NORMALIZATION

Normalization is process of splitting the base table into multiple tables based on the
theory of Functional Dependency.
OR
Normalization is repetitive process in order to identify the functional dependencies
among the columns and to remove them. If any functional dependency is occurred after
the normalization process again we have to start the same process until all functional
dependencies have been removed.
To do this Normalization we have to follow rules or conditions called Normal Forms.
Un-Normalized Table
EMPNO PROJNO ENAME PNAME

11
22
33

(P1, P2)
(P2, P3)
(P1, P3)

----------

SAL BUD DEPTNO DNAME LOC

(Pn1, Pn2) ----- ----10
-----------(Pn2, Pn3) ----- ----10
-----------(Pn1, Pn3) ----- ----20
------------

EMPNO and PROJNO are Primary Keys called COMPOSITE PRIMARY KEY
FIRST NORMAL FORM (1NF): According to first normal form table should contain
only single values columns. But in the above un-normalized table the columns PROJNO
and PNAME contains multiple values.
To make the table into first normal form we should have to split the multiple values into
single values.
EMPNO PROJNO ENAME PNAME

11
11
22
22
33
33

P1
P2
P2
P3
P1
P3

-------------------

Pn1
Pn2
Pn2
Pn3
Pn1
Pn3

SAL
-------------------------

BUD DEPTNO DNAME LOC

----10
---------------10
---------------10
---------------10
---------------20
---------------20
------------

SECOND NORMAL FORM (2NF):

According to second normal form table should be in 1NF and we should have to remove
Partial Functional Dependency.
In the above table DEPTNO non-key column dependent part of the Primary key column
i.e.EMPNO. It means there existed Partial functional dependency.
To make the table into second normal form we have to divide the table into multiple
tables.
PROJ-INFO
PROJNO
P1
P2
P3

PNAME
Pn1
Pn2
Pn3

BUD
----------------

EMP-INFO
EMPNO ENAME SAL DEPTNO DNAME LOC
11
------10
---------22
------10
---------33
------20
---------THIRD NORMAL FORM (3NF):
According to second normal form table should be in 2NF and we should have to remove
Transitive Functional Dependency.
In the above EMP-INFO table non-key column DNAME dependent part on the other
non- key column i.e.DEPTNO. It means there existed Transitive functional dependency.
To make the table into third normal form we have to divide the table into multiple tables.
PROJ-INFO
PROJNO
P1
P2
P3

PNAME
Pn1
Pn2
Pn3

EMP-INFO
EMPNO ENAME SAL
11
------22
------33
-------

BUD
---------------DEPT-INFO
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10
---------20
----------