Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fundamentals of Microelectronics
Fundamentals of Microelectronics
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4
CH5
CH6
CH7
CH8
Why Microelectronics?
Basic Physics of Semiconductors
Diode Circuits
Physics of Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar Amplifiers
Physics of MOS Transistors
CMOS Amplifiers
Operational Amplifier As A Black Box
Chapter 7
CMOS Amplifiers
Chapter Outline
MOS Biasing
R2VDD
2
1
1
V1
W
nCox RS
L
I D RD VGS RS I D VDD
Current Sources
Common-Source Stage
0
Av g m RD
W
Av 2 n Cox I D RD
L
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
Operation in Saturation
CS Stage with =0
Av g m RL
Rin
Rout RL
9
CS Stage with 0
Av g m RL || rO
Rin
Rout RL || rO
However, Early effect and channel length modulation affect
CE and CS stages in a similar manner.
10
W
2 nCox
2 nCoxWL
L
Av
ID
ID
Since is inversely proportional to L, the voltage gain
actually becomes proportional to the square root of L.
11
Av g m1 rO1 || rO 2
Rout rO1 || rO 2
To alleviate the headroom problem, an active current-source
load is used.
This is advantageous because a current-source has a high
output resistance and can tolerate a small voltage drop
across it.
12
Av g m 2 (rO1 || rO 2 )
13
W / L1
Av g m1
gm2
W / L 2
1
Av g m1
|| rO 2 || rO1
gm2
14
Av g m 2
|| ro1 || ro 2
g m1
15
Av
RD
1
RS
gm
0
Similar to bipolar counterpart, when a CS stage is
degenerated, its gain, I/O impedances, and linearity change.
16
Av
RD
1
1
g m1 g m 2
17
VR 0
G
18
rout g m rO RS rO
19
1
1
Rout rO1 1 g m1
gm2 gm2
20
21
R1 || R2
RD
R1 || R2
Av
, Av
gm R D
RG R1 || R2 1 R
RG R1 || R2
S
gm
Degeneration is used to stabilize bias point, and a bypass
capacitor can be used to obtain a larger small-signal
voltage gain at the frequency of interest.
22
Common-Gate Stage
Av g m RD
23
24
1
Rin
gm
Rout RD
25
Av
RD
1
RS
gm
26
Generalized CG Behavior
Rout 1 g m rO RS rO
When a gate resistance is present it does not affect the gain
and I/O impedances since there is no potential drop across it
( at low frequencies).
The output impedance of a CG stage with source resistance
is identical to that of CS stage with degeneration.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
27
Example of CG Stage
vout
g m1 RD
vin 1 g m1 g m 2 RS
Rout g m1rO1
|| RS rO1 || RD
gm2
28
vout
R3 || 1 / g m
g m RD
vin R3 || 1 / g m RS
29
Av 1
30
vout
rO || RL
vin 1 r || R
O
L
gm
Similar to the emitter follower, the source follower can be
analyzed as a resistor divider.
31
Av
rO1 || rO 2
1
rO1 || rO 2
g m1
32
1
1
Rout || rO || RL || RL
gm
gm
The output impedance of a source follower is relatively low,
whereas the input impedance is infinite ( at low
frequencies); thus, a good candidate as a buffer.
33
1
W
2
I D nCox VDD I D RS VTH
2
L
34
Supply-Independent Biasing
35
Av g m1
|| rO1 || rO 2 || rO 3
g m3
1
Rout
|| rO1 || rO 2 || rO 3
g m3
M1 acts as the input device and M2, M3 as the load.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
36
rO 2
Av
1
1
|| rO 3
g m1 g m3
M1 acts as the input device, M3 as the source resistance,
and M2 as the load.
37
Av _ CG
rO 2
1
RS
gm
38
Av
RD
1
1
g m1 g m 2
39
vout 2
vin
1
|| rO 3 || rO 4
g m3
1
1
|| rO 2
gm2
g m1
40