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Ky Thuat Xu Ly Nuoc Ngam
Ky Thuat Xu Ly Nuoc Ngam
Ky Thuat Xu Ly Nuoc Ngam
K THUT X L NC NGM
GREEN EYE ENVIRONMENTAL
Nc ngm
Tng i n nh
Rt thp, hu nh khng c
t thay i, cao hn so vi
nc mt.
Thng xuyn c trong nc
Nc b mt
Thay i theo ma
Thng cao v Thay i theo ma
Thay i tu thuc cht lng t,
lng ma.
Rt thp, ch c khi nc st di
y h.
C nng cao
Rt thp hoc bng 0
Thng khng tn ti
Gn nh bo ho
Thng c
C khi ngun nc b nhim bn
Thng c
Khng c
Thng c nng cao
C nng trung bnh
C nng cao, do b Thng rt thp
nhim bi phn bn ho hc
Ch yu l cc vi trng do st Nhiu loi vi trng, virut gy bnh
gy ra.
v to.
Page 1
dng phn bn ho hc tt c nhng loi cht thi theo thi gian n s ngm
vo ngun nc, tch t dn v lm nhim ngun nc ngm. c khng t
ngun nc ngm do tc ng ca con ngi b nhim bi cc hp cht hu
c kh phn hu, cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l cc ho cht c hi nh cc kim
loi nng, d lng thuc tr su v khng loi tr c cc cht phng x.
2. MT S QU TRNH C BN X L NC NGM
C rt nhiu phng php x l nc ngm, tu thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: nhu
cu cp nc, tiu chun dng nc, c im ca ngun nc ngm, cc iu
kin t nhin, iu kin kinh t x hi m chng ta s la chn cng ngh x l
nc ngm sao cho ph hp. Tuy nhin c mt s qu trnh c bn c th p dng
x l nc ngm c tm tt nh bng sau:
Qu trnh x l
- Lm thong
- Clo ho s b
- Qu trnh lc
- Hp th v hp ph
bng than hot tnh
- Flo ho nc
- Kh trng nc
- n nh nc
- Lm mm nc
- Kh mui
Mc ch
- Ly oxy t khng kh oxy ho st v mangan ho tr II ho
tan trong nc.
- Kh kh CO2 nng cao pH ca nc y nhanh qu trnh oxy
ho v thu phn st v mangan trong dy chuyn cng ngh
kh st v mangan.
- Lm giu oxy tng th oxy ho kh ca nc, kh cc cht
bn dng kh ho tan trong nc.
- Oxy ho st v mangan ho tan dng cc phc cht hu c.
- Loi tr rong, ru, to pht trin trn thnh cc b trn, to bng
cn v b lng, b lc.
- Trung ho lng amoniac d, dit cc vi khun tit ra cht nhy
trn mt lp cc lc.
- Phn tn nhanh, u phn v cc ho cht khc vo nc cn x
l.
- To iu kin v thc hin qu trnh dnh kt cc ht cn keo
phn tn thnh bng cn c kh nng lng v lc vi tc kinh
t cho php.
- Loi tr ra khi nc cc ht cn v bng cn c kh nng lng
vi tc kinh t cho php, lm gim lng vi trng v vi
khun.
- Loi tr cc ht cn nh khng lng c trong b lng, nhng
c kh nng dnh kt ln b mt ht lc.
- Kh mi, v, mu ca nc sau khi dng phng php x l
truyn thng khng t yu cu.
- Nng cao hm lng flo trong nc n 0, 6 - 0,9 mg/l bo
v men rng v xng cho ngi dng nc.
- Tiu dit vi khun v vi trng cn li trong nc sau b lc.
- Kh tnh xm thc v to ra mng bo v cch ly khng cho
nc tip xc trc tip vi vt liu mt trong thnh ng dn
bo v ng v ph tng trn ng.
- Kh ra khi nc cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ n nng yu cu.
- Kh ra khi nc cc cation v anion ca cc mui ho tan n
nng yu cu.
Page 2
3. KH ST TRONG NC NGM
3.1 Trng Thi Tn Ti T Nhin Ca St Trong Cc Ngun Nc
Trong nc ngm st thng tn ti dng ion, st c ho tr 2 (Fe2+) l thnh
phn ca cc mui ho tan nh: Fe(HCO3)2 ; FeSO4 hm lng st c trong cc
ngun nc ngm thng cao v phn b khng ng u trong cc lp trm tch
di t su. Nc c hm lng st cao, lm cho nc c mi tanh v c mu
vng, gy nh hng khng tt n cht lng nc n ung sinh hot v sn xut.
Do , khi m nc c hm lng st cao hn gii hn cho php theo tiu chun th
chng ta phi tin hnh kh st.
Cc Hp Cht V C Ca Ion St
Cc hp cht v c ca ion st ho tr II :
FeS, Fe(OH)2, FeCO3, Fe(HCO3)2, FeSO4, v.v
Cc hp cht v c ca ion st ho tr III :
Fe(OH)3, FeCl3 trong Fe(OH)3 l cht keo t, d dng lng ng trong
cc b lng v b lc. V th cc hp cht v c ca st ho tan trong nc
hon ton c th x l bng phng php l hc: lm thong ly oxy ca
khng kh oxy ho st ho tr II thnh st ho tr III v cho qu trnh thu
phn, keo t Fe(OH)3 xy ra hon ton trong cc b lng, b lc tip xc v
cc b lc trong.
Cc phc cht v c ca ion st vi silicat, photphat (FeSiO(OH)3+3)
Cc phc cht hu c ca ion st vi axit humic, funvic,
Cc ion st ho tan Fe(OH)+, Fe(OH)3 tn ti tu thuc vo gi tr th oxy ho
kh v pH ca mi trng.
Cc loi phc cht v hn hp cc ion ho tan ca st khng th kh bng
phng php l hc thng thng, m phi kt hp vi phng php ho
hc. Mun kh st cc dng ny phi cho thm vo nc cc cht oxy ho
nh : Cl-, KMnO4, Ozone, ph v lin kt v oxy ho ion st thnh ion ho
tr III hoc cho vo nc cc cht keo t FeCl3, Al(SO4)3 v kim ho c
gi tr pH thch hp cho qu trnh ng keo t cc loi keo st v phn xy ra
trit trong cc b lng, b lc tip xc v b lc trong.
4. CC PHNG PHP KH ST TRONG X L NC
4.1 Phng Php xy Ho St
Nguyn l ca phng php ny l oxy ho st (II) thnh st (III) v tch chng ra
khi nc di dng hyroxyt st (III). Trong nc ngm, st (II) bicacbonat l mt
mui khng bn, n d dng thu phn thnh st (II) hyroxyt theo phn ng:
Fe (HCO3)2 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2H2CO3
Nu trong nc c xy ho tan, st (II) hyrxyt s b xy ho thnh st (III) hyrxyt
theo phn ng:
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3
St (III) hyrxyt trong nc kt ta thnh bng cn mu vng v c th tch ra khi
nc mt cch d dng nh qu trnh lng lc.
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Qu trnh lm thong c in
Thp Lm Thong T Nhin
S dng thp lm thong t nhin (gin ma) khi cn lm giu xy kt hp vi kh
kh CO2. Do kh nng trao i ca O2 ln hn CO2 nn thp c thit k cho
trng hp kh CO2. Gin ma cho kh nng thu c lng oxy ho tan bng
55% lng oxy bo ho v c kh nng kh c 75 80% lng CO2 c trong
nc nhng lng CO2 cn lisau khi lm thong khng xung thp hn 5 6 mg/l.
Thp Lm Thong Cng Bc
Cu to ca thp lm thong cng bc cng gn ging nh thp lm thong t
nhin, y ch khc l khng kh c a vo thp cng bc bng qut gi.
Khng kh i ngc chiu vi chiu ri ca cc tia nc. Lu lng ti thng ly
t 30 n 40 m3/m2h. Lng khng kh cp vo t 4 n 6 m3 cho 1 m3 nc cn
lm thong.
B Lng Tip Xc
B lng tip xc c chc nng gi nc li sau qu trnh lm thong trong mt thi
gian qu trnh xy ho v thu phn st din ra hon ton, ng thi tch mt
phn cn nng trc khi chuyn sang b lc. Trong thc t thng ly thi gian lu
ca nc t 30 n 45 pht. B lng tip xc c th c thit k nh b lng ng
v thng t ngay di gin lm thong.
B lc tip xc hay b lc s b c p dng khi hm lng st trong nc ngun
cao hoc cn kh ng thi c mangan. B lc tip xc c cu to nh cc b lc
thng thng vi lp vt liu lc bng si, than antraxit, snh, s, c kch thc
ht ln. Tc lc thng khng ch trong khong 15 n 20 m/h.
Page 6
B lc chm
B lc nhanh
Qu trnh lc
7. CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH KH ST
Tc phn ng ca qu trnh oxy ho v thu phn Fe2+ thnh Fe3+ tu thuc vo
lng oxy ho tan trong nc. Tc phn ng tng khi nng oxy ho tan trong
nc tng ln. oxy ho 1 mg st (II) tiu tn 0,143 mg oxy.
Thi gian oxy ho v thu phn st trn cng trnh ph thuc vo tr s pH ca nc
c th ly nh sau:
CONG TY MOI TRNG TAM NHN XANH GREE
Tel: (84.8) 5150181
Fax: (84.8) 8117565
Website: www.gree-vn.com
Page 7
pH
Thi gian tip xc cn thit
trong b lng v b lc (thi
gian lu nc) (pht)
Thi gian tip xc cn thit
(thi gian lu nc) trong b
lc tip xc (b lc 1) v b lc
trong (b lc t II) (pht)
6,0
90
6,5
60
6,6
45
6,7
30
6,8
25
6,9
20
7
15
> 7,5
10
60
45
35
25
20
15
12
c.
mu.
oxy ho.
kim.
cng ton phn v cng
cacbonat.
6. pH.
Page 8
Loi nc ngm
Nc ngm c hm lng st thp
Nc ngm c hm lng st trung bnh
Nc ngm c hm lng st cao
Theo TCVN
Hm lng st (mg/l)
0.4 - 10
10 - 20
> 20
< 0,3
Nc ngam
clorine
Lam thoang
n gian
Be lang
nc ra
loc
Tiep xuc
kh trung
Loc
Xa can
Nc sach
Page 9
4
6
3
H thng x l nc n gin
1.Trm bm ging; 2. Ejector thu kh; 3.B lc p lc; 4. Van x kh;
5. ng thu nc sch; 6. B lc;
X L Nc Ngm C Hm Lng St Cao (Hm Lng St > 10 mg/l)
Cng ngh x l: Lm thong Lng hoc Lc tip xc Lc trong
iu kin p dng
1. oxy ho < (Fe2+/28 +5), mg/l
2. Tng hm lng st: >10 mg/l
3. Tng hm lng mui khong <1000mg/l
4. Hm lng SiO22- < 2 mg/l
5. Hm lng H2S < 1 mg/l
6. Hm lng NH4+ < 1,5 mg/l
7. Nhu cu oxy = oxy ho + 0,47 H2S + 0,15Fe2+ <10mg/l
8. pH < 6,8 tnh ton thit b lm thong theo iu kin kh kh CO2 nhm tng pH.
9. pH > 6,8 tnh ton thit b lm thong theo iu kin ly oxy kh st.
Nc ngam
Lam
thoang
Hoa Chat
Tron va
lang can
Xa can ra be
nen can
Loc
Tiep xuc va
kh trung
Lang nc
ra loc
Clorine
Nc sach
Page 10
2
5
4
1
3
7
5
6
en ho
gia nh
Page 11