Guard cells regulate the openings (stomata) in plant leaves and control the movement of gases like water vapor in and out. Stomata are surrounded by guard cells, and in some plants also subsidiary cells. The distribution of guard cells and subsidiary cells is genetically controlled but also affected by environmental factors like light, temperature, and soil moisture. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution of guard cells and subsidiary cells in plant leaf epidermis.
Guard cells regulate the openings (stomata) in plant leaves and control the movement of gases like water vapor in and out. Stomata are surrounded by guard cells, and in some plants also subsidiary cells. The distribution of guard cells and subsidiary cells is genetically controlled but also affected by environmental factors like light, temperature, and soil moisture. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution of guard cells and subsidiary cells in plant leaf epidermis.
Guard cells regulate the openings (stomata) in plant leaves and control the movement of gases like water vapor in and out. Stomata are surrounded by guard cells, and in some plants also subsidiary cells. The distribution of guard cells and subsidiary cells is genetically controlled but also affected by environmental factors like light, temperature, and soil moisture. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution of guard cells and subsidiary cells in plant leaf epidermis.
I. Introduction Water, organic molecules and other minerals enter the plant through the root hairs and leave the plants body through the opening, found mostly in leaves, called stomata. It is the vascular system, specifically the xylem which in the case of Angiosperms is composed of tracheids and vessel elements responsible for the transport of the absorbed nutrients. The plant undergoes the process of transpiration wherein water, organic molecules and minerals absorbed by plants are transported from roots to stems and leaves where water will evaporates in a pore referred to as stomata. The stomata is an opening found in the epidermis that is surrounded by guard cells. In some species, the stomata are surrounded by cells that do not differ from other ground cells of the epidermis. These cells are called neighboring cells. In others, the guard cells are bordered by one or more cells that differ in size, shape, arrangement, and sometimes in content from the ordinary epidermal cells. These distinct cells are called subsidiary cells (Evert, 2007). The guard cells regulate the small pores, or stomata (singular: stoma), in the aerial parts of the plant and hence control the movement of gases, including water vapor, into and out of those parts (Evert, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to know the distribution of the guard cells and subsidiary cells in the epidermis of plant leaves.
II. Development and Differentiation
III. Mechanism and Regulation of Stomata Movements IV. Distribution of Guard Cells and Subsidiary Cells The stomata distribution pattern in the leaf epidermis is not only genetically controlled, but also affected by environmental factors such as light intensity, humidity, temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide level, soil moisture, and nutrient availability, and by the internal architecture and leaf position [610]. V. Response to the Environment VI. Summary VII. References Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Evert, Ray Franklin. Esaus Plant anatomy : meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body : their structure, function, and development / Ray F. Evert.3rd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Plant anatomy / Katherine Esau. 2nd. ed. 1965.
ISBN-13: 978-0-471-73843-5 (cloth)
ISBN-10: 0-471-73843-3 (cloth) 1. Plant anatomy. 2. Plant morphology. I. Esau, Katherine, 1898- Plant anatomy. II. Title. QK671.E94 2007 571.3'2dc22
Assmann, S.M. and Wang, X.Q., From Milliseconds to
Millions of Years: Guard Cells and Environmental Responses, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2001, vol. 4, pp. 421428.