IFC,
53
cng ngh
MPDF
Nh cung cp nguyn
liu/ph tng
B Nng nghip
lc
B lao ng v thng
to cho
o to ngh cho
binh x hi
khong
cng nhn
lc o to hp l
B gio dc v o to
2,000-3,000
Hng nm o
cn b lnh
ti cc trng o to ngh
ngh
VIETRADE
lc
B Nng nghip
Vin/Trung
Tng cng i
B lao ng v thng
tm thit k
mi thit k v
o to ca trng Cao ng
binh x hi
sn phm /
pht trin sn
phm
lnh vc thit k.
Thnh lp
Xy dng
nng lc cho
To ra nhiu c hi cho cc
Trng o to ngh
trng thit
nh tit k lm vic cc nh
Hip hi x l g
k trong nc
my ca cc nh sn xut g
(VIFOREST v hip
hi g HCM /HAWA,
100 nh thit
Binh Dinh)
k trong nc
JICA, GTZ
o to cho
60 cng ty
k) tham gia vo c hi ch
tham gia vo
trong nc v nc ngoi
chng trnh
nm bt c xu th ca th
thit k ni
trng.
tr
Cc phng thit k nn c
thnh lp ti cc trng o
to ngh ch bin g
54
t mua di hn n phm ni
tht v thi trang
VIETRADE (Chng
o to cho
lc
khong 10 -20
Xy dng nng
c th ca ngnh v c cu th
mi trong nc)
chuyn gia
lc cho cc
Hip hi g ca
th cng
HCM/HAWA, Bnh
ng cho lnh
nh v VIFOREST
vc ni tht g
lc
s dng kt hp gia g v cc
M rng hng
B Mi trng
ho xut khu
VIETRADE
Tt nht l thnh lp mt c
nhm to ra cc sn phm
c gi tr cao)
l VIETRADE nn thc
dng iu khc do th th
nh gi c s h tng chnh
m bo rng c
B Nng nghip v
ti bin gim
10-20%
ca vn ti ng bin ti cc
B Giao thng vn ti
nc l thun tin
B Lao ng v thng
Chi ph vn
s h tng trong
Bnh nh
binh x hi
150 nh xut
khu t tiu
Tp trung tt c cc ngun lc
chun ISO v
SA 8000
55
C s h tng
Pht trin th
t nhn t vn thit k, o
trng dch v
doanh theo
vo phc tp
hng t nhn
C s h tng
H tr tn dng
xut khu cho cc
nh xut khu
B Thng Mi
B Ti Chnh
B Nng nghip v
trong ngnh
B K hoch v u tu
Ngn hng nh nc
Vit Nam
nhm h tr vn ti ng b
v ng bin
C s h tng
o to cn b chuyn trch
nhn lc
B Nng nghip v
Tt c cc cn
b chuyn
B Lao ng v thng
trch v x l
binh x hi
g cp c s
T vn quc t
s c o
to 3
hi x l g. Ci tin s lin
Chng trnh
trao i kinh
bc chuyn mn ho tng
nghim s
giai on sn xut.
uc t chc
hng nm
C s h tng
Lp h thng
quyn s hu tr
tu
p dng quyn s hu tr tu
cho cc nh thit k Vit Nam
B Khoa hc cng
ngh, B Cng thng
Trin khai bo
v quyn s
hu tr tu
56
Tip cn th
trng
Khuyn khch
Chng trnh hi ch
thng mi ca
H tr cc cng ty ln ca Vit
Vietrade v cc hip hi
vo hi ch
VIETRADE (S tay
thng mi
quc t mi
tham gia vo cc
th trng quc t
khu)
200 cng ty
hiu.
s dng s tay
hng dn
xut khu ca
bn s hoc mua i l bn s
VIETRADEs
c v cc i l ny tip
v m rng
cn c vi cc nh bn l.
cc hot ng
marketing c
v tr trn th trng v c c
tnh ch ng
50 nh xut
s t khch hng ln
nh xut khu
Kim ngch
tr ln hn m nh sn xut l
xut khu ca
g ni tht
lin tc tng
vi t l t
hi ch thng mi quc t
nht l
15%/nm
Thnh lp h thng Ph hp
gia ngi sn xut v khch
hng
Tip cn th
T chc cc hi ch ni tht
VIETRADE
g ni tht s
bin g (VIFOREST v
c t chc
hng nc ngoi
Hip hi g ti
ti H Ch
ti Vit Nam
khch nc ngoi
Minh v Bnh
Dinh)
nh vo nm
trng
Thu ht khch
Cc hi tho
2010
Cc chuyn
cng tc cho
57
khch hng
thn thit
c t chc
hng nm
C cu tiu dng ang thay i. Nhng mt hng r v n gin sn xut hng lot
khng cn nhiu tim nng v xc tin thng mi na thm ch c trn th trng chnh.
Th trng i hi sn phm tinh vi, thi trang v a dng. Kiu cch thay i linh hot
c th l thit k c in thc s chuyn sang phong cch thit k hin i v thc t ri
thm ch ph cch. Phong cch chinoserie l kiu phong cch thng thy Vit Nam th
gi y gn nh bin mt ngoi tr gm s sn mi nhp khu. iu ny ch ra rng
lnh vc ny cn thch ng v thit k li s dng nn tng c bn coi nh l ngun
cm hng k tha c tnh sng to.
Thit k, pht trin v i mi sn phm: l phng php chnh nng cao li nhun
cho sn phm
Nhn hiu rt quan trng. Pht trin nhn hiu l chnh sch lu di nhng khng th
khi ng qu sm. Nhn bit nhn hiu cn c vo cht lng sn phm, thit k v
dch v, y chnh l cch lm cho gi bn cao hn.
C rt t thng tin v kh nng cung cp Vit Nam. Nh nhp khu thng phi n cc
nc Chu l nhng nc m h c th kt hp gia gp g cc nh cung cp vi vic
tham quan hi ch. Hi ch ni tht quc t duy nht ca HCM th khng c cng
ng quc t bit nhiu.
Vit Nam c bit n l nh cung cp ng tin cy nhng tng v phong cch sn
phm mi th t thy. Vit Nam khng p ng c nhu cu i mi lin tc vi hnh
nh ring bit v pht trin sn phm. Sn phm ca Vit Nam trng by hi ch khng
mi v khng hp dn c khch hng.
58
C th ni, trong tng lai, nh nhp khu/ khch hng cn phi c nh xut khu c u c
t chc c kh nng p ng c nhanh nhu cu ca th trng quc t, ch trng vo tm
quan trng ca thit k v pht trin sn phm v th hin c tim nng cng nh nhu cu
y mnh tng cng xut khu.
8
Huy ng ngun lc
Thnh lp mt Hip hi Ch bin g Quc gia Vit Nam l mt gii php l tng
p ng nhu cu v hng ngnh qua giai on quan pht trin chnh sch quan trng c
th a s tng trng c tnh hin tng thnh mt c s hp l, cn c s h tr t pha
chnh ph ng thi t c mc tiu ca chnh ph v mc ch pht trin x hi v xo
i gim ngho (xem hng dn thnh lp Hip hi phc luc 1)
Xy dng chng trnh trng nguyn liu c chng nhn, khai thc v ch bin
nguyn liu bn vng (C quan ch qun: B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn)
59
Thit lp pht trin, i mi v thit k sn phm bng cch thit lp Trung tm thit k
cng ngh ni tht.
Chuyn v lnh vc g ni ngoi tht (c th l mt phn ca Trung tm quc gia
v Thit k v Pht trin sn phm)
H tr Trng i hc M thut Cng nghip trong vic o to thit k ni ngoi
tht v kt ni sinh vin thit k c thc tp nm cui vi cc nh xut khu.
Thu thit k quc gia lm vic trong cc lnh vc th cng (h cn c tr cng
xng ng) cng lm vic vi thit k v chuyn gia trong v ngoi nc l nhng
ngi am hiu v xu hng th trng nhm pht trin cc thng phm c gi tr
cao.
o to thit k ni ngoi tht
Thit lp phng trng by sn phm c trng ca nh xut khu
T chc cc cuc thi thit k quc gia
o to marketing v trng pht trin thng hiu cp quc gia v cp doanh nghip,
thnh lp t nht mt Trung tm trin lm quc gia km theo 2-3 trung tm trng by khu
vc h tr v mt chng trnh tham gia hi ch thng mi quc t.
Cc chng trnh sau c xut nhm h tr gim thiu nguy c b kin chng ph gi
cho cc doanh nghip g ca Vit Nam:
Tp trung a dng ho sn phm
60
61
62
Ph lc 1
Mc ch v pht trin Hip hi- Cn thit cho s pht trin ca ngnh ni
tht Vit Nam
GII THIU.
Ngnh cng nghip ni tht ca Vit Nam ang pht trin qua mt giai on thay i ngon
mc khng song trng vi lch s ca n. T ch ch p ng c yu cu ca th trng
ni a v vi s lng xut khu trong khu vc gi tr thp l 120,000,000 la M vo
1999 ch yu l cc sn phm ni tht mang phong cch truyn thng dn tc t nhin tng
vt vi gi tr xut khu gp i hng nm t 2 t o la M doanh s bn hng vo nm
2006 v t mc tiu kim ngch xut khu nm 2010 l 5.5 t la M vi t l tng trng
hng nm l 29.8%. C khong gn 2000 cng ty ang hot ng trong ngnh v pht trin
tt.
p ng c thch thc v s tng trng nh th, ngnh cn phi c s lnh o sng
sut v cht ch. Ngnh cn phng tin lin lc gia cc yu t khc nhau ca ngnh, cn s
tham gia cp quc gia trong vic pht trin chnh sch c th a s tng trng c tnh
hin tng thnh mt c s hp l, cn c s h tr t pha chnh ph ng thi t c
mc tiu ca chnh ph v mc ch pht trin x hi v xo i gim ngho.
t c mc tiu , ngnh ni tht cn hnh thnh cc t chc khu vc vng mnh, ti
, nhng nhu cu v thch thc c bit ca tng vng c th c tho lun v gii quyt
cho tt c cc bn tham gia. Nhng t chc ca cc nh sn xut ni tht ny c th thay
phin nhau c thnh vin tham gia Hip hi quc gia tm ra cc chnh sch v cc vn
c gii quyt trn c s li ch ca ngnh.
Phi thy rng ngnh cng nghip ch bin g ti Vit Nam hin nay c tim nng hn rt
nhiu vic trng cy ly g.
Cung cp cc nguyn liu u vo nh vn, nh vn ghp, vn MDF v vn OSB,sn, vi,
da, ph kin, knh, nha, c tim nng ln thm ch ln hn ngnh cng nghip ch bin g
(trng hp i Loan l mt v d v c lp li nhanh chng ti Trung Quc)
V sau bn c dch v hon chnh t vic cung cp ti chnh, my mc, xy dng, h
thng qun l, o to, thit k, tip th, nguyn liu xc tin, ng gi, vn chuyn. Tt c
cc dch v ny u to ra vic lm v sn xut phn thnh.
Nu nh u ra ni tht t vi t th pha dch v v cung cp cng t c hng t ng
v ngnh cng nghip tng hp tr thnh ng c pht trin quy m ln hn so vi n
ngnh cng nghip ni tht g v chui gi tr m Vit Nam c th tham gia tr nn ln hn
v s phn thnh s xut hin mi ni.
Vy c th bt u t u ?
Phng php v cch tip cn
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Bc 1
Thnh lp ra mt i tham quan bao gm thnh vin ca Vietrade, thnh vin ca ngnh
dch v 10 v mt t vn k thut. Nhim v ca i l lm c s cho cc nh lnh o cng
nghip c quyn s hu li ch ca ngnh mang li.
Bc 2.
Chn ra mt s lnh o ca ngnh i vi tng khu vc, n thm quan. Trong qu trnh
thm quan, nn c s tham gia ca i tham quan xy dng cc bin php bo mt m
bo mt hip hi c ngha hoc tng cng hn na hip hi hin c.
Bc 3.
Vi s h tr ca cc thnh vin trong cc chuyn thm c nhn s to ra hng lot cc cuc
hp cp khu vc. Mc ch ca cc cuc hp ny l a ra cc c hi v thch thc gp phi
v cng nhau n lc thnh lp ra mt hip hi c ngha hoc vn gi nguyn hip hi sn
c nhng thay i n thnh mt c quan c tc dng v ngha hn.
Cn phi tin hnh cc cuc hp ny v cc thnh vin nn c mi n cuc hp. Vietrade
nn h tr a im v l ngi ch tr. Tt nht l cc cuc hp ny nn c ch tho
lun lin quan trc tip n ngi tham gia v c th m rng tho lun hn na.
Hnh thc ca cc cuc hp ny nn nh th c th cho php nhng ngi c kh nng
quyt nh ca ngnh tham gia v nn thu ht s tham gia ca h. Cc cuc hp nn c t
chc sau gi hnh chnh hoc nn gn lin vi cc ba n sau thoi mi hi thoi v vic
thnh lp hip hi.
Khi , cc bn c th nht tr hip hi c i vo hot ng v mt ln na Vietrade nn
h tr cc cng vic th k cn thit lin quan n sng kin ny.
Bc 4.
Mt hip hi c hnh thnh, cc thnh vin c chn vo Hip hi quc gia i din cho
cc t chc khu vc ca mnh.
Hip hi quc gia nn lp ra mt ban th k thng trc, hot ng ny nn c Vitrade
h tr nhng cng cn c c s ring ca hi. Hin nay chng ta c nn tng c bn thc t
c th hot ng trong lnh vc ny v tp trung vo gii quyt cc vn tc ng ti
ngnh.
Bc 5.
4 bc cp trn ph hp vi quy m ca ngnh ti Vit Nam v c 4 bc ngy cn
uc thc hin. bc th 5 ny, chng ta v ang bn ti lnh vc ni tht g ring bit
nhng thc t l n c phm vi rng hn:
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NH NGHA
Hip hi thch nghi l cng c m ngnh v chnh ph phi hp cng nhau thch ng v s
thay i qua thi gian, c nhim v pht trin chnh sch, sng kin chin lc nh hng
tch cc ti s pht trin ca ton ngnh theo mt cch c k hoch v thng nht.
C ch ny hot ng:
Thng qua s tham vn vi nhng ngi tham gia trong ngnh
Tm ra im mnh v im yu ca ngnh
Thng qua vic p dng chnh sch v pht trin chin lc gii quyt nhng kh khn
v
Thng qua vic ph bin thng tin v o to cho php khai thc im mnh v gii
quyt cc kh khn.
Mt Hip hi thch ng i din cho li ch ca tng doanh nghip tm kim li nhun ln
nht ng thi thy c rng pht trin thnh cng, c nhng lnh vc cn n s phi
hp gia nh cung cp, chnh ph v ngi lao n. y c coi l nhng nhn t t c
mc ch.
iu cn lm i vi Hip hi thch ng l phi c mt ch tch ngi c lp vi li ch
thng mi ca ngnh
VAI TR LNH O
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Ngnh no cng c nhiu ngi tham gia. Ch cng ty, cng nhn, nh cung cp, khch hng
l nhng ngi tham gia chnh. C li ch x hi v li ch ln hn, c i din bi chnh
ph. Chnh ph phi xem n mc ch lu di ca x hi v tng lnh vc ca x hi nh
hng th no ti cc li ch ln. Phc li x hi xt v ton cc th khng cn thit i vi
li ch trc mt ca tng cng ty v cc nhm p lc ti mt thi im nht nh.
Cc hip hi ca cc ngnh khc cng k vng v nhng g h nhn thy ngay lp tc nh
hng ti thnh vin ca h. Mt vi v d di y l rt hu ch:
Gi g nh hng trc tipp ti li ch. Ngnh ni tht c th tip tc tm kim cc ngun
cung cp g thay th. Mc d g gi r s dn n:
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66
S dng lng ph ngun ti nguyn rng theo thi gian s ph hy ti nguyn rng,
nh hng ti ngun nc, ti mi trng v dn n sa mc ha t sn xut
S dng khng hiu qu g, coi n nh nguyn vt liu s dn n gim nng sut v
li ch thp
Gim cung cp do gi khng kinh t v chuyn t g n thnh g x
Cng nhn lm vic trong mi trng lm pht s ch c hy vng duy nht thot i
ngho nn tm cch tng lng nhm p ng nhu cu hng ngy ca h. Lin hip
thng mi s c vai tr h tr thnh vin t c nguyn vng. Do vy, gii php l
phi tng nng sut, cht lng v cc hot ng khc nu khng th:
Gim cng n vic lm
Gim li nhun dn n gim u t
Mt tnh cnh tranh dn n mt th phn.
Nhng nh cung cp (g v nh cung cp vn, si) c th tm thy li nhun trc mt
ln hn trong kinh doanh hn l cung cp cho cc nh sn xut v do h s trnh vic
cung cp. Tuy nhin, h cng cn tnh ton nhng nh hng ti li ch lu di, chng
hn nh:
Th trng xut khu s tm kim nguyn liu c cht lng hang u v nguyn
liu c cht liu ng th hai v tay nh cung cp do gim sn lng v li nhun
ca h.
Trong trng hp c suy thoi thng mi trn th trng xut khu, mt th trng
ni a an ton c th l ng cu th c ngnh kinh doanh c nh hng xut khu.
Chi ph dch v ca th trng ni da th cao hn nhng th trng gn lin vi th
trng xut khu v iu ny cn c tnh ton sao cho cn bng chi ph.
Chnh ph s c th phi n nh biu thu gii hn i vi hng ha nhp khu v dch
v pht trin ngnh nh l mt gii php thu ngn sch, ng thi khng h tr dch
v cho php ngnh pht trin nh o to, pht trin xut khu, h tr c s h tng vv
Rt n gin khi xem xt bt k mt kh khn c bit no t mt kha cnh n l v cn
phi c hnh ng vo thi im thch hp. l vai tr ca VFAA s c vai tr bao qut
chung cho ton ngnh v trin khai chnh sch v chin lc nh hng ti cc li ch ln
ca ngnh nhm t c mc ch di hn.
C TIN L NO KHNG?
mt cht, vo gia nhng nm 60 v 70 khi Ai Len tham gia vo Khi th trng chung Chu
u, nay l EU. C hai giai on ny cc k th thch. C hai nc u vt qua thnh cng
th thch. Trng hp ca Vit Nam s vt qua c th thch nu s dng phng php
nh vy.
Quc gia c v tr a l di vi c s th trng trong nc thit cht ch v kh hoc khng
th tip cn c th trng ni a khu vc, phi i mt vi thch thc t cc th trng
xut khu khu vc ti ng Nam , Nht Bn, Bc M, Chu u v Trung ng.
CC HOT NG NO M HIP HI THCH NG C TH PHI TRIN KHAI?
Ngnh cng nghip ni tht Vit Nam ang pht trin rt nhanh. Cn c vo u ra, mc d
c c s vt cht v thit b tt ca mt ngnh cng nghip pht trin nhng kh nng sn
xut hin nay khng phn nh uc iu ny mc d c s tng trng nhanh v xut khu.
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