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33-ODOT Prestressed Design FINAL
33-ODOT Prestressed Design FINAL
B id Design
D i
Specifications
Prestressed Concrete
RICHARD A. MILLER, PhD, PE, FPCI
PROFESSOR
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
General
July 2007
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General
LRFD
July 2007
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= Relative Humidity
ti
5
1 + f ci '
fci
t
ktd =
61 4 f ci '+t
Std. Spec did not have a creep coefficient. Previous versions of LRFD use a
different equation. It is similar to the ACI equation using t0.6 /(10+ t0.6).
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t
ktd =
61 4 f ci '+t
= Relative Humidity
Std. Spec. set shrinkage = 0.002. Previous editions of LRFD used an ACI type
equation with a term of t/(35+t).
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July 2007
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E c = 33, 000K1w1.5
f c ' (5.4.2.4-1)
c
= 0.2
02
(5 4 2 5)
(5.4.2.5)
Where:
K1 = Aggregate factor. Taken as 1.0 unless determined by
testing or as approved by a jurisdiction.
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For prestressed girders, the following service load combinations are most
common:
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Prestressed Concrete: Slide #11
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LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
CV
STRENGTH I
(unless noted)
1.75
1.00
--
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
STRENGTH II
1.35
1.00
--
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
STRENGTH III
1.00
1.40
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
STRENGTH IV
1.00
--
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
--
--
--
--
--
--
STRENGTH V
1.00
0.40
1.0
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
Load Combination
1.35
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Load Combination
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
CV
EXTREME EVENT I
EQ
1.00
--
--
1.00
--
--
--
1.00
--
--
--
EXTREME EVENT II
0.50
1.00
--
--
1.00
--
--
--
--
1.00
1.00
1.00
--
0.75
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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Prestressed Concrete: Slide #13
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LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
SERVICE I
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.30
1.0
1.00
1.00/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
SERVICE II
1.00
1.30
1.00
--
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
--
--
--
--
--
--
SERVICE III
1.00
0.80
1.00
--
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
SERVICE IV
1.00
--
1.00
0.70
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
--
1.0
--
--
--
--
Load
Combination
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CV
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July 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO
LRFD
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Elements
Note: Multiple presence factors are NOT used with simplified distribution factors.
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This is part of
Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
showing common
precast/
prestressed
concrete bridge
types.
The letter below
the diagram
correlates to a set
of distribution
factors.
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10
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11
de
9.1
g = DFM
de = distance from edge of the traffic railing to the exterior web of the
exterior beam. The term de is positive when the railing is outboard
(shown) and negative when the railing is inboard. -1.0 < de < 5.5 ft.
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de
10
One lane loaded use the Lever Rule
e = 0.6 +
g = DFV
-1.0 < de < 5.5 ft.
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12
(LRFD
1 c1 (tan )
1.5
c1 = 0.25
12 Lt s
0.25
S
L
0.5
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12 Lt s3
1.0 + 0.20
K
g
0.3
tan
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13
M
36k
36k
R=
1.2 Pe RS = 0
1.2 Pe
1.2e
DF =
S
S
In the diagram,
diagram P/2 are the wheel loads; P
is the resultant force. All three loads are
NOT applied at the same time.
Note that truck cannot be closer than 2
(3.6.1.3)
from the barrier
8 ft
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Loads & Analysis: Slide #27
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DFExt ,Min =
NL
Nb
e
x
XExt
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
(C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
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14
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15
Type f
f (composite deck) or g
g with lateral PT LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1
Moment:
Two lanes loaded
DFM = k ( b/305 )0.6 ( b/12.0L )0.2 ( I/J )0.06
One lane loaded
DFM = k(b/33.3L)0.5(I/J)0.25
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16
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DFV (distribution factor for shear) does not change. It is the same
for Type g structures with and without lateral PT.
DFM is different. For Type g structures without lateral PT, the old
Standard Specifications equations are used.
NOTE: The Standard Specifications equations were based on wheel loads and
the LRFD equations are based on axle loads; so the equations changed by a
factor of 2.
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17
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C = K(W/L) < K
Where:
(1 + ) I
K=
J
N
Nonvoided
id d rectangular
t
l b
beams
07
0.7
0.8
1.0
Channel beams
2.2
T-beam
2.0
Double T-beam
2.0
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18
4 A2
J
S
t
Where:
A = Area enclosed by the centerline of the webs and flanges.
S = length
l
h off a web
b or flflange centerline.
li
t = thickness of the corresponding web or flange.
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19
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e = 1.125 + ( de / 30 ) > 1
de < 2.0 ft.
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20
48
g ext = eg int
b
48
1
b
b
d e + 2.0
12
e = 1+
40
0.5
de < 2.0
20
35 < b < 60 in
g = DFV
1.0
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e = 1.125 + ( de / 20 ) > 1
de < 2.0 ft.
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21
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When the skew angle of a bridge is small, say, less than 20o, it is
often considered safe to ignore the angle of skew and to analyze the
bridge as a zero-skew bridge whose span is equal to the skew span.
This approach is generally conservative for moments in the beams,
and slightly unsafe (<5%) for slab-on-girder decks for longitudinal
shears.
The LRFD Specifications Table 4.6.2.2.e-1 lists reduction multipliers
for moments in longitudinal beams.
The previous slide illustrates the multiplier for spread box beams,
adjacent box beams with concrete overlays or transverse posttensioning and double tees in multi-beam decks or Types (b), (c), (f)
and (g).
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22
1 .0 +
12.0 L
tan
90d
0o
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Flexure and Axial Loads
23
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24
Type of section
t > 0.005
Tension controlled
Compression controlled
Transition
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25
dt
In this condition, the top of the beam is usually in tension (due to the
prestressing). There is a net tensile strain in the prestressing steel of
p1. This is the initial pull minus any strain lost due to prestress losses.
At the level of the steel, there is a compressive strain the concrete, c.
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dt
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26
dt
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27
Prestressed:
Strain = 0
0.004
004
Phi = 0.92
0.95
Reinforced
Phi Factor
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
Compression
Controlled
0.65
0.6
0
0 001
0.001
Tension
Controlled
Transition
0 002
0.002
0 003
0.003
0 004
0.004
0 005
0.005
0 006
0.006
0 007
0.007
dt
1 1.0 (5.5.4.2.1-1)
c
dt
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28
= 0.90
0 90 + 0.10PPR
0 10PPR
PPR =
A ps f py
A ps f py + A s f y
(5 5 4 2 1 3)
(5.5.4.2.1-3)
(5.5.4.2.1-4)
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29
AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO
LRFD
Prestressed Beams with Bonded Tendons
c
(5.7.3.1.1-1)
5 7 3 1 1 1)
f ps = f pu 1 k
d p
Then:
0.85f c ' b a = A ps f ps
f py
k = 2 1.04
1 04
f pu
(5 7 3 1 1 2)
(5.7.3.1.1-2)
a = 1c
c
0.85f c ' b 1c = A ps f pu 1 k
d p
A ps f pu
c=
f
0.85f c ' 1 b + kA ps pu
dp
Stress in the steel, fps, can also be found from strain compatibility analysis.
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30
Aps f pu
c=
f pu
dp
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c
.85 f c ' b 1c + As ' f y ' = As f y + Aps f pu 1 k
dp
A f + As f y As ' f y '
c = ps pu
f pu (5.7.3.1.1-4)
0.85 f c ' 1 b + kAps
dp
The engineer must do an analysis to see if the compression steel yields. If the
compression steel does not yield, the actual stress is substituted for fy into
equation 5.7.3.1.1-4.
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31
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Prestressed Concrete: Slide #63
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a
a
M n = Aps f ps d p + As f y d s
2
2
(5.7.3.1.1-1)
a hf
2 2
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32
a h
M n = A psf ps d p + A sf y d s A 's f 's d 's + 0.85f 'c ( b b w ) h f f
2
2
2
2 2
a
a
a
M n = A psf ps d p + Asf y d s
2
2
M n = A psf ps d p
2
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c=
(5.7.3.1.1-3)
bw = web width
b = flange width
hf = flange thickness
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33
AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO
LRFD
Prestressed Beams with Unbonded Tendons
(5.7.3.1.2-1)
2l i
l e =
2 + Ns
(5.7.3.1.2-2)
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34
c=
(5.7.3.1.2-4)
For T-beams:
c=
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(5.7.3.1.2-3)
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f ps = f pe + 15
(C5.7.3.1.2-1)
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35
AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO
LRFD
Components with Both Bonded and
Unbonded Tendons
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36
c=
c=
Apsb f pu + Apsu f pe
f
0.85 f c ' 1 b + kAps pu
dp
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AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Moment Capacity
37
Moment Capacity
5.7.3.2 Flexural Resistance
Mn = Aps f psdp + As f y ds
2
2
(5.7.3.2.2-1)
a hf
a
As ' f y 'ds ' +0.85fc ' (b bw)hf
2
2 2
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Moment Capacity
5.7.3.2 Flexural Resistance
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38
Moment Capacity
5.7.3.3 Limits for Reinforcement
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Moment Capacity
5.7.3.3 Limits for Reinforcement
For the minimum reinforcement requirement, the cracking moment Mcr
is found from:
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r
Snc
Sc
fr
fcpe
Mdnc
Snc
(5.7.3.3.2-1)
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39
Moment Capacity
5.7.3.3 Limits for Reinforcement
c 3
dt 8
c 3
dt 5
3 c 3
> >
5 dt 8
Tension Controlled
t > 0.005
Compression Controlled
t <0.002
Transition
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Moment Capacity
5.7.3.3 Limits for Reinforcement
t = 0.003
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40
Moment Capacity
5.7.3.3 Limits for Reinforcement
Maximum Reinforcement
This is more restrictive that Std. Specification
p
or p
previous editions of
LRFD.
For reinforced sections, 0.75bal was used. This was a strain of 0.0037
in the steel.
For prestressed, Std. Spec. c/de ratio was limited to 0.42. This
corresponded to a strain of 0.0041
c
Tension Controlled
0.375 > 0.005
t
dt
c
0.42
de
c
0.45
de
Previous Editions
t >0.0041
Std. Specifications, RC.
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Prestressed Concrete: Slide #81
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Moment Capacity
5.7.3.4 Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement
s
700 e
2d c
s fs
s = 1+
(5.7.3.4-1)
dc
0.7(h d c )
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41
Moment Capacity
5.7.3.5 Moment Redistribution
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Moment Capacity
5.7.3.6.2 Deflection and Camber
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42
Low
Relaxation
Strand
Deformed
High-Strength
Bars
Pretensioning
Immediately prior to transfer (fpbt)
0.70 fpu
0.75 fpu
__
0.80 fpy
0.80 fpy
0.80 fpy
Post-Tensioning
Prior to seating short
short-term
term fpbt
bt may be allowed
0 90 fpy
0.90
0 90 fpy
0.90
0 90 fpy
0.90
0.70 fpu
0.70 fpu
0.70 fpu
0.70 fpu
0.74 fpu
0.70 fpu
0.80 fpy
0.80 fpy
0.80 fpy
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Bridge Type
Location
Stress Limit
Other than
Segmentally
Constructed
Bridges
N/A
0.24fci (ksi)
0.158fci (ksi)
0.6 fci (ksi)
0.0948fci <0.2(ksi)
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43
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Location
Stress Limit
0.45fc (ksi)
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0.45fc (ksi)
0.40fc (ksi)
0 60wfc (ksi)
0.60
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44
B id T
Bridge
Type
Other than
Segmentally
Constructed
Bridges
L
Location
ti
St
Stress
Li
Limit
it
0.19fc (ksi)
0.0948fc (ksi)
N T
No
Tension
i
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Loss of Prestressing Force
45
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f pT = f pES + f pLT
(5.9.5.1-1)
Post-tensioned Members:
f pT = f pF + f pA + f pES + f pLT
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(5 9 5 1-2)
(5.9.5.1-2)
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46
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Friction losses:
f pF = f pj 1 e ( kx +
(5.9.5.2.2b-1)
f pF = f pj 1 e ( + 0.04 )
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(5.9.5.2.2b-2)
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47
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Steel
Wire or
Strand
HS Bar
Duct
0.0002 .23
0.0002 .25
0.0002 .30
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48
f pES =
Ep
Ect
f cgp
(5.9.5.2.3a-1)
f pES =
N 1 Ep
f cgp
2N E ci
(5.9.5.2.3b-1)
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49
f pLT = 10
f pi Aps
Ag
h = 1.7 0.01H
st =
5
1 + f ci
h st + 12 h st + f pR
(5.9.5.3-1)
((5.9.5.3-2))
(5.9.5.3-3)
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50
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Level
Rectangular
Upper Bound
Average
29.0 + 4.0PPR
Box Girder
Upper Bound
Average
21.0 + 4.0PPR
19.9 + 4.0PPR
15.0
Single T, Double
T, Hollow core
and Voided Slab
Upper Bound
f ' 6.0
Average
f ' 6.0
Type of Beam
Section
f ' 6 .0
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S TO
Bond/Development Length
For ffully
F
ll b
bonded
d d strands,
t d th
the ttransfer
f llength
th ffrom
the end of the girder is assumed to be 60db,
where db is the bar or strand diameter.
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53
l d = f ps f pe d b
3
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(5.11.4.2-1)
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Where:
ld = development length
fps = steel stress at strength limit state
fpe = effective prestressing stress after all losses
db = strand diameter
=1.0 for pretensioned panels, piles and other
pretensioned members with a depth < 24 inches.
= 1.6
1 6 ffor pretensioned
t
i
d members
b
with
ith a d
depth
th > 24 iinches
h
= 2.0 for debonded strand
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54
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f px = f pe +
l px 60d b
l d 60d b
(f
ps
f pe )
(5.11.4.2-4)
Where:
fpx = stress at x from the end of the girder
fpe = effective stress in the steel after all losses
fps = stress in the steel at the strength limit state
lpx = length were the stress is being calculated
ld = development length
db = strand diameter
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55
f px =
l px f pe
(5.11.4.2-3)
60db
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56
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Shear
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Vr = Vn
(5.8.2.1-2)
Vu Vr
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July 2007
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Prestressed Concrete: Slide #7
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Vs =
Av f y jd cot
s
Av f y d v cot
s
(Note that if j = 1 and = 45o, we get the old, familiar equation: Vs = (Avfy d) / s .
Also note that jd = dv)
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Vs =
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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If a line is cut
perpendicular to
the cracks, it has a
length of jdcos. It
may cross several
struts. The total
force in the struts
will be the
concrete stress
times the area.
Fc = fc (jd cos) bv
where fc is the concrete stress and bv web width.
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Vc = f c ( jd cos ) sin bv
Note that if j = 1, = 45o
and f c = 4 f c '
Vc = 2 f c ' bv d (lbs ) = 0.0632 f c ' bv d ( kips )
This is the ACI 318 equation and the old Standard Specification
equation.
The Vc equation, in ksi units, may be used for NONPRESTRESSED concrete members (LRFD 5.8.3.4).
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10
f c ' bv d v
L (5.8.3.3-3)
(5.8.3.3-4)
s
dv is the shear depth = de a/2
the greater of 0.9de or 0.72 h
s = stirrup spacing
Av = stirrup area.
The 0.0316 converts psi to ksi units.
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vu =
Vu V p
bv d v
(5.8.2.9-1)
If the value of vu > 0.18fc, AND the flexural element is NOT integral with
the support,
support then strut and tie model (Article 5.6.3)
5 6 3) must be used for
analysis.
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12
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13
v > 0.125 fc
smax = 0.4 dv < 12
The
(5.8.2.9-1)
(5.8.2.7-2)
bv s
fy
(5.8.2.5-1)
Note: If torsion must be considered, Vu in the equation for v must be modified for torsion
(as given in Eqns 5.8.2.1-6 and 7). This will be explained later in the torsion section.
This provision does NOT apply to segmental boxes. Different equations are used.
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The LRFD Tables, which are based on vu /fc and x, are used
to find values of and . If is close to the assumed value,
then Vn can be calculated. If it is not close, iteration is
needed.
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14
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Mu
+ 0.5Nu + 0.5Vu Vp cot Aps f po
d
x = v
2(Es As + E p Aps )
(5 8 3 4 2 1)
(5.8.3.4.2-1)
Note: If torsion must be considered, Vu in the equation must be modified for torsion (as
given in Eqns 5.8.2.1-6 and 7). This will be explained later in the torsion section.
Again, this equation is used if at least minimum stirrups are provided, not whether or not
they are required.
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16
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
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Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
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17
The third term in the numerator, (Vu Vp )cot, is the axial force
component of strut force and the inclined force from any harped
tendons, as shown in the force triangle. Half the force is assumed to
be taken by the tensile flange and the other half by the compression
flange.
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Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
The last term in the numerator, Apsfpo corrects for the strain
in the prestressing steel due to prestressing. The term fpo
is the locked in stress in the prestressing steel, usually
taken as 0.7fpu (LRFD Art. 5.4.8.3.2), unless the section
being considered is within the transfer length. If the section
is within the transfer length, the value of fpo must be
reduced to reflect the lack of development (e.g. if the
section is at the transfer length, fpo = 0.35fpu).
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18
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
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19
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0.175
0.2
0.225
0.25
-0.20
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
22.3
6.32
18.1
3.79
19.9
3.18
21.6
2.88
23.2
2.73
24.7
2.63
26.1
2.53
27.5
2.39
20.4
4.75
20.4
3.38
21.9
2.99
23.3
2.79
24.7
2.66
26.1
2.59
27.3
2.45
28.6
2.39
21.0
4.10
21.4
3.24
22.8
2.94
24.2
2.78
25.5
2.65
26.7
2.52
27.9
2.42
29.1
2.33
21.8
3.75
22.5
3.14
23.7
2.87
25.0
2.72
26.2
2.60
27.4
2.51
28.5
2.40
29.7
2.33
0.125
24.3
3.24
24.9
2.91
25.9
2.74
26.9
2.60
28.0
2.52
29.0
2.43
30.0
2.34
30.6
2.12
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
26.6
2.94
27.1
2.75
27.9
2.62
28.8
2.52
29.7
2.44
30.6
2.37
30.8
2.14
31.3
1.93
30.5
2.59
30.8
2.50
31.4
2.42
32.1
2.36
32.7
2.28
32.8
2.14
32.3
1.86
32.8
1.70
33.7
2.38
34.0
2.32
34.4
2.26
34.9
2.21
35.2
2.14
34.5
1.94
34.0
1.73
34.3
1.58
36.4
2.23
36.7
2.18
37.0
2.13
37.3
2.08
36.8
1.96
36.1
1.79
35.7
1.64
35.8
1.50
40.8
1.95
40.8
1.93
41.0
1.90
40.5
1.82
39.7
1.71
39.2
1.61
38.8
1.51
38.6
1.38
43.9
1.67
43.1
1.69
43.2
1.67
42.8
1.61
42.2
1.54
41.7
1.47
41.4
1.39
41.2
1.29
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Notes:
It is NOT necessary to interpolate the previous table
table.
The terms and apply to the range of strains and
shear in the table. Taking higher values of x is
acceptable.
Example from the Commentary: = 34.4o and =2.26 can
be used provided that x < 0.75x 10-3 and vu/fc < 0.125
(Commentary C5.8.3.4.2
C5 8 3 4 2 paragraph 9)
9).
If 0.5cot was assumed = 1, the values of and
obtained from the table may be used without further
iteration.
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20
Vc = 0.0316
Vs =
f c ' bv d v
(5.8.3.3-3)
Av f y d v cot
s
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp < 0.25fc bv dv + Vp
Then Vu < Vn
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21
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cott Aps f po
dv
x =
(Es As + E p Aps + Ec Ac )
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s xe = s x
1.38
80 in.
a g + 0.63
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22
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Once the values of sxe and x are calculated, use the table
in the LRFD Code for this case to find and . If the value
of is close to the original assumption, use the given. If
not, use the table value of as the next estimate and
repeat the calculations of x . Iterate (unless 0.5cot is
assumed = 1). Again, interpolation is not necessary. After
finding the value of and :
Vc = 0.0316
Vs =
f c ' bv d v
Av f y d v cot
s
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp < 0.25fc bv dv + Vp
Then Vu < Vn
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23
Here is the table for beam with less than minimum stirrups:
Table 5.8.3.4.2-2 Values of and for Sections without Transverse Reinforcement
1,000
000
x * 1
sXE (in)
<
<
10
<
15
<
20
<
30
<
40
<
60
<
80
< -0.20
25.4
6.36
27.6
5.78
29.5
5.34
31.2
4.99
34 1
34.1
4.46
36.6
4.06
40.8
3.50
44.3
3.10
<
-0.10
<
-0.05
25.5
6.06
27.6
5.78
29.5
5.34
31.2
4.99
34 1
34.1
4.46
36.6
4.06
40.8
3.50
44.3
3.10
<
25.9
5.56
28.3
5.38
29.7
5.27
31.2
4.99
34 1
34.1
4.46
36.6
4.06
40.8
3.50
44.3
3.10
0.00
26.4
5.15
29.3
4.89
31.1
4.73
32.3
4.61
34 2
34.2
4.43
36.6
4.06
40.8
3.50
44.3
3.10
<
0.125
27.7
4.41
31.6
4.05
34.1
3.82
36.0
3.65
38 9
38.9
3.39
41.2
3.20
44.5
2.92
47.1
2.71
<
0.25
28.9
3.91
33.5
3.52
36.5
3.28
38.8
3.09
42 3
42.3
2.82
45.0
2.62
49.2
2.32
52.3
2.11
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<
0.50
30.9
3.26
36.3
2.88
39.9
2.64
42.7
2.46
46 9
46.9
2.19
50.2
2.00
55.1
1.72
58.7
1.52
<
0.75
32.4
2.86
38.4
2.50
42.4
2.26
45.5
2.09
50 1
50.1
1.84
53.7
1.66
58.9
1.40
62.8
1.21
<
1.00
33.7
2.58
40.1
2.23
44.4
2.01
47.6
1.85
52 6
52.6
1.60
56.3
1.43
61.8
1.18
65.7
1.01
<
1.50
<
35.6
2.21
42.7
1.88
47.4
1.68
50.9
1.52
56 3
56.3
1.30
60.2
1.14
65.8
0.92
69.7
0.76
2.00
37.2
1.96
44.7
1.65
49.7
1.46
53.4
1.31
59 0
59.0
1.10
63.0
0.95
68.6
0.75
72.4
0.62
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24
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Coming in 2007! - Simplified Shear
(or, what goes around, comes around
again, and again and again.)
Note: Simplified shear has been accepted by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges.
However, no change is official until it is actually published. Article and equation numbers
are from the proposed article, but these may change for editorial reasons in the final
publication.
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Rules:
No significant axial tension
Provide minimum shear reinforcement as given in Art.
5.8.2.5 (same as Sectional Design Model).
Take Vp = 0 when finding Vn in Eqn 5.8.3.3-1.
Then, Vc is the lesser of:
Vcw
Vci
As before, the beam is divided into sections and shear is
investigated at each section. The critical section is the
same as for Sectional Design Model.
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27
Vcw
Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete when
inclined cracking results from excessive principal
tensions in the web.
Web Shear
Vci
Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete when
inclined cracking results from combined shear and
moment.
Flexural Shear
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A quick reminder.
Exactly what are Vci and Vcw?
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Vu
V
= cre
M u M cre
Vcre =
Vu
M cre
Mu
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M cre
Vu
Mu
(ksi )
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Vi M cre
M max
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Vi M cre
0.06 f c 'bv d v
M max
(5.8.3.4.3-1)
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f cpe + f r =
M cre c
I
M cre = S c ( f cpe + f r )
M cre
Sc
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Mcre must be adjusted to reflect the fact that the dead load
effect has been accounted for. In the LRFD equation, only
the non-composite DL is subtracted:
12M dnc
M cre = S c f r + f cpe
S
nc
(5.8.3.4.3-2)
In the LRFD equation, Mcre is in inch-k, but Mdnc is in ft-k. The 12 converts feet to inches.
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In a beam,, there are shear stresses from flexure. The maximum shear
stress occurs at the neutral axis. For most beams, there is no normal
stress at the neutral axis. However, in a prestressed beam there is a
normal stress from the P/A term in the stress equation. In a composite
beam, the neutral axis of the composite is not the same as in the noncomposite. At the neutral axis of the composite section, there will also
be normal stresses from bending, caused by the prestressing and the
dead load applied to the non-composite section.
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f pc =
A nc
I nc
I nc
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Prestressed Concrete: Slide #69
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(5.8.3.4.3-3)
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35
(5.8.3.3-1 &
5 8 3 3-2)
5.8.3.3-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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Vi M cre
0.06 f c 'bv d v (5.8.3.4.3-1)
M max
12M dnc
M cre = Sc f r + f cpe
S nc
(5.8.3.4.3-2)
This is the old Vci equation, just adjusted to ksi units, rounded off and
with new notations.
0.02fc ksi = 0.63fc; 0.06fc ksi = 1.9fc
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f r = 0.2 f c '
(ksi )
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37
Note that this is k-ft. Thats why theres a 12 in the numerator converts ft. to in.
Sc
Snc
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Vi = Vu Vd
(C5.8.3.4.3) 7th Paragraph
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V cw = 0 . 06
f c ' + 0 . 3 f pc b v d v + V p (5.8.3.4.3-3)
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39
Stirrups:
Recall that
that, if = 90o (and it almost always is)
is), then:
Av f y d v cot
Vs =
s
If Vci < Vcw (in other words, Vci controls), then:
cot = 1
If Vcw < Vci, (Vcw controls) then:
f pc
1.8
cot = 1.0 + 3
f '
c
(5.8.3.4.3-4)
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40
4.7 f ct
fc '
0.75 f c '
All lightweight
g
g
0.85 f c '
Sanded lightweight
In
place of
fc '
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Deep Components:
Components may be considered as deep components if:
There is a point of zero shear within a distance of 2d
from the face of the support.
A load causing more than the shear at the support
is within 2d of the face of the support (for segmental
boxes, the limit is 1/3 the shear).
Design with strut and tie (Article 5.6.3)
Detail according to Article 5.13.2.3
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42
A ps f ps + As f y
Mu
dv
+ 0 .5
Nu
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(5.8.3.5-2)
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45
Vri = Vni
(5.8.4.1-1)
Vri Vui
(5.8.4.1-2)
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Where:
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46
Vni = cA cv + A vf f y + Pc
(5.8.4.1-3)
(5.8.4.1-4)
Vni K 2 A cv
( 841 )
(5.8.4.1-5)
A cv = b vi L vi
(5.8.4.1-6)
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July 2007
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Prestressed Concrete: Slide #95
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v ui =
Vu1
b vid v
(5.8.4.2-1)
Vui = v ui A cv
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(5.8.4.2-2)
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48
If the net (normal) force, Pc , across the interface shear plane is tensile,
additional reinforcement shall be provided:
A vpc =
Pc
f y
(5.8.4.2-3)
For beams and girders, the longitudinal spacing of the rows of interface
shear transfer reinforcing bars shall not exceed 24 inches.
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c = 0.40 ksi
= 1.4
K1 = 0.25
K2 = 1.5 ksi
For normal weight concrete placed against a clean concrete surface,
free of laitance and intentionally roughened 0.25 inches
c = 0.24 ksi
= 1.0
K1 = 0.25
K2 = 1.5 ksi
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49
c = 0.025 ksi
= 0.7
K1 = 0.2
K2 = 0.8 ksi
For concrete placed against clean, hardened concrete not
intentionally roughened but free of laitance and clean
0 075 ksi
c = 0.075
= 0.6
K1 = 0.2
K2 = 0.8 ksi
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= 1.0
K1 = 0.25
K2 = 1.0 ksi
For a cast-in-place concrete slab on clean concrete girder surfaces,
free of laitance and intentionally roughened 0.25 inches
c = 0.28 ksi
= 1.0
K1 = 0.3
K2 = 1.8 ksi normal weight
K2 = 1.3 ksi - lightweight
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50
A vf
0.05A cv
fy
(5.8.4.4-1)
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AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Torsion
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52
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54
General Requirements:
Tr = Tn
(5.8.2.1-1)
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Tu 0 . 25 T cr
Tcr = 0 .125
(5.8.2.1-3)
Acp2
f pc
fc '
1+
p
0 .125 f c ' (5.8.2.1-4)
c
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55
Acp2
f pc
1+
Tcr = 0.125 f c '
p
0.125 f c '
c
(5.8.2.1-4)
(5.8.2.1
4)
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A cp = 789 in
i 2
pc = 26 + 20 + 2 8 + 92 + 92 + 23 + 62 + 62 + 8
pc = 166.4 in
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56
Acp
pc
2 A0bv
(5.8.2.1-5)
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Torsional Design
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2 A0
B Sections
Box
S i
:
Td
(5.8.2.1-7)
Vu + u
2 Ao
2
u
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58
Tn =
2 A0 At f y cot
s
(5.8.3.6.2-1)
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V
0.45 p hTu
+ 0 .5
+ cot u V p 0.5Vs +
dv
2 A0
Mu
Nu
(5.8.3.6.3-1)
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59
Al =
Tn p h
2 A0 f y
(5.8.3.6.3-2)
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Step 1
Determine if torsion must be considered
considered.
IF Tu < 0.25Tcr, torsion may be ignored.
Step 2
Determine the maximum factored shear and
concurrent factored torsion.
Determine the maximum factored torsion and
concurrent factored shear.
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60
Step 3
Modify Vu to reflect the presence of torsion
torsion.
Equations 5.8.2.1-6 or 7
For the Sectional Design Model is used for shear, the
equivalent factored shear force is used for Vu in the
equations for vu and x.
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Step 4
Determine the area of transverse shear reinforcement
needed to resist the maximum value of Vu.
Determine the area of transverse shear reinforcement
needed to resist the value of Vu concurrent with the
maximum torsion.
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61
Step 5
Determine the area of transverse torsion
reinforcement needed to resist the maximum value of
Tu.
Determine the area of transverse torsion
reinforcement needed to resist the value of Tu
concurrent with the maximum shear.
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Step 6
Add together the areas of transverse reinforcement
required for torsion and shear.
Add the required areas for the cases of maximum shear and
concurrent torsion and maximum torsion and concurrent
shear. Use the maximum.
Remember, the calculated shear area is for ALL the stirrup
legs; the calculated torsion area is for ONE leg. Be sure to
add
dd th
the areas correctly.
tl
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63
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Continuous for Live Load
New in 2007
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed on Simple Span Precast Girders
Made Continuous
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New in 2007
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed on Simple Span Precast Girders
Made Continuous
Construction Sequence
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New in 2007
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed on Simple Span Precast Girders
Made Continuous
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New in 2007
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed on Simple Span Precast Girders
Made Continuous
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New in 2007
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed on Simple Span Precast Girders
Made Continuous
Girders carry self weight and slab weight as simple, noncomposite spans.
All superimposed DL and LL carried as continuous,
composite spans.
Negative moment connection over pier is usually
reinforced slab.
Creep, shrinkage and temperature may cause girders to
camber up
up, causing positive moment
moment.
Usually in young girders
Positive moment connection required.
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New in 2007
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed on Simple Span Precast Girders
Made Continuous
Over time, creep and shrinkage of the girders may cause additional
camber in the girders. This creates a positive moment at the
diaphragm which often causes cracking, so positive moment
connections are needed. These moments are called restraint
moments.
Experimental evidence shows that this behavior is most prevalent
when the girders are very young.
When the girders are old, theory says shrinkage of the slab causes
the girders to de-camber, resulting in a negative restraint moment at
the diaphragm. However, this is not seen in field measurements.
Field measurements show the girders camber up until the slab is
cast, then every thing locks up no cambering or decambering is
seen.
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13
RICHARD MILLER
This design example demonstrates the design of a single span, 65 ft. long
j
box g
girder bridge
g with a 30o right
g forward skew,, as shown below. This
adjacent
example illustrates the design of typical interior and exterior beams at the critical
sections in positive flexure, shear and deflection due to prestressing, dead load,
and live load.
References:
Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Manual, Published by Precast/Prestressed concrete Institute
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Truck:
1 2 6 Bridge Parameters
1.2.6
Single Span
Overall Length:
c/c Span:
Support:
67 ft.
65 ft.
Elastomeric Bearing Pad
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733.5
Weight (k/ft)
0.764
h (in)
33
yb (in)
16.61
yt (in)
16.39
I (in4)
108,150
Sb (in3)
6,511
(in3)
6,599
St
(5.4.2.4-1)
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DCd =
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DCws =
3.5in
( 4 ft )( 0.120kcf ) = 0.140klf
12in / ft
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M DC =
M DW
(0.764 klf
2
(
0.240 klf )(65 ft )
=
= 126.8 k ft
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M LL ,Lane
2
(
0.640 klf )(65 ft )
=
= 338 k ft
The HL-93 truck controls for this span length and, since this
is a simple span, the maximum moment is:
M LL ,Truck = 896k ft
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11
The HL-93 has the same axle loads as the old HS-20 truck.
p
p
published moments for simple
p
The Standard Specifications
spans under the old HS-20 loading in Appendix B.
BE CAREFUL Appendix B gives the moment for the
controlling load case which might be either the truck load or
the lane load!! Recall that the Standard Specifications use
EITHER Lane or Truck; LRFD uses BOTH.
The HS 20 lane load is NOT the same as the HL-93 truck
or HL-93 lane!!! (Standard Specification Lane Load has a
point load!)
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Loads & Analysis: Slide #23
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OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
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12
w = 48 feet
Number of design lanes = integer part of (48/12) = 4
(3.6.1.1.1)
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DFM = S/D
S = width of precast beam (ft)
D = (11.5 -NL)+1.4NL(1-0.2C)2 when C < 5
D = (11.5 -NL) when C > 5
(Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1)
Range of Applicability:
NL 6
Skew 45
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13
Where:
NL = Number of Lanes = 4
C = K(W/L) < K
W = Clear width of the bridge = 48 ft.
K=
(1 + )I
J
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Loads & Analysis: Slide #27
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4 1180in 2
4 A2
J=
=
= 211625in4
S
27.75in
42.5in 42.5in
t 2 5.5in + 5.5in + 5in
A is the area enclosed by the centerline of the box walls.
t is the wall thickness
S is the length of the centerline of a box wall.
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14
K=
(1 + 0.2 ) 108150in4
211625in4
= 0.783
48 ft
C = 0.783
= 0.578
65 ft
D = ( 11.5 4Lanes ) + 1.4 ( 4Lanes ) ( 1 0.2 ( 0.578 ) ) = 11.9
2
S
4 ft
=
= 0.336
0 336
D 11.9
= Poissons Ratio = 0.2
[LRFD 5.4.2.5]
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15
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Nb = 12
OK
Nb = number of beams
35 < b < 60
b = 48
OK
b = beam width, in
L = 65
OK
L = beam span, ft
J = 211,625
OK
I = 108,150
OK
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16
156
0.4
01
0.1
48 108150 0.05 48
= 0.456
12
65
211625
(
)
48
0.15
108150
211625
0.05
= 0.445
0 445
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IM = 33%
Where:
IM = dynamic load allowance, applied only to truck load
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17
0 60
( )
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18
Unfactored
U
f
db
bending
di moment d
due to HL
HL-93
93 llane lload,
d
per beam:
MLL,Lane = (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(skew factor)
= (bending moment per lane)(0.336)(0.905)
= 338 k-ft (0.304) = 102.7 k-ft
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19
fb =
Where:
M DC + M DW + 0.8 M LL+ I
Sb
ksi
kip-ft
kip-ft
kip-ft
in3
Box girders are usually controlled by Strength I, but it is difficult to estimate number of
strands using Strength I. It is easier to estimate the number of strands using Service III
and add a few strands. Final strand patterns can be adjusted, if needed, later.
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fb =
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20
f r = 0.19 f c'
(Table 5.9.4.2.2-1)
f pb = ( f b f r )
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f pb =
Ppe
A
Ppe ec
Sb
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21
Ppe =
1.37 ksi
= 380 kips
1
14.61in
2
6511in 3
733.5in
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22
380
= 16.4
23.2
This shows a need for at least (18) in
diameter, 270 ksi, low-lax strands as the
strand pattern must be symmetrical.
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At midspan:
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23
Why 20 strands?
1) Boxes tend to be controlled by strength design, but it is
hard to use that for strand estimation. It is easier to use
Service III and add a few extra strands.
2) The exterior girders will probably require more strand
(maybe starting with the exterior would be a better idea!).
It is poor design practice to have the exterior girders have
more strand than the interior. This causes fabrication
problems. The interior and exterior girders cannot be
made on the same bed at the same time.
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f pT = f pES + f pLT
(5.9.5.1-1)
Where:
fpES = loss due to elastic shortening, ksi
fpLT = loss due to long-term
long term shrinkage and creep of
concrete, and relaxation of the steel, ksi
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24
f pES =
Where:
Ep
Ect
f cgp
(5.9.5.2.3a-1)
f cgp
2
M g ec
Pi Pe
= + i c
A
I
I
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Mg
( 0.764klf )( 65 ft )
=
8
65 ft
+
1.75k = 441.4k ft = 5300k in
3
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25
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The ES loss is added to the long term losses and the creep
and shrinkage equations used to find the long term losses
are stated in the commentary to only be accurate + 50%.
The weight of the beam is based on ideal cross section and
a UW of 150 pcf. Real concrete has UW varying from 140160 pcf and there are tolerances in the cross section.
Mg based on c/c bearing is conservative (the Mg term
subtracts, so using c/c bearing INCREASES ES) and it will
be needed later so why not just use it here??
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26
= 1.15ksi
733.5in 2
108150in 4
108150in 4
2
f cgp
f pES =
28500ksi
1 15ksi ) = 7.6
7 6ksi
(1.15
4300ksi
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f pES
Aps f pi ( I g + em2 Ag ) em M g Ag
=
AI E
Aps ( I g + em2 Ag ) + g g ci
Ep
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27
f pLT = 10
f pi Aps
Ag
h st + 12 h st + f pR
(5.9.5.3-1)
In which:
h = 1.7 0.01H
st =
5
1 + f ci '
(5.9.5.3-3)
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28
h = 1.7
1 7 0.01(70)
0 01(70) = 1.00
1 00
st =
5
= 0.83
1 + 5.0
So:
f pLT = 10
f pLT
( 202.5ksi )( 20 ) ( 0.153in 2 )
733.5in 2
= 7.0 + 10.0 + 2.5 = 19.5ksi
1 00 )( 00.83
83) + 12 (1.00
1 00 )( 0.83
0 83) + 2.5
25
(1.00
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f pT = f pES + f pLT
(5.9.5.1-1)
Loss =
f pe
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29
(Table 5.9.4.2.1-1)
Sum of effective prestress + permanent < 0.45fc
loads
< 0.4 fc
1/2(Sum of effective prestress +
permanent loads) + live load
0 6wfc
Sum of effective prestress + permanent < 0.6
loads + transient loads
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30
X u (5.7.4.7.1-1)
t
If w 15 w = 1.0
w =
((5.7.4.7.2c-1))
If 15 < w 25 w = 1 0.0025 ( w 15 )
(5.7.4.7.2c-2)
If 25 < w 35 w = 0.75
(5.7.4.7.2c-3)
X u = b ( lesser of 2z or 2 y )
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w =
Xu
t
(5.7.4.7.1-1)
(5.7.4.7.1
1)
Where:
Xu = the clear length of the constant thickness portion of the wall
between other walls or fillets
t = wall thickness
w =
(5.7.4.7.2c-1)
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f cp ,top =
537k (14.61in )
537k
= 0.457ksi
733.5in 2
6599in 3
f cDL ,top =
f cLL ,top =
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+ f cLL ,top =
2
< 0.4( 7ksi ) = 2.8ksi
0.713ksi
+ 0.85ksi = 1.21ksi
2
Compression stresses OK
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32
The Service III stress at the bottom due to dead and live
loads, fb, was calculated previously. The allowable tensile
stress of 0.530 ksi was also calculated previously.
f pb + f b = 1.94ksi
k i 1.87 kksii = +0.07 kksii = 0.07 ksi
k i COMPRESSION
The section is in COMPRESSION, so the tensile allowable
does NOT apply.
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f pb + f b = 1.94ksi
k i 2.04ksi
k i = 0.1ksi
k i = 0.1ksi
k i TENSION
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33
So what g
gives?? Is this a Service III or Service I load
case??
Actually, it is sort of both. For all intents and purposes, the
stress at the bottom of the girder is 0 and this is a
dividing line between Service I and Service III. Because of
the 0.8 factor on the LL, there is an inconsistency between
the two load cases. However the stress is so low, that really
doesnt matter we satisfy all allowables in all cases.
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Strength I:
Q = 11.25(DC)
25(DC) + 11.50(DW)
50(DW) + 11.75(LL
75(LL + IM)
Since the truck load and lane load have been
distributed and impact is included:
Q = 1.25(DC) + 1.50(DW) + 1.75(Truck + Lane)
M u = 1.25 ( 515.3) + 1.50 (126.8 ) + 1.75 ( 362.3 + 102.7 )
M u = 1648k ft = 19780k in
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34
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
dp
(5.7.3.1.1)
Where:
fps = Average stress in prestressing steel
ksi
k = 0.28 for low relaxation strands
dp = Distance
Di
from
f
extreme compression
i fiber
fib to
the centroid of the prestressing tendons = 31 in.
c = Distance between the neutral axis and the
in.
compressive face
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Where:
(5.7.3.1.1-4)
in2
ksi
in2
ksi
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35
in2
ksi
ksi
in
in.
To compute c, assume rectangular section behavior, and check if the depth of the
equivalent compression stress block, a, is equal to or less than ts: Where a =1c
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c=
20 0.153in 2 270ksi + 0 0
270ksi
31 in
= 3.98in.
in < 5.5in.
in
3.98in
f ps = 270ksi 1 0.28
= 260ksi
31 in
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36
Mn = Aps f ps dp + As f y ds A'
As f y ' ds ' +0.85fc ' ( b bw ) hf f
2
2
2
2 2
(5.7.3.2.2-1)
If the section is rectangular (b=bw), the equation becomes:
a
a
a
If th
there iis no compression
i or mild
ild tension
t
i steel,
t l the
th equation
ti
becomes:
M n = Aps f ps d p
2
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a = 2.79in
a
M n = Aps f ps d p
2
(5.7.3.2.2-1)
2 79in
2.79
M n = 20 0.153in 2 ( 260ksi ) 31 in
= 23550k in
2
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37
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dt c
c
31in 3.98
t = 0.003
= 0.0204
3.98
t = 0.003
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38
= 1.0
(5.7.2.1)
(5.5.4.2.1)
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M u M n
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39
(5.4.2.6)
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f cpe
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40
M cr = Sb ( f r + f cpe )
(5.7.3.3.2-1)
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41
July 2007
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(Table 5.9.4.1.2-1)
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= 0.474 ksi
733.5in 2
6599in 3
558 kips 558 k (14.61in )
=
+
= 2.01ksi
2
3
733.5in
6511in
f pt =
f pb
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42
fpt = 0.474 ksi tension < 0.24fci = 0.245 ksi = 0.537 ksi
OK w/bonded steel
fpb = 2.01 ksi compression < 0.6fci = 0.6(5 ksi) = 3 ksi OK
Because the stress is OK, no debonding is needed. If this calculation had
shown debonding was needed, it would have been prudent to recalculate
stresses at the end of the transfer length (include the gravity moment) to
see if debonding is still needed. If debonding is needed, no more that
25% of the total number of strands could be debonded and no more than
40% in one row can be debonded.
July 2007
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x=
0.474 ksi(33in )
= 6.30in
0.474 + 2.01ksi
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43
0.474 ksi
(6.3in 5.5in ) = 0.0602 ksi
6.30in
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44
The bonded steel must resist the total tensile force with a
stress not exceeding the lesser of 0.5fy or 30 ksi.
As =
70.8 kips
= 2.36 in 2
30 ksi
(5.9.4.1.2-1)
Use 8 #5
The length of the bar is determined by the point where
bonded steel is no longer required. Since 0.0948fci =
0.212 ksi > 0.2ksi; find the point where the dead load drops
the stress below 0.2 ksi.
July 2007
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45
ld =
ld =
1.25 Ab f y
f c'
(5.11.2.1.1)
0.4 d b f y
Where:
Ab = Area of the bar
db = diameter of bar
ffc = compresive strength of concrete at release
Top bar factor = 1.4 : 1.4(15 inches) = 21 inches
So the minimum bar length = 7- 9 + 1 9 = 9 6
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5300 k in
= 0.803ksi
6599in 3
5300 k in
=
= 0.814 ksi
6511in 3
f t ,DL =
f b ,DL
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46
d v = de
a
2.79in
= 31in
= 29.6inches
2
2
July 2007
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(5.8.3.2)
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47
DC:
For beam weight:
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48
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49
1+
12 L
12(65 ft )
tan = 1 +
tan(30 ) = 1.20
90 d
90(33in )
(Table 4.6.2.2.3c-1)
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50
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51
July 2007
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dv
: x
2
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52
Strain at
dv
is:
2
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 (Vu V p ) cot Aps f po
dv
0.001
x =
2( Es As + E p Aps + Ec Ac )
(5.8.3.4.2-1)
This equation
q
assumes the section is uncracked. If the
section is cracked, Ac in the equation above is =0.
This equation also assumes at least minimum stirrups are
used.
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ksi
in2
in2
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53
Ep = 28,500
ksi
in2
dv = 29.6
in
Tension Half of the Box
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54
vu =
Vu V p
((5.8.2.9))
bv d v
Where:
vu =
138
= 0.469ksi < 0.18 f c ' = 1.26ksi
0.9(2)(5.5)(29.6)
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vu 0.469
= 0.067
'=
f
7.0
c
x = 0.08 x103
= 21.0
= 4.10
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55
x * 1,000
v/f'c
v/f
c
<0.075
<0.1
<0.125
<0.15
<0.175
<0.2
<0.225
<0.25
<-0.2
<-0.1
<-0.05
<0
<0.125
<0.25
<0.5
<0.75
<1
<1.5
<2
22.3
6.32
18.1
3.79
19.9
3.18
21.6
2.88
23.2
2.73
24.7
2.63
26.1
2.53
27.5
2.39
20.4
4.75
20.4
3.38
21.9
2.99
23.3
2.79
24.7
2.66
26.1
2.59
27.3
2.45
28.6
2.39
21.0
4.10
21.4
3.24
22.8
2.94
24.2
2.78
25.5
2.65
26.7
2.52
27.9
2.42
29.1
2.33
21.8
3.75
22.5
3.14
23.7
2.87
25.0
2.72
26.2
2.60
27.4
2.51
28.5
2.40
29.7
2.33
24.3
3.24
24.9
2.91
25.9
2.74
26.9
2.60
28.0
2.52
29.0
2.43
30.0
2.34
30.6
2.12
26.6
2.94
27.1
2.75
27.9
2.62
28.8
2.52
29.7
2.44
30.6
2.37
30.8
2.14
31.3
1.93
30.5
2.59
30.8
2.50
31.4
2.42
32.1
2.36
32.7
2.28
32.8
2.14
32.3
1.86
32.8
1.70
33.7
2.38
34.0
2.32
34.4
2.26
34.9
2.21
35.2
2.14
34.5
1.94
34.0
1.73
34.3
1.58
36.4
2.23
36.7
2.18
37.0
2.13
37.3
2.08
36.8
1.96
36.1
1.79
35.7
1.64
35.8
1.50
40.8
1.95
40.8
1.93
41.0
1.90
40.5
1.82
39.7
1.71
39.2
1.61
38.8
1.51
38.6
1.38
43.9
1.67
43.1
1.69
43.2
1.67
42.8
1.61
42.2
1.54
41.7
1.47
41.4
1.39
41.2
1.29
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Vc = 0.0316
f c' bv d v
(5.8.3.3-3)
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56
(5.8.2.7)
(5.8.2.5)
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57
Vs =
(5.8.3.3-4)
Vs =
Vs =
s
0 4in 2 ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6
29 6 ) cot ( 21) + 0 (1)
( 0.4in
12in
Vs = 154.2k
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58
(5.8.3.3-2)
With Vp=0:
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
111.6 + 154.2 0.25(7)(11)(29.6)
265.8 569.8 OK
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59
(5.8.3.4.3-3)
Where:
fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for
all prestress loses) at centroid of cross section
resisting externally applied loads or at the junction
of the web and the flange when the centroid lies
within the flange (ksi)
(ksi).
For a composite section, this is the compressive stress in the
non-composite section at the composite centroid. For a noncomposite section, it is the stress at the centroid.
July 2007
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f pc =
Pe
537k
=
= 0.732ksi
2
A 733.5in
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60
July 2007
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cot = 1.0 + 3
cot = 1.0 + 3
f pc
fc '
1.8
(5.8.3.4.3-4)
0.732ksi
= 1.83 > 1.8; so use 1.8
7ksi
= 29o
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61
12in
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62
DC:
For the diaphragm: V = 11.75
75 k (shear is constant),
constant)
M = 1.75(13) =22.8 k-ft
For the wearing surface:
Vws = 0.140klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 13ft ) = 2.73k
M ws = 0.5 ( 0.140klf )(13ft )( 65ft 13ft ) = 47.3k ft
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DW:
Vfws = 0.240klf
0 240klf ( 0.5
0 5 ( 65ft ) 13ft ) = 4.68k
4 68k
M ws = 0.5 ( 0.240klf )(13ft )( 65ft 13ft ) = 81.1k ft
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63
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64
July 2007
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Clearly, the moment is maximum when the lane load is placed along the entire
beam. The truck load is less certain. The moment at X is the value of the
point load times the ordinate of the influence line. Unfortunately, it is not clear
where this product will be maximum!
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65
July 2007
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For the truck load, the maximum shear at the section and
the maximum moment at the section happen to occur
under the same loading the rear wheel of the truck 13 ft.
from the support. In this case, the maximum shear loading
and the maximum moment loading are the same, but that is
NOT always the case. Be sure to carefully check all
reasonable load conditions.
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66
VTruck = 47.2 k
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67
f r = 00.2
2 f c ' = 00.2
2 7k
7ksii = 00.529ksi
529k i
(5 4 2 6)
(5.4.2.6)
f cpe =
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12M dnc
M cre = Sc f r + f cpe
Snc
((5.8.3.4.3-2))
Where:
Mdnc Unfactored moment due to dead load on the non= composite or monolithic section = 409.2 k-ft
(note in k-ft; 12 in numerator converts to inches)
Snc = non-composite section modulus
Sc = composite section modulus = Snc since this is a noncomposite structure
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68
12 ( 409.2k ft )
6511in 3
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Vi M cre
0.06 f c 'b
bvd v
M max
(5.8.3.4.3-1)
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69
Vs
(5.8.3.4.3)
12in
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If s=18
Vs = 39.5kips
Vu = 92.0k < Vn = 0.9 (143.0k + 39.5k ) = 164k
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70
July 2007
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At each section:
A ps f ps + As f y
Mu
d v
00.5N
5N u Vu
+
Vp 0.5Vs cot
(5.8.3.5-1)
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71
2
2
((5.11.4.2))
The terms fps (steel stress at strength limit) and fpe (effective
prestressing stress after losses) were calculated previously.
= 1.6 for member over 24 inches deep (5.11.4.2).
July 2007
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f px = f pe +
l px 60d b
l d 60d b
(f
ps
f pe )
(5.11.4.2-4)
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72
f px = f pe +
f px = 174.5ksi +
l ppx 60d b
l d 60d b
ps
f pe )
47.6in 30in
( 260.0ksi 174.5ksi ) = 192.0ksi
114.5in 30in
July 2007
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(f
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73
A ps f ps + A s f y
Mu
d v
0.5N u Vu
+
Vp 0.5Vs cot
3588k in 138k
+
0.5( 153k ) cot ( 21) = 321k
1.0 ( 29.6in ) 0.9
OK
Note that before the 2005/06 interim, the steel stress was assumed linear with
development length, not bilinear. If the stress were assumed linear here, mild
steel would need to be added. Also note that Vs < Vu/ = 153k
July 2007
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Vu
0.5Vs cot
138k
OK
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74
Vu
0.5Vs cot
138k
OK
July 2007
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Pr = 20(0.153)(202.5)(0.04) = 24.8
24.8
As =
= 1.24
20
This steel must be distributed over h/4 from the end. For this girder,
h/4=33/4=8.25 inches. Four #4 double leg stirrups @ 3 provides 1.60
in2 over 8 inches.
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75
0.090klf ( 65 ft )
8
= 47.5k ft = 570k in
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g ext = eg int
d
e = 1.04 + e > 1
25
(Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1)
e = 1.04 +
0.23
= 1.049
25
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76
(Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1)
4 6 2 2 2d-1)
d
e = 1.125 + e > 1
30
e = 1.125 +
0.23
= 1.133
30
Controls
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77
July 2007
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13330k in
= 2.05ksi
6511in3
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78
July 2007
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48
= eg int
b
d e + 12 2
e = 1+
40
0.5
48
0.23 + 12 2
e = 1+
40
05
0.5
= 1.234
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(Table 4.6.2.2.3b-1)
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79
(Table 4.6.2.2.3b-1)
g ext = eg int
i
de
1
20
0.23
e = 1.125 +
= 1.137
20
e = 1.125 +
Check:
Two or more lanes: e*DFV
*DFV = 1.234(0.456)
1 234(0 456) = 00.562
562 controls
One Lane: e*DFV = 1.137(0.445) = 0.506
Because there are two DFV, each must be checked!
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80
DFExt ,Min =
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
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81
July 2007
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July 2007
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65ft (12 )
800
= 0.975in
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82
RICHARD MILLER
98-0
1-9
CL to CL of Bearings
96-3
This design example demonstrates the design of a two-span (98 ft. each)
AASHTO Type
T pe IV I girder with
ith no ske
skew, as sho
shown.
n This e
example
ample ill
illustrates
strates the
design of typical interior beam at the critical sections for positive flexure, negative
flexure, shear, and the continuity connection.
References:
Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Manual, Published by Precast/Prestressed concrete Institute
July 2007
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Type IV
2.5
2.5
37-0
Note that 1.0 in wearing surface is considered to be an integral part of the 8.5 in deck.
July 2007
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Loads & Analysis: Slide #3
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Precast Beams
8
6
6
8
1-11
4-6
9
9
2-2
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Reinforcing Bars
Yield strength, fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, Es = 29,000 ksi
(BDM 302.5.2.9)
Loads
Future wearing surface:
Barriers:
Truck:
July 2007
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789
Weight (lb/ft)
822
h (in)
54
yb (in)
24.73
yt (in)
29.27
(in4)
260,741
Sb (in3)
10,542
St
(in3)
8,909
(5.4.2.4-1)
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Loads & Analysis: Slide #7
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76.98
8.5
54
26
Note that only the structural thickness of the deck, 8.5 in, is considered.
A 2 haunch is assumed for calculating weight but not for finding
composite properties (ODOT BDM 302.5.2.3).
July 2007
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1,443 in2
62.5 in
666,579 in4
39.93 in
14.07 in
22.57 in.
Sbc
b = Composite section modulus for the extreme bottom fiber of the
precast beam
16,694 in3
Stg = Composite section modulus for the top fiber of the precast beam
47,376 in3
Stc = Composite section modulus for extreme top fiber of the deck slab
29,534 in3
July 2007
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Loads & Analysis: Slide #9
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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July 2007
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OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
July 2007
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Location
x ft.
x/L
Shear
Sh
kips
M g,
kip-ft
Deck plus
Haunch
[Simple Span]
Shear
Sh
kips
Barrier Weight
[Continuous Span]
Ms,
kip-ft
Shear
Sh
kips
Future Wearing
Surface
[Continuous Span]
M b,
kip-ft
Shear
Sh
kips
Mws,
kip-ft
0.00
0.00
39.6
47.7
9.2
7.7
14.7
12.4
9.26
0.10
31.9
331
38.5
399.3
6.8
81.8
10.9
130.5
18.97
0.20
24
602.6
28.9
727
4.3
136
6.9
217
28.69
0.30
16
796.5
19.3
961.1
1.8
166
2.9
264.9
38.41
0.40
912.9
9.6
1101.5
-0.6
171.9
-1
274.2
48.13
0.50
951.9
1148.4
-3.1
153.6
-5
245.1
57.84
0.60
-8
912.9
-9.6
1101.5
-5.6
111.2
-8.9
177.5
67.56
0.70
-16
796.5
-19.3
961.1
-8.1
44.7
-12.9
71.3
77.28
0.80
-24
602.6
-28.9
727
-10.6
-46
-16.9
-73.4
86.99
0.90
-31.9
331
-38.5
399.3
-13.1
-160.8
-20.8
-256.7
96.25
Brg.
-39.6
-47.7
-15.4
-292.7
-24.6
-467.1
July 2007
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July 2007
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OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
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0.1
(Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1)
Where DFM = distribution factor for moment for interior beam. Provided:
3.5 < S < 16.0
S=8
OK
S = Spacing, ft
ts = 8.5
OK
ts = slab thickness, in
L = 98
OK
L = beam span, ft
Nb > 4
Nb = 5
OK
Nb = number of beams
Kg = See next
slide
Kg = longitudinal stiffness
parameter, in4
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10
K g = n I + Aeg2
(4.6.2.2.1-1)
Where:
n = modular ratio between beam and deck materials
Ec (beam) 5, 072
=
= 1.247
Ec ( slab) 4, 067
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K g = 1.247
1 247 260
260, 741 + 789 ( 35.52
35 52 )
K g = 1,566, 480 in 4
10,000 < Kg < 7,000,000 OK
July 2007
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11
0.2
8 8 1,566, 480
DFM = 0.075 +
3
9.5 98 12*98*8.5
DFM = 0.665
July 2007
0.1
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0.3
0.1
8 8 1,566, 480
DFM = 0.06 +
3
14 98 12*98*8.5
DFM = 0.467
0.1
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12
S S
DFV = 0.2 +
12 35
(4.6.2.2.1-1)
S=8
ts = 8.5
L = 98
Nb = 5
OK
OK
OK
OK
S = Spacing,
p
g, ft
ts = slab thickness, in
L = beam span, ft
Nb = number of beams
July 2007
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8 8
DFV = 0.2 +
12 35
DFV = 0.814
July 2007
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13
S
DFV = 0.36 +
25
8
DFV = 0.36 +
25
DFV = 0.68
The case of two or more design lanes loaded controls,
DFV = 0.814 lanes/beam
July 2007
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IM = 33%
Where: IM = dynamic load allowance
allowance, applied only to truck
load
July 2007
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14
Unfactored shear forces and bending moment due to HL93 truck, per beam:
VLT = (shear force per lane)(DFV)(1+IM)
= (shear force per lane)(0.814)(1.33)
= (shear force per lane)(1.083) kips
MLT= (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(1+IM)
= (bending moment per lane)(0.665)(1.33)
= (bending moment per lane)(0.884) kips-ft
July 2007
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Unfactored shear forces and bending moment due to HL93 lane load, per beam:
VLANE = (shear force per lane)(DFV)
= (shear force per lane)(0.814) kips
July 2007
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15
Max. Positive
M
Moment
t
MLL+I, kip-ft
Max. Negative
M
Moment
t
MLL+I, kip-ft
0.00
0.00
89.4
48.5
-5.6
9.26
0.10
76.3
624.6
-83.3
18.97
0.20
62.7
1049.3
-163.4
28.69
0.30
50.1
1300.5
-243.6
38.41
0.40
39.9
1412.4
-323.7
48.13
0.50
-48.3
1386.2
-403.9
57.84
0.60
-60.3
1239.1
-484
67.56
0.70
-72.2
961.1
-564.2
77.28
0.80
-83.8
577.5
-776.2
86.99
0.90
-95
215.9
-877.6
96.25
Brg.
-104.6
14.8
-1380.7
July 2007
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July 2007
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16
(3.4.1)
Maximum Q = 1
1.25(DC)
25(DC) + 1
1.50(DW)
50(DW) + 1
1.75(LL
75(LL + IM)
Minimum Q = 0.90(DC) + 0.65(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
July 2007
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A reminder:
This is a continuous bridge
bridge, so both maximum and minimum load
combinations must be considered.
Remember, in some cases loads mitigate load effects in other
spans, but it is not appropriate to use different load factors for the
same analysis. For example, the DC in one span mitigates the
positive moment in the other span; but it is not appropriate to use
different load factors in this case!
July 2007
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17
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Length
ft.
Bearing
Trans.
H/2
0.10L
0.20L
0.30L
0.40L
MidSpan
0.60L
0 70L
0.70L
0.80L
0.90L
H/2
Trans.
Bearing
0
2.04
2.73
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67 56
67.56
77.28
86.99
93.52
94.21
96.25
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18
At this point,
point it is necessary to determine the needed
number of strands. Box girders tend to be controlled by the
Strength Limit State, but I girders (this example) tend to be
controlled by service load tensions.
The initial estimate of number of strands will be found from
the Service III combination. Recall that Service III ONLY
applies to tension in prestressed sections.
July 2007
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Mg + Ms
Sb
M b + M ws + (0.8)( M LL + I )
Sbc
Where:
fb = Bottom tensile stresses
ksi
kip-ft
kip-ft
kip-ft
kip-ft
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19
fb = 3.47 ksi
Stress Limits for Concrete
= 0.19 f c'
(Table 5.9.4.2.2-1)
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ec = ( yb ybs
(24 73 44.32)
32) = 20.41
20 41in
b ) = (24.73
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20
f pb =
Ppe
A
Ppe ec
Sb
2.97 =
Ppe
Ppe (20.41)
(
)
789
10,542
Ppe = 927kips
July 2007
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21
927
= 39.9 strands
23.2
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Distance from
bottom (in)
11
11
11
10 Spa.
@ 2
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2
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22
ybs =
ec = yb ybs = 24.73
24 73 4.70
4 70 = 20
20.0
0iin
July 2007
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f pT = f pES + f pLT
(5 9 5 1 1)
(5.9.5.1-1)
Where:
fpES = loss due to elastic shortening, ksi
fpLT = loss due to long-term shrinkage and creep of
concrete, and relaxation of the steel, ksi
July 2007
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23
f pES =
Ep
Ect
f cgp
(5.9.5.2.3a-1)
Where:
2
M g ec
Pi Pe
+ i c
A
I
I
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f pES
Aps f pi ( I g + em2 Ag ) em M g Ag
=
AI E
Aps ( I g + em2 Ag ) + g g ct
Ep
(C5.9.5.2.3a-1)
July 2007
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24
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6 12* 202
6.12*
202.5(260,
5(260 741 + 20.0
20 02 *789) 20.0*11,
20 0*11 422.8*789
422 8*789
789* 260, 741* 4, 067
6.12(260, 741 + 20.02 *789) +
28,500
= 16.24ksi
f pES =
f pES
Note: If the self weight moment is calculated using total beam length
rather than c/c bearing, the moment becomes 11641 k-in. The elastic
shortening loss becomes 16.13 ksi; < 1% different.
July 2007
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25
f pLT = 10
f pi Aps
Ag
h st + 12 h st + f pR
In which:
h = 1.7
1 7 0.01
0 01H
H
st =
5
1 + f ci '
(5.9.5.3-1)
(5 9 5 3-2)
(5.9.5.3-2)
(5.9.5.3-3)
July 2007
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Where:
H = The average annual ambient relative humidity (%)
h = Correction factor for relative humidity of the ambient air
hst = Correction factor for specified concrete strength at time
of Prestress transfer to the concrete member
fpR = An estimate of relaxation loss taken as 2
2.5
5 ksi for low
relaxation strand
July 2007
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26
Assume H = 70%
h = 1.7
1 7 00.01*70
01*70 = 11.00
00
st =
5
= 0.91
1 + 4.5
So:
202.5*6.12
1.00*0.91 + 12*1.00*0.91 + 2.5
789
= 14.29 + 10.92 + 2.5
f pLT = 10
f pLT
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f pT = f pES + f pLT
(5.9.5.1-1)
f pT = 16.24 + 27.71
f pT = 43.95
f pe = 202.5 43.95 = 158.6
Losses are approximately 22% < 25% OK
July 2007
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27
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July 2007
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28
Compression:
0.60fcii = 0.60(4.5) = +2.700
2.700 ksi
(5 9 4 1 1)
(5.9.4.1.1)
Tension:
1. In areas other than the precompressed tensile zone
and without bonded reinforcement
((5.9.4.1.2))
0.201ksi 0.2ksi
Therefore, 0.200 ksi (CONTROLS)
July 2007
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29
(5.8.2.3)
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ft =
M
Pi Pe
i + g
A St
St
+
789
8,909
8,909
f t = 1.44
1 44 22.56
56 + 00.13
13 = 00.99
99ksi
ft =
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30
ft =
M
Pi Pe
+ i g
A Sb
Sb
789
10,542
10,542
ft = 1.44
1 44 + 2.16
2 16 0.11
0 11 = +3.49
3 49ksi
ft =
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At Midspan
No.
Strands
Distance from
bottom (in)
No.
Strands
Distance from
bottom (in)
52
11
50
11
48
11
July 2007
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11
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31
4
9 Strands
50
2-6
31 Strands
34-0
14-7
48-7
July 2007
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The distance between the center of gravity of the 9 harped strands and
the top fiber of the beam at the transfer length section is:
(54 6 4)
4.00 +
(2.5) = 7.25in
34
July 2007
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32
July 2007
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33
+
789
8,909
8,909
f t = 1.44 1.39 + 0.13 = +0.18ksi
ft =
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At the bottom:
789
10,542
10,542
f b = 1.44 + 1.17 0.11 = +2.50ksi
fb =
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34
July 2007
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ft =
Mg
Pi Pe
i +
A St
St
+
789
8,909
8,909
ft = 1.44 2.56 + 1.19 = +0.07
ft =
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35
fb =
M
Pi Pe
+ i g
A Sb
Sb
789
10,542
10,542
f b = 1.44
1 44 + 22.16
16 1.00
1 00 = +2.60
2 60
fb =
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ft =
+
= 1.44 2.56 + 1.31 = +0.19
789
8,909
8,909
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36
Pi P
Pe M g
+ i
A Sb
Sb
fb =
July 2007
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54 4 6
o
= 6.2
34(12)
= tan 1
July 2007
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37
July 2007
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PU/Strand
(lb)
6,000
4,000
4,000
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38
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Top Stresses
ft (ksi)
At transfer length
section
At harp points
At midspan
+0.27
+0.07
+0.19
Bottom
stresses
fb (ksi)
+2.43
+2.60
+2.50
Note that the bottom stresses at the harp points are more
critical than the ones at midspan.
No Tension! The entire beam is in compression.
July 2007
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39
0.25
Stress (ksi)
0.2
0.15
Transfer
g
Length
0.1
MidSpan
Harp
Point
0.05
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Length (ft)
July 2007
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2.5
Stress (ksi)
1.5
Transfer
Length
Harp
Point
0.5
MidSpan
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Length (ft)
July 2007
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40
f pT = 43.95ksi
Stress in tendon after all losses
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41
Compression:
(5.9.4.2.1)
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(5.9.4.2.1)
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42
Tension:
For components
p
with bonded p
prestressing
g tendons:
July 2007
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Ppe
A
Ppe ec
St
(M g + M s )
St
( M ws + M b )
Stg
+
+
789
8,909
8,909
47,376
ftg1 = 1.23
1 23 22.18
18 + 22.83
83 + 00.10
10 = +11.98
98
ftg1 =
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43
( M LL + I )
Stg
1,386.2*12
47,376
= 0.99 + 0.35 = +1.34
ftg 2 = 0.5(1.98) +
ftg 2
July 2007
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f tg 3 = f tg +
( M LL + I )
Stg
1,386.2*12
47,376
= 1.98 + 0.35 = +2.33
f tg 3 = 1.98 +
f tg 3
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44
ftc =
( M ws + M b )
Stc
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f tc 2 = ftc1 +
( M LL + I )
Stc
1,386.2*12
29,534
= 0.08 + 0.563 = +0.64
f tc 2 = 0.5(0.162) +
f tc 2
July 2007
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45
f tc =
( M ws + M b + M LL + I )
Stc
July 2007
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fb =
Ppe
A
Ppe ec
Sb
(M g + M s )
Sb
( M ws + M b ) + 0.8M LL + I
Sbc
789
10,542
10,542
16, 694
fb = 1.23 + 1.84 2.39 1.08 = 0.40
fb =
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46
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c
f ps = f pu 1 k
dp
(5.7.3.1.1)
July 2007
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47
ksi
f py
2 1.04
=
f pu
(Table C5.7.3.1.1-1)
in.
in.
July 2007
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July 2007
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(5.7.3.1.1-4)
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48
in2
ksi
in2
ksi
in2
ksi
ksi
in.
July 2007
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c=
0.85(4.5)(0.83)(96) + 0.28(6.12)
270
57.8
c = 5.28
a = depth of the equivalent stress block = 1c
July 2007
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49
5.28
f ps = 270 1 0.28
= 263.3ksi
57.8
4.39
6 12(263 3) 57
6.12(263.3)
57.80
80
a
2
M n = Aps f ps d p =
2
12
M n = 7, 467k ft
July 2007
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Mr = Mn
Where = resistance factor = 1.0 for flexure and
tension of prestressed concrete
M n = 7,
7 467k ft > M u = 5,
5 615k ft
July 2007
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50
5.28
c
(5.7.2.1 & 5.5.4.2)
This is a tension controlled section, so = 1.0
July 2007
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51
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r
Snc
(5.7.3.3.2-1)
Where:
Ppe
A
Ppe ec
Sb
972 972(20.0)
+
= 1.23 + 1.84 = 3.07
789
10,542
July 2007
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in3
in3
July 2007
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52
M cr =
16, 694
16, 694 16, 694
(0.98 + 3.07) 2,100.3
(0.979)
1
12
12
10,542
ki ft
M cr = 4,
4 400 1,362
1 362 kip-ft
1.2 M cr = 5, 290 kip-ft
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53
(5.14.1.2.7j)
M u = As f y d
1.7 f c'b
in2
ksi
fc = Compressive
p
strength
g of g
girder = 7.0
in
54 + 0.5(8.5) = 58.25
July 2007
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As (60)
3 483(12) = 00.90
3,
90 As (60) 58.25
58 25
1.7(7.0)(26)
July 2007
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54
As ( provided ) = 5.58in 2
July 2007
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55
Totall Area
T
A
off longitudinal
l
i di l reinforcement
i f
provided
5 58 iin2
5.58
-3,483 kip-ft
13.93 in2
8.35 in2
Addi i
Additional
l reinforcement
i f
provided
id d
19 N
No. 6 B
Bars
8.36 in2
Total As provided
July 2007
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Location of steel:
Top 8 #5 + 8 #6 with 2
2 clear
Btm 10 #5 + 11 #6 with 2 5/8 clear.
As = 18(0.31) + 19(0.44) = 13.94 in2
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56
a=
c=
Asf y
0.85f c ' b
(13.94 )( 60 ) = 5.41in
0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.41
=
= 7.72
1 0.7
5.41
41
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57
700 e
2d c
s fs
fs =
M sl
As jd
July 2007
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ksi
kip-ft
in2
in
July 2007
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58
k = 2 n + ( n) 2 n
As
13.94
=
= 0.00919
bd (26)(58.34)
n = Modular
M d l R
Ratio
i =
fs =
So:
Esteel
29,, 000
=
= 5.718
5 718
Egirder
5, 072
2,140.5(12)
= 34.8ksi
13.94(0.908)(58.34)
July 2007
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59
n=
Es
Ec
1)
2)
3)
4)
July 2007
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fc =
M sl c
I tr
fs = n
M sl ( d c )
I tr
July 2007
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60
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Loads & Analysis: Slide #121
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( 26 ( 42 2x ) ) (8)( x 4 ) + 2 12 ( x 8)( x 8) x 8 x 3 8
x
+ x ( 42 2x ) 79.5 ( 58.34 x ) = 0
2
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61
I=
1
1
3
2
( 9.10 )(16.45) + 2 (8.45) 83 + 8.45 ( 8)(16.45 4 )
3
12
2
1
1
8.45
3
36
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fs = n
M sl ( d c )
I tr
f s = ( 5.7 )
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62
ksi
0.7( h d c )
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63
s = 1 +
s
2.31
= 1.055
0 7(62 5 2.31)
0.7(62.5
2 31)
700 0.75
2(2.31) = 9.67in
1.055 34.8
6.0in 9.67in
OK
For this example the tensile stress in the mild
reinforcement is less than its allowable. Thus, the
distribution of reinforcement for control of cracking is
adequate.
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d c
59.9 7.72
t = 0.003 t
= 0.003
= 0.020 > 0.005
7.72
c
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64
July 2007
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M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r
Snc
(5.7.3.3.2-1)
Where:
July 2007
ODOT Short Course
ksi
ksi
kip-ft
in3
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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65
29,534
(0.785)
12
M cr = 1,932k ft
M cr =
1.2 M cr = 2,318k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load
combination is: Mu = -3,483 kip-ft
Therefore, 1.33M u = 4, 631 kip-ft
Since 1.2 M cr < 1.33M u , 1.2 M cr Controls
OK
Note: The LRFD Specifications states that this requirement be met at every section.
July 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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66
July 2007
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July 2007
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67
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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68
July 2007
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10
12
16
ldsh
42.29
33.78
29.36
25.83
21.42
As.
0.92
1.22
1.53
1.84
2.45
708.00
708.00
708.00
708.00
Moment 708.00
n
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
62.50
62.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
45E-6
52E-6
263E-6
317E-6
422E-6
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
fs
150
113.07
93.68
78.22
58.87
July 2007
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69
Strength Design
No. of Strand
5.18
6.52
8.00
9.27
13.13
ldsh
42.00
35.00
30.00
27.00
22.00
As
0.79
1.00
1.22
1.42
2.01
Moment
849.70
849.70
849.70
849.70
849.70
62.50
62.50
62.50
60.50
60.50
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.47
fpul
209
166
135
117
86
July 2007
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July 2007
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70
July 2007
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procedures are
demonstrated below by determining these
values at the critical section near the supports.
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided where:
Vu 0.5 (Vc + V p )
July 2007
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(5.8.2.4-1)
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71
kips
kips
= Resistance factor
(5.5.4.2.1)
July 2007
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in
in
July 2007
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in
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72
d v = d e 0.5(
0 5(a) = 58.34
58 34 0.5(5.41)
0 5(5 41) = 55.63
55 63in
0.9d e = 0.9(58.34) = 52.5in
0.72h = 0.72(62.5) = 45in
Therefore, dv = 55.63 in.
July 2007
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73
July 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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74
Vs =
323.1
74.4 = 284.6kips
0.9
A
Assume
#4 h
hoops Av = 0.4
0 4 in
i 2 = 90 sin
i =11 cot =00
July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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s=
Av f y d v cot
Vs
0.4(60)(55.63)
0
4(60)(55 63) cot 45
= 4.7 in
284.6
Use #4@4 in
Vs = 334 kips
July 2007
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75
kip in
kip-in
dv = 55.63
in.
kips
Vu = 323.1
kips
in2
Ap = 0
in2
Ep = 28,500
ksi
Es = 29,000
ksi
July 2007
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kips
fpo = 0
July 2007
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76
July 2007
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vu =
Vu V p
bv dv
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete
kips
in
kips
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77
vu =
323.1 0.9(0)
= 0.81 ksi
0 9(8)(55 63)
0.9(8)(55.63)
vu 0.81
= 0.115
'=
f c 7.0
Use ((vu / fc)) < 0.125 and x < 1 from LRFD Table
5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 37
= 2.13
July 2007
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Vs =
323.1 0.9(79.3)
= 280.0
0.9
kips
Av f y d v cot
Vs
OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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78
kip in
kip-in
dv = 53.6
in.
kips
Vu = 323.1
kips
in2
Ap = 9(0.153)
9(0 153) = 1.38
1 38
in2
Ep = 28,500
ksi
Es = 29,000
ksi
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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kips
ksi
[LRFD
5.8.3.4.2]
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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79
July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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vu =
Vu V p
bv dv
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete
kips
in
kips
July 2007
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80
vu =
323.1 0.9(23.6)
= 0.782 ksi
0 9(8)(53 6)
0.9(8)(53.6)
vu 0.782
= 0.111
'=
7.0
fc
Use ((vu / fc)) < 0.125 and x < 0.75 from LRFD
Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 34.4
= 2.26
July 2007
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Vs =
kips
Av f y d v cot
Vs
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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81
(5.8.2.7)
Check which is true:
(5.8.2.7-1)
vu 0.125 f c'
(5.8.2.7-2)
or
July 2007
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A v 0.0316 f c '
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82
Where:
de = The corresponding effective depth from the
extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
tensile force in the tensile reinforcement = 58.2
in
in
in
July 2007
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c=
( 4.74 )( 270 )
270
58.2
= 4.11 in
4.11
f ps = 270 1 0.28
= 264.8 ksi
58.2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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83
July 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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84
Vu = 250.0 kips
M u = 1,346 kip-ft
July 2007
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Vc = 0.0316 f c' bv dv
July 2007
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(5.8.3.3-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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85
Where:
kips
kips
ksi
[LRFD
5.8.3.4.2]
pu
July 2007
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Where (cont.):
Aps Area off prestressing steel on the flexural
f
tension
= side of the member, as shown in LRFD Figure
5.8.3.4.2-1.
= 31(0.153) = 4.74
As = Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural
tension side of the member = 0
in2
in2
July 2007
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86
1,346(12)
+ 0.5(0) + (250 23.6) 4.74(189)
56.5
x =
0.001
2 ( 28,500(4.74) + 5072 ( 475 ) )
0.07 x103 0.001
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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vu =
Vu V p
bv d v
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete
kips
in
kips
vu =
250 0.9(23.6)
= 0.562ksi
0.9(8)(56.5)
July 2007
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87
vu 0.562
= 0.0803
0 0803
'=
7.0
fc
Use (vu / fc) < 0.1 and x < -0.05 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 21.4
= 3.24
July 2007
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Vc = 0.0316 f c' bv dv
Vc = 0.0316(3.24) 7.0(8)(56.5) = 122.4 kips
July 2007
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88
Check if:
(5.8.2.4-1)
Vu = 250 kips > 0.5 (Vc + Vp ) = 0.5 ( 0.9 ) (122.4 + 23.6) = 65.7 kips
At least minimum stirrups are needed.
July 2007
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(5.8.2.7)
(5.8.2.7-1)
vu 0.125 f c'
(5.8.2.7-2)
or
July 2007
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89
(5.8.2.5)
July 2007
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Vn 0.25 f c'bv d v + V p
(5.8.3.3-2)
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
July 2007
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90
Assume #4 @ 24:
Vs =
Vs =
24in
Vs = 144.2k
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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Vr = (Vc + Vs + V p )
Vr = 0.9 (122.4 + 144.2 + 23.6 ) = 261.2 kips
Vr > Vu = 250 kips
July 2007
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91
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Vri = Vni
(5.8.4.1-1)
(5.8.4.1-3)
Where:
c = Cohesion factor
ksi
[LRFD 5.8.4.3]
= Friction factor
Acv = Area of concrete engaged in shear transfer = bviLvi
in2
Avf = Area
A
off shear
h
reinforcement
i f
t crossing
i the
th shear
h
plane
l
i 2
in
kips
ksi
in
in
July 2007
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92
c = 0.28
= 1.0
(5.8.4.2)
July 2007
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Acv = 20 ( 24 ) = 480in 2
Vni = ( 0.28 )( 480 ) + 1.0 0.4 ( 60 ) + 0 = 158.4k
Vri = Vni = 0.9 (158.4 ) = 142.6k
July 2007
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93
(5.8.4.2-2)
142.6
= 0.297 ksi
480
vui =
Vu1
(5.8.4.2-1)
bvi d v
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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00.05
05A
Acv
fy
(5.8.4.1-4)
0.05(480)
= 0.40 OK
60
July 2007
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94
July 2007
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Loads & Analysis: Slide #189
Do Not Duplicate
K1 f c' Acv
K 2 Acv
(5.8.4.1-5)
OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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95
Aps f ps + As f y
Mu
dv
+ 0.5
+ u V p 0.5Vs cot
Nu
(5.8.3.5-1)
July 2007
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AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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96
(5.11.4.2)
July 2007
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dv = dp
a
3.42
= ( 62
62.5
5 44.32
32 )
= 56
56.5in
5in
2
2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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97
f px = f pe +
l px 60d b
l d 60d b
f px = 158.6ksi
158 6ksi +
(f
ps
f pe )
(5.11.4.2-4)
73.5in 30in
264 8ksi 158.6ksi
158 6ksi ) = 206ksi
( 264.8ksi
127.3in 30in
July 2007
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Aps f ps + As f y
Mu
d v
+ 0.5
+ u V p 0.5Vs co
cot
Nu
1346
250
+0+
23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5)
0.9
Vs = 144k <
Vu
250k
= 277.8k
0.9
July 2007
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98
f px =
f pe l px
60db
158.6 (17 )
30
= 90ksi
(5.11.4.2-3)
July 2007
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Ab f y
fc '
= 1.25
0.2 ( 60 )
7
= 5.7in
(5.11.2.1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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99
As =
464.6 426
= 0.64in 2
60
4 #4
# works. 3 #
#5 also works as a # 5 needs a 15 inch
development length.
July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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= 288k >
Vu
= 277.8k
July 2007
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100
July 2007
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dv = dp
a
3.42
= ( 62
62.5
5 44.32
32 )
= 56
56.5in
5in
2
2
July 2007
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101
f px = f pe +
l px 60d b
l d 60d b
f px = 158
158.6ksi
6ksi +
(f
ps
f pe )
(5.11.4.2-4)
66.5in 30in
264 8ksi 158
158.6ksi
6ksi ) = 198
198.4ksi
4ksi
( 264.8ksi
127.3in 30in
July 2007
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Aps f ps + As f y
Mu
d v
+ 0.5
cot
+ u Vp 0.5Vs co
Nu
1346
250
+0+
23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5)
0.9
Vs = 144k <
Vu
250k
= 277.8k
0.9
July 2007
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102
f px =
f pe l px
60db
158.6 (10 )
30
= 52.9ksi
(5.11.4.2-3)
July 2007
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4.74
52.9
=
250.8
k
<
( )( )
250
NG
Ab f y
fc '
= 1.25
0.2 ( 60 )
7
= 5.7in
(5.11.2.1)
July 2007
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103
f sx =
10
( 60 ) = 50ksi
12
As =
464.6 250.8
= 4.3in 2
50
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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= 288k >
Vu
= 277.8k
July 2007
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104
As =
294.2 250.8
= 0.87in 2
50
This is 5 #4 bars.
So decrease stirrup spacing from the end of the girder to
the critical section (this will be 66.5 inches from the end of
the girder) to #4 @ 12. Add 5 #4 bars longitudinal in the
bottom flange.
July 2007
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40(0.153)(202.5)(0.04) = 49.6
July 2007
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105
49.6
= 2.47
2 47
20
in2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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(5.10.10.2)
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106
AASHTO LRFD B
Bridge
id D
Design
i S
Specifications
ifi i
Design Example 2
2 Span Continuous Prestressed I-Girder Bridge
EXTERIOR GIRDER
34-0
8.5 structural+ 1.0
wearing
Type IV
2.5
2.5
37-0
July 2007
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107
= 6.0(8.5) + 0.5(8)
=55 in.
= 6.0(8.5) + 0.25(20)
= 55 in.
= 2.5 ft = 30 inches
Therefore, the effective flange width for the exterior girder is:
(96/2) + 30 = 78 in.
July 2007
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beff
Trans =
4.0 ft
2.5 ft
July 2007
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108
yb=
I=
A=
h=
yTC =
yTG =
Sb=
STG =
STC =
38.22 in
624512 in4
50457 in2
62.5 in
24.28 in
15.78 in
16340 in3
39576 in3
25721in3
July 2007
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July 2007
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109
Shear
kips
Moment
kip-ft
0 00
0.00
35 3
35.3
9.26
28.5
295
18.97
21.4
537
28.69
14.2
710
38.41
7.1
814
48.13
849
57.84
-7.1
814
67.56
-14.2
710
77.28
-21.4
537
86.99
-28.5
295
96.25
-35.3
July 2007
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Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
g= egint
Where:
g = DFMext
gint= DFMint
e = 0.77 +
de
9.1
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110
DFExt = e DFInt
e = 0.77 +
= 0.77 +
de
9.1
1.0
9.1
= 0.880
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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M
36k
36k
R=
1.2 Pe RS = 0
1.2 Pe
1.2e
DF =
S
S
In the diagram,
diagram P/2 are the wheel loads; P
is the resultant force. All three loads are
NOT applied at the same time.
8 ft
July 2007
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111
R=
72k (8 ft )
R = 0.6 lanes / girder
1.5
Multiple Presence:
36k
36k
MPF = 1.2
N t that
Note
th t this
thi only
l uses th
the ttruck.
k
By dividing by the total truck
weight of 72 kips, R is given in
lanes/girder
8 ft
July 2007
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DFExt ,Min =
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
(C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
July 2007
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112
6
36k e = 12
36k
2.5
8-0
16-0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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X Ext e
L
DFM
Ext , Min
NL
Nb
1
DFM
Ext , Min
DFM
Ext , Min
= 0.50
DFM
Ext , Min
Nb
16(12)
2 162 + 82
July 2007
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113
12 Lane
6
36k
36k
36k
36k
e2 = 18.5 - 1.5 - 2 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 3 = 0
e1 = 12
(3.6.1.3)
Note: Truck cannot be closer than 2 from the barrier and the truck
must be 2 feet from the lane edge.
July 2007
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DFM
Ext , Min
DFM
Ext , Min
DFM
Ext , Min
DFM
Ext , Min
NL
Nb
2
5
X Ext e
Nb
16(12
( + 0))
2(162 + 82 )
= 0.70
= MPF ( DF ) = 1.0(0.7) = 0.7 CONTROLS
July 2007
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114
July 2007
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Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
DFM,Ext
M Ext = e DFM,Int
M Int
e = 0.60 +
July 2007
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de
10
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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115
Shear:
Exterior Girder Two or More Lanes Loaded:
DFExt = e DFInt
e = 0.6 +
= 0.6 +
de
10
10
1.0
10
= 0.70
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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DFVEXT = 0.6
This is the same as moment calculation.
However, the minimum DF = 0.7 (from possible rigid body
rotation) - THIS CONTROLS.
July 2007
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116
Location
x ft.
x/L
Deck plus
Haunch
[Simple Span]
Beam Weight
[Simple Span]
Shear
Sh
kips
M g,
kip-ft
Shear
Sh
kips
Barrier Weight
[Continuous Span]
Ms,
kip-ft
Shear
Sh
kips
Future Wearing
Surface
[Continuous Span]
M b,
kip-ft
Shear
Sh
kips
Mws,
kip-ft
0.00
0.00
39.6
35.3
9.2
7.7
14.7
12.4
9.26
0.10
31.9
331
28.5
295.2
6.8
81.8
10.9
130.5
18.97
0.20
24
602.6
21.4
537.3
4.3
136
6.9
217
28.69
0.30
16
796.5
14.2
710.4
1.8
166
2.9
264.9
38.41
0.40
912.9
7.1
814.2
-0.6
171.9
-1
274.2
48.13
0.50
951.9
848.8
-3.1
153.6
-5
245.1
57.84
0.60
-8
912.9
-7.1
814.2
-5.6
111.2
-8.9
177.5
67.56
0.70
-16
796.5
-14.2
710.4
-8.1
44.7
-12.9
71.3
77.28
0.80
-24
602.6
-21.4
537.3
-10.6
-46
-16.9
-73.4
86.99
0.90
-31.9
331
-28.5
295.2
-13.1
-160.8
-20.8
-256.7
96.25
Brg.
-39.6
-35.3
-15.4
-292.7
-24.6
-467.1
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0
2.04
2.73
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67.56
77.28
86.99
93.52
94.21
96.25
LL+IM
V
M
k
k-ft
76.5
50.9
74.0
199.4
73.2
247.5
65.3
655.8
53.7
1101.8
42.9
1365.5
34.2
1483.0
-41.3
1455.5
-51.6
1301.1
-61.8
1009.2
-71.7
-815.0
-81.3
-921.5
-87.1
-1252.7
-87.7
-1299.1
-89.5
-1449.7
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117
(3.4.1)
Maximum Q = 1
1.25(DC)
25(DC) + 1
1.50(DW)
50(DW) + 1
1.75(LL
75(LL + IM)
Minimum Q = 0.90(DC) + 0.65(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
July 2007
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0
2.04
2.73
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67 56
67.56
77.28
86.99
93.52
94.21
96.25
Service 1
Service 3
Strength 1
V
M
V
M
V
M
k
k-ft
k
k-ft
k
k-ft
175.3
71.0
160.0
60.8
261.1
117.3
168.2
416.2
153.4
376.4
250.8
630.3
165.8
528.7
151.1
479.2
247.2
797.3
143.4
1494.4
130.3
1363.2
214.6
2228.5
110.2
2594.7
99.5
2374.3
166.4
3848.5
77.8
3303.3
69.3
3030.2
119.5
4878.1
47.7
3656.2
40.8
3359.6
76.4
5380.4
-49.4
3654.7
-41.2
3363.6
-83.7
5357.4
-81.2
3316.9
-70.9
3056.7
-129.6
4841.0
-113 0
-113.0
2632 0
2632.0
-100 7
-100.7
2430 2
2430.2
-175 4
-175.4
3812 5
3812.5
-144.6
205.5
-130.3
368.5
-220.8
-568.0
-175.6
-712.8
-159.3
-528.5
-265.4
-1635.0
-195.9
-1707.1
-178.5
-1456.5
-294.3
-2930.0
-198.1
-1829.0
-180.6
-1569.2
-297.5
-3092.5
-204.4
-2209.5
-186.5
-1919.6
-306.4
-3603.6
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118
Compression:
(5.9.4.2.1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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(5.9.4.2.1)
Due to p
permanent and transient loads for service limit states:
For the precast girder:
0 60w fc = 0.60(1.0)(4.5)
0.60
0 60(1 0)(4 5) = +2
+2.700
700 ksi
Note: w is a factor for slender webs/flanges. It is not really
meant for I girders. If the calculations required for w are
done, w=1.
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119
Tension:
For components
p
with bonded p
prestressing
g tendons:
For the precast girder:
July 2007
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Ppe
A
Ppe ec
St
(M g + M s )
St
( M ws + M b )
Stg
+
+
789
8,909
8,909
39576
ftg1 = 1.23
1 23 22.18
18 + 22.43
43 + 00.12
12 = +11.60
60
ftg1 =
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120
( M LL + I )
Stg
1, 455*12
39576
= 0.80 + 0.44 = +1.24
ftg 2 = 0.5(1.60) +
ftg 2
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ftg 3 = ftg1 +
( M LL + I )
Stg
1, 455*12
39576
= 1.60
1 60 + 0.44
0 44 = +2.04
2 04
ftg 3 = (1.60) +
ftg 3
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121
ftc =
( M ws + M b )
Stc
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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f tc 2 = 0.5 f tc1 +
( M LL + I )
Stc
1, 455*12
25721
= 0.09 + 0.68 = +0.77
f tc 2 = 0.5(0.186) +
f tc 2
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122
ftc 3 = ftc1 +
( M LL + I )
Stc
1, 455*12
25721
= 0.19 + 0.68 = +0.87
ftc 3 = (0.186) +
ftc 3
C
Compressive
stress limit ffor concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
O
July 2007
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Ppe
A
Ppe ec
Sb
(M g + M s )
Sb
( M ws + M b ) + 0.8M LL + I
Sbc
789
10,542
10,542
16,340
fb = 1.23 + 1.84 2.05 1.15 = 0.13
fb =
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123
GIRDER STRESSES
INT
EXT
1.98 ksi
1.60 ksi
1.34 ksi
1.24 ksi
2.33 ksi
2.04 ksi
0.40 ksi
0.13 ksi
July 2007
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(Tables 3.4.11&2)
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124
July 2007
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M u = 1.25(
1 25( DC ) + 11.5(
5( DW ) + 11.75(
75( LL + IM ) (3.4.1-1&2)
(3 4 1 1&2)
At the pier section:
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125
As (60)
3 604(12) = 00.90
3,
90 As (60) 58
58.25
25
1.7(7.0)(26)
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Location of steel:
Top 17 #6 with 2
2 clear
Btm 16 #6 with 2 5/8 clear.
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126
a=
c=
Asf y
0.85f c ' b
(14.52 )( 60 ) = 5.63in
0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.63
=
= 8.04
1 0.7
5.63
63
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
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700 e
2d c
s fs
Based on the check made for the interior girders (requiring a spacing
of 9 inches)
inches), #6@ 4 inches will clearly satisfy this requirement
requirement. Note
that the service level stress will increase, but not enough to bring the
requirement below 4 inches.
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127
d c
59.9 8.04
t = 0.003 t
= 0.003
= 0.019 > 0.005
8.04
c
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M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r
Snc
(5.7.3.3.2-1)
Where:
fr =
fcpe =
Mdnc=
Sc=
0.0
Mg + Ms = 0
16340
July 2007
ODOT Short Course
ksi
ksi
kip-ft
in3
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128
16340
(0.785)
12
M cr = 1069k ft
M cr =
1.2 M cr = 1282k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load
combination is: Mu = -3604 kip-ft
Therefore, 1.33M u = 4793 kip-ft
Since 1.2 M cr < 1.33M u , 1.2 M cr Controls
OK
Note: The LRFD Specifications states that this requirement be met at every section.
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July 2007
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129
0
2.04
2.73
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67.56
77.28
86.99
93.52
94.21
96.25
Interior
V
k
299.125
287.45
283.375
246.375
191.575
138.4
89.575
-95.9
-147.875
-199.95
-251.375
-301.825
-334.65
-338.2
-348.325
M
kk-ft
ft
113.1
644.925
817.925
2303.925
3993.775
5077.725
5615.875
5610.625
5091.675
4041.75
-329.31
-1464.58
-2795.88
-2961.82
-3482.75
Exterior
V
k
261.0657
250.7524
247.1722
214.6325
166.3629
119.4571
76.42157
-83.733
-129.581
-175.438
-220.846
-265.37
-294.34
-297.47
-306.435
M
kk-ft
ft
117.3438
630.3376
797.2625
2228.485
3848.451
4878.126
5380.371
5357.442
4841.008
3812.453
-567.967
-1635.04
-2929.99
-3092.54
-3603.56
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130
This design example demonstrates the design of a single span, 65 ft. long adjacent box
girder bridge with a 30o right forward skew, as shown below. This example illustrates
the design of typical interior and exterior beams at the critical sections in positive
flexure and shear due to prestressing, dead load, and live load.
1.1-1
Longitudinal
Section
1.1-2
Transverse Cross
Section
1.1-3
Plan View
1.2
MATERIALS
1.2.1
Precast
Beams
ODOT requires the use of minimum span to depth ratios given in LRFD Article
2.5.2.6.3. For a precast box, the limit is 0.03L = 0.03(65ft)(12in/ft) =23.4 inches OK.
1.2.3
Prestressing
Strand
1.2.4
Reinforcing Bars
AASHTO M203 (ASTM A416) 7 wire, low relaxation, inch dia., Gr. 270.
Here, inch strand is chosen, although the BDM allows both inch and 0.6 inch
diameter. [ODOT BDM 301.5.1.2a]
Area of one strand = 0.153 in2
Ultimate strength, fpu = 270.0 ksi
AASHTO M31 (ASTM A615), Gr. 60 [ODOT BDM 302.5.1.8].
Yield strength, fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, Es = 29,000 ksi
1.2.5
Loads
1.2.6
Bridge
Parameters
1.3
CROSSSECTION
PROPERTIES
FOR A
TYPICAL
BEAM
1.3.1
Non-Composite
Section
Single Span
Overall Length:
c/c Span:
Support:
67 ft.
65 ft.
Elastomeric Bearing Pad
Area in2
Weight (k/ft)
h (in)
yb (in)
yt (in)
I (in4)
Sb (in3)
St (in3)
733.5
0.764
33
16.61
16.39
108,150
6,511
6,599
[LRFD 5.4.2.4-1]
The current ODOT standard is to tie the girders together with tie rods, tightened
enough to bring the girders together, but not providing significant lateral posttensioning. According to the commentary in the LRFD Specifications, for this bridge
to be considered to have the girders sufficiently connected, a lateral post-tensioning
force causing a stress of 0.25 ksi across the keyway is needed. Therefore, this bridge
will be considered as not being sufficiently connected. In practice, all this does is
change the distribution factor.
1.4
SHEAR
FORCES &
BENDING
MOMENTS
1.4.1
Dead Loads
1.4.2
Live Loads
Since this is a simple span beam, the most critical moment is at midspan.
M DC
M DW
( 0.240klf )( 65ft )
=
65ft
+
1.75k = 515.3k ft
3
= 126.8k ft
According to LRFD Article 4.6.1.2.1 vehicular live loading on the roadways of bridges
or incidental structures, designated HL-93, shall consists of a combination of the:
Design truck or design tandem with dynamic allowance. The design truck shall
consists of an 8.0 kip front axle and a pair of 32.0 kip back axles. The first and
second axle are spaced 14-0 apart. The space between the rear axles shall be
varied between 14.0 and 30.0 to porduce extreme force effects. The design
tandem shall consist of a pair of 25.0 kip axles spaced 4.0 apart. [LRFD
Article 3.6.1.2.2 and 3.6.1.2.3]
Design lane load shall consist of a load of 0.64 kip/ft uniformly distributed in
the longitudinal direction. [LRFD Article 3.6.1.2.4]
Since this is a simple span, the maximum moment from the LANE LOAD occurs when
the girder is fully loaded. Thus:
2
0.640klf )( 65ft )
(
M LL,Lane =
= 338k ft
8
The HL-93 truck controls for this span length. Since this is a simple span, there is a
simple formula for finding the maximum moment. The position of the resultant load is
found and the midspan of the beam is placed halfway between the resultant and the
nearest axle load. Note that the resultant is NOT used to find the moment, just the
position of the axle loads. Also note that for a simple span, the moment is greatest
when the back axles are as close together as possible, thus the minimum spacing of 14
feet is used.
1.4.2.1
Distribution
Factors
The live load bending moments and shear forces are determined by using the simplified
distribution factor formulas [LRFD 4.6.2.2]. To use the simplified live load
distribution factor formulas, the following conditions must be met [LRFD 4.6.2.2.1]
Width of deck is constant.
OK
OK
Number of beams, Nb > 4.
OK
Overhang part of the roadway < 3 ft
de = 0.23 ft
OK
Curvature in plan < specified in Article 4.6.1.2
Beam parallel and of same stiffness
OK
OK
Cross Section listed in Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
For a precast concrete box beam with an asphalt surface, the bridge type is (g).
[LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1]
The number of design lanes should be determined by taking the integer part of the ratio
w/12, where w is the clear roadway width in ft between curbs and/or barriers.
[LRFD 3.6.1.1.1]
w = 48 ft.
Number of design lanes = integer part of (48/12) = 4
1.4.2.1.1
Distribution
Factors for
Bending Moment
4 1180in 2
4 A2
J=
=
= 211625in4
S
27.75in 42.5in 42.5in
t 2 5.5in + 5.5in + 5in
Where:
A = the area enclosed by the centerline of the box walls.
T = wall thickness
S = length of the centerline of a box wall.
= Poissons Ratio = 0.2
K=
(1 + 0.2 ) 108150in4
211625in4
[LRFD 5.4.2.5]
= 0.783
48 ft
C = 0.783
= 0.578
65 ft
D = ( 11.5 4Lanes ) + 1.4 ( 4Lanes ) ( 1 0.2 ( 0.578 ) ) = 11.9
2
S
4 ft
=
= 0.336
D 11.9
Note that for boxes, K can be conservatively taken as 1. The DFM = 0.361, a
difference of 8%.
Also note that there is only one distribution factor for this case. This is different from
other cases where there are factors for one lane loaded and two lanes loaded.
1.4.2.1.1
Distribution
Factors for Shear
Force
Range of Applicability:
Number of beams
5 < Nb < 20
Beam width
35< b < 60 in
20< L < 120 ft Span
25000 < J < 610000 in4
40000 < I < 610000 in4
Two Lanes Loaded:
48
DFV =
156
0.4
0.1
48 108150 0.05 48
= 0.456 CONTROLS
12
65
211625
(
)
48
0.15
108150
211625
0.05
= 0.445
Because I/J is raised to a very small power, assuming I/J = 1 changes the DFV very
little. In this example, the DFV is about 4% higher if I/J = 1.
1.4.2.2
Dynamic
Allowance
1.4.2.3
Moment
Reduction
Factor for
Skew
IM = 33%
Where: IM = dynamic load allowance, applied only to truck load
( ) = 0.905
1.4.2.4
Unfactored
Bending
Moments
1.4.3
Load
Combinations
[LRFD 3.4.1]
Fatigue: Does not need to be checked for pretensioned beams designed using the
Service III load combination.
1.5
ESTIMATE
REQUIRED
PRESTRESS
Box girders are usually controlled by Strength I, but it is difficult to estimate number of
strands using Strength I. It is easier to estimate the number of strands using Service III
and add a few strands. Final strand patterns can be adjusted, if needed, later.
1.5.1
Service Load
Stresses at
Midspan
Bottom tensile stress due to applied dead and live loads using load combination Service
III:
M + M DW + 0.8M LL + I
f b = DC
Sb
Where:
ksi
fb = Bottom tensile stresses
MDC = Unfactored bending moment due to DC loads
kip-ft
kip-ft
fb =
kip-ft
in3
Remember! For Service III (which applies ONLY to tension in fully prestressed
members), the LL factor is 0.8!
Box girders are usually controlled by Strength I, but it is difficult to estimate number of
strands using Strength I. It is easier to estimate the number of strands using Service III
and add a few strands. Final strand patterns can be adjusted, if needed, later.
1.5.2
Tensile
Stress Limits for
Concrete
1.5.3
Required Number
of Strands
According to LRFD Table 5.9.4.2.2-1 the tensile stress limit at service loads is
f b 0.19 f c ' = 0.19 7ksi = 0.503ksi
The difference between the bottom fiber tensile stress due to applied loads and the
tensile stress limit is the required precompression stress.
f pb = (1.87ksi 0.503ksi ) = 1.37ksi
Assume the strands are 2 inches from the bottom of the girder.
So the strand eccentricity at the midspan is:
ec = 16.61in 2in = 14.61in
If Ppe is the total prestressing force, the stress at the bottom fiber due to presstress is:
P
P e
f pb = pe + pe c
A
Sb
Now plug in the required precompression stress, fpb and solve form Ppe:
1.37ksi
Ppe =
= 380kips
1
14.61in
2
6511in 3
733.5in
Final prestress force per strand = (area of strand)(fpi)(1-losses, %) where fpi = initial
prestressing stress before transfer, ksi. For Grade 270 strand, fpi = 0.75fpu = 202.5 ksi.
Assuming 25% loss of prestress the final prestressing force per strand after losses is:
380kips
= 16.4
23.2kips
This shows a need for at least (18) in diameter, 270 ksi, low-lax strands as the strand
pattern must be symmetrical.
1.5.4
Strand Pattern
The ODOT Design Data Sheet for Group B roadway widths gives 20 strands at 2
from the bottom. Use the strand pattern of 20 strands shown at the midspan:
Using 20 strands allows for the possibility that the Strength Limit State controls. This
pattern should work for exterior girders. Recall that the exterior girders will have the
guardrail load and increased live load because of the exterior girder factor. It is NOT
good design practice to have the exterior girder strand patterns be different than that for
the interior girders. By using the same pattern for all girders, the fabricator has the
option to fabricate exterior and interior girders in the same bed at the same time.
2.0
SERVICE
LOAD
LIMIT
STATE
2.1
Prestress Losses
[LRFD 5.9.5.1-1]
Where:
fpES = loss due to elastic shortening, ksi
fpLT = loss due to long-term shrinkage and creep of
concrete, and relaxation of the steel, ksi
2.1.1
Elastic
Shortening
f pES =
Ep
E ct
f cgp
[LRFD 5.9.5.2.3a-1]
Where:
fcgp =
Ep =
Eci =
Mg =
=
= 1.15ksi
2
733.5in
108150in 4
108150in 4
28500ksi
f pES =
(1.15ksi ) = 7.6ksi
4300ksi
2
Note: In many example problems, the gravity moment for elastic shortening losses and
stresses at release are calculated using the overall length of the girder. The thought
here is that the girder will sit up on its ends and the span will be the overall length.
In this example, the center of bearing to center of bearing span is used rather than
overall length. This is done for 3 reasons:
1) This value will be needed later for service load calculations. Using it in this
calculation saves a calculation later.
2) It is conservative as it actually results in higher losses and higher stresses in the
concrete.
3) It doesnt make that much of a difference. In this case, using the overall length
increases the gravity moment 6% and decreases the loss 4%. The concrete unit
weight, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and the strength are not
known with an accuracy that justifies being concerned over a few percent
differences in the gravity moment.
2.1.2
Long-Term
Losses
f pLT = 10
f pi A ps
Ag
h st + 12 h st + f pR
[LRFD 5.9.5.3-1]
In which:
h = 1.7 0.01H
[LRFD 5.9.5.3-2]
5
[LRFD 5.9.5.3-3]
st =
1 + f ci '
Where:
H = The average annual ambient relative humidity (%)
h = Correction factor for relative humidity of the ambient air
hst = Correction factor for specified concrete strength at time of
Prestress transfer to the concrete member
fpR = An estimate of relaxation loss taken as 2.5 ksi for low
relaxation strand, 10.0 ksi for stress relieved strand, and in
accordance with manufacturers recommendation for other types
of strand (ksi)
Assume H = 70%
h = 1.7 0.01 ( 70 ) = 1.00
st =
5
= 0.83
1+ 5
So:
f pLT = 10
f pLT
2.1.3
Total Losses at
Service Loads
( 202.5ksi )( 20 ) ( 0.153in 2 )
733.5in 2
= 7.0 + 10.0 + 2.5 = 19.5ksi
[LRFD 5.9.5.1-1]
2.2.1
w is a modifier for sections with thin webs or flanges. It is actually defined in the
section for hollow, rectangular compression members (Art. 5.7.4.7). It is based on the
flange or web length/thickness ratio. Since this is for sections with thin webs/flanges,
w term will usually be = 1 for most beams.
Find the web and flange slenderness ratios:
X
w = u
t
Where:
Xu = the clear length of the constant thickness
portion of the wall between other walls or fillets
t = wall thickness
w =
[LRFD 5.7.4.7.1-1]
[LRFD 5.7.4.7.2c-1]
X u = b ( lesser of 2 z or 2 y )
2.2
Service
Load
Stresses
537k (14.61in )
537k
= 0.457ksi
2
733.5in
6599in 3
f cp,top + f cDL,top = 0.457ksi + 1.17ksi = 0.713ksi < 0.45f c ' = 0.45 ( 7ksi ) = 3.15ksi
2.2.3
Service Load
Compression
Stress
Check
Service I
f cp,top + f cDL,top
2
+ f cLL,top =
0.713ksi
+ 0.85ksi = 1.21ksi < 0.4(7ksi) = 2.8ksi
2
f cp,top + f cDL,top + f cLL,top = 0.713ksi + 0.85ksi = 1.56ksi < 0.6 (1.0 )( 7ksi ) = 4.2ksi
Compression stresses OK
2.3.4
Service Load
Tensile
Stress Check
Service III
The Service III stress at the bottom due to dead and live loads, fb, was calculated
previously.
The allowable tensile stress of 0.530 ksi was also calculated previously
537kips 537k (14.61in )
+
= 1.94ksi
733.5in 2
6511in 3
f b = 1.87ksi
f pb =
Now its in tension, which is Service III ? Actually, it is sort of both. For all intents
and purposes, the stress at the bottom of the girder is 0 and this is a dividing line
between Service I and Service III. Because of the 0.8 factor on the LL, there is an
inconsistency between the two load cases. However the stress is so low, that really
doesnt matter we satisfy all allowables in all cases.
3.0
STRENGTH
LIMIT STATE
3.1
Factored
Moment
3.2
Steel Stress
At Strength
Limit State
Strength I:
Q = 1.25(DC) + 1.50(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
Q = 1.25(DC) + 1.50(DW) + 1.75(Truck + Lane)
M u = 1.25 ( 515.3) + 1.50 (126.8 ) + 1.75 ( 362.3 + 102.7 ) = 1648k ft = 19780k in
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
dp
[LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-1]
Where:
k = 0.28 for low relaxation strands
Assume the section is rectangular:
A f + A s f s A s 'f s '
c = ps pu
f
0.85f c ' 1b + kA ps pu
dp
[LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-4]
Where:
Aps = Area of prestressing steel
in2
fpu =
=
As =
=
fy =
=
As =
=
fy =
=
fc =
=
1 =
=
=
b=
=
ksi
c=
20 0.153in 2 270ksi + 0 0
270ksi
31 in
in2
ksi
in2
ksi
ksi
in.
3.98in
f ps = 270ksi 1 0.28
= 260ksi
31
in
c is also the neutral axis depth, so the stress block depth, a = 1c = 0.7(3.98) = 2.79
inches. Since c < hf, the stress block is entirely in the flange so the beam may be
treated as rectangular.
3.3
Flexural
Resistance
a hf
2 2
a
a
a
M n = Aps f ps d p
2
M n = A ps f ps d p
2
[LRFD 5.7.3.2.2-1]
2.79in
M n = 20 0.153in 2 ( 260ksi ) 31 in
= 23550k in
2
Note: The nominal flange width of 48 inches was used for b. In reality, the flange
area is reduced by the shear key cut-out. However, this is often ignored as this would
require an iterative procedure. If the area is adjusted for the shear key, the nominal
moment, Mn changes by only 0.10%. It may not be appropriate to reduce the area by
the shear key cut-out as this will be filled with grout and the grout may act with the
base concrete to effectively provide the complete flange width. All of this is a matter of
engineering judgment.
3.4
Determination
Of
Phi
dt c
31in 3.98
= 0.003
= 0.0204
c
3.98
[LRFD 5.7.2.1]
[LRFD 5.5.4.2.1]
This is a big change from the old balanced method. However, this now makes the LRFD
Specifications consistent with ACI 318. This replaces the maximum reinforcement
provisions.
M u M n
3.5
Determination of
Flexural
Strength
3.6
Maximum and
Minimum
Reinforcement
For minimum reinforcement, the resistance moment, Mr must be at least the lesser of
1.2 times the cracking moment or 1.33 times the factored applied moment.
1.33Mu = 1.33(19780 k-in) = 26310 k-in
For the cracking moment, find the modulus of rupture:
f r = 0.37 f c ' = 0.37 7ksi = 0.979ksi
[LRFD 5.4.2.6]
Note that this is a new MOR for minimum reinforcement. It is equal to 11.5fc in psi;
which is the upper bound for MOR.
Next, determine the stress at the bottom of the box due to effective prestressing force:
537kips 537k (14.61in )
f cpe =
+
= 1.94ksi
733.5in 2
6511in 3
Since this is a non-composite section:
M cr = Sb ( f r + f cpe )
[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2-1]
Compression: 0.6fci
558kips 558k (14.61in )
= 0.474ksi
733.5in 2
6599in 3
558kips 558k (14.61in )
f pb =
+
= 2.01ksi
733.5in 2
6511in 3
4.3
End
Stress
At Transfer
f pt =
These stresses should be calculated at the end of the transfer length = 60db=30 inches.
The dead load stresses 30 inches from the support should be added. However, these
stresses will not be large and it is conservative to use just the stress due to prestressing.
fpt = 0.474 ksi tension < 0.24fci = 0.245ksi = 0.537 ksi OK w/bonded steel
fpb = 2.01 ksi compression < 0.6fci = 0.6(5ksi) = 3 ksi OK
Because the stress is OK, no debonding is needed. However, if debonding was needed,
no more that 25% of the total number of strands could be debonded and no more than
40% in one row can be debonded.
[LRFD 5.11.4.3]
4.3.1
Bonded
Steel
Bonded steel is needed at the top of the girder at the end to take the tensile forces. This
steel must resist the total tension in the top flange with a stress of no more than 0.5fy
but not more than 30 ksi.
[LRFD Table 5.9.4.1.2-1]
The first step it to find the tension in the flange. This requires the location of the
neutral axis to be determined. From the top and bottom stresses at the end, the neutral
at the end is:
0.474ksi ( 33in )
0.474 + 2.01ksi
= 6.30in
0.474ksi + 0.060ksi
( 5.5in ) ( 48in 2 ( 5.5in ) )
2
T = 70.8kips
Again, this tension could be reduced by calculating the force at the end of the transfer
length (including the gravity moment). Including the gravity moment will reduced the
calculated tension, but because bars only come in certain sizes, the reduction may not
change the number of bars needed.
The bonded steel must resist the total tensile force with a stress not exceeding the lesser
of 0.5fy or 30 ksi.
[LRFD Table 5.9.4.1.2-1]
As =
70.8kips
= 2.36in 2
30ksi
Use 8 #5
The length of the bar is determined by the point where bonded steel is no longer
required. Since 0.0948fci = 0.212 ksi > 0.2ksi; find the point where the dead load
drops the stress below 0.2 ksi.
For simplicity, just consider the beam weight and ignore diaphragms.
The required moment = fc St = (0.474 ksi 0.200 ksi) 6599 in3 = 1808 k-in
= 150.7k-ft
M = 150.7k ft = 0.5 ( 0.764klf ) x ( 65ft x )
150.7k ft = 24.83x 0.382x 2
x = 6.75ft; 58.25ft
This is from center of bearing, so extend steel 7.75 ft. from each end and then add
development length.
ld =
ld =
1.25A b f y
fc '
0.4d b f y
[LRFD 5.11.2.1.1]
Where:
Ab = Area of the bar
db = diameter of bar
Top bar factor = 1.4
1.4(15inches) = 21 inches
So the minimum bar length = 6- 9 + 1 9 = 9 6
4.4
Midspan
Stress
At Transfer
The critical section is at dv from the face of the support for a section where the reaction
force in the direction of the applied shear introduces compression into the end region of
the member.
[LRFD 5.8.3.2]
For this member with only a single layer of prestressing steel:
a
2.79in
d v = d p = 31in
= 29.6inches
2
2
The term dv is not taken less than:
0.9de = 0.9(31 inches)=27.9 inches < 29.6 inches
or
0.72h = 0.72(33 inches) = 23.76 inches < 29.6 inches
Assuming a 1 ft. long bearing pad, the critical section is:
29.6+6 = 35.6 inches from center of bearing. For calculations, use 36 inches = 3 ft.
The difference is only a few percent.
5.2
Shear Forces
And Moments
At the Critical
Section
5.2.1
Basic
Shear
Forces
And
Moments
At the
Critical
Section
DC:
For beam weight:
Vg = w ( 0.5L x ) = 0.764klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 3ft ) = 22.54k
M g = 0.5wx ( L x ) = 0.5 ( 0.764klf )( 3ft )( 65ft 3ft ) = 71.0k ft
For the diaphragm, V = 1.75k (shear is constant), M = 1.75(3) = 5.25k-ft
For the wearing surface:
Vws = 0.140klf ( 0.5 ( 65 ft ) 3 ft ) = 4.13k
M ws = 0.5 ( 0.140klf )( 3 ft )( 65 ft 3 ft ) = 13k ft
DW:
Live Load:
Consider the influence line for shear:
The shear at x is maximized by placing the rear wheel of the truck at x and loading the
right part of the beam with the uniform load. (Note that influence lines are NOT used
for dead loads. Obviously, it is not possible to have the DL on only part of the beam!)
Using a standard structural analysis program, at the critical section:
VLL,Lane = 18.92k
VLL,Truck = 58.33k
MLL,Lane = 56.76 k-ft
MLL,Truck = 175.0 k-ft
Box Girder Example
ODOT Short Course
5.2.2
Skew
Factor
5.2.3
Factored
Moments
And
Shears
This is a multibeam bridge. The shear at the obtuse corner of each girder MUST be
increased by:
12 ( 65ft )
12L
1+
tan = 1 +
tan ( 30 ) = 1.20
[LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3c-1]
90d
90 ( 33in )
Note that this factor applies only to the distribution factor.
Since the critical section is only 3 feet from the support, apply the skew factor.
As calculated in Section 1.4.2.1.1 of this example:
DFV = 0.456
DFM = 0.336
The moment MAY be multiplied by the skew factor for moment, 0.91.
The shear MUST be increased by skew factor, 1.20.
Maximum Q = 1.25(DC) + 1.50(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
VLL+IM = 0.456(1.2)[58.33(1.33)+18.92] = 52.5 k
Vu = 1.25(22.54k + 1.75k + 4.13 k) + 1.50 (7.08 k) + 1.75(52.5 k) = 138.0 k
MLL+IM = 0.336(0.905)[175 k-ft(1.33)+56.8] = 88.0 k-ft
Mu = 1.25(71.0 k-ft + 5.25 k-ft + 13.0 k-ft) + 1.5(22.3 k-ft) + 1.75(88.0 k-ft)
= 299 k-ft = 3588 k-in
5.3
Sectional
Design
Model
For shear design, the shear forces at various points along the girder should be
calculated. Normally, this is done at the critical section, at points where strands are
debonded or harped and then at every 0.1L.
For this design example, only the shear at the critical section is analyzed. The same
procedure for the remaining points would be used.
The LRFD Specifications adopted the modified compression field theory for shear
design with Version 1. This was called the Sectional Design Model.
In Version 4 (2007), the Simplified Method was added. The Simplified Method
restores the old Vci and Vcw from the Standard Specifications.
Both methods will be illustrated in this example.
5.3.1
Finding
and
Concrete strain at : x
Average shear stress in the concrete: v
These two values are used to find and ; which are then used to find the strength of
the concrete and the strength of the stirrups.
Box Girder Example
ODOT Short Course
5.3.1.1
Finding
x
The first step is to find the strain at 0.5dv in the cross section.
It is assumed the section is uncracked and that at least minimum transverse
reinforcement will be used.
Note that is unknown at this point. However, the commentary allows 0.5cot=1 as a
simplification.
[LRFD C5.8.3.4.2]
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(E s As + E p Aps + E c Ac )
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-3]
Where:
Nu = Applied factored normal force at the specified section
= 0.0
Vp = Strands are not harped = 0.0
fpo = A parameter taken as modulus of elasticity of
prestressing tendons multiplied by the locked-in
difference in strain between the prestressing tendons
and the surrounding concrete
= .7 f pu = 0.7(270.0) = 189
Aps =
=
As =
Ac =
=
Ep =
dv =
kips
kips
ksi
[LRFD
5.8.3.4.2]
in2
in2
in2
ksi
in
3588k in
+ 138k 3.06in 2 (189ksi )
29.6in
x =
= 82x106 0.08x103
2
2
2 28500ksi ( 3.06in ) + 5072ksi ( 366.5in )
Negative means uncracked.
5.3.1.2
Finding vu
vu =
Vu Vp
b v d v
138k
= 0.469ksi < 0.18f c ' = 1.26ksi
( 0.9 )( 2 )( 5.5in )( 29.6in )
[LRFD 5.8.2.9]
Where:
Vp = 0
= 0.9
[LRFD 5.5.4.2.1]
5.3.1.3
and
v u 0.469ksi
=
= 0.067 and x = 0.08
fc '
7ksi
From LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 21
= 4.1
Using
5.3.2
Shear Strength of
Concrete
Vc = 0.0316 f c 'b v d v
[LRFD 5.8.3.3-3]
5.3.3
Minimum Stirrups
[LRFD 5.8.2.7]
Calculate minimum area of steel using a 12 inch spacing to get area of steel per foot:
(11in )(12in ) = 0.184in 2 [LRFD 5.8.2.5]
bs
A v 0.0316 f c ' v = 0.0316 7ksi
fy
60ksi
ODOT uses #4 bars with 2 legs as standard (Av = 2(0.2in2) = 0.4in2) @ 12 inch o.c.
This is adequate to meet minimum.
5.3.4
Shear Strength of
the Girder
Vs =
[LRFD 5.8.3.3-4]
s
The stirrups are perpendicular to the main steel so = 90o; cot = 0, sin=1; = 21o
Vs =
12in
Vs = 154.2k
The upper limit of Vn, given by following equation, is intended to ensure that the
concrete in the web of the beam will not crush prior to yield of the transverse
reinforcement.
Vn 0.25 f c'bv d v + V p
[LRFD 5.8.3.3-2]
With Vp=0:
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
111.6 + 154.2 0.25(7)(11)(29.6)
265.8 569.8
5.4
Simplified
Shear
5.4.1
Vcw
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-3]
Where:
fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all prestress loses)
at centroid of cross section resisting externally applied loads or at the
junction of the web and the flange when the centroid lies within the
flange (ksi).
Since this is a non-composite section:
P
537k
f pc = e =
= 0.732ksi
A 733.5in 2
f pc
fc '
1.8
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-4]
cot = 1.0 + 3
0.732ksi
= 1.83 > 1.8; so use 1.8
7ksi
= 29
The minimum stirrup area and maximum spacing calculated in the Sectional Model
still applies here. Assuming #4 stirrups @ 12 in:
0.4in 2 ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6in )(1.8 )
(
Vs =
= 106.5k
12in
Vu = 138k < 0.9 (123.2k + 106.5k ) = 207k
5.4.2
Vci
5.4.2.1
Unfoactored
Dead Loads
Vci does not control near supports of simply supported beams. It will be calculated at
0.2L=13 ft from the center of the support.
The equation for Vci requires the calculation of unfactored dead loads.
DC:
For beam weight:
Vg = w ( 0.5L x ) = 0.764klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 13ft ) = 14.9k
M g = 0.5wx ( L x ) = 0.5 ( 0.764klf )(13ft )( 65ft 13ft ) = 258k ft
For the diaphragm, V = 1.75k (shear is constant), M = 1.75(13) =22.8k-ft
For the wearing surface:
Vfws = 0.140klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 13ft ) = 2.73k
M ws = 0.5 ( 0.140klf )(13ft )( 65ft 13ft ) = 47.3k ft
DW:
5.4.2.2
Live
Load
This method requires two sets of shears and moments for Live Load. The first is the
loading where the shear is maximum and the second is where the moment is maximum.
For the lane load, the shear is maximum when the lane load is on the right 52 ft. of the
girder (see the influence line from the sectional model):
VLane1 = 13.3k and MLane1 = 173 k-ft = 2076 k-in
The maximum moment occurs when the lane load is on the entire girder:
VLane2 = 12.5k and MLane2 = 216.3 k-ft = 2596 k-in
Clearly, the moment is maximum when the lane load is placed along the entire beam.
The truck load is less certain. The moment at X is the value of the point load times
the ordinate of the influence line. Unfortunately, it is not clear where this product will
be maximum!
[LRFD 5.4.2.6]
Note that LRFD has 3 different MORs be sure to use the correct one!
Next, determine the stress at the bottom of the box due to effective prestressing force:
f cpe =
12M dnc
M cre = Sc f r + f cpe
Snc
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-2]
Where:
Mdnc = Unfactored moment due to dead load on the non- composite or
monolithic section = 409.2 k-ft (note in k-ft; 12 in numerator
converts to inches)
Snc = non-composite section modulus
Sc = composite section modulus = Snc since this is a non-composite
structure
12 ( 409.2k ft )
M cre = ( 6511in 3 ) 0.529ksi + 1.94ksi
6511in 3
5.4.2.4
Vci
Vi M cre
0.06 f c 'b v d v
M max
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-1]
5.4.2.5
Check Shear
Strength
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.3]
5.6
Minimum
Longitudinal
Steel
At each section:
[LRFD 5.8.3.5-1]
0.5N u Vu
+
Vp 0.5Vs cot
d v
For this example, the minimum longitudinal steel will be checked at the critical section.
The critical section 29.6 inches from the face of the support. Allowing for a 1 ft.
bearing pad and one foot from center of bearing to the end of the girder, the critical
section is 47.6 inches from the end of the girder. However, it is necessary to see if the
strand stress is reduced by lack of development.
A ps f ps + A s f y
Mu
[LRFD 5.11.4.2]
The terms fps (steel stress at strength limit) and fpe (effective prestressing stress after
losses) were calculated previously. = 1.6 for member over 24 inches deep
The critical section occurs at 47.6 inches from the end of the beam, but the
development length is 114.5 inches. Thus, the steel stress MUST be reduced to
account for lack of development.
f px = f pe +
l px 60d b
l d 60d b
(f
ps
f pe )
[LRFD 5.11.4.2-4]
47.6in 30in
( 260.0ksi 174.5ksi ) = 192.0ksi
114.5in 30in
0.5N u Vu
+
Vp 0.5Vs cot
d v
2
3.06in (192.0ksi ) = 588k
A ps f ps + A s f y
>
Mu
3588k in 138k
+
0.5( 153k ) cot ( 21) = 321k
1.0 ( 29.6in ) 0.9
OK.
Note that before the 2005/06 interim, the steel stress was assumed linear with
development length, not bilinear. If the stress were assumed linear here, mild steel
would need to be added. Also note that Vs < Vc/ = 153k
Check the inside face of the bearing pad. Assuming a 12 in pad and one foot from
center of bearing to the end, the inside of the pad is 12+6 = 18 inches from the end of
the girder. This is inside the transfer length:
18in
f px = 174.5ksi
= 104.7 ksi
30in
V
Ap f ps u 0.5Vs cot
138k
OK
If the stirrup spacing is increased to 18, Vs = 103 k
V
Ap f ps u 0.5Vs cot
138k
OK
5.7
Anchorage Zone
(Bursting
Stirrups)
6.0
EXTERIOR
GIRDER
6.1
Moment
de
>1
25
Since the rail is right at the edge of the box, de = half the web width = 2.75 inches =
0.23 ft. Note that de is in FEET.
e = 1.04 +
0.23
= 1.049
25
de
>1
30
e = 1.125 +
0.23
= 1.133 Controls
30
Note that there is only one DFM, so the one lane e is multiplied by the DFM. In the
equation below, the truck load (362.3 k-ft) is already multiplied by the interior DFM
and the impact factor; the lane load (102.7 k-ft) is multiplied by the DFM (no impact
on lane load). Thus, it is only necessary to multiply by the increasing factor:
M u = 1.25 ( 515.3 + 47.5 ) + 1.50 (126.8 ) + 1.75 ( 362.3 + 102.7 )(1.133)
M u = 1815k ft = 21790k in
Service load stresses should be checked. It is clear by inspection that service load
compression stresses are OK (see Section 2.3.3). Check Service III:
f bottom =
fbottom = 1.94 ksi 2.05 ksi = -0.110 ksi = 0.110 tension < 0.503 ksi tension OK
6.2
Exterior Girder
Shear
This check must be performed at all sections. Only the critical section is shown here.
The check is also made using Sectional Model.
At the critical section:
Vg = w ( 0.5L x ) = 0.090klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 3ft ) = 2.65k
M g = 0.5wx ( L x ) = 0.5 ( 0.090klf )( 3ft )( 65ft 3ft ) = 8.37k ft
Two or more lanes loaded:
48
g ext = eg int
b
d e + 12 2
e = 1+
40
0.5
48
0.23 + 12 2
e = 1+
40
0.5
= 1.234
e = 1.125 +
de
1
20
e = 1.125 +
0.23
= 1.137
20
Check:
Two or more lanes: e*DFV = 1.234(0.456) = 0.562
One Lane: e*DFV = 1.137(0.445) = 0.506
Controls
Camber calculations are not directly addressed in LRFD (They were not directly
addressed in the Standard Specifications, either).
The same methods used for finding camber and deflection used for Standard
Specifications apply for LRFD Designs.
ODOT invokes Article 2.5.2.6.2,which limits Live Load deflection to L/800 for
precast, simple span girders.
The limit for a Box Girder Bridge is L/800.
Since this is a limit on FLEXURAL deflection, it is appropriate to use the MDF.
MDF = 0.336(0.905) = 0.304
Lane Load = 0.640(0.304) = 0.194klf
Axle Load (rear) = 32k(1.33)(0.304)=12.9k (includes impact)
Axle Load (front) = 8k(1.33)(0.304) = 3.22k (includes impact)
The live load, positioned for maximum deflection is:
This design example demonstrates the design of a two-span AASHTO Type IV I girder
with no skew, as shown below. This example illustrates the design of a typical interior and
exterior beam at the critical sections for positive flexure, negative flexure, shear, and the
continuity connection. The superstructure consists of five beams spaced at 8-0 centers as
shown below. Beams are designed to act compositely with the 8.5-in-thick cast-in-place
concrete deck slab to resist all superimposed dead loads, live loads, and impact.
Longitudinal
Section
96-3
96-3
1-9
Transverse
Cross Section
34-0
8.5 structural+
1.0 wearing
Type IV
2.5
2.5
37-0
MATERIALS
Slab
July 2007
Precast Beams
8
6
6
8
1-11
4-6
2-2
Prestressing
Strand
July 2007
Reinforcing
Bars
Loads
Area in2
Weight (lb/ft)
h (in)
yb (in)
yt (in)
I (in4)
Sb (in3)
St (in3)
CROSSSECTION
PROPERTIES
FOR A
TYPICAL
INTERIOR
BEAM
Non-Composite
Section
789
822
54
24.73
29.27
260,741
10,542
8,909
[LRFD 5.4.2.4-1]
[LRFD 4.6.2.6]
12ts plus the greater of the web thickness or the beam top flange width:
ts = 8.5 in (slab thickness - use structural thickness only)
web thickness = 8 in
top flange = 0.5(20 in) = 10 in (Greatest)
12(8.5 in) + 10 in = 112 in
Average spacing between beams = 8 ft = 96 in (CONTROLS)
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH = 96 in Interior Girder
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH = 78 in Exterior Girder (overhang is 4 ft).
Modular Ratio
Transformed
Section
Properties
n=
Ec ( Slab) 4, 067
=
= 0.8019
Ec (beam) 5, 072
July 2007
Note that only the structural thickness of the deck, 8.5 in, is considered. A 2 haunch is
assumed for calculating weight but not for finding composite properties (ODOT BDM
302.5.2.3).
Figure below shows the dimensions of the composite section.
96
76.98
8.5
54
26
Properties of
Composite
section
Ac =
hc =
=
=
1,443 in2
62.5 in
Ic =
666,579 in4
ybc =
39.93 in
14.07 in
22.57 in.
16,694 in3
47,376 in3
29,534 in3
ytg =
ytc =
Sbc =
Stg =
Stc =
July 2007
SHEAR
FORCES &
BENDING
MOMENTS
Dead Loads
The self-weight of the beam, haunch, and slab act on the non-composite section as a simple
span structure. The weight of the barriers, future wearing surface, and live loads with
impact act on the composite section as a continuous structure.
DC = Dead load of structural components and non-structural attachments
DC Dead Loads carried by the girders:
Beam Weight: 0.822 klf
Slab: (96 in)(9.5 in)(0.150 kcf)/(144 in2/ft2) = 0.95 klf
Haunch: (2 in)(20 in)(0.150 kcf)/(144 in2/ft2) = 0.042 klf
Note: The actual slab thickness of 9.5 is used in calculating dead loads. The 2 haunch
thickness is also used in calculating dead loads. The intermediate diaphragms are assumed
as steel X braces. These are ignored in these dead load calculations. The weight of each
brace is less than 0.3 kips. The moment caused by these braces is << 1% of the total DL
moment.
DC Dead Loads carried by the continuous structure, composite section:
According to LRFD Article 4.6.2.2.1 permanent loads may be distributed uniformly to all
beams if the following conditions are met:
Width of deck is constant.
Number of beams, Nb > 4.
Overhang part of the roadway < 3 ft
de = 2.5 ft 1.5 ft = 1.0 ft
Curvature in plan < Specified in Article 4.6.1.2
Cross Section listed in Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
July 2007
LRFD Article 4.6.2.2.1 allows the slab weight to be evenly distributed to the girders in the
same manner as the wearing surface and the barriers. In this case, the decision has been
made to use tributary areas to distribute the slab weight to the girders. Either method is
allowable.
For dead loads the length of the span depends on the construction stage:
DL-Unfactored
Shear Forces &
Bending
Moments
The shear forces and bending moments are given in the table below:
Beam Weight
[Simple Span]
Shear
Moment
kips
Mg, kip-ft
39.6
0
31.9
331
24
602.6
16
796.5
8
912.9
0
951.9
-8
912.9
-16
796.5
-24
602.6
-31.9
331
-39.6
0
Location
Distance Section
x ft.
x/L
0.00
0.00
9.26
0.10
18.97
0.20
28.69
0.30
38.41
0.40
48.13
0.50
57.84
0.60
67.56
0.70
77.28
0.80
86.99
0.90
96.25
Brg.
Live Loads
Distribution
Factors
Barrier Weight
[Continuous Span]
Shear
Moment
kips
Mb, kip-ft
9.2
7.7
6.8
81.8
4.3
136
1.8
166
-0.6
171.9
-3.1
153.6
-5.6
111.2
-8.1
44.7
-10.6
-46
-13.1
-160.8
-15.4
-292.7
Future Wearing
Surface [Continuous
Span]
Shear
Moment
kips
Mws, kip-ft
14.7
12.4
10.9
130.5
6.9
217
2.9
264.9
-1
274.2
-5
245.1
-8.9
177.5
-12.9
71.3
-16.9
-73.4
-20.8
-256.7
-24.6
-467.1
According to LRFD Article 4.6.1.2.1 vehicular live loading on the roadways of bridges or
incidental structures, designated HL-93, shall consists of a combination of the:
Design truck or design tandem with dynamic allowance. The design truck shall
consists of an 8.0 kip front axle and a pair of 32.0 kip back axles. The first and
second axle are spaced 14-0 apart. The space between the rear axles shall be
varied between 14.0 and 30.0 to porduce extreme force effects. The design tandem
shall consist of a pair of 25.0 kip axles spaced 4.0 apart. [LRFD Article 3.6.1.2.2
and 3.6.1.2.3]
Design lane load shall consist of a load of 0.64 kip/ft uniformly distributed in the
longitudinal direction. [LRFD Article 3.6.1.2.4]
For negative moment between inflection points, 90% of the effect of two design
trucks (HL-93 with 14 ft. axle spacing) spaced at a minimum of 50 ft. combined with
90% of the design lane load.
Inflection points are determined by loading all spans with a uniform load.
The live load bending moments and shear forces are determined by using the simplified
distribution factor formulas [LRFD 4.6.2.2]. To use the simplified live load distribution
factor formulas, the following conditions must be met [LRFD 4.6.2.2.1]
July 2007
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
For a precast concrete I-girder with CIP deck, the bridge type is (k) [LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1]
The number of design lanes should be determined by taking the integer part of the ratio
w/12, where w is the clear roadway width in ft between curbs and/or barriers.
[LRFD
3.6.1.1.1]
w = 34 ft.
Number of design lanes = integer part of (34/12) = 2
Note: It could be argued that this should be designed as a three lane bridge because 3 11
ft lanes would fit and the minimum lane width is 10ft. However, the distribution factor is for
2 or more lanes loaded and the number of lanes isnt in the equation so it doesnt matter.
Distribution
Factors for
Bending
Moment
S = 8.0
ts = 8.5
4.5 ts 12.0
20 L 240
Nb 4
10, 000 K g 7, 000, 000
K g = n I + Aeg2
OK
OK
L = 98
OK
Nb = 5
OK
K g = See below
S = Spacing, ft
ts = slab thickness, in
L = beam span, ft
Nb = number of beams
Kg = longitudinal
stiffness parameter, in4
[LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1]
Where:
n = modular ratio between beam and deck materials
E (beam) 5, 072
= c
=
= 1.247
Ec ( slab) 4, 067
A = cross-section area of the beam (non-composite), in2 = 789
I = moment of inertia of the beam (non-composite), in4 = 260,741
eg = Distance be c.g. of beam and slab, in = (8.5/2+2.0+29.27) = 35.52
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
So:
K g = 1,566, 480 in 4
0.2
8 8 1,566, 480
DFM = 0.075 +
3
9.5 98 12*98*8.5
DFM = 0.665
0.1
0.1
0.3
8 8 1,566, 480
DFM = 0.06 +
3
14 98 12*98*8.5
DFM = 0.467
0.1
The case of two design lanes loaded controls, DFM = 0.665 lanes/beam
Distribution
Factors for
Shear Force
[LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1]
2
S S
DFV = 0.2 +
12 35
Where DFV = distribution factor for shear for interior beam. Provided that:
3.5 S 16.0
4.5 ts 12.0
20 L 240
Nb 4
S = 8.0
ts = 8.5
OK
OK
L = 98
Nb = 5
OK
OK
S = Spacing, ft
ts = slab thickness, in
L = beam span, ft
Nb = number of beams
So:
8 8
DFV = 0.2 +
12 35
DFV = 0.814
July 2007
S
DFV = 0.36 +
25
8
DFV = 0.36 +
25
DFV = 0.68
The case of two design lanes loaded controls, DFV = 0.814 lanes/beam
Dynamic
Allowance
Unfactored
Shear Force
and Bending
Moments
IM = 33%
Where: IM = dynamic load allowance, applied only to truck load
Unfactored shear forces and bending moment due to HL-93 truck load, per beam:
VLT = (shear force per lane)(DFV)(1+IM)=(shear force per lane)(0.814)(1.33)
=(shear force per lane)(1.083) kips
MLT = (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(1+IM)=(bending moment per lane)(0.665)(1.33)
=( bending moment per lane)(0.884) kips-ft
Unfactored shear forces and bending moment due to HL-93 lane load, per beam:
VLT = (shear force per lane)(DFV)(1+IM)=(shear force per lane)(0.814)
MLT = (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(1+IM)=(bending moment per lane)(0.665)
This table, obtained from a structural analysis program, is truck load + lane load, with
dynamic effect and distribution factor included.
Location
Distance
x ft.
0.00
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67.56
77.28
86.99
96.25
Section
x/L
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
Brg.
Max
Shear
kips
89.4
76.3
62.7
50.1
39.9
-48.3
-60.3
-72.2
-83.8
-95
-104.6
Shown in this table are maximum values of shear, positive moment, and negative moment.
The maximum values at a given location are not necessarily from the same load case.
July 2007
Load
Combinations
[LRFD 3.4.1]
ESTIMATE
REQUIRED
PRESTRESS
The required number of strands is usually governed by Service III load combination at the
section of maximum moment or harp points.
In a continuous for live load structure, the maximum moments do not occur at the same
place for each load. The point of maximum moment depends on whether the load was
applied to the continuous or simple structure. Thus, each point must be checked for the
combinations of loads.
In this structure, the maximum flexural Service Load stresses occur at 48.13 ft. (although
this is NOT where the continuous load moments are maximum). It is inappropriate to
simply take maximum moments without regard to location along the length of the girder.
Service 1
Service 3
Strength 1
V
M
V
M
V
M
k
k-ft
k
k-ft
k
k-ft
200.6
68.6
182.72
58.9 299.125
113.1
192.6
431.7
175.3
393.72
287.45 644.925
189.8
549.9
172.7
502.76 283.375 817.925
164.4
1567.2
149.14 1442.28 246.375 2303.925
126.8
2731.9
114.26 2522.04 191.575 3993.775
90.1
3489
80.08
3228.9
138.4 5077.725
55.9
3872.9
47.92 3590.42
89.575 5615.875
-56.4
3885
-46.74 3607.76
-95.9 5610.625
-92.4
3542.2
-80.34 3294.38 -147.875 5091.675
-128.5
2834.7
-114.06 2642.48
-199.95 4041.75
-164.2
434
-147.44
589.24 -251.375
-329.31
-199.3
-564.8
-180.3
-389.28 -301.825 -1464.58
-222.3
-1614.4
-201.94
-1375.8
-334.65 -2795.88
-224.8
-1742.2
-204.3 -1494.76
-338.2 -2961.82
-231.9
-2140.5
-210.98 -1864.36 -348.325 -3482.75
Length
ft.
Bearing
Trans.
H/2
0.10L
0.20L
0.30L
0.40L
MidSpan
0.60L
0.70L
0.80L
0.90L
H/2
Trans.
Bearing
0
2.04
2.73
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67.56
77.28
86.99
93.52
94.21
96.25
At this point, it is necessary to determine the needed number of strands. Box girders tend to
be controlled by the Strength Limit State, but I girders (this example) tend to be controlled
by service load tensions.
The initial estimate of number of strands will be found from the Service III combination.
Recall that Service III ONLY applies to tension in prestressed sections.
July 2007
Service Load
Stresses at
Midspan
Bottom tensile stress due to applied dead and live loads using load combination Service III:
fb =
Mg + Ms
Sb
M b + M ws + (0.8)( M LL + I )
Sbc
Where:
fb =
Mg =
Ms =
Mb =
Mws =
MLL+I =
ksi
kip-ft
kip-ft
kip-ft
kip-ft
kip-ft
fb = 3.47ksi
Stress Limits
for Concrete
According to LRFD Table 5.9.4.2.2-1 the tensile stress limit at service loads is
= 0.19 f c'
= 0.19 7.0 = 0.503ksi
Required
Number of
Strands
The difference between the bottom fiber tensile stress due to applied loads and the tensile
stress limit is the required precompression stress.
f pb = (3.47 0.503) = 2.97 ksi
At this point, the number of rows of strands is unknown. Assume a strand center of gravity
at midspan as 8% of the height of the girder.
ybs = 0.08(54) = 4.32 in
So the strand eccentricity at the midspan is:
ec = ( yb ybs ) = (24.73 4.32) = 20.41 in
If Ppe is the total prestressing force, the stress at the bottom fiber due to prestress is:
P
P e
f pb = pe + pe c
A
Sb
Now plug in the required recompression stress, fpb and solve form Ppe:
P
P (20.41)
2.97 = pe + pe
789
10,542
Ppe = 927 kips
July 2007
The required prestressing force after all losses is 927 kips. This is after an assumed 25%
loss. That means the initial prestressing force will be approximately 1240 kips. Check with
your local precast producer to ensure the capacity prestressing beds can withstand this
force.
Final prestress force per strand = (area of strand)(fpi)(1-losses, %) where fpi = initial
prestressing stress before transfer =0.75 fpu = 202.5 ksi
Assuming 25% loss of prestress the final prestressing force per strand after losses is:
927
= 39.9 strands
23.2
See figure below for the assumed strand pattern at the midspan:
No.
Strands
7
11
11
11
July 2007
Distance from
bottom (in)
8
6
4
2
10 Spa.
@ 2
The distance between the center of gravity of strands and the bottom concrete fiber of the
beam is, ybs, is:
[(11)2 + (11)4 + (11)6 + (7)8]
= 4.70 in
40
ybs =
PRESTRESS
LOSSES
f pT = f pES + f pLT
[LRFD 5.9.5.1-1]
Where:
f pES =
Ep
Ect
f cgp
[LRFD 5.9.5.2.3a-1]
Where:
fcgp =
Ep =
Eci =
According to the LRFD Commentary for pretensioned member the loss due to elastic
shortening may be determined by the following alternative equation (This is the calculation
of elastic shortening loss by transformed section):
pES
Aps f pi ( I g + em2 Ag ) em M g Ag
=
AI E
Aps ( I g + em2 Ag ) + g g ct
Ep
July 2007
[LRFD C5.9.5.2.3a-1]
Where:
Aps =
=
fpi =
=
Ag =
=
Ect =
=
Ep =
=
em =
=
Ig =
=
Mg =
=
So:
6.12* 202.5(260, 741 + 20.02 *789) 20.0*11, 422.8*789
789* 260, 741* 4, 067
6.12(260, 741 + 20.02 *789) +
28,500
= 16.24
pES =
pES
Note: If the self weight moment is calculated using total beam length rather than c/c
bearing, the moment becomes 11641 k-in. The elastic shortening loss becomes 16.13 ksi; <
1% different.
Long-Term
Losses
For standard, precast, pretensioned members subject to normal loading and environmental
conditions:
f pi Aps
[LRFD 5.9.5.3-1]
f pLT = 10
h st + 12 h st + f pR
Ag
In which:
h = 1.7 0.01H
[LRFD 5.9.5.3-2]
5
1 + f ci '
[LRFD 5.9.5.3-3]
st =
July 2007
Where:
H = The average annual ambient relative humidity (%)
h = Correction factor for relative humidity of the ambient air
hst = Correction factor for specified concrete strength at time of
Prestress transfer to the concrete member
fpR = An estimate of relaxation loss taken as 2.5 ksi for low
relaxation strand, 10.0 ksi for stress relieved strand, and in
accordance with manufacturers recommendation for other
types of strand (ksi)
Assume H = 70%
5
= 0.91
1 + 4.5
So:
202.5*6.12
1.00*0.91 + 12*1.00*0.91 + 2.5
789
= 14.29 + 10.92 + 2.5
f pLT = 10
f pLT
f pLT = 27.71
Total Losses at
Service Loads
[LRFD 5.9.5.1-1]
f pT = 43.95
f pe = 202.5 43.95 = 158.6
July 2007
[LRFD 5.9.4.1.1]
Tension:
[LRFD 5.9.4.1.2]
1. In areas other than the precompressed tensile zone and without bonded
reinforcement
0.0948 f ci' 0.2
0.0948 4.5 0.2
0.201 0.2
Therefore, -0.200 ksi (Controls)
2. In areas with bonded reinforcement sufficient to resist the tensile force in the
concrete computed assuming an uncracked section, where reinforcement is
proportioned using a stress of 0.5fy, not to exceed 30 ksi.
0.24 f ci'
0.24 4.5
-0.509 ksi
Stresses at
Transfer
Length Section
Stresses at this location need only be checked at release since this stage almost always
governs. Also, losses with time will reduce the concrete stresses making them less critical.
Transfer length = 60(strand diameter) = 60(0.5) = 30 in = 2.5 ft
[LRFD 5.8.2.3]
The bending moment at a distance 2.5 ft from the end of the beam due to beam self-weight
is:
M g = (0.5)(0.822)(2.5)(97.17 2.5) = 97.3 kip-ft
+
789
8,909
8,909
ft = 1.44 2.56 + 0.13 = 0.99
Tensile stress limit for concrete with bonded reinforcement: -0.509 ksi NG
ft =
789
10,542
10,542
ft = 1.44 + 2.16 0.11 = +3.49
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi NG
ft =
July 2007
Since the top and bottom concrete stresses exceed the stress limits, harp 9 strands at 0.35L =
34 ft. as shown in the following figures.
At Midspan
No.
Distance from
Strands
bottom (in)
7
8
11
6
11
4
11
2
No.
Strands
3
3
3
4
8
8
11
At ends
Distance from
bottom (in)
52
50
48
8
6
4
2
Compute the center of gravity of the prestressing strands at the transfer length using the
harped pattern.
The distance between the center of gravity of the 9 harped strands at the end of the beam
and the top fiber of the precast beam is:
3(2) + 3(4) + 3(6)
= 4.00 in
9
The distance between the center of gravity of the 9 harped strands at the harp point and the
bottom fiber of the precast beam is:
3(4) + 3(6) + 3(8)
= 6.00 in
9
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
The distance between the center of gravity of the 9 harped strands and the top fiber of the
beam at the transfer length section is:
(54 6 4)
4.00 +
(2.5) = 7.25 in
34
The distance between the center of gravity of the 31 straight bottom strands and the extreme
bottom fiber of the beam is:
11(2) + 8(4) + 8(6) + 4(8)
= 4.32 in
31
The distance between the center of gravity of the total number of the strands and the bottom
fiber of the precast beam at the transfer length is:
9(54 7.25) + 31(4.32)
= 13.87 in
40
Eccentricity of the strand group at transfer length is: 24.73 13.87 = 10.86 in
The distance between the center of gravity of the total number of the strands and the bottom
fiber of the precast beam at the end of the beam is:
9(54 4) + 31(4.32)
= 14.60 in
40
The eccentricity at the end of the beam is: 24.73 14.60 = 10.13 in
Recompute top and bottom stresses at the transfer length section using the harped pattern:
Concrete stress at the top fiber of the beam:
1,140 1,140(10.86) 97.3(12)
ft =
+
789
8,909
8,909
ft = 1.44 1.39 + 0.13 = +0.18
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
At the bottom:
1,140 1,140(10.86) 97.3(12)
ft =
+
789
10,542
10,542
ft = 1.44 + 1.17 0.11 = +2.50
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
Stresses at
Harp Points
The strand eccentricity at the harp points is the same as at the midspan, ec = 20.0 in
The bending moment due to beam self-weight at a distance 34.00 ft. from the end of the
beam is:
M g = (0.5)(0.822)(34.00)(97.17 34.00) = 882.7 kip-ft
July 2007
+
789
8,909
8,909
ft = 1.44 2.56 + 1.19 = +0.07
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
ft =
789
10,542
10,542
ft = 1.44 + 2.16 1.00 = +2.60
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
ft =
Stresses at
Midspan
The maximum moments due to non-composite loads and composite load do not occur at the
same place. In this example, the maximum combined stresses occur at midspan. The
bending moment due to beam self-weight at a distance 48-7 from the end of the beam is:
M g = (0.5)(0.822)(48.58)(97.17 48.58) = 970.1 kip-ft
Concrete stress at the top fiber of the beam:
P Pe M g
ft = i i +
A Sb
Sb
1,140 1,140(20.0) 970.1*12
+
789
8,909
8,909
ft = 1.44 2.56 + 1.31 = +0.19
ft =
789
10,542
10,542
ft = 1.44 + 2.16 1.10 = +2.50
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
ft =
July 2007
Hold-Down
Forces
Assume that the stress in the strand at the time of prestressing, before any losses, is:
0.75 f pu = 0.75(270) = 202.5 ksi
Then, the Prestress force per strand before any losses is: Pi ' = 0.153(202.5) = 31.0k / strand
From previous figure, harp angle:
54 4 6
o
= tan 1
= 6.2
34(12)
Therefore, hold-down force per strand = 1.05(force per strand)(sin )
=1.05(31.0) sin 6.2 = 3.5 kips per strand
Note that the factor, 1.05, is applied to account for friction.
Total hold down force = 9 strands(3.5) = 31.6 kips
ODOT BDM States that the following limits are not to be exceeded:
No. of Draped
Strands per Row
PU/Strand
(lb)
6,000
4,000
4,000
At transfer, stresses at the end of girder tend to exceed allowables if the strand is straight.
Stresses can be brought within the allowable stress range either by harping or debonding the
strand. The question arises as to which is better, harping or debonding?
Boxes tend to use debonding because harping isnt practical as the strand would go through
the void. I and Bulb T girders tend to use harping.
However, not all fabricators have the ability to harp (the bed wont take the hold down
force). Therefore, before deciding to harp, contact probable fabricators or the local PCI
section for assistance and advice.
Bottom stresses
Top Stresses
fb (ksi)
ft, (ksi)
At transfer length section
+0.27
+2.43
At harp points
+0.07
+2.60
At midspan
+0.19
+2.50
Note that the bottom stresses at the harp points are more critical than the ones at midspan.
July 2007
STRESSES AT
SERVICE
LOADS
Stress Limits
for Concrete
Compression:
[LRFD 5.9.4.2.1]
Due to permanent loads, (i.e. beam self-weight, weight of slab and haunch, weight of future
wearing surface, and weight of barriers), for service limit states:
For the precast beam:0.45fc = 0.45(7.0) = +3.150 ksi
For the deck: 0.45fc = 0.45(4.5) = +2.025 ksi
Due to one half the permanent loads and live load:
For the precast beam:0.40fc = 0.40(7.0) = +2.800 ksi
For the deck: 0.40fc = 0.40(4.5) = +1.800 ksi
Due to permanent and transient loads (i.e. all dead loads and live loads), for service limit
states:
For the precast beam:0.60wfc = 0.60(1.0)(7.0) = +4.200 ksi
For the deck: 0.60wfc = 0.60(1.0)(4.5) = +2.700 ksi
[LRFD 5.7.4.7.2]
w = 1.0
Note: w is a factor for slender webs/flanges. It is not really meant for I girders. If the
calculations required for w are done, w=1.
Tension:
For components with bonded prestressing tendons:
For the precast beam: 0.19 f c' = 0.19(7.0) = 0.503 ksi
Stresses at
MidspanCompression
Ppe
A
Ppe ec
St
(M g + M s )
St
( M ws + M b )
Stg
+
+
789
8,909
8,909
47,376
ftg1 = 1.23 2.18 + 2.83 + 0.10 = +1.98
ftg1 =
July 2007
ftg 2 = 0.5(1.98) +
ftg 2
ftg 3 = 1.98 +
ftg 3
ftc 2 = 0.5(0.162) +
ftc 2
July 2007
( M ws + M b + M LL + I )
Stg
Ppe
A
Ppe ec
Sb
(M g + M s )
Sb
( M ws + M b ) + 0.8M LL + I
Sbc
789
10,542
10,542
16, 694
fb = 1.23 + 1.84 2.39 1.08 = 0.40
fb =
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
dp
[LRFD 5.7.3.1.1]
July 2007
Where:
fps = Average stress in prestressing steel
k=
f py
2 1.04
f pu
ksi
in.
To compute c, assume rectangular section behavior, and check if the depth of the equivalent
compression stress block, a, is equal to or less than ts:
Note: a =1c
Aps f pu + As f y As' f y'
c=
[LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-4]
f pu
'
0.85 f c b + kAps
dp
Where:
Aps =
=
fpu =
=
As =
=
in2
fy =
=
As =
=
fy =
=
fc =
=
1 =
=
b=
=
ksi
July 2007
ksi
in2
in2
ksi
ksi
in.
c=
0.85(4.5)(0.83)(96) + 0.28(6.12)
270
57.80
c = 5.28
f ps = 270 1 0.28
= 263.3 ksi
57.80
M n = Aps f ps d p
2
4.39
6.12(263.3) 57.80
Mn =
12
M n = 7, 467
Factored flexural resistance:
Mr = Mn
Where = resistance factor = 1.0 for flexure and tension of prestressed concrete
M r = 7, 467 kip-ft > M u = 5, 615 kip-ft OK
NOTE: The equation given above for Mn is not the exact equation 5.7.3.2.2-1. Equation
5.7.3.2.2-1 assumes T-beam behavior, the presence of non-prestressed tensile steel,
prestressed tensile steel and non-prestressed compression steel. When the section is
rectangular and the non-prestressed reinforcement is ignored, equation 5.7.3.2.2-1
simplifies to the one used above.
Maximum
Reinforcement Positive
Moment Section
The old max requirement has been deleted. The LRFD Specifications now require that be
determined based on whether the section is tension controlled, compression controlled or a
transition section. In the calculation of Mr, tension control was assumed.
Check the strain in the extreme tensile steel:
d t = 54.0 + 8.5 2.0 = 60.5
d c
60.5 5.28
t = 0.003 t
= 0.003
= 0.032 > 0.005
5.28
c
This is a tension controlled section, so = 1.0
[LRFD 5.7.2.1 and 5.5.4.2]
July 2007
Minimum
Reinforceent Positive
Moment Section
[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2]
At any section, the amount of prestressed and nonprestressed tensile reinforcement shall be
adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance, Mr, at least equal to the lesser of:
3. 1.2 times the cracking moment, Mcr, determined on the basis of elastic stress
distribution and the modulus of rupture, fr,
4. 1.33 times he factored moment required by the applicable strength load
combinations
S
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r
S nc
Where:
fr = Modulus of rupture
[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2-1]
ksi
M cr =
[LRFD 5.4.2.6]
ksi
kip-ft
in3
in3
16, 694
16, 694 16, 694
1
(0.98 + 3.07) 2,100.3
(0.979)
12
12
10,542
M cr = 4, 408 1,362
1.2 M cr = 5, 290 kip-ft
At midspan, the factored moment required by the Strength I load combination is:
Mu = 5,610 kip-ft
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
Longitudinal
Deck
Reinforcement
[LRFD 3.4.1-1&2]
M u = As f y d
1.7 f c'b
[LRFD 5.14.1.2.7j]
fy =
in2
fc =
ksi
d=
in
54 + 0.5(8.5) = 58.25
As (60)
3, 483(12) = 0.90 As (60) 58.25
1.7(7.0)(26)
This is the required amount of mild steel reinforcement required in the slab to resist the
negative moment and it is equal to 18 #5 bars and 19 #6 bars.
July 2007
The additional area of deck reinforcement required, As ( additional ) = 13.93 5.58 = 8.35 in2.
The reinforcement layout is shown in the figure below. The additional reinforcement bars
are placed between the longitudinal reinforcement.
The table below is a summary of the negative moment continuity calculations.
Typical longitudinal deck
No. 5 @ 12 Top = 8 bars
reinforcement
No. 5 @ 8 Btm. = 10 bars
Total Area of longitudinal
5.58 in2
reinforcement provided
Factored negative design
-3,483 kip-ft
moment
Total area required to resist 13.93 in2
negative moment
Additional area of deck
8.35 in2
reinforcement required
Additional reinforcement
19 No. 6 Bars
provided
Additional area of deck
8.36 in2
reinforcement provided
Total As provided
13.94 in2 > 13.93 in2 OK
July 2007
Location of steel:
Top 8 #5 + 8 #6 with 2 clear
Bottom 10 #5 + 11 #6 with 2 5/8 clear
Note: Epoxy coated steel assumed. Min. cover is 1.5 in.
[LRFD 5.124.]
As f y
0.85f c 'b
(13.94 )( 60 ) = 5.41in
0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.41
=
= 7.72
1 0.7
5.41
July 2007
Control of
Cracking by
Distribution
Reinforcement
According to LRFD 5.7.3.4 the spacing of the mild steel reinforcement in the layer closest
to the tension face shall satisfy equation 5.7.3.4-1.
700 e
s
2d c
s fs
The tensile stress in mild reinforcement is computed to be:
M sl
fs =
As jd
Where:
fy = Yield strength of compression reinforcement
= 60.0
Msl = M u = 292.7 + 467.1 + 1,380.7 = 2,140.5
As = Area of negative moment reinforcement
= 13.94
d = Effective depth to negative moment
reinforcement from bottom of girder
= 62.5 4.16 = 58.34
k
0.275
= 0.908
j = 1 = 1
3
3
ksi
kip-ft
in2
in
Where:
k = 2 n + ( n)2 n
k = 2(0.00919)(5.718) + (0.00919 * 5.718) 2 (0.00919)(5.718)
k = 0.275
Where:
=
As
13.94
=
= 0.00919
bd (26)(58.34)
n = Modular ratio
= Esteel
29, 000
=
= 5.718
Egirder
5, 072
2,140.5(12)
= 34.8ksi
13.94(0.908)(58.34)
The previous calculation made the simplifying assumption that the section was rectangular.
fs =
If this assumption is NOT made, the neutral axis, calculated using working stress concepts,
can be calculate as 16.5 inches from the bottom of the beam. The cracked, transformed
moment of inertia is 177,600 in4. The steel stress is found to be 34.6ksi which compares to
35.4 ksi using the rectangular assumption.
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
The spacing of mild steel reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall satisfy
the following:
700 e
s
2d c
[LRFD 5.7.3.4-1]
s fs
Where:
e = Exposure factor
= 0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
fs = Tensile stress in steel reinforcement at the ksi
service limit state
s =
dc
1+
0.7(h d c )
Where:
dc = Thickness of concrete cover measured
from extreme tension fiber to center of the
flexural reinforcement located closest
therto
= 2.00 + 5/8 (1/2) = 2.31
h = Overall height on the composite section
= 62.5
2.31
s = 1 +
= 1.055
0.7(62.5 2.31)
700 ( 0.75 )
1.055 ( 34.8 )
in
in
2(2.31) = 9.67in
6.0in 9.67in OK
For this example the tensile stress in the mild reinforcement is less than its allowable. Thus,
the distribution of reinforcement for control of cracking is adequate.
Maximum
Reinforcement. Negative
Moment Section
Minimum
Reinforcement
Negative
Moment Section
7.72
c
This is a tension controlled section, so = 0.9
[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2]
At any section, the amount of prestressed and nonprestressed tensile reinforcement shall be
adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance, Mr, at least equal to the lesser of:
2. 1.2 times the cracking moment, Mcr, determined on the basis of elastic stress
distribution and the modulus of rupture, fr,
3. 1.33 times he factored moment required by the applicable strength load
July 2007
combinations
S
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r
S nc
Where:
fr =
fcpe = 0
Mdnc= M g + M s = 0
Sc= 29,534
[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2-1]
29,534
(0.785)
12
M cr = 1,932k ft
M cr =
1.2 M cr = 2,318k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load combination is:
Mu = -3,483
Therefore, 1.33M u = 4, 631 k-ft.
Since 1.2 M cr > 1.33M u 1.2M cr Controls
Continuous for live load bridges are covered in Article 5.14.1.4.4. Much of this article is
new in 2007 (4th Ed.).
One requirement of this article is for a positive moment connection. These positive
moments are caused by the upward camber of the prestressed girders due to creep and
shrinkage. The positive moment connection is needed to provide continuity at the pier.
The connection can be made either by extending mild steel out of the end of the girder into
the diaphragm or by leaving strand extend out of the end of the girder into the diaphragm.
This example illustrates bent strand connections.
Positive moments develop at the connection between girders at in interior supports due to
live-load effects (if more than two spans) and restraint caused by temperature, creep, and
July 2007
shrinkage. According to LRFD 5.14.1.4.4, these restraint moments are negligible when
continuity is established after 90 days.
Development
Extended
Strands
Required Area
of Strand
The strands are bent up 90 into the diaphragm so that the hook extends 8 inches from the
end of the girder. This distance is required to use the equations in the following section.
The ends of the girders are placed 10 inches apart. With the 8 inch projection this leaves 2
inches of clear allowing for construction tolerances. Typically mild steel is placed in the
corner of the hooks to enhance the development length of the hooks. These bars should
have a minimum area equal to that of the bent strand or bar.
The design moment used for the working stress check is Mcr while the design moment for
the strength check is 1.2Mcr. According to LRFD 5.14.1.4.9c the stress in the strands used
for design as a function of the total length of the strand shall not exceed:
(ldsh 8)
150ksi
0.288
(l 8)
= dsh
0.163
f psl =
[LRFD 5.14.1.4.9c-1]
f pul
[LRFD 5.14.1.4.9c-2]
Where:
dsh = total length of extended strand
fpsl = stress in the strand at the service limit state
Cracked section shall be assumed
fpul = stress in the strand at the strength limit state
in
ksi
ksi
The design moments, parameters, and results for the design of the positive moment
connection using bent strand are found in following table. The cracking moment is found
using the gross, composite cross section, but assuming that cracking occurs at the
diaphragm. Thus the diaphragm concrete strength is used. For these calculations the
effective width of 96 inches, 0.5 inch strand, and concrete strength of 4.5 ksi were used.
July 2007
When using working stress design the number of strands is assumed to calculate the length
of the strand. When using the strength design method, the length of strand is assumed to
calculate the number of strands required. Design iterations are performed to determine the
most efficient combination of strand and length.
M cr = 0.24 f c ' Scb = 0.24 4.5 (16694 ) = 8500k in = 708k ft
1.2M cr = 850k ft
Le = l dsh 8
Thus Le is the length of the extended strand beyond the bend.
Working Stress Design
No. of
Strand
6
8
10
12
dsh
42.29 33.78
29.36
25.83
As.
0.92
1.22
1.53
1.84
Moment
708.00 708.00
708.00
708.00
n
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
d
62.50 62.50
60.50
60.50
rho
45E-6 52E-6
263E-6
317E-6
k
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
j
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
fs
150
113
94
78
Strength Design
No. of
Strand*
5.18
6.52
8.00
9.27
dsh
42.00 35.00
30.00
27.00
As.
0.79
1.00
1.22
1.42
Moment
849.70 849.70
849.70
849.70
d
62.50 62.50
62.50
60.50
a
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
fpul
208.59 165.64
134.97
116.56
* Back calculated based on strand length
16
21.42
2.45
708.00
7.00
60.50
422E-6
0.08
0.97
59
13.13
22.00
2.01
849.70
60.50
0.47
85.89
In this example working stress design governs. Multiple iterations are performed to
determine the least length of extension of the strand required.
If the results indicate an odd number of strands they are rounded up to an even
number to provide symmetry in the connection.
July 2007
The designer chooses from the tables above. A reasonable design would be 12 strands
extended 26 inches. That would be an 8 inch horizontal extension from the face of the beam
and an 18 inch vertical tail to the hook. Any 12 strands could be extended, but spacing
them out and using different rows makes construction easier and limits stress
concentrations.
Also note that, consistent with the design examples in NCHRP Report 519, the haunch has
been included.
SHEAR
DESIGN
The area and spacing of shear reinforcement must be determined at regular intervals along
the entire length of the beam. In this design example, transverse shear design procedures are
demonstrated below by determining these values at the critical section near the supports.
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided where:
Vu = 0.5 (Vc + V p )
[LRFD 5.8.2.4-1]
Where:
Vu = Total factored shear force
Vc = Shear strength provided by concrete
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing
force in the direction of the applied shear
= Resistance factor
Critical Section
Negative
Moment
kips
kips
kips
[LRFD 5.5.4.2.1]
[LRFD 5.8.3.2]
Where:
dv = Effective shear depth
= Distance between resultants of tensile and
compressive forces, (d e a / 2) , but not
[LRFD 5.8.2.9]
less than 0.9d e or 0.72h.
Where:
in
de = The corresponding effective depth from the extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force
in the tensile reinforcement
= 58.34
a = Equivalent depth of the compression block
in
= 5.41
h = Total height of section
in
= 62.5
July 2007
Effective Shear
Depth
The critical section will occur in the negative moment area, so use the negative bending
properties:
d v = d e 0.5(a ) = 58.34 0.5(5.41) = 55.63in
0.9d e = 0.9(58.34) = 52.5in
0.72h = 0.72(62.5) = 45in
Therefore, dv = 55.63 in
Calculation of
Critical Section
The critical section near the support is dv = 55.63 in from the FACE of the support.
Note: Assume the length of the bearing pad is 10 inches.
Thus the critical section is 55.63 in + 5 in = 60.63 inches.
Using values from previous tables (linearly interpolated), the factored shear force and
bending moment at the critical section for shear, according to Strength I load combinations.
323.1
74.4 = 284.6
0.9
Assume #4 hoops Av = 0.4 in2 = 90 sin =1 cot =0
A f d cot 0.4(60)(55.63) cot 45
s= v y v
=
= 4.69 in
Vs
284.6
Use #4 at 4 in
Vs =
Vs = 334 kips
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
kip-in
in.
kips
=323.1
As =Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of
the member = 13.94
Ap =0
Ep =28,500
Vu
kips
in2
in2
ksi
If dv < 60db = 30 in, Vp and fpo must be reduced for lack of bond. dv = 55.63 from center
bearing, so it is 66.63 from end of girder > 30 in. OK:
Vp =Component of the effective prestressing force in the direction of kips
the applied shear
=(force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
=0
fpo =0
Assume 0.5cot = 1.
27,880
+ 0.5(0) + (323.1) 0
55.63
0.001
x =
2(29, 000(13.94))
1x103 0.001
vu =
Vu V p
bv d v
Where:
vu =
bv =
=
Vp =
vu =
kips
323.1 0.9(0)
= 0.81 kips
0.9(8)(55.63)
kips
in
July 2007
vu 0.81
= 0.115
'=
f c 7.0
Use (vu / fc) < 0.125 and x < 1 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 37
= 2.13
Vc = 0.0316
Vs =
323.1 0.9(79.3)
= 280 kips
0.9
Av f y d v cot
0.4(60)(55.63) cot 37
= 6.32
Vs
280
So #4 hoops at 6 in
Vs = 295.0 kips
s=
27,880
53.6
Applied factored normal force at the specified section
0
kip-in
In.
kips
Vu = 323.1
As = Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension
side of the member
= 13.94
Ap = 9(0.153) = 1.38
kips
in2
Ep = 28,500
Es = 29,000
ksi
ksi
in2
Note, when the prestressing steel in included, de = 57 inches. The term c = 9.76 in and a =
6.77in. Thus, dv = 53.6 in.
If dv < 60db = 30 in, Vp and fpo must be reduced for lack of bond. dv = 55.63 from face of
support so this > 30 in from the end of the girder, so:
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
kips
ksi
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.2]
Assume 0.5cot = 1.
27,880
+ 0.5(0) + (323.1 23.6) 1.38(189)
53.6
0.001
x =
2(29, 000(13.94) + 28,500(1.38))
0.63x103 0.001
vu =
Vu V p
bv d v
Where:
vu =
bv =
=
Vp =
vu =
kips
in
kips
323.1 0.9(23.6)
= 0.782 kips
0.9(8)(53.6)
vu 0.782
= 0.11
'=
7.0
fc
Use (vu / fc) < 0.125 and x < 0.75 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 34.4
= 2.26
July 2007
Vc = 0.0316
Vs =
Av f y d v cot
s=
[LRFD 5.8.2.7-1]
[LRFD 5.8.2.7-2]
July 2007
Critical Section
Positive
Moment
[LRFD 5.8.3.2]
[LRFD 5.8.2.9]
Where:
de = The corresponding effective depth from the extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force
in the tensile reinforcement
= 58.2 = dp
a = Equivalent depth of the compression block
= 3.42
h = Total height of section
= 62.5
in
in
in
In this area, the positive moment properties are needed. However, since this section is
where the strand is harped, the positive moment properties must be recalculated using 31
strands. Ap = 4.74 in2 and dp = 62.5-4.32 = 58.2 inches. The value of 4.32 inches as the
centroid of 31 strands was calculated earlier in Section 1.7.2. Refer to previous section for
the equations below:
c=
( 4.74 )( 270 )
270
( 0.85 )( 4.5)( 0.83)( 96 ) + 0.28 ( 4.74 )
58.2
4.11
f ps = 270 1 0.28
= 264.8 ksi
58.2
Effective Shear
Depth
= 4.11 in
July 2007
Calculation of
Critical Section
The critical section near the support is dv = 56.5 in from the FACE of the support.
Contribution of
Concrete to
Nominal Shear
Resistance
Strain in
Flexural
Tension
Reinforcement
f c' bv d v
[LRFD 5.8.3.3-3]
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
0.001
2( Es As + E p Aps + Ec Ac )
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-1]
Where:
Nu = Applied factored normal force at the specified section
= 0
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing force in the
direction of the applied shear
= (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
= 24.3(9)(sin 6.2) = 23.6
fpo = A parameter taken as modulus of elasticity of
prestressing tendons multiplied by the locked-in
difference in strain between the prestressing tendons
and the surrounding concrete
= .7 f pu = 0.7(270.0) = 189
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
kips
kips
ksi
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.2]
vu =
Vu V p
bv d v
Where:
vu =
bv =
=
Vp =
vu =
kips
in
kips
250 0.9(23.6)
= 0.562 kips
0.9(8)(56.5)
vu 0.562
= 0.0803
'=
7.0
fc
Values of &
Use (vu / fc) < 0.1 and x < -0.05 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 21.4
= 3.24
July 2007
Concrete
Contribution
f c' bv d v
[LRFD 5.8.3.3-3]
Contribution of
Reinforcement
of Nominal
Shear
Resistance
Minimum
Reinforcement
Requirement
Check if:
[LRFD 5.8.2.4-1]
Vu = 250 kips > 0.5 (Vc + V p ) = 0.5 ( 0.9 ) (122.4 + 23.6) = 65.7 kips
[LRFD 5.8.2.5-1]
[LRFD 5.8.2.7]
[LRFD 5.8.2.7-1]
[LRFD 5.8.2.7-2]
Since vu < 0.125 f c' , Then smax = 0.8d = 0.8(56.5) = 45.2 24.0 in : 24 in CONTROLS
Calculate minimum area of steel using a 12 inch spacing to get area of steel per foot:
(8in )(12in ) = 0.134in 2 [LRFD 5.8.2.5]
bs
A v 0.0316 f c ' v = 0.0316 7ksi
fy
60ksi
ODOT uses #4 bars with 2 legs as standard; (Av = 2(0.2in2) = 0.4in2)
#4@ 24 inch o.c. = 0.2 in2 / ft.
This is adequate to meet minimum.
Maximum
Nominal Shear
Resistance
The upper limit of Vn, given by following equation, is intended to ensure that the concrete in
the web of the beam will not crush prior to yield of the transverse reinforcement.
[LRFD 5.8.3.3-2]
Vn = 0.25 f c'bv d v + V p
Comparing this previous equation with equation LRFD 5.8.3.3.-1:
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
July 2007
Assume #4 @ 24:
Vs =
24in
Vs = 144.2k
OK
Vr = (Vc + Vs + V p )
Vr = 0.9 (122.4 + 144.2 + 23.6 ) = 261.2 kips
Vr > Vu = 250 kips
INTERFACE
SHEAR
TRANSFER
Factored
Horizontal
Shear
Required
Interface Shear
Reinforcement
It will be assumed that the critical section is the same as for vertical shear. Using load
combination Strength I:
Vu = 323.1 kips
d v = 55.6 in
Both of these values were found in the preceding section. This is shear at the critical section
near the pier.
Vri = Vni
[LRFD 5.8.4.1-1]
[LRFD 5.8.4.1-3]
Where:
c = Cohesion factor
= Friction factor
Acv = Area of concrete engaged in shear
transfer
= bviLvi
Avf = Area of shear reinforcement crossing the
shear plane
Pc = Permanent net compressive force normal
to the shear plane
fy = Shear reinforcement yield strength
bvi= Width of area of concrete engaged in
shear transfer
Lvi = Length of area of concrete engaged in
shear transfer
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
ksi
in2
[LRFD 5.8.4.3]
[LRFD 5.8.4.3]
[LRFD 5.8.4.1-6]
in2
kips
ksi
inch
inch
For a cast-in-place concrete placed against clean concrete girder surfaces, free of
laitance with surface intentionally roughened to an amplitude of 0.25 in:
c = 0.28
[LRFD 5.8.4.2]
= 1.0
Begin by exploring what happens when the shear reinforcement is the minimum used
anywhere in the girder. The shear reinforcement was previously calculated to be #4 @ 24
inches minimum. The shear width is bvi = 20 inches as this is the width of the top of the
girder. If Lvi = 24 inches:
Vni = cAcv + [ Avf f y + Pc ]
Acv = 20 ( 24 ) = 480in 2
Vni = ( 0.28 )( 480 ) + 1.0 0.4 ( 60 ) + 0 = 158.4k
Vri = Vni = 0.9 (158.4 ) = 142.6k
Vui = vui Acv
vui ,max =
vui =
[LRFD 5.8.4.2-2]
142.6
= 0.297 ksi
480
Vu1
bvi d v
[LRFD 5.8.4.2-1]
Therefore, #4 @ 24 is adequate anywhere that Vu < 330 kips. Note that the critical section,
the reinforcement is actually #4 @ 4 inches or #4 @ 6; depending on the model used. Note
that #4 @ 24 would be adequate for horizontal shear, so it is NOT necessary to extend every
shear stirrup into the slab.
Minimum
Interface Shear
Reinforcement
0.05 Acv
fy
[LRFD 5.8.4.1-4]
A #4 double leg bar at 24 in spacing is provided from the beam extending into the deck.
Therefore, Avf =0.4 in2
0.40
0.05(480)
= 0.40 OK
60
July 2007
Article 5.8.4.4 states that Avf need not exceed that required to resist 1.33Vui/. The same
article also states that the minimum reinforcement provisions are waived for girder slab
interfaces with surfaces roughened to an amplitude of 0.25 inches where the factored
interface shear, vui, found in equation 5.8.4.2-1 is less than 0.210 ksi and all of the vertical
(transverse) shear reinforcement required by Article 5.8.1.1 is extended and anchored into
the slab.
Maximum
Nominal Shear
Resistance
K1 f c' Acv
K 2 Acv
[LRFD 5.8.4.1-4]
[LRFD 5.8.4.1-5]
OK
K1 = 0.3 and K2 = 1.8 (for normal weight concrete) are found in Article 5.8.4.3.
MINIMUM
LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT
REQUIREMENT
At each section the tensile capacity of the longitudinal reinforcement on the flexural tension
side of the member shall be proportioned to satisfy:
[LRFD 5.8.3.5-1]
Aps f ps + As f y
Mu
d v
+ 0.5
+ u V p 0.5Vs cot
Nu
According to Article 5.8.3.5, it is not necessary to provide any steel beyond that to resist
moment if there is a compressive reaction on the flexural compression face; in other words,
in a negative moment zone over a support, the equation in this article does not need to be
satisfied. However, it makes an exception for a continuous for live load bridge; saying that
this equation must be checked for a continuous for live load bridge.
This provision will be checked at the simply supported end, using positive moment
properties. The check at the continuous end is made in a similar manner.
The development length is:
2
2
dv = dp
[LRFD 5.11.4.2]
a
3.42
= ( 62.5 4.32 )
= 56.5in
2
2
So the critical section is 56.5 inches from face of support. Allowing for a 10 inch bearing
pad and that the center of bearing is 12 inches from the girder end, the critical section is
56.5+10/2+12=73.5 inches from the end of the girder.
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
Since this is less than the development length, the stress in the steel must be reduced for lack
of development.
The stress in the undeveloped steel can be found from:
f px = f pe +
l px 60d b
l d 60d b
f px = 158.6ksi +
Aps f ps + As f y
(f
ps
f pe )
[LRFD 5.11.4.2-4]
73.5in 30in
( 264.8ksi 158.6ksi ) = 206ksi
127.3in 30in
Mu
d v
+ 0.5
+ u V p 0.5Vs cot
Nu
1346
250
+0+
23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5 )
0.9
This is OK. Note that Vs may not be taken as greater than Vu/ [LRFD 5.8.3.5].
Vs = 144k <
Vu
250k
= 277.8k
0.9
[LRFD 5.8.3.5-2]
Aps f ps + As f y u V p 0.5Vs cot
The steel is not fully developed. Since the bearing pad is assumed 10 inches and the center
of bearing is 12 inches from the end of the girder, this section is 12+10/2 =17 inches from
the end of the girder. This is within the transfer length, so:
f px =
f pe l px
60db
158.6 (17 )
30
= 90ksi
July 2007
[5.11.4.2-3]
Ab f y
fc '
= 1.25
0.2 ( 60 )
7
= 5.7in
[LRFD 5.11.2.1]
464.6 426
= 0.64in 2
60
= 288k >
Vu
= 277.8k
In the previous calculations, the assumption was made that the center of bearing was 12
inches from the end of the girder.
What if the bearing pad is placed right at the end of the girder? That is, what if the center of
bearing is only 5 inches from the end? What effect does that have on longitudinal steel?
July 2007
dv = dp
a
3.42
= ( 62.5 4.32 )
= 56.5in
2
2
So the critical section is 56.5 inches from face of support. Allowing for a 10 inch bearing
pad, the critical section is 66.5 inches from the end of the girder.
Since this is less than the development length, the stress in the steel must be reduced for lack
of development.
The stress in the undeveloped steel can be found from:
l 60d b
f px = f pe + px
( f ps f pe )
l d 60d b
f px = 158.6ksi +
Aps f ps + As f y
[LRFD 5.11.4.2-4]
66.5in 30in
( 264.8ksi 158.6ksi ) = 198.4ksi
127.3in 30in
Mu
d v
+ 0.5
+ u V p 0.5Vs cot
Nu
1346
250
+0+
23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5 )
0.9
This is OK. Note that Vs may not be taken as greater than Vu/ [LRFD 5.8.3.5].
Vs = 144k <
Vu
250k
= 277.8k
0.9
[LRFD 5.8.3.5.-2]
The steel is not fully developed. Since the bearing pad is assumed 10 inches, this section is
10 inches from the end of the girder. This is within the transfer length, so:
f px =
f pe l px
60db
158.6 (10 )
30
= 52.9ksi
July 2007
[LRFD 5.11.4.2-3]
10
( 60 ) = 50ksi
12
464.6 250.8
= 4.3in 2
50
= 288k >
Vu
= 277.8k
294.2 250.8
= 0.87in 2
50
July 2007
This is 5 #4 bars.
So decrease stirrup spacing from the end of the girder to the critical section (this will be 66.5
inches from the end of the girder) to #4 @ 12. Add 5 #4 bars longitudinal in the bottom
flange.
PRETENSIONED
ANCHORAG
E ZONE
Anchorage
Zone
Confinement
Reinforcement
[LRFD 5.10.10.2]
For a distance of 1.5d = 1.5(54) = 81 in, from the end of the beam, reinforcement is placed
to confine the prestressing steel in the bottom flange. The reinforcement should not be less
than #3 deformed pars, with spacing not exceeding 6.0 in, and shaped to enclose the strands.
EXTERIOR
GIRDER
July 2007
Effective
Flange Width
Exterior Girder
The effective flange width is taken as one-half the effective width of the adjacent interior
girder plus the least of:
One-eighth of the effective span length
= 0.125(96.25)(12)
= 144 in.
6.0 times the average thickness of the slab, plus = 6.0(8.5) + 0.5(8)
=55 in.
the greater of half the web thickness
or
one-quarter of the width of the top flange of the = 6.0(8.5) + 0.25(20)
= 55 in.
basic girder
The width of the overhang
= 2.5 ft = 30 inches
Therefore, the effective flange width for the exterior girder is: (96/2) + 30 = 78 in.
From the previous calculation of beff, the center to center distance controls.
beff Trans = nbeff = (0.8015) 78 in = 62.5 in
Exterior Girder
Properties
From the previous calculation of beff, the center to center distance controls.
beff Trans = nbeff = (0.8015) 78 in = 62.5 in
yb=
38.22 in
I=
624512 in4
A=
50457 in2
h=
62.5 in
yTC =
24.28 in
yTG =
15.78 in
Sb=
16340 in3
STG =
39576 in3
STC =
25721in3
July 2007
Dead Loads
Distribution
Factors
Distance x, ft.
Shear, kips
Moment, kip-ft
0.00
35.3
9.26
28.5
295
18.97
21.4
537
28.69
14.2
710
38.41
7.1
814
48.13
849
57.84
-7.1
814
67.56
-14.2
710
77.28
-21.4
537
86.99
-28.5
295
96.25
-35.3
July 2007
Distribution
Factor for
Moment
de
9.1
= 0.77 +
1.0
9.1
= 0.880
Assume a hinge develops over each interior girder and solve for the reaction in the exterior
girder as a fraction of the truck load.
M
R=
1.2 Pe RS = 0
1.2 Pe
1.2e
DF =
S
S
72k (8 ft )
R = 0.6 lanes / girder
Multiple Presence:
MPF = 1.2
Note that this only uses the truck.
By dividing by the total truck weight of 72 kips, R is given in lanes/girder
July 2007
DFExt ,Min =
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
[LRFD C4.6.2.2.2d-1]
Where:
NL
Nb
e
x
XExt
Note: Only the truck is used and it cannot be closer than 2 from the barrier
Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor One Lane:
NL
DFM
Ext , Min
NL
Nb
1
Nb
16(12)
DFM
Ext , Min
DFM
Ext , Min
= 0.50
DFM
Ext , Min
X Ext e
2 162 + 82
July 2007
Note: Truck cannot be closer than 2 from the barrier and the truck must be 2 feet from the
lane edge.
Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor Two Lane:
NL
DFM
Ext , Min
NL
Nb
2
Nb
16(12 + 0)
DFM
Ext , Min
DFM
Ext , Min
= 0.70
DFM
Ext , Min
X Ext e
2(162 + 82 )
July 2007
de
10
= 0.6 +
1.0
10
= 0.70
Unfactored
Shear Forces &
Bending
Moments
Beam Weight
[Simple Span]
Location
Barrier Weight
[Continuous
Span]
Future Wearing
Surface
[Continuous
Span]
Mg ,
kip-ft
Shear
kips
Ms,
kip-ft
Shear
kips
Mb,
kip-ft
Shea
r
kips
Mws,
kip-ft
x ft.
x/L
Shear
kips
0.00
0.00
39.6
35.3
9.2
7.7
14.7
12.4
9.26
0.10
31.9
331
28.5
295.2
6.8
81.8
10.9
130.5
18.97
0.20
24
602.6
21.4
537.3
4.3
136
6.9
217
28.69
0.30
16
796.5
14.2
710.4
1.8
166
2.9
264.9
38.41
0.40
912.9
7.1
814.2
-0.6
171.9
-1
274.2
48.13
0.50
951.9
848.8
-3.1
153.6
-5
245.1
57.84
0.60
-8
912.9
-7.1
814.2
-5.6
111.2
-8.9
177.5
67.56
0.70
-16
796.5
-14.2
710.4
-8.1
44.7
-12.9
71.3
77.28
0.80
-24
602.6
-21.4
537.3
-10.6
-46
-16.9
-73.4
86.99
0.90
-31.9
331
-28.5
295.2
-13.1
-160.8
-20.8
-256.7
96.25
Brg.
-39.6
-35.3
-15.4
-292.7
-24.6
-467.1
Deck plus
Haunch
[Simple Span]
July 2007
Live Loads:
Length
LL+IM
V
ft.
Bearing
k-ft
76.5
50.9
Trans.
2.04
74.0
199.4
H/2
2.73
73.2
247.5
0.10L
9.26
65.3
655.8
0.20L
18.97
53.7
1101.8
0.30L
28.69
42.9
1365.5
0.40L
38.41
34.2
1483.0
MidSpan
48.13
-41.3
1455.5
0.60L
57.84
-51.6
1301.1
0.70L
67.56
-61.8
1009.2
0.80L
77.28
-71.7
-815.0
0.90L
86.99
-81.3
-921.5
H/2
93.52
-87.1
-1252.7
Trans.
94.21
-87.7
-1299.1
Bearing
96.25
-89.5
-1449.7
Maximum envelope values shown. The values shown may not be from the same load case.
Load
Combinations
0
2.04
2.73
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67.56
77.28
86.99
93.52
94.21
96.25
[LRFD 3.4.1]
Service 1
Service 3
Strength 1
V
M
V
M
V
M
k
k-ft
k
k-ft
k
k-ft
175.3
71.0
160.0
60.8
261.1
117.3
168.2
416.2
153.4
376.4
250.8
630.3
165.8
528.7
151.1
479.2
247.2
797.3
143.4
1494.4
130.3
1363.2
214.6
2228.5
110.2
2594.7
99.5
2374.3
166.4
3848.5
77.8
3303.3
69.3
3030.2
119.5
4878.1
47.7
3656.2
40.8
3359.6
76.4
5380.4
-49.4
3654.7
-41.2
3363.6
-83.7
5357.4
-81.2
3316.9
-70.9
3056.7
-129.6
4841.0
-113.0
2632.0
-100.7
2430.2
-175.4
3812.5
-144.6
205.5
-130.3
368.5
-220.8
-568.0
-175.6
-712.8
-159.3
-528.5
-265.4
-1635.0
-195.9
-1707.1
-178.5
-1456.5
-294.3
-2930.0
-198.1
-1829.0
-180.6
-1569.2
-297.5
-3092.5
-204.4
-2209.5
-186.5
-1919.6
-306.4
-3603.6
July 2007
Stresses at
Midspan
+
+
ftg1 =
A
St
St
Stg
972 972(20.0) (951.9 + 848.8) *12 (153.6 + 245.1) *12
+
+
789
8,909
8,909
39576
ftg1 = 1.23 2.18 + 2.43 + 0.12 = +1.60
ftg1 =
ftg 2 = 0.5(1.60) +
ftg 2
ftg 3 = (1.60) +
ftg 3
ftc =
( M ws + M b )
Stc
July 2007
ftc 2 = 0.5(0.186) +
ftc 2
ftc 3 = (0.186) +
ftc 3
Ppe
A
Ppe ec
Sb
(M g + M s )
Sb
( M ws + M b ) + 0.8M LL + I
Sbc
789
10,542
10,542
16,340
fb = 1.23 + 1.84 2.05 1.15 = 0.13
fb =
Positive
Moment
Section
GIRDER STRESSES
INT
EXT
1.98 ksi
1.60 ksi
1.34 ksi
1.24 ksi
2.33 ksi
2.04 ksi
TENSION
0.40 ksi
0.13 ksi
July 2007
As (60)
3, 604(12) = 0.90 As (60) 58.25
1.7(7.0)(26)
This is the required amount of mild steel reinforcement required in the slab to resist the
negative moment and it is equal to 33 #6 bars. Distributed over a length of 6.5 feet, this
would be #6 @ 4 inches top and bottom! Use 16 bars on the bottom and 17 on the top. As =
14.52 in2
Note: Only 13.98 in2 were required for the interior girder.
2- Span Continuous Example
July 2007
Location of steel:
Top 17 #6 with 2 clear
Btm 16 #6 with 2 5/8 clear.
As = 33(0.44) = 14.52 in2
17(0.44)(2.375) + 16(0.44)(8.5 3)
14.52
56.48
= 3.9
x=
14.52
x=
As f y
0.85f c 'b
(14.52 )( 60 ) = 5.63in
0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.63
=
= 8.04
1 0.7
5.63
According to LRFD 5.7.3.4 the spacing of the mild steel reinforcement in the layer closest to
the tension face shall satisfy equation 5.7.3.4-1.
s
700 e
2d c
s fs
Based on the check made for the interior girders (requiring a spacing of 9 inches), #6@ 4
inches will clearly satisfy this requirement. Note that the service level stress will increase,
but not enough to bring the requirement below 4 inches.
July 2007
Maximum
Reinforcement
Negative
Moment
Section
d c
59.9 8.04
t = 0.003 t
= 0.003
= 0.019 > 0.005
8.04
c
This is a tension controlled section, so = 0.9
Minimum
Reinforcement
Negative
Moment
Section
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r
S nc
Where:
fr =
[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2-1]
ksi
fcpe =
0.0
ksi
Mdnc=
Mg + Ms = 0
kip-ft
Sc=
16340
in3
16340
(0.785)
12
M cr = 1069k ft
M cr =
1.2M cr = 1282k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load combination is:
Mu = -3604 kip-ft
Therefore, 1.33M u = 4793 kip-ft
Since 1.2 M cr < 1.33M u , 1.2M cr Controls
M r = 3, 645 > 1.2M cr = 1282 OK
Note: The LRFD Specifications states that this requirement be met at every section.
The design of the exterior section meets all requirements for positive and negative bending
under both Service and Strength Limit States.
July 2007
Shear
Strength I
Length
ft.
Bearing
Trans.
H/2
0.10L
0.20L
0.30L
0.40L
MidSpan
0.60L
0.70L
0.80L
0.90L
H/2
Trans.
Bearing
0
2.04
2.73
9.26
18.97
28.69
38.41
48.13
57.84
67.56
77.28
86.99
93.52
94.21
96.25
Interior
V
k
299.125
287.45
283.375
246.375
191.575
138.4
89.575
-95.9
-147.875
-199.95
-251.375
-301.825
-334.65
-338.2
-348.325
M
k-ft
113.1
644.925
817.925
2303.925
3993.775
5077.725
5615.875
5610.625
5091.675
4041.75
-329.31
-1464.58
-2795.88
-2961.82
-3482.75
Exterior
V
k
261.0657
250.7524
247.1722
214.6325
166.3629
119.4571
76.42157
-83.733
-129.581
-175.438
-220.846
-265.37
-294.34
-297.47
-306.435
M
k-ft
117.3438
630.3376
797.2625
2228.485
3848.451
4878.126
5380.371
5357.442
4841.008
3812.453
-567.967
-1635.04
-2929.99
-3092.54
-3603.56
This compares Strength I shears and moments for the interior and exterior girders. Note that
the exterior girder shears are LESS than the interior girder
shears. Thus, the previous design works for vertical and horizontal shear. The longitudinal
steel requirements are also met.
July 2007